Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Paris : Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
Résumé : International audience
Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth and sustain millions of people worldwide.However, coral reefs are temporally dynamic and fragile systems subject to ever increasing disturbancesof anthoropogenic and natural origins. Understanding the patterns and trajectories of changes through time isurgently needed to estimate the resilience of coral reefs. To ascertain these patterns, we depend on the availabilityof long-term datasets, which are seldom available. In this study, we present the data set which allowed us to analysethe long-term trends of coral and fish assemblages for the island of Moorea (French Polynesia) from 1983to 2014, a dataset spanning 32 years, comprising two Acanthaster planci outbreaks (1987 and 2006) and severalhurricanes (1982, 1983, 1991 and 2010), on three permanent monitoring sites (quadrats of 50 × 2 m2) located onboth fringing and barrier reefs as well as on the outer slope. Coral cover oscillated significantly over time, particularlyon the outer slope where it suffered greatly from the effects of A. planci outbreaks and hurricanes. Totalfish and commercial fish abundances varied significantly across the three habitats. Prior to 2000, both total fishand herbivorous fish abundances increased on the barrier reef while after this time, numbers began to drop significantlyalong the outer slope. Species richness for total, commercialized and herbivorous fish increased over thesampling period for all three habitats. There were varied responses amongst species to disturbances on the outerslope over the sampling period: while some tended to disappear for a while before reappearing, others showed apeak in abundance in the middle of the sampling period, and still others increased or decreased continuously orwere stable over time. Our results support the view that coral reefs are highly dynamic systems and that differentfunctional groups show different temporal trajectories. While disturbance is probably the major driver for coralcover dynamics, its impact is less obvious for fish, possibly due to their mobility and population dynamics whichmay mask the effect of disturbance.
Les récifs coralliens sont des systèmes dynamiques et diversifiés régulièrement soumis à des perturbationsnaturelles et anthropiques, sources d’hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle dans la structure et la dynamique deces communautés d’organismes que sont, entre autres, les poissons et les coraux. Récemment, il a été démontréque les activités humaines pouvaient modifier les régimes naturels de perturbations des récifs coralliens en transformantles événements ponctuels en perturbations persistantes ou en stress chronique, soit en introduisant denouveaux types de perturbations, soit en ajoutant ou altérant certaines perturbations naturelles nécessaires au bonmaintien de la dynamique inhérente aux récifs. Dans cette étude, nous présentons la base de données qui nouspermettra d’analyser les tendances à long-terme des assemblages de poissons et de coraux de l’île de Moorea(Polynésie française) entre 1983 et 2014 sur une période de 32 ans, comprenant deux proliférations d’Acanthasterplanci (1987 et 2006) et plusieurs cyclones (1982, 1983, 1991 et 2010), sur trois sites de suivi permanents(quadrats de 50 × 2 m2) sur les récifs barrière et frangeant ainsi que sur la pente externe. La couverture corallienneprésente de fortes oscillations, en particulier sur la pente externe où elle a répondu fortement à la proliférationd’A. planci et des cyclones. Les abondances des poissons totaux et des poissons commercialisés montrent destendances contrastées sur les trois habitats, avec, plus particulièrement, une augmentation sur le récif barrière etune diminution sur la pente externe après 2000. Ces tendances se retrouvent chez les poissons herbivores dansces deux habitats. La richesse spécifique des poissons totaux, commerciaux et herbivores, augmente de façoncontinue au cours de la période d’étude dans les trois habitats. Des groupes particuliers d’espèces répondentdifféremment aux perturbations de la pente externe au cours du suivi : alors que certaines espèces ont tendanceà disparaître pendant quelques années avant de réapparaître, d’autres présentent un pic en terme d’abondanceen milieu de suivi ; d’autres espèces ont des abondances qui augmentent ou diminuent de façon continue, etd’autres encore montrent des abondances stables. Ceci indique que les récifs coralliens sont des systèmes trèsdynamiques dans lesquels les perturbations naturelles peuvent affecter les espèces de façon différente. Alors quele régime de perturbations naturelles semble être important pour la dynamique de la couverture corallienne danscertains habitats, cela se retrouve beaucoup moins pour les poissons. Cette atténuation des fluctuations spatialeset temporelles peut être due aux aptitudes de dispersion de nombreuses espèces de poissons, capables de chercherun autre habitat favorable en cas de perturbation de l’habitat corallien d’origine.
ISSN: 0399-0974

hal-01282378
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282378

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Tuna world fisheries yield 3 million tons per year; the increase rate of whole production is constant and sustained since 30 years. This original figure for marine fisheries is due to enlargement of tuna fleets and fishing grounds over all the world ocean, the continuous increase of tuna fishing power by in board equipment and remote sensing equipment for searching and scouting (on board, aircraft, satellite, telecommunication_). During the last 20 years, the log-associated tuna fishing has contributed to the local individual and tuna fleets efficiency and fishing power either for large industrial tuna seiners by radio-equipped buoys on natural (debris) or artificial man-made logs. The same trend is noted for numerous artisanal tuna and large pelagic coastal fisheries on moored fishing aggregating devices and networks. The first part of the paper is a review of data and results to assess and rank the "Surfaces prospected by in board tuna seiners and associated aircraft and satellite technics" (visual, radar, sar-radar and satellite altimetry sensors). The final objective is the comparison with the surfaces and volumes associated to fads. Since 20 years, tuna ecology and behaviour data from ultrasonic tagging (short-term depth/distance/time migration around logs and fads) are used for fishing of tuna associated with floating objects, namely fads. The second part of this paper is an "Assessment of fad's aggregating associated surface and volume" linked with oceanographic data: large oceanic geostrophic current and observed drift speed of radio-equipped fads in the Indian Ocean. Using the available data on fads, tuna fishing technology linked with oceanographic and biological data results from ultrasonic tuna tracking experiments, the paper is an attempt to identify and place the fads technology in the scale of tuna fishing devices as a contribution to the increase of tuna fishing power either individual tuna boat or tuna fleets.Original Abstract: La production mondiale des pecheries thonieres est actuellement de l'ordre de 3 millions de tonnes par an et conserve depuis pres de 50 ans un taux de croissance annuel soutenu. Cette croissance, exceptionnelle pour un secteur des peches maritimes, est due a plusieurs causes: accroissement des effectifs et des puissances de peche des grandes flottes thonieres industrielles oceaniques qui exploitent les ressources thonieres de l'ocean mondial et le developpement conjoint de nouvelles techniques de peche et de nouvelles technologies d'aide a la peche, telles que les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP). L'accroissement de la puissance individuelle des navires est du au developpement de la construction navale (mecanisation, propulsion, hydraulique, conservation et traitement a borda) et a l'utilisation d'une gamme diversifiee d'aides a la peche : navigation, telecommunication, localisation des zones favorables, detection visuelle ou radiometrique assistee par equipement a bord, en helicoptere et avion, detection acoustique, detection par radar de bord, radar-avion ou, a terme, antenne SAR sur satellite. Plus recemment, soit depuis 20 ans, les caracteristiques du comportement, migration de court terme, agregation et concentration des poissons pelagiques, fixation et retention des bancs de thons, sont utilisees, par les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP) ancres ou derivants. Cette contribution a pour objectif de situer et placer les DCP fixes ou derivants sur cet ensemble de techniques d'aide a la peche thoniere. Les donnees pour cet essai de classement sont d'ordres biologique, ethologique et comportementaux (amplitude de deplacement des thons et dimension de la sphere d'attraction d'un DCP) et d'ordres environnemental et oceanographique : masse d'eau concernee par un DCP dans une large veine de courant oceanique ou cotier. On tente de quantifier et d'ordonner les surfaces et les volumes prospectes par les thoniers et particulierement les volumes et masses d'eau exploites par les thoniers utilisant des DCP. Ce classement des DCP dans la serie des dispositifs d'aide a la peche thoniere facilitera l'appreciation de leur contribution a l'augmentation des puissances de peche des thoniers.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15297/12656.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15297/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Since the beginning of 1980, the Martinique fishermen have suffered a deep crisis. The traditional ways of fishing, based on benthic fish exploitation, have seen the decreasing of their profitability due to the over-fishing of the narrow continental shelf offering few resources. The pelagic fishery had become the professional main source of income. This fishery equally encounter difficulties: denied rights of access in the EEZ of Caribbean islands, expensive costs of exploitation. The disposal of FADs offers new ways to the Martinique fishermen. In 1999, it was decided the disposal of a onetworko of 30 permanent FADs around Martinique. The mooring of these FADs must be followed by legal and economic adapted measures to reach the desired aim: the development of local fishery economy through a sustainable fishing practice. Therefore, the French authorities have decided to make the regional fishermen committee responsible for the management of FADs.This committee is the only one to be entitled to moor and to deliver licences to FADs. This committee, gathering all the fishing industry representatives, has regarding the french law the right of mooring and delivering licences to the FADs access, collecting fishery statistics. These data should fund research to improve the management of the fishery, care and replace FADs. This programas realisation, as well as durability, need adequate financial planning. It has been included in the European commission financing program. This plans success will ensure the increase of the fishermen income, maintain and develop employment.Original Abstract: Apres une periode d'experimentation lancee localement au debut des annees quatre-vingt, les premiers resultats ont ete suffisamment probants pour conduire les professionnels a souhaiter l'implantation de dispositifs de concentration de poissons (dcp) en Martinique ou a les implanter eux-memes pour la capture des dorades coryphenes, des thons noirs, de l'albacore ou du listao. Le colloque international sur la peche thoniere et les dispositifs de concentration de poissons organise du 15 au 19 octobre 1999 en Martinique donne l'occasion de revenir sur le contexte, l'interet et les modalites de developpement de la technique des dcp en Martinique.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15305/12639.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15305/

Résumé : This document is mainly a catalogue of the different types of fishing gears noticed all around Martinique during a ten years period (1985-1994)The technical description of these gears and their plans are presented, according to FAO standards. Besides these descriptions, the origins of the introduction in Martinique of the main categories of gears are related .Moreover,, the operating conditions of each fishing gear as well as the targeted species are dealt with. In addition, recent gears and techniques such as fishing aggregating devices (FADs) and associated fishing techniques are described. These ones appeared in Guadeloupe and Martinique during the last eighties years. Furthermore, the main characteristics of the martinican fishing fleet structure are mentioned at the beginning of this work, with a special attention to dug-out canoes, because of their progressive disappearance.
Cet ouvrage est essentiellement un catalogue des différents types d'engins de pêche observés le long du littoral de la Martinique, entre 1985 et 1994. Les caractéristiques techniques de ces: engins et leurs plans sont présentés selon les normes FAO. En dehors de ces descriptions, on s'est à chaque fois que possible attaché à rappeler l'introduction à la Martinique des grandes catégories d'engins de pêche. En outre, les conditions pratiques de mise en oeuvre de chaque engin ainsi que les principales espèces recherchées sont précisées au mieux. Sont également décrits des engins et techniques récents,tels que les dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP) et des techniques de pèche qui leur sont associées, apparues dans les eaux de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique à la fin des années quatre vingt. Enfin, les grands traits de la structure de la flottille de pêche martiniquaise sont rappelés en début d'ouvrage, avec un développement particulier pour les gommiers, en raison de leur disparition progressive.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1997/rapport-1120.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1120/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : From 1972, when Solomon Taiyo Limited (stl) started a pole-and-line fishing operation, to 1980, stl vessels had been catching tuna almost exclusively from surface free-swimming schools. In 1981, a fad programme group purse-seining fishing operation, using the Filipino "payao" model, was put in place. Results were excellent and STL vessels quickly adapted their fishing methods to make the best use of fads. STL slightly modified the original payao design to better suit its own needs and nowadays, about 90% of the group purse seine catch, i.e. 5,800 t annually, and around 60-70% of the pole-and-line catch, i.e. about 15,000 t annually, come from fad fishing. fads bring benefits not only to stl but also to the rural communities of the region. For stl, it allows savings on the operational costs, especially those of pole-and-line fishing operations, reduction of searching time and a better regularity of fish landings. For the rural communities, it gives better returns to bait-ground owners through royalties paid by stl for their baitfishing boats and it allows local fishing communities (known as canoe-fishermen) to increase their catches using fishing methods (artisanal) such as trolling and midwater handlines set around fads. This provides fish for family consumption and a source of income from fish sold. Overall, the importance of fads to stl's fishing operation, and therefore to the local economy as a whole, is high, although no precise value can be attached to it.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15307/12643.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15307/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : This paper discusses the hypothesis that small tunas and the various species found in association with drifting fads (such as "mahi-mahi", rainbow runner, wahoo, etc.) may be biologically trapped by such a strong association. Massive seeding of drifting artificial fads was observed worldwide during recent years. In this hypothesis, we suggest that fads may alter some biological characteristics of epipelagic populations associated with them: migration, growth, condition factors, predation and natural mortality. As fads are most often used in the equatorial currents, they tend to exhibit zonal drift. Therefore, the associated populations would be artificially transferred from one part of the ocean to another, when they would show different movement patterns in the absence of fads. Natural logs were probably beneficial in terms of ecology and evolution, because they tend to accumulate in convergence areas, most often considered as rich forage areas. Now, fads are seeded in offshore areas, which are not necessarily favourable for tuna feeding. This apparently strong association between fishes and drifting fads may then produce an unexpected biological impact on tuna populations and their associated fauna. The plan is to test this hypothesis in the Atlantic, developing an ad hoc research programme based on tagging, biological and physiological studies, in association to an analysis of high resolution fishery data before and after the development of the fad fishery.Original Abstract: Cet article discute l'hypothese selon laquelle les petits thons et les differentes especes associees a des DCP derivants (comme les coryphenes, elagatis, thazards, etc.) pourraient etre pris dans un piege biologique resultant de cette forte association. Le deploiement massif de DCP artificiels derivants a ete constate a l'echelle mondiale au cours des dernieres annees. Dans cette hypothese, ces DCP, colonises en permanence par de grandes fractions de populations epipelagiques, pourraient modifier les caracteristiques biologiques des especes concernees: leur migration, leur croissance, leurs facteurs de condition, la predation et la mortalite naturelle. Les DCP etant plus frequemment utilises dans les courants equatoriaux, ils tendent a deriver zonalement. Ainsi, les populations associees seraient artificiellement transferees d'un bord a l'autre de l'ocean, alors qu'elles manifesteraient d'autres types de deplacements en l'absence de DCP. Les debris naturels etaient probablement benefiques sur le plan de l'ecologie et de l'evolution car ils s'accumulent dans des zones de convergence le plus souvent considerees comme des zones riches en nourriture. Maintenant, les DCP sont mouilles au large, dans des zones qui peuvent ou non etre favorables a l'alimentation des thons. Cette association apparemment forte entre poissons et DCP derivants pourrait alors causer un impact biologique inattendu sur les populations pelagiques (thons et faune accompagnante). L'objectif est de tester cette hypothese dans l'Atlantique au moyen d'un programme de recherche s'appuyant sur du marquage et des etudes biologiques et physiologiques, parallelement a une analyse des donnees de peche (tailles et CPUE, avant et apres le deploiement des DCP derivants).

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15303/12636.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15303/

Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location.
Two men walk along the beach on Grand Cay, Abaco, Bahamas. One of the men is holding a bonefish and the other man is holding a fishing rod. One of these men is John Richard Yeend. John Yeend, also known as Captain Jack R. Yeend, was the captain of the boat "Isabella." Originally from Ohio, Yeend moved with his wife Florence Mildred Snively to West Palm Beach, Florida in the 1960s. During February of 1957, “Isabella” travelled to many of the smaller islands of the Abacos including Green Turtle Cay, Great Guana Cay, Allen Cay, and Grand Cay. Slide labeled Grand Cays Bone Fish Feb '57 Jack Yeend Capt Isabella.
Bahamas -- North America -- Grand Cay, Abaco

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
Sheet 10:9
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00028935/00001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecological Society of America
Résumé : Reliable assessment of fish origin is of critical importance for exploited species, since nursery areas must be identified and protected to maintain recruitment to the adult stock. During the last two decades, otolith chemical signatures (or "fingerprints") have been increasingly used as tools to discriminate between coastal habitats. However, correct assessment of fish origin from otolith fingerprints depends on various environmental and methodological parameters, including the choice of the statistical method used to assign fish to unknown origin. Among the available methods of classification, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is the most frequently used, although it assumes data are multivariate normal with homogeneous within-group dispersions, conditions that are not always met by otolith chemical data, even after transformation. Other less constrained classification methods are available, but there is a current lack of comparative analysis in applications to otolith microchemistry. Here, we assessed stock identification accuracy for four classification methods (LDA, Quadratic Discriminant Analysis [QDA], Random Forests [RF], and Artificial Neural Networks [ANN]), through the use of three distinct data sets. In each case, all possible combinations of chemical elements were examined to identify the elements to be used for optimal accuracy in fish assignment to their actual origin. Our study shows that accuracy differs according to the model and the number of elements considered. Best combinations did not include all the elements measured, and it was not possible to define an ad hoc multielement combination for accurate site discrimination. Among all the models tested, RF and ANN performed best, especially for complex data sets (e. g., with numerous fish species and/or chemical elements involved). However, for these data, RF was less time-consuming and more interpretable than ANN, and far more efficient and less demanding in terms of assumptions than LDA or QDA. Therefore, when LDA and QDA assumptions cannot be reached, the use of machine learning methods, such as RF, should be preferred for stock assessment and nursery identification based on otolith microchemistry, especially when data set include multispecific otolith signatures and/or many chemical elements.
ISSN: 1051-0761

hal-00644549
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644549
DOI : 10.1890/09-1887.1

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : The problems caused by venomous fish in the waters of the Lesser Antilles were studied in two notes published by the state-run Technical Assistance and Social Credit Company (SATEC) and in older works by Poey (1866), Arcisz (1950) and Randal (1958). The first SATEC note gives the brief description and classification of venomous coastal fishes of St. Barthelemy; the other SATEC note explores the hypotheses on the origin of venomousity of tropical fish based on a vast literature review (Morice, 1961, 1962). It also gives in the appendix a complete list of "fearful" species (this is how venoumous fish are designated in the local language and the "ciguatera" is called a "hurt fish") in St. Barthelemy waters and reports the cases of poisoning studied on the island since September 1960.In October 1963, we carried out a short expedition to St. Martin, during which we established equivalences between local names used by the inhabitants of St. Barthelemy and St. Martin to designate dangerous species. Moreover, thanks to kind help by a doctor at the Marigot hospital, we were able to note details on the symptoms from a series of serious poisonings that occurred at Marigot and surrounding areas in July-August 1963. The species incriminated by the victims of this poisoning had been caught in the south-west of the "Ile des Chiens" situated in the north-west of St. Martin and were all part of the list previously established for St. Barthelemy.
Les problèmes posés par la vénénosité de certains poissons des eaux des Petites Antilles ont fait l'objet, en de:hors de travaux anciens de POEY, 1866 à ARCISZ, 1950 et RANDALL, 1958) de deux notes ronéotypées par les services de la S.A.T.E.C. L'une concerne la description rapide et la classification des poissons côtiers vénéneux de l'île de St-Barthélémy; l'autre étudie les théories émises à propos de l'origine de la vénénosité des poissons tropicaux, ceci après compilation de la vaste littérature parue à ce sujet (MORICE, 1961 : 1962) ; elle donne également en annexe la liste complétée des espèces « redouteuses » des eaux de St-Barthélémy avec notification des cas d'empoisonnement étudiés dans l'île depuis septembre 1960 (c'est en effet par ce qualificatif que les poissons vénéneux sent désignés dans le patois de St-Barthélémy, et la « ciguatera)) est appelée « mal poisson ))). En octobre 1963, nous avons effectué une courte mission d'étude à St-Martin, séjour au cours duquel nous avons pu établir l'équivalence des noms vernaculaires utilisés par les habitants de St-Barthélémy et de St-Martin pour désigner les espèces dangereuses; de plus, grâce au concours aimable du médecin de l'hôpital de Marigot, nous avons pu noter les détails symptomatologiques d'une série d'intoxications graves survenues à Marigot et clans ses environs en juillet-août 1963. Les espèces incriminées par les victimes de cette intoxication avaient été capturées dans le sud-ouest de l'îlot des Chiens, dans le nord-ouest de St-Martin et faisaient toutes partie de la liste établie précédemment pour St-Barthélémy. (OCR non contrôlé)
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1965-09 , Vol. 28 , N. 3 , P. 231-236

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1965/publication-4040.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4040/

Résumé : Per Suzanne Schmidt Goldstein: Pacific Black Marlin found on the beach at Balboa, Canal Zone July, 1937. This fish washed up emaciated from illness and was still 965 lbs. It was almost dead. It was not caught. The boy peeking out and holding up pectoral fin is Theodore Schmidt and not John Schmidt. I do not believe that is Marie Schmidt. http://ufpcmcollection.wordpress.com/2014/06/12/1936-catch-of-marlin/
(Original Location) Box 3 Envelope 20
(Acquisition) Item received on 5/17/2011
Panama -- Central America -- Panama Canal Zone

Droits : The University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries respect the intellectual property rights of others and do not claim any copyright interest in this item. This item may be protected by copyright but is made available here under a claim of fair use (17 U.S.C. §107) for non-profit research and educational purposes. Users of this work have responsibility for determining copyright status prior to reusing, publishing or reproducing this item for purposes other than what is allowed by fair use or other copyright exemptions. Any reuse of this item in excess of fair use or other copyright exemptions requires permission of the copyright holder. The Smathers Libraries would like to learn more about this item and invite individuals or organizations to contact Digital Services (ufdc@uflib.ufl.edu) with any additional information they can provide.
2002.038.076.001
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/PCMI006941/00001

Éditeur(s) : Inter-research
Résumé : Environmental conditions experienced by aquatic organisms are archived in biogenic carbonates such as fish otoliths, bivalve shells and coral skeletons. These calcified structures present an accretionary growth and variations in optical properties - color or opacity - that are used to reconstruct time. Full and reliable exploitation of the information extracted from these structures is, however, often limited as the metabolic processes that control their growth and their optical properties are poorly understood. Here, we propose a new modeling framework that couples both the growth of a biogenic carbonate and its optical properties with the metabolism of the organism. The model relies on well-tested properties of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory. It is applied to otoliths of the Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) for which a DEB model has been previously developed. The model reproduces well-known otolith patterns and thus provides us with mechanisms for the metabolic control of otolith size and opacity at the scale of an individual lifespan. Two original contributions using this framework are demonstrated. First, the model can be used to reconstruct the temporal variations in the food assimilated by an individual fish. Reconstructing food conditions of past and present aquatic species in their natural environment is key ecological information to better understand population dynamics. Second, we show that non-seasonal checks can be discriminated from seasonal checks, which is a well-recognized problem when interpreting fish otoliths. We discuss further developments of the model and the experimental settings required to test this new promising framework.
Marine Ecology-progress Series (0171-8630) (Inter-research), 2012 , Vol. 447 , P. 151-164

Droits : 2012 Inter-Research
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00060/17082/14593.pdf
DOI:10.3354/meps09492
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00060/17082/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La Martinique possède 55 km2 de récifs coralliens, 50 d’herbiers et 20 de mangroves. Ces trois écosystèmes produisent des biens et services dont la valeur est estimée à quelque 250 millions d’euros par an. Près de 60 % de cette valeur est issue des usages directs liés aux activités récréatives (plongée, excursion, récréation balnéaire) induites pour l’essentiel par le tourisme et celles liées à la pêche (professionnelle et de plaisancière). Les services écosystémiques (assimilés aux usages indirects) tels que la protection des côtes, l’absorption/séquestration de carbone, la production de biomasse de poissons et l’épuration de l’eau sont conséquents puisque leur valeur annuelle s’élève à 94 millions € soit 38 % de la valeur totale. La valeur de ce qui a trait au non-usage des récifs, herbiers et mangroves (lié à la volonté de transmettre un patrimoine écologique pour l’essentiel ou encore à la satisfaction de savoir que les récifs sont en bon état) se traduit par une création de valeur de l’ordre de 10 millions €/an. Les herbiers et les mangroves contribuent le plus (par km2) à la création de valeur (respectivement 2,16 millions €/km2, 1,87 million €/km2 contre 1,78 million €/km2 pour les récifs). Ils doivent donc bénéficier de mesures de protection et surtout de valorisation au même titre que les récifs coralliens qui font déjà l’objet d’une attention particulière.
Martinique possesses 55 km2 of coral reefs, 50 of sea grass and 20 of mangroves. These three ecosystems produce services for a value estimated at 250 millions € per year. About 60% of this value originates from directs uses such as recreational activities (diving, excursions, beach activities, etc.) induce by tourism and fishery. Ecosystem services (indirect uses) such as coastal protection, carbon sequestration, biomass production and water purification are significant since their sum value reaches annually 94 millions € (38% of the total economic value). Non-use value links to the improvement of the health of coastal ecosystem is estimated to 10 millions € per year. At the ecosystem level, sea grass and mangrove contribute the more (per km2) to the wealth creation (respectively 2,16 millions €/km2, 1,87 million €/km2 against 1,78 million €/km2 for the reefs). They need therefore to benefit from protection and management measures in the same magnitude than the reefs already received.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4410
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4410

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Changes in biodiversity may disrupt the ecological functions performed by species assemblages. Hence, we urgently need to examine the implications of biodiversity loss not only in terms of species conservation but also in terms of sustainability of ecosystem services. The ability of protected areas to maintain local species richness has been clearly demonstrated. However, preserving goods and services provided by ecosystems requires not only the conservation of species richness but also the conservation of the most 'original' species, i.e. the ones with the highest average rarity of their attributes which are likely to perform some unique functions in ecosystems. We proposed a new conservation of biological originality (CBO) index as well as associated randomization tests to quantify the ability of piotected areas to maintain viable populations for the most original species. As an application, we used long-term fisheries data collected in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (BSNR) to determine the species which benefited from the protection reinforcement in 1999. We also estimated a set of 14 ecomorphological functional traits on the 37 fish species caught in the BSNR and we obtained a functional originality value for each species. As a result, we found that functional originality was significantly protected in the fish assemblage of the BSNR: species with the most original functional trait combinations became more abundant after 1999. Our finding suggests that protecting most original species is an insurance against functional diversity erosion in the BSNR. More generally, our new index can be used to test whether protected areas may protect preferentially the most original species and whether restorative management promotes the reestablishment of the most original species with particular habitat requirements. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biological Conservation (0006-3207) (Elsevier), 2008-06 , Vol. 141 , N. 6 , P. 1569-1580

Droits : 2008 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4480.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.002
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4480/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : The Mediterranean small-scale fleet is highly adaptive, showing a dynamic fishing intensity and strategy, and exploiting seasonal abundant resources. In this area, the aggregatory behaviour under floats of juvenile fish has been used since ancient times to exploit oceanic migratory species such as dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), using Fish Aggregating anchored Devices (fads). A total of 2 300 boats are engaged in this fishery from August to December, the main fishing areas being those around Malta, Tunisia, Sicily and Majorca. The fads ( arrow right m2) are made of different cheap floating materials, and are moored in fixed places, ranging from shore waters to areas 60 miles off the coast (1 500 m depth). Each boat deploys an average of 20 to 100 fads. The gears used are special surrounding nets without purse line, and traditional purse seine nets. The fishery exploits young-of-the-year dolphinfish (<6 months old), originated by a pre-spawning migration of adults from Atlantic waters. Their catches show high annual and monthly variability, depending on the recruitment and the accessibility of recruits to the fishery. Pilotfish (Naucrates ductor) and greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) are also exploited in this fishery as by-catch. A total of about 1 000 metric tons of dolphinfish are yearly caught mainly in September-October. The fads are historically laid in August. Recently, the fads fishing period has increased in Sicily, and the fads are laid in July, so as to catch pilotfish and greater amberjak juveniles. In recent years, the interest for this fishing method and the study of these fisheries has increased in the Mediterranean. Though the market and its seasonality limit this exploitation, this fishery is economically profitable with good revenue.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15286/12672.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15286/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : French Polynesia started it's Fish Aggregating Device programme in June 1981 with the positioning of the first buoy offshore of the main island of Tahiti. Since then, 251 structures have been installed throughout the 5 archipelagoes of this French overseas territory. The shape and size of the devices have evolved 8 times over this period, however, a single model has not yet been adopted. Trials are currently underway using lighter structures similar to those found in the Indian Ocean. The anchoring lines have progressively been modified through better knowledge of material and product availability, as well as better understanding of environmental constraints. The programme is entirely financed by the territorial government and managed by the public sector. This ongoing technical assistance, aimed towards the local small-scale coastal fishery, is considered an important factor to maintaining this activity alive. Up until 1997, this economical support policy of outer island populations far from the metropolis central town, along with incidental fishing methods around FADs, have given mitigated results without nevertheless putting into cause this programme. The use of 'drifting handlines' retained at the surface by small indicator floats are one of the contributing factors to the degradation of the anchor lines. It is now commonly accepted that a new fishing strategy must be adopted so that professional coastal fishermen become more aware with regards to an expensive work tool due to local bathymetric conditions, so that fishing effort is increased through the development of better adapted fishing techniques, and finally so that community spirit rules over individualism.Original Abstract: Le programme d'ancrage de DCP en Polynesie francaise a vu le jour en juin 1981 avec l'implantation d'un premier dispositif au large des cotes de Tahiti. Depuis cette date, ce sont 251 structures qui ont ete installees dans les cinq archipels de ce pays d'outre-mer. La forme et la taille des bouees ont evolue huit fois sans etre definitivement arretees a un seul modele et des essais sur des structures legeres de type " Ocean Indien " sont en cours. Les lignes d'ancrage ont fait l'objet de modifications progressives en raison de meilleures connaissances des produits ainsi que des contraintes du milieu environnant. Ce programme est finance en totalite par le territoire de la Polynesie francaise et gere par le secteur public. Il s'adresse a la pecherie artisanale et cotiere qui considere depuis de nombreuses annees cette assistance technique comme un atout indispensable au maintien de son activite. La politique d'engagement de ce soutien economique jusqu'en 1997 aupres des populations d'iles et atolls tres eloignes de la capitale ainsi que l'incidence de la technique de peche la plus repandue autour des DCP ont abouti a des resultats mitiges sans pour autant remettre en cause ce programme. En effet, les lignes a main derivantes et retenues en surface par une petite bouee temoin sont un des principaux facteurs de degradation des lignes d'ancrage. Il est desormais reconnu par tous les intervenants qu'une nouvelle strategie doit etre deployee afin que les pecheurs cotiers professionnels soient mieux responsabilises face a un outil de travail onereux en raison de la bathymetrie environnante, pour que l'effort de peche soit accru par l'utilisation de techniques de peche mieux adaptees, et enfin que l'esprit communautaire prime sur l'individualisme.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15292/12649.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15292/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Since a few years, the catches of pelagic fish by artisanal fishermen of Reunion Island have strongly increased. Manpower and investments have been constant through the maintenance of about 30 fads all around the island. The traditional techniques of fishing pelagic fishes have been adapted in order to maintain a high level of catches and ensure the income of the fishermen. This report describes different techniques to capture pelagic fish on fads such as drift fishing, dragnet fishing and longline fishing. Knowledge, professional experience of fishermen are the main factors in setting fads and sustaining adaptability. The strong relation between the knowledge of the fishermen and the techniques is discussed. Then, the strategies of fishing, influenced by the environmental and seasonal conditions, and the species, are analysed.Original Abstract: L'activite de la petite peche a l'ile de La Reunion connait, depuis quelques annees, une periode d'expansion rapide de la production de poissons pelagiques. Ce developpement est d'autant plus remarquable qu'il s'effectue, en ce qui concerne la peche professionnelle artisanale, a effectif et investissement presque constants. Il est essentiellement du a la mise en place et a l'entretien d'un parc d'une trentaine de dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP), places tout autour de l'ile. Les techniques traditionnelles de peche de poissons pelagiques ont ete adaptees a ce nouveau concept, mais elles doivent continuellement evoluer et s'adapter aux modifications comportementales des poissons, afin de maintenir un niveau de capturabilite assurant les revenus des pecheurs. Cette etude s'attache a decrire les techniques de peche a la derive, a la traine et aux palangres, employees pour la capture de poissons pelagiques sur DCP. Bien que difficile a evaluer, l'experience du pecheur est un facteur determinant dans la mise en uvre de ces techniques et en permet l'amelioration constante. L'imbrication etroite entre le savoir-faire du pecheur et les techniques est egalement abordee et discutee. Enfin, les strategies de peche, fortement influencees par les conditions environnementales, les saisons et les especes rencontrees, y sont analysees.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15294/12652.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15294/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The active selection of recent volcanic habitats by juvenile fish following a cyclone could explain the unusual mass-settlement of the Indian Ocean blacktip grouper Epinephelus oceanicus observed on 25 May 2006, few weeks after tropical storm Diwa on the latest lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano at Reunion Island. Following a cyclonic depression, shallow underwater habitats are devoid of resident fishes, including predators, favouring juvenile fish survival. Otherwise, the recent origin of the volcanic habitats, which vary in age, could facilitate the spatial segregation of adult and juvenile fish on the lava flows, reducing intraspecific competition and adult aggression toward juveniles. Regional characteristics of larval recruitment could also contribute to the infrequency of the described event; the isolated situation of the island would be expected to result in an average density of fish postlarvae 0.25 % to 1 % of that seen on some reefs in the Pacific. The supposed origin of juvenile groupers in the neighbouring island of Mauritius should encourage Reunionese managers to look beyond their own jurisdictions to adopt a collaborative approach to conservation of the entire connected network.
Environmental Biology of Fishes

hal-01306707
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306707
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306707/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306707/file/Mass-settlement%20of%20the%20Indian%20ocean%20black-tip%20grouper_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s10641-014-0303-2

Éditeur(s) : Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Rennes
Résumé : Long-line fishing has been growing on the island of La Réunion since the beginning of the 1990s. The target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), fished mainly in the tropical waters surrounding the island between longitudes 45 degree E and 60 degree E, and latitudes 17 degree S and 27 degree S. From 1998 to 2000, a finalised research programme enabled the collection of precise data concerning the lines' positions and the parameters of the fishing efforts: 3,602 nettings were thus informed by the catches (in numbers of individuals caught) and 12 descriptive variables of the effort. In parallel with this collection effort, satellite maps that described the ocean's landscape of this region of the Indian Ocean exploited by La Réunion's fisheries were made available to sailors and scientists. Extractions from these environmental variables were made at the fishing lines' positions, which allowed us to propose 20 variables describing the environmental conditions of swordfish catches applied to the nettings. In an early part of this study, after a descriptive analysis and a first selection of the variables, we used several GAM (Generalised Additive Models) to model the respective effects of effort and environmental variables on the variability of swordfish catches. We thus highlighted the predominance of factors linked to fishermen (fishing effort) on oceanographic factors in the explanation of this variability. Following these results, a summary on the biology and ecology of the swordfish was proposed in order to draw up hypotheses on the characteristics of this species' population in the Indian Ocean. The aspects linked to the individual behaviour and movements of the population were particularly highlighted. In a latter part of this study and in order to complete the empirical approach by an exploratory constructivist approach, we proposed a modelling tool in order to simulate the possible movements of individuals within the oceanic landscape described by the available satellite maps. After reading in the literature about the various forms of modelling the movements of the large pelagics, we developed an original computer modelling architecture of the multi-agent type that made it possible to manipulate in a dynamic way the satellite maps (and derived products), the individual movements of "animats" whose behaviours were based on this environmental information, and agents that clarify the process of long-line fishing in a geographical way. The computer model that was implemented (MUFINS, for MUlti-Fish INdian ocean Simulator) was next used by calibrating the behaviour of the animats on the real data originally from the analysis of commercial catches proposed in the first part, using robust techniques based on fuzzy logic. The results of the simulations were compared, on the one hand, with the large-scale hypotheses of movement proposed in the first part, and, on the other hand, to swordfish catches both real and corrected for the effect of the fishing effort modelled by the GAM models. Even if the results of these simulations in this study do not allow for proposing convincing interpretations of the underlying processes, the MUFINS tool showed its ability to address questions associated with the swordfish's behaviour in the tropical oceanic landscape and to the effects of scale transfers between the individual level and the collective level. We now envisage its use in a more operational framework, as an interface for dialogue between fishermen and scientists with a goal of sustainable management of the resource.
La peche palangriere s'est developpee a l'ile de La Reunion depuis le debut des annees 1990. L'espece cible est l'espadon (Xiphias gladius), principalement exploite dans les eaux tropicales autour de l'ile entre les longitudes 45 degree E et 60 degree E, et les latitudes 17 degree S et 27 degree S. De 1998 a 2000, un programme de recherche finalisee a permis de collecter des informations precises concernant les positions des lignes et les parametres de l'effort de peche : 3602 filages sont ainsi renseignes par les captures (en nombre d'individus captures) et 12 variables descriptives de l'effort. En parallele de cet effort de collecte, des cartes satellitales ont pu etre mises a la disposition des marins et des scientifiques, decrivant le paysage oceanique de cette region de l'ocean Indien exploitee par la pecherie reunionnaise. Des extractions de ces variables environnementales ont ete effectuees aux positions des lignes de peche, nous permettant de proposer 20 variables descriptives des conditions environnementales de captures d'espadon appliquees aux filages. Dans une premiere partie de ce travail, apres une analyse descriptive et une premiere selection des variables, on a modelise par plusieurs modeles GAM (Generalized Additive Models) les effets respectifs des variables d'effort et des variables environnementales sur la variabilite des captures d'espadon. On a ainsi mis en evidence la predominance des facteurs lies aux pecheurs (effort de peche) sur les facteurs oceanographiques dans le caractere explicatif de cette variabilite. A la suite de ces resultats, une synthese sur la biologie et l'ecologie de l'espadon a ete proposee afin de degager des hypotheses sur les caracteristiques de la population de cette espece dans l'ocean Indien. Les aspects lies au comportement individuel et aux deplacements de la population ont ete particulierement mis en evidence. Dans une deuxieme partie de ce travail et afin de completer l'approche empirique par une approche constructiviste exploratoire, nous avons propose un outil de modelisation afin de simuler les deplacements possibles d'individus au sein du paysage oceanique decrit par les cartes satellitales disponibles. Apres avoir passe en revue dans la litterature les differentes formes de modelisation des deplacements des grands, pelagiques, nous avons developpe une architecture originale de modelisation informatique de type multi-agents permettant de manipuler de maniere dynamique les cartes satellitales (et les produits derives), les mouvements individuels < d'animats >, dont les comportements sont bases sur cette information environnementale, et des agents qui explicitent le processus de capture palangriere de maniere geographique. Le modele informatique ainsi implemente (MUFINS, pour MUlti-Fish INdian ocean Simulator) a ensuite ete utilise en calibrant les comportements des animats sur les donnees reelles issues de l'analyse des captures commerciales proposee en premiere partie, a partir de techniques robustes basee sur la logique floue. Les resultats des simulations ont ete confrontes d'une part aux hypotheses de deplacement a grande echelle proposees en premiere partie, et d'autre part aux captures d'espadon reelles et corrigees de l'effet de l'effort de peche modelise par les modeles GAM. Meme si les resultats de simulations presentes dans ce travail ne permettent pas de proposer d'interpretations convaincantes des processus sous-jacents, l'outil MUFINS a demontre son aptitude a aborder les questions liees au comportement de l'espadon dans le paysage oceanique tropical et aux effets des transferts d'echelle entre le niveau individuel et le niveau collectif. On envisage desormais son utilisation dans un cadre plus operationnel, comme interface de dialogue entre les pecheurs et les scientifiques a des fins de gestion durable de la ressource.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/these-2592.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2592/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Despite the unique nature of endemic species, their origin and population history remain poorly studied. We investigated the population history of 28 coral reef fish species, close related, from the Gambier and Marquesas Islands, from five families, with range size varying from widespread to small-range endemic. We analyzed both mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data using neutrality test and Bayesian analysis (EBSP and ABC). We found evidence for demographic expansions for most species (24 of 28), irrespective of range size, reproduction strategy or archipelago. The timing of the expansions varied greatly among species, from 8,000 to 2,000,000 years ago. The typical hypothesis for reef fish that links population expansions to the Last Glacial Maximum fit for 14 of the 24 demographic expansions. We propose two evolutionary processes that could lead to expansions older than the LGM: (a) we are retrieving the signature of an old colonization process for widespread, large-range endemic and paleoendemic species or (b) speciation; the expansion reflects the birth of the species for neoendemic species. We show for the first time that the demographic histories of endemic and widespread reef fish are not distinctly different and suggest that a number of processes drive endemism.
ISSN: 2045-2322

hal-01469339
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339/file/population%20expansions.pdf
DOI : 10.1038/srep40519

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Résumé : International audience
Two genes, that is, 5S ribosomal sequences and antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) genes, were mapped onto chromosomes of eight Antarctic notothenioid fish possessing a X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y sex chromosome system, namely, Chionodraco hamatus and Pagetopsis macropterus (family Channichthyidae), Trematomus hansoni, T. newnesi, T. nicolai, T. lepidorhinus, and Pagothenia borchgrevinki (family Nototheniidae), and Artedidraco skottsbergi (family Artedidraconidae). Through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we uncovered distinct differences in the gene content of the Y chromosomes in the eight species, with C. hamatus and P. macropterus standing out among others in bearing 5S rDNA and AFGP sequences on their Y chromosomes, respectively. Both genes were absent from the Y chromosomes of any analyzed species. The distinct patterns of Y and non-Y chromosome association of the 5S rDNA and AFGP genes in species representing different Antarctic fish families support an independent origin of the sex heterochromosomes in notothenioids with interesting implications for the evolutionary/adaptational history of these fishes living in a cold-stable environment.
ISSN: 2314-6133

hal-01544911
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544911
DOI : 10.1155/2013/243938