Éditeur(s) : INRA : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : Loss of agrodiversity mediated by varietal legacy is an important concern, translating as crop species being at risk for genetic erosion, while loss of genetic resources may deplete material available for future breeding strategies. We explored varietal dynamics in the Guadeloupean agricultural yam system. Interviewing farmers about the varieties cultivated in the past compared to their current varieties demonstrated that no dramatic loss of varieties occurred in the two to three latest decades, and changes in variety frequency mostly affected former widespread varieties while frequency of uncommon varieties demonstrated some stability in cultivation frequency. Varietal dynamics nevertheless reflected strong sub-regional trends, and socio-economic impacts such as age of producers or in farm crop diversity. Recurrent epidemics of anthracnose since its historical start in the 70s did not change varietal turnover too strongly, but resulted into transition from Dioscorea alata to less susceptible species or into a decrease of yam cultivation especially for farmers with financial dissatisfaction. La perte d'agrodiversité négociée par le legs variétal est un souci important, traduisant comme espèces de culture étant en danger pour l'érosion génétique, alors que la disparition des ressources génétiques peut épuiser le matériel disponible pour de futures stratégies d'élevage. Nous avons exploré la dynamique variétale dans le système agricole d'igname en Guadeloupe. Les agriculteurs enquêtés au sujet des variétés cultivées dans le passé comparé à leurs variétés actuelles ont démontré qu'aucune perte dramatique de variétés ne s'est produite pendant les deux à trois dernières décennies, et les changements de la fréquence de variété ont en grande partie affecté d'anciennes variétés répandues tandis que la fréquence des variétés rares démontrait une certaine stabilité dans la fréquence de culture. La dynamique variétale a néanmoins reflété des tendances sous-régionales fortes, et les impacts socio-économiques tels que l'âge des producteurs ou dans la ferme cultivent la diversité. Épidémies récurrentes d'anthracnose puisque son début historique pendant les années 70 n'a pas changé le chiffre d'affaires variétal trop fortement, mais résulté dans la transition de dioscorea alata aux espèces moins susceptibles ou dans une diminution de culture d'igname particulièrement pour des agriculteurs avec mécontentement financier.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16259
V16259

Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location.
The cargo includes various roots and tubers for sale, such as yams.
Bahamas -- North America --Nassau, New Providence Island

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
Sheet 14:20
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00029398/00001

Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location.
An open air market in Nassau where vendors are selling different types of produce such as tomatoes, oranges, and yams. Slide labeled Bryant Nassau Mar .'46.
Bahamas -- North America -- New Providence Island

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
Sheet 15:15
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00029413/00001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: Heterogeneous patterns of malaria transmission are thought to be driven by factors including host genetics, distance to mosquito breeding sites, housing construction, and socio-behavioural characteristics. Evaluation of local transmission epidemiology to characterize malaria risk is essential for planning malaria control and elimination programmes. The use of geographical information systems (GIS) techniques has been a major asset to this approach. To assess time and space distribution of malaria disease in Bandiagara, Mali, within a transmission season, data were used from an ongoing malaria incidence study that enrolled 300 participants aged under six years old ". Methods: Children's households were georeferenced using a handheld global position system. Clinical malaria was defined as a positive blood slide for Plasmodium falciparum asexual stages associated with at least one of the following signs: headache, body aches, fever, chills and weakness. Daily rainfall was measured at the local weather station. Landscape features of Bandiagara were obtained from satellite images and field survey. QGIS™ software was used to map malaria cases, affected and non-affected children, and the number of malaria episodes per child in each block of Bandiagara. Clusters of high or low risk were identified under SaTScan W software according to a Bernoulli model. Results: From June 2009 to May 2010, 296 clinical malaria cases were recorded. Though clearly temporally related to the rains, Plasmodium falciparum occurrence persisted late in the dry season. Two " hot spots " of malaria transmission also found, notably along the Yamé River, characterized by higher than expected numbers of malaria cases, and high numbers of clinical episodes per child. Conversely, the northeastern sector of the town had fewer cases despite its proximity to a large body of standing water which was mosquito habitat. Conclusion: These results confirm the existence of a marked spatial heterogeneity of malaria transmission in Bandiagara, providing support for implementation of targeted interventions. Background Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, with an estimated 3.3 billion people at risk of malaria [1]. The incidence of malaria worldwide is estimated to be 216 million cases per year, with 81% of these cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria kills approximately 655,000 people per year; 91% of deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa [1], mostly in children under five years of age. In Mali, West Africa, malaria represents 36.5% of consultation motives in health center, it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality children of less than five years of age and the first reason of anaemia in pregnant women [2]. Malaria transmission is seasonal. Malaria parasite transmission and clinical disease are characterized by important microgeographic variation, often between adjacent villages, households or families [3-8]. This local heterogeneity is driven by a variety of factors including human genetics [9,10], distance to potential breeding sites [11,12], housing construction
ISSN: 1475-2875

hal-01307672
https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01307672
https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01307672/document
https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01307672/file/1475-2875-12-82.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1476-072X-2-5

Éditeur(s) : Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : Extracellular products (ECPs) of the pathogenic Vibrio aestuarianus 01/32 were previously reported to display lethality in Crassostrea gigas oysters and to cause morphological changes and immunosuppression in oyster hemocytes. To identify the source of this toxicity, biochemical and genetic approaches were developed. ECP protease activity and lethality were shown to be significantly reduced following incubation with metal chelators, suggesting the involvement of a zinc metalloprotease. An open reading frame of 1836 bp encoding a 611-aa metalloprotease (designated yam) was identified. The deduced protein sequence showed high homology to other Vibrio metalloproteases reported to be involved in pathogenicity. To further confirm the role of this enzyme in ECP toxicity, a plasmid carrying the yarn gene under the control of an araC-P-BAD expression cassette was transferred to a Vibrio splendidus related strain, LMC20012(T), previously characterized as non-pathogenic to oysters. Expression of Vam conferred a toxic phenotype to LMG20012(T) ECPs in vivo and cytotoxicity to oyster hemocytes in vitro. Collectively, these data suggest that the Vam metalloprotease is a major contributor to the toxicity induced by V aestuarianus ECPs and is involved in the impairment of oyster hemocyte functions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology (1050-4648) (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd), 2010-11 , Vol. 29 , N. 5 , P. 753-758

Droits : 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00015/12649/9588.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.07.007
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00015/12649/

Résumé : Nous avons étudié les phénomènes de polyploïdisation chez l'igname Dioscorea alata qui comprend trois cytotypes diploïde (2n=40), triploïde (2n=60) et tétraploïde (2n=80) en vue d'optimiser les stratégies de production d'hybrides polyploïdes. Chez ce complexe polyploïde l'augmentation de la ploïdie est corrélée avec une augmentation de la vigueur et des rendements plus élevés et plus stables. Dans un premier temps nous avons démontré l'autotétraploïdie des variétés tétraploïdes à l'aide de trois approches différentes: des analyses d'hérédité de marqueurs microsatellites, l'observation de phénomènes de double réduction et l'étude des méioses des cellules mères de pollen. Nous avons ensuite déterminé quels sont les mécanismes les plus probables à l'origine des polyploïdes naturels via l'étude de la transmission de l'hétérozygotie parentale à l'aide de microsatellites et par l'étude des incompatibilités au niveau de l'albumen lors de différents croisements intracytotypes et intercytotypes en utilisant la cytométrie en flux. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les polyploïdes de D. alata seraient apparus via la formation de gamètes non réduits de clones diploïdes. Le pool triploïde se serait édifié et diversifié uniquement par voie femelle, du fait de la non viabilité des croisements intercytotypes et de la stérilité des femelles et mâles triploïdes. Le pool tétraploïde serait apparu par union de deux gamètes non réduits de clones diploïdes (polyploidisation sexuelle bilatérale). Par la suite ce pool aurait été diversifié via des croisements intercy
We studied polyploidisation phenomena in the yam Dioscorea alata that includes three cytotypes -diploid (2n=40), triploid (2n=60) and tetraploid (2n=80) -in order to optimise polyploid hybrid production strategies. In this complex polyploid, the increase in ploidy is correlated with an increase in vigour and higher and more stable yields. We first showed the autotetraploidy of tetraploid varieties using three different approaches: heredity analyses of microsatellite markers, the observation of double reduction phenomena, and the study of meiosis of pollen mother cells. We then determined the mechanisms most likely to be at the origin of natural polyploids through the study of the transmission of parental heterozygoty using microsatellites and the study of incompatibilities at the endosperm level at the time of different intracytotypic and intercytotypic crosses using flow cytometry. The results obtained reveal that the polyploids of D. alata probably appeared through the formation of non-reduced gametes of diploid clones. The triploid pool would then have been constituted and diversified through the female pathway as a result of the non-viability of intercytotypic crosses and the sterility of female and male triploids. The tetraploid pool would have appeared as a result of the union of two non-reduced gametes of diploid clones (bilateral sexual polyploidisation). This pool would then have diversified through intercytotypic crosses with the formation of 2n gamètes through both the female and the male pathway, as well as by intracytotypic crosses within the 4X pool.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0519/document