Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : This work focus on the characterization of the source and dynamic of compactional fluids during sedimentary burial, through two complementary examples of late orogenic oil‐field half‐grabens: The exhumed Lodève Permian Basin and a deep buried Jurassic basin in the North Viking Graben (North Sea).Constituting the main part of the thesis, a multi‐disciplinary approach was conducted in the Lodève Basin where Ba‐F‐Cu‐Pb polymetallic mineralized systems are trapped into synrift faults and paleokarsts in the carbonate basement at the hinge point of the rollover. The source, timing and P/T conditions of fluid migration were deduced from the analysis of the microfabric, the fluid inclusions microthermometry, and the isotopic (Sr, S, O, H) and Rare Earth Element (REE) signature. Results are then crossed with a structural and thermal modeling that consolidates the sequence and dynamics of fluid during burial.A similar approach was conducted in the North Viking Graben where fluid markers are restricted to 3D seismic and well core data. Comparable Ba‐Pb‐Zn veins are reported in basin margin, plugging one of the most important siliciclastic hydrocarbon reservoir in the substratum. This analysis provides additional constraints on basinal fluid behavior and allows us to propose a global dynamic model for various compositions of fluids and reservoirs.We conclude to a polyphase fluid sequence history including:(a) In the carbonate basement of the Lodève Basin, karstic paleocanyon incisions and associated cavities coupled to synrift fault, act as major drain for fluids. These structures are early affected by hypogen‐sulfuric karstification in response to the interaction between bacterial oxidation of sulfides entrapped within Lower Permian blackshales and the basement oxidizing aquifer.(b) Disequilibrium compaction initiates overpressure‐driven basinal fluid migration towards basin margins, characterized by temperatures around 150‐180°C and salinities between 9 et 18wt%eq.NaCl. Isotopic (Sr, S, O) and REE analyses reveal that Ba‐M+‐rich mineralizing fluids derived mainly from buried blackshales diagenesis. External fluids coming from the lower crust are also identified that play a key role in fluorite precipitation by the leaching of late hercynian granites (mean temperature of 250°C and salinity > 20wt%eq.NaCl).(c) During the synrift period, fluid overpressure is responsible for the periodic reactivation of fault plane according to seismic‐valve process, bedded‐control shearing and hydraulic brecciation at the basement‐seal interface. These mechanisms induce cyclic polymetallic mineralization by the mixing between in‐situ formation water and deep ascending basinal fluids.(d) Thermogenic fluids expulsion starts with last basinal fluids during late burial stage. Hydrocarbons thus migrate along the same regional pathways up to the rollover crest, where they are partly rerouted by the previous mineralized baffle.(e) In the Lodève basin, post‐rift exhumation of the margins led to the remobilization of synrift deposits by subaerial biochemical processes at the sulfate‐methane transition. The latter results from the interaction between the still active hydrocarbon dysmigration with a playa lake sulfate‐rich aquifer. Secondary low‐temperature barite fronts precipitate then within basement meteoric karsts.In addition to the « source to sink » model of basinal fluids, this work provides new insights on the early plugging of hydrocarbon reservoirs and for the metallogenesis of Mississippi Valley‐Type deposits.
Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation de la source et de la dynamique des fluides de bassin au cours de leur chargement à travers deux exemples complémentaires de demi‐grabens tardi‐orogéniques pétroliers : Le Bassin Permien de Lodève, aujourd’hui à l’affleurement et un bassin jurassique enfouis dans le North Viking Graben (Mer du Nord).Le coeur de la thèse concerne le Bassin de Lodève où, à partir d’une approche pluridisciplinaire intégrée, nous avons caractérisé l’architecture des minéralisations (Ba, F, Cu, Pb) piégées dans un réseau paléokarstique alimenté par les failles syn‐rift, dans le substratum carbonaté à l’apex du roll‐over. La source, le calendrier et les conditions de migration des fluides ont été approchés à partir de l’analyse de la micro‐fabrique, la microthermométrie sur inclusions fluides, les analyses isotopiques (Sr, S, O, H) et de Terres Rares. Les résultats analytiques ont été enfin croisés avec un modèle thermique et structural du bassin qui conforte la séquence et la dynamique du système fluide en cours d’enfouissement.Une démarche similaire, mais plus limitée, a été conduite dans le bassin du North Viking Graben où l’accès aux marqueurs fluides est restreint aux données de sismique 3D et de carottes. Comme à Lodève, les minéralisations Ba‐Pb‐Zn colmatent un réservoir dans le substratum à l’apex du roll‐over. Elles se présentent sous forme de ciments dans des grès ou des fractures. Cette analyse apporte des contraintes complémentaires et permet de proposer un modèle dynamique général avec des variantes en fonction de la nature des fluides et des réservoirs.On retiendra donc la séquence fluide suivante :(a) Dans le cas du bassin de Lodève sur substratum carbonaté, les chemins préférentiels de drainage se développent dans des paléocanyons N‐S couplés à un réseau de fractures et d’endokarsts météoriques. Ces derniers sont élargis en début de rifting par la dissolution hypogène sulfurique produite par l’oxydation bactérienne des sulfates et des pyrites des blackshales, au contact de l’aquifère oxydant du Cambrien.(b) Le déséquilibre de compaction initie la migration des fluides interstitiels en surpression vers les marges avec des températures autour de 150‐180°C et des salinités entre 9 et 18wt%eq.NaCl. Les analyses isotopiques (Sr, S, O) révèlent que la majorité des fluides provient de l’altération diagénétique des blackshales riches en métaux. Des interactions sont également mises en évidence avec des fluides profonds (entre 240°C et 260°C ; salinités > à 20wt%eq.NaCl), qui lessivent les granites tardi‐hercyniens.(c) Pendant le syn‐rift, les conditions de surpression de fluide permettent la réactivation cyclique des failles, les décollements stratigraphiques et la formation de brèches hydrauliques, favorisant la mise en connexion avec les réservoirs superficiels à l’apex du rollover. Le modèle de Sibson ajusté aux fluides de bassins est alors le moteur de la migration verticale.(d) Les fluides thermogéniques commencent à être expulsés avec les derniers fluides de compaction au cours d’un stade plus évolué de l’enfouissement en empruntant les mêmes chemins jusqu’à l’apex du roll over. Ils sont alors partiellement freinés et déviés par les colmatages minéralisés antérieurs.(e) A Lodève, la continentalisation des minéralisations antérieures au cours de l’exhumation post‐rift conduit à leur remaniement partiel au niveau de la transition sulfate‐méthane induite par l’interaction entre une playa évaporitique et la dysmigration des hydrocarbures. Des barytines secondaires de basse température, déprimées en Sr sont alors précipitées de manière synsédimentaire dans des karsts météoriques du socle.Outre l’illustration d’un modèle complet (source to sink) de dynamique des fluides dans un bassin, ce travail apporte de nouvelles contraintes dans l’approche du colmatage des réservoirs à hydrocarbures sur les têtes de blocs basculés et sur la genèse des gîtes miniers de type Mississippi Valley‐Type.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01457583

tel-01457583
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01457583
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01457583/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01457583/file/th%C3%A8seLaurent2015V2.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Résumé : The Lodève Permian synrift sequence is represented by thick stacked climate-controled playa cycles which have been constrained by structural, sedimentological, geochemical and paleontological processes. The present paper merges the different results in order to better constrain the dynamics and palaeoecologycal evolution of the playa system from Late Cisuralian to Early Lopingian time. In this depositional environment, thining upwards sheet-flood sequences represent flooding events; they are relayed by ephemeral ponding, suspension settling and limited carbonate precipitation accompanied by large amounts of shallow to subaerial sedimentary structures... (Ver más) (current and wind ripples, desiccation cracks, rain drops, etc.). The aridity of the climate contrasts with the surprising abundance of the fauna encountered into carbonate-rich silty-clay playa-lake deposits. Ephemeral pools are colonized by numerous shellfish: Choncostraca, Triopsids, and Insects, which led to intense burrowing of the overbank deposits (Scoyenia facies). Tetrapods are common and dominated by several types of reptiles after footprints: Pelycosauria, Parareptilia and Lepidosauria in the Rabejac Fm, and Mammalian reptiles (Therapsida) on the top of the fluvial deposits of the Salagou Fm near La Lieude farm. In addition, elements of a weighty herbivorous Pelycosaurian and a small amphibian Tupilakosaurid, only described in the Triassic before, have been also found in the Upper part of the Permian series of this sector.
ISSN: 1698-6180

hal-00411539
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411539

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Geological Society
Résumé : Extensional basins often evolve both with the generation of normal faults at all scales, and with tilting in the hanging walls and footwalls of major structures. This paper examines the effect of regional tilting on the development of normal fault arrays in an anisotropic sequence, using the asymmetric Lodève Basin, France, as a case study. The orientation range of normal faults is found not to match that expected by continued symmetric generation of conjugate normal faults during tilting. Instead, continued generation of new faults preferentially occurred for faults dipping opposite to the direction of tilt, with propagation perpendicular to bedding. The presence of early bedding-perpendicular joints in the competent sandstone units aided propagation of these faults during tilting and this preferential asymmetric development. Bedding-parallel slip surfaces were activated as normal faults during the later stages of bedding tilting, showing complex interaction patterns with later faults downthrowing in the direction opposite to bedding tilting. Hence knowledge of the timing between tilting of the strata and deformation helps in evaluating the likely complexity of fault arrays at subseismic scales in extensional basins, and may also help in understanding the evolution of fault systems in tilted normal fault blocks at the reservoir scale.
ISSN: 0016-7649

hal-00404753
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00404753
DOI : 10.1144/0016-76492006-047

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The present study reports data on CO2-rich geothermal waters and their associated carbonate deposits from the SW part of the Permian Lodève Basin (South of France). Both waters and carbonates are enriched in 226Ra, with activities up to 2.2 Bq/L and 3.5 Bq/g respectively. A series of carbonate samples precipitated around the studied wells since 1990 were dated through the 226Ra-210Pb and 228Ra-228Th methods, and the results are discussed in a new Concordia diagram. While both methods give comparable dates for many samples, Ra-Pb ages are sometimes much older than Ra-Th ages. We propose that these discrepancies result from the adsorption of 222Rn daughter nuclides in such a Rn-rich environment. The (228Ra/226Ra)0 activity ratios calculated at the time of deposition are remarkably constant for about 12 years, suggesting the presence of a steady-state aquifer. The low (228Ra/226Ra)0 ratios (0.348 ± 0.008) are best explained if most of the Ra derives from the Cambrian carbonate series (mainly dolostone) underlying the Permian Basin, which have low Th/U and similar (228Ra/226Ra) ratios. This study suggests that Ra and other alkaline-earth elements do not necessarily originate from the rocks surrounding the deep geothermal reservoir, but rather may be introduced into the CO2-rich water during its transfer towards the surface and interaction with carbonate rocks.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-01053715
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01053715
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.02.008

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Displacement-length data from faults, joints, veins, igneous dikes, shear deformation bands, and compaction bands define two groups. The first group, having a power-law scaling relation with a slope of n = 1 and therefore a linear dependence of maximum displacement and discontinuity length (D-max = gamma L), comprises faults and shear (non-compactional or non-dilational) deformation bands. These shearing-mode structures, having shearing strains that predominate over volumetric strains across them, grow under conditions of constant driving stress, with the magnitude of near-tip stress on the same order as the rock's yield strength in shear. The second group, having a power-law scaling relation with a slope of n = 0.5 and therefore a dependence of maximum displacement on the square root of discontinuity length (D-max = alpha L-0.5), comprises joints, veins, igneous dikes, cataclastic deformation bands, and compaction bands. These opening- and closing-mode structures grow under conditions of constant fracture toughness, implying significant amplification of near-tip stress within a zone of small-scale yielding at the discontinuity tip. Volumetric changes accommodated by grain fragmentation, and thus control of propagation by the rock's fracture toughness, are associated with scaling of predominantly dilational and compactional structures with an exponent of n = 0.5.
ISSN: 0191-8141

hal-00411173
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411173
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsg.2008.08.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Our method for the simultaneous determination of the four natural Ra isotopes (Ra-226, Ra-228, Ra-224 and Ra-223) in thermal waters involves a separation of Ra on a selective filter (3 M EMPORE (TM) Radium Rad disk), and a single counting using a broad-energy HPGe detector (BE Ge manufactured by CANBERRA (TM)). The calculation of Ra-223 and (228)a activities requires interference and cascade summing corrections. The Ra-226 activities in CO2-rich thermal waters of the Lodeve Basin (South of France) range from 530 to 2240 mBq/l. The low (Ra-228/Ra-226) activity ratios (0.19-0.29) suggest that Ra is mostly derived from the aquifer carbonates. The short-lived Ra-224 and Ra-223 are probably added to the water through recoil or desorption processes from Th-enriched coatings on the fracture walls.
ISSN: 0969-8043

hal-00475587
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00475587
DOI : 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.10.056