Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Different household insecticide applications via two electric vaporizers emitting transfluthrin were realized in a full-scale experimental room under controlled air exchange rate conditions. On-line high-time resolved measurements of the gas-phase concentrations of the active substance during and immediately after the spreading periods were performed with a High Sensitivity Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (HS-PTR-MS). Experimental and modelled data from the ConsExpo 4.0 software were also compared to evaluate the sources of differences. Different application scenarios were also compared. Averaged inhaled concentrations over 1h, 1week, and 5months were estimated to be 8.3, 1.8, and 1.8μg.m(-3), respectively. Corresponding margins of exposures range from 1000 to 10,000, claiming for the absence of effect. Dermal and dust ingestion pathways, although roughly estimated, seems being non-negligible. This claims for a more in-depth integrated risk assessment.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-00875320
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875320
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875320/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875320/file/Transfluthrin-indoor-accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.011

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
This study assessed the inhaled dose of alcohol during hand disinfection. Experiments were conducted with two types of hand rub using two hand disinfection procedures. Air samples were collected every 10 s from the breathing zone, by bubbling through a mixture of K2Cr2O7 and H2SO4. The reduction of dichromate ions in the presence of alcohols was followed by UV-vis spectrophotometry. The difference in intensity of the dichromate absorption peak was used to quantify the alcohol concentration expressed in ethanol equivalent. During hygienic hand disinfection, the mean ethanol equivalent concentrations peaked at around 20-30 s for both hand rubs (14.3 ± 1.4 mg/L for hand rub 1 and 13.2 ± 0.7 mg/L for hand rub 2). During surgical hand disinfection, two peaks were found at the same time (40 and 80 s) for both hand rubs. The highest mean concentrations were 20.2 ± 0.9 mg/L for hand rub 1 and 18.1 ± 0.9 mg/L for hand rub 2. For hand rub 1, the total absorbed doses, calculated from ethanol with an inhalation flow of 24 L/min and an absorption rate of 62%, were 46.5 mg after one hygienic hand disinfection and 203.9 mg after one surgical hand disinfection. Although the use of ABHRs leads to the absorption of very low doses, sudden, repeated inhalation of high alcohol concentrations raises the question of possible adverse health effects.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

hal-00878450
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00878450
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00878450/document
DOI : 10.3390/ijerph9030868

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Multiple chemicals are emitted in residential accommodation. Aggregate Daily Doses (ADD) (ng/kg-bw/d) were estimated for 32 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of different chemical families that are frequently detected in French dwellings in both air and settled dust. Daily doses were determined using steady-state models for the population, categorized into 11 age groups covering birth to age 30. Three routes of exposure were taken into account: dust ingestion, inhalation (gaseous and particulate phases) and dermal contact with the gaseous phase of air. Contamination levels were preferentially retrieved from large, nationwide representative datasets. A two-dimensional probabilistic approach was used to assess parametric uncertainty and identify the most influential factors. For children aged 2 to 3 years, ADD estimates spanned orders of magnitude, with median values ranging from 8.7 pg/kg-bw/d for 2,2′,3,4,4′-pentabromodiphenylether (BDE 85) to 1.3 μg/kg-bw/d for di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Inhalation, ingestion and dermal pathway contributed at varying levels, and depending on compound, air was the dominant medium for 28 of the 32 compounds (either by inhalation or dermal contact). Indoor exposure estimate variance was mainly driven by indoor contamination variability, and secondarily by uncertainty in physical and chemical parameters. These findings lend support to the call for cumulative risk assessment of indoor SVOCs. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
ISSN: 01604120

hal-01616433
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01616433
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.024
PUBMED : 28950160

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD MDPI
Résumé : International audience
Hand disinfection with alcohols-based hand rubs (ABHRs) are known to be the most effective measure to prevent nosocomial infections in healthcare. ABHRs contain on average 70% by weight of one or more alcohols. During the hand rubbing procedure, users are exposed to these alcohols not only through dermal contact, but also via inhalation, due to the physical and chemical properties of alcohols volatilizing from alcoholic solutions or gels into the air. Ethanol ingestion is well known to increase risks of several diseases (affecting the pancreas, liver, cardiovascular system…), but there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of exposure to other alcohols (including n- or isopropanol) via inhalation and dermal contact, despite the worldwide use of ABHRs. This work aims at discussing possible health effects related to unintentional alcoholization (via inhalation and dermal contact) from professional ABHR usage to suggest the need for more research in this area (but not to question the value of ABHRs). Based upon an average of 30 hand rubbings per healthcare professional per day, it can be assumed that a healthcare worker may be exposed to a maximum 5,500 mg/m(3) per work shift, five times above the recommended occupational time weighted average limit. Thus, in order to answer the question posed in the title, studies on spatial and temporal variability of alcohol emission from ABHRs in real world situations and studies on certain high risk individuals are needed.
ISSN: 1660-4601

hal-01122305
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122305
PUBMED : 20948945
DOI : 10.3390/ijerph7083038
PUBMEDCENTRAL : PMC2954566

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Dairy working increases the prevalence of lower airway respiratory diseases, especially COPD and asthma. Epidemiological studies have reported that chronic inhalation of organic dusts released during specific daily tasks could represent a major risk factor for development of these pathologies in dairy workers. Knowledge on size, nature and biological activity of such organic dusts remain however limited. OBJECTIVE: To compare size distribution, microbial composition and cellular effects of dusts liberated by the spreading of straw bedding in five French dairy farms located in Brittany. RESULTS: Mechanized distribution of straw bedding generated a cloud of inhalable dusts in the five dairy farms' barns. Thoracic particles having a 3-7.5µm size constituted 58.9-68.3% of these dusts. Analyses of thoracic dusts by next generation sequencing showed that the microbial dust composition differed between the five French farms, although Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria represent more than 97.5% of the bacterial phyla detected in each sample. Several bacteria genera comprising of human pathogenic species, such as Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Thermoactinomyces or Saccharopolyspora were identified. Cladosporium and Alternaria fungal genera, which are potent environmental determinants of respiratory symptoms, were detected in dusts collected in the five farms and their levels reached 15.5-51.1% and 9-24.7% of assignable fungal sequences in each sample, respectively. Finally, all dust samples significantly and strongly increased the expression of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines at both mRNA and protein levels in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Their effects were dose-dependent and detectable from 1µg/ml. The intensity of the macrophage responses however differed according to the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our results strengthen the hypothesis that organic dusts released during the distribution of straw bedding are mainly constituted of thoracic particles which are small enough to deposit on lower bronchial epithelium of dairy farmers and induce inflammation.
Environmental Research

hal-01579610
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01579610
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.025
PUBMED : 28735230

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD John Libbey Eurotext
Résumé : International audience
The diversity of chemicals used in hospitals (detergents-disinfectants, alcohol-based hand sanitizers, drugs, etc.) and recent developments in indoor air quality regulation of public access buildings require a better understanding of chemical risks in this particular environment. We developed a methodology for semi-quantitative chemical risk assessments in this environment to prioritize inhalation risks by sector and chemical. This methodology is based on a similar approach in the workplace that defines classes of exposures and of hazards. Their combination produces a risk matrix. Four criteria were used to determine the exposure classes: quantity and frequency of the chemical's use, volatility (vapor pressure), and the type of collective protective equipment associated with each area. The hazard class is also derived from four criteria: classification as carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic to reproduction, the existence of a toxicity reference value, occupational exposure limit values, and risk phrases (official risk descriptions, on labels, data sheets, etc). This methodology was tested in the Rennes University Hospital (Rennes, France) in five different hospital areas, with a specific survey undertaken to collect data about chemicals in each area. The results show the spatial specificity of chemical risks. Among the various sites analysed, the chemical risks of two require priority attention: the parasitology-mycology laboratory and patients' rooms. Because of their wide use in the hospital and the volatility of some of their components (alcohols), detergents-disinfectants contribute to increasing risk levels in all areas. The model is therefore discriminatory in terms of areas and substances.
ISSN: 1635-0421

hal-00952349
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00952349
DOI : 10.1684/ers.2013.0659

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) refer to a broad spectrum of molecules from different chemical families that have numerous properties. They can be used as pesticides, plasticizers, flame retardants, surfactants, lubricants, etc. Consequently, they are introduced in numerous applications in buildings or used daily by the entire population. Once emitted through evaporation or abrasion in the indoor environment or introduced from the outdoors, their chemical or biological degradation is limited, and they persist indoors. This persistence also explains why some SVOCs that were banned a few years ago are still detected in the air and dust inside buildings. In indoor environments, SVOCs are divided between the gas phase, airborne particles, and dust settled on floors and surfaces. SVOCs are of concern due to their established or suspected health effects and their widespread exposure through different environmental media and pathways. The objective of the thesis was to study the concentrations of 66 SVOCs on airborne particles (PM10) and 48 SVOCs in settled dust in two samples of dwellings randomly selected across France. PM10 were sampled during the nationwide housing survey carried out by the French Observatory of indoor air quality in 2003-2005. The dust samples were collected from vacuum cleaner bags during a nationwide survey carried out in French dwellings where at least one child aged 6 months to 6 years lived (2008-2009). The SVOCs to be analyzed had prior been selected using a ranking method based on their toxicity and indoor concentrations. The data analysis focused in particular on the identification of French specificities in terms of detected molecules and measured concentrations. It highlighted some determinants of exposure, e.g., influence of particle size, type of dust collected, dust bioaccessibility, which are not always considered and limit the comparability of results. The measured concentrations were also used to assess the health ranking implemented prior to this work and to confirm its relevance. The concentrations measured both in the air and in settled dust were compared to study the similarities in terms of concentrations and SVOC mixtures. Finally, the exposure doses to SVOCs were calculated for both a child and an adult to assess the respective contributions of inhalation and ingestion to these compounds in particulate phase in dwellings.
Les composés organiques semi-volatils (COSV) font l’objet d’une attention croissante depuis une dizaine d’années. Utilisés dans de nombreux produits et matériaux du quotidien, ils sont émis dans les bâtiments par dispersion lors de l’usage, par évaporation ou abrasion. Du fait de leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques, ces composés se répartissent à la fois dans l’air, en phases gazeuse et particulaire, et dans les poussières déposées au sol, sur le mobilier et les objets. Compte tenu du temps passé par la population dans les bâtiments, en particulier par les populations sensibles comme les enfants, les femmes enceintes et les personnes âgées, l’exposition à ces substances mérite d’être documentée, tenant compte des voies d’exposition en jeu : inhalation, ingestion et contact cutané. La thèse a porté sur les COSV présents en phase particulaire dans les logements. L’objectif de la thèse visait à exploiter les mesures de 66 COSV dans les particules en suspension de diamètre inférieur à 10 µm (PM10) et de 48 COSV dans les poussières au sol de taille inférieure à 100 µm considérées comme étant celles adhérant à la peau. Ces mesures ont été réalisées dans le cadre de deux campagnes nationales : la campagne « Logements » de l’Observatoire de la qualité de l’air intérieur conduite en 2003-2005 et l’enquête Plomb-Habitat dont les prélèvements ont eu lieu en 2008-2009. Une hiérarchisation des molécules jugées prioritaires au regard de leur impact sanitaire potentiel avait permis au préalable d’établir la liste des COSV à mesurer. L’exploitation de ces données de contamination a notamment porté sur l’identification d’éventuelles spécificités françaises au regard des molécules en présence et/ou des concentrations mesurées. Elle a permis de mettre en lumière un ensemble de facteurs déterminants de l’exposition (influence de la taille des particules, du type de poussières collectées, de leur bioaccessibilité), qui ne sont pas toujours considérés et qui limitent par ailleurs la comparabilité des résultats. Les concentrations mesurées ont aussi permis d’évaluer rétrospectivement la hiérarchisation sanitaire et d’en confirmer la pertinence. Les concentrations des COSV quantifiés à la fois dans l’air et au sol ont été mises en perspective afin d’examiner dans quelle mesure les particules en suspension et les poussières déposées sont similaires en termes de concentrations et de mélanges de COSV en présence. Enfin, l‘estimation des doses d’exposition aux COSV à partir d’équations simples, de variables humaines d’exposition et des données de contamination a permis une première évaluation des contributions respectives de l’inhalation et de l’ingestion aux expositions domestiques des enfants et adultes à ces composés en phase particulaire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524

NNT : 2015REN1B033
tel-01308524
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308524/file/MANDINCorinne.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Multiple chemicals are emitted in residential accommodation. Aggregate Daily Doses (ADD) (ng/kg-bw/d) were estimated for 32 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) of different chemical families that are frequently detected in French dwellings in both air and settled dust. Daily doses were determined using steady-state models for the population, categorized into 11 age groups covering birth to age 30. Three routes of exposure were taken into account: dust ingestion, inhalation (gaseous and particulate phases) and dermal contact with the gaseous phase of air. Contamination levels were preferentially retrieved from large, nationwide representative datasets. A two-dimensional probabilistic approach was used to assess parametric uncertainty and identify the most influential factors. For children aged 2 to 3 years, ADD estimates spanned orders of magnitude, with median values ranging from 8.7 pg/kg-bw/d for 2,2′,3,4,4′-pentabromodiphenylether (BDE 85) to 1.3 μg/kg-bw/d for di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Inhalation, ingestion and dermal pathway contributed at varying levels, and depending on compound, air was the dominant medium for 28 of the 32 compounds (either by inhalation or dermal contact). Indoor exposure estimate variance was mainly driven by indoor contamination variability, and secondarily by uncertainty in physical and chemical parameters. These findings lend support to the call for cumulative risk assessment of indoor SVOCs.
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01635777
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635777
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635777/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01635777/file/Article_Expo_Pelletier_Manuscript%20Env%20Int%20rev2.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.024

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Sixty-six semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs)—phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one pyrethroid, organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides, alkylphenols, synthetic musks, tri-n-butylphosphate and triclosan—were measured on PM10 filters collected over 7 days during a nationwide survey of 285 French dwellings, representative of nearly 25 million housing units. Thirty-five compounds were detected in more than half of the dwellings. PAHs, phthalates and triclosan were the major particle-bound SVOCs, with a median concentration greater than 1 ng m−3 for butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) (median: 1.6 ng m−3), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (46 ng m−3) and di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP) (7.9 ng m−3), and greater than 0.1 ng m−3 for triclosan (114 pg m−3), benzo(a)anthracene (44.4 pg m−3), benzo(a)pyrene (138 pg m−3), benzo(b)fluoranthene (306 pg m−3), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (229 pg m−3), and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (178 pg m−3). For most of the SVOCs, higher concentrations were found in the dwellings of smokers and during the heating season. The concentrations of banned SVOCs—namely, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides—were correlated. Permethrin, 4-tert-butylphenol and bisphenol-A showed no correlation with the other SVOCs and seemed to have their own specific sources. Most SVOCs were positively associated with PM10 concentration, suggesting that any factor that raises the mass of indoor airborne particles also increases the exposure to SVOCs through inhalation
ISSN: 1352-2310

hal-01304354
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304354
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304354/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01304354/file/Semi-volatile%20organic%20compounds.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.016