Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : French Polynesia started it's Fish Aggregating Device programme in June 1981 with the positioning of the first buoy offshore of the main island of Tahiti. Since then, 251 structures have been installed throughout the 5 archipelagoes of this French overseas territory. The shape and size of the devices have evolved 8 times over this period, however, a single model has not yet been adopted. Trials are currently underway using lighter structures similar to those found in the Indian Ocean. The anchoring lines have progressively been modified through better knowledge of material and product availability, as well as better understanding of environmental constraints. The programme is entirely financed by the territorial government and managed by the public sector. This ongoing technical assistance, aimed towards the local small-scale coastal fishery, is considered an important factor to maintaining this activity alive. Up until 1997, this economical support policy of outer island populations far from the metropolis central town, along with incidental fishing methods around FADs, have given mitigated results without nevertheless putting into cause this programme. The use of 'drifting handlines' retained at the surface by small indicator floats are one of the contributing factors to the degradation of the anchor lines. It is now commonly accepted that a new fishing strategy must be adopted so that professional coastal fishermen become more aware with regards to an expensive work tool due to local bathymetric conditions, so that fishing effort is increased through the development of better adapted fishing techniques, and finally so that community spirit rules over individualism.Original Abstract: Le programme d'ancrage de DCP en Polynesie francaise a vu le jour en juin 1981 avec l'implantation d'un premier dispositif au large des cotes de Tahiti. Depuis cette date, ce sont 251 structures qui ont ete installees dans les cinq archipels de ce pays d'outre-mer. La forme et la taille des bouees ont evolue huit fois sans etre definitivement arretees a un seul modele et des essais sur des structures legeres de type " Ocean Indien " sont en cours. Les lignes d'ancrage ont fait l'objet de modifications progressives en raison de meilleures connaissances des produits ainsi que des contraintes du milieu environnant. Ce programme est finance en totalite par le territoire de la Polynesie francaise et gere par le secteur public. Il s'adresse a la pecherie artisanale et cotiere qui considere depuis de nombreuses annees cette assistance technique comme un atout indispensable au maintien de son activite. La politique d'engagement de ce soutien economique jusqu'en 1997 aupres des populations d'iles et atolls tres eloignes de la capitale ainsi que l'incidence de la technique de peche la plus repandue autour des DCP ont abouti a des resultats mitiges sans pour autant remettre en cause ce programme. En effet, les lignes a main derivantes et retenues en surface par une petite bouee temoin sont un des principaux facteurs de degradation des lignes d'ancrage. Il est desormais reconnu par tous les intervenants qu'une nouvelle strategie doit etre deployee afin que les pecheurs cotiers professionnels soient mieux responsabilises face a un outil de travail onereux en raison de la bathymetrie environnante, pour que l'effort de peche soit accru par l'utilisation de techniques de peche mieux adaptees, et enfin que l'esprit communautaire prime sur l'individualisme.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15292/12649.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15292/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Kluwer Academic Publishers
Résumé : International audience
The interlocking leaves of tank-forming bromeliads (Bromeliaceae) collect rainwater and detritus, thus creating a freshwater habitat for specialized organisms. Their abundance and the possibility of quantifying communities with accuracy give us unparalleled insight into how changes in local to regional environments influence community diversity in small water bodies. We sampled 365 bromeliads (365 invertebrate communities) along a southeastern to northwestern range in French Guiana. Geographic locality determined the species pool for bromeliad invertebrates, and local environments determined the abundance patterns through the selection of traits that are best adapted to the bromeliad habitats. Patterns in community structure mostly emerged from patterns of predator species occurrence and abundance across local-regional environments, while the set of detritivores remained constant. Water volume had a strong positive correlation with invertebrate diversity, making it a biologically relevant measure of the pools' carrying capacity. The significant effects of incoming detritus and incident light show that changes in local environments (e.g., the conversion of forest to cropping systems) strongly influence freshwater communities. Because changes in local environments do not affect detritivores and predators equally, one may expect functional shifts as sets of invertebrates with particular traits are replaced or complemented by other sets with different traits.
Hydrobiologia

hal-00845572
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00845572

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Negative density dependence (NDD) and environmental filtering (EF) shape community assembly, but their relative importance is poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that seedlings mortality risk is positively related to the phylogenetic relatedness of neighbours. However, natural enemies, whose depredations often cause NDD, respond to functional traits of hosts rather than phylogenetic relatedness per se. To understand the roles of NDD and EF in community assembly, we assessed the effects on seedling mortality of functional similarity, phylogenetic relatedness and stem density of neighbouring seedlings and adults in a species-rich tropical forest. Mortality risks increased for common species when their functional traits departed substantially from the neighbourhood mean, and for all species when surrounded by close relatives. This indicates that NDD affects community assembly more broadly than does EF, and leads to the tentative conclusion that natural enemies respond to phylogenetically correlated traits. Our results affirm the prominence of NDD in structuring species-rich communities.
ISSN: 1461-023X

hal-01032429
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032429
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01705.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
During their immature life stages, malaria mosquitoes are exposed to a wide array of microbes and contaminants from the aquatic habitats. Although prior studies have suggested that environmental exposure shapes the microbial community structure in the adult mosquito, most reports have focused on laboratory-based experiments and on a single mosquito epithelium, the gut. In this study, we investigated the influence of the breeding site on the development of the Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae microbiota in natural conditions. We characterized bacterial communities from aquatic habitats, at surface microlayer and subsurface water levels, to freshly emerge adult mosquitoes using multiplexed 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and we separately analyzed the microbiota associated with the different epithelia of adult individual, midguts, ovaries and salivary glands. We found that the distribution of bacterial communities in the aquatic habitats differed according to the depth of water collections. Inter-individual variation of bacterial composition was large in larvae guts but adult mosquitoes from a same breeding site shared quite similar microbiota. Although some differences in bacterial abundances were highlighted between the different epithelia of freshly emerged An. coluzzii and An. gambiae, an intriguing feature from our study is the particular similarity of the overall bacterial communities. Our results call for further investigations on the bacterial population dynamics in the different tissues to determine the distinctive characteristics of each microbiota during the mosquito lifespan and to identify specific interactions between certain key phyla or species and the insect life history traits.
ISSN: 1567-1348

hal-01546167
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01546167
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.029

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: This study examines gene-environment interaction between the MTHFR C667T polymorphism and folic acid in the etiology of orofacial clefts (OFC). We used a pooled-analytical approach on four studies that used similar methods. METHODS: We used logistic regression to analyze the pooled sample of 1149 isolated cases and 1161 controls. Fetal and maternal MTHFR C677T genotypes, and maternal periconceptional exposure to smoking, alcohol, vitamin containing folic acid and folic acid supplements were contrasted between the cleft types [non-syndromic clefts lip or without cleft palate (CL(P)) and non-syndromic cleft palate (CP)] and control groups. RESULTS: There was a reduced risk of CL(P) with maternal folic acid use (p = 0.008; OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.65-0.94) and with supplements containing folic acid (p = 0.028, OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65-0.94). Maternal smoking increased the risk of both CL(P) (p < 10 e-3; OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.35-1.95) and CP (p = 0.028; OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.04-1.83). No significant risk was observed with either maternal or fetal MTHFR C677T genotypes. CONCLUSION: This individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis affords greater statistical power and can help alleviate the problems associated with aggregate-level data-sharing. The result of this IPD meta-analysis is consistent with previous reports suggesting that folic acid and smoking influence OFC outcomes.
ISSN: 1542-0752

hal-00875899
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875899
DOI : 10.1002/bdra.23133
PUBMED : 23670871

Résumé : The MEDECO Leg 2 cruise followed the MEDECO Leg 1 cruise that had crossed the Mediterranean Sea from the west to the east to study benthic communities of the Var canyon, deep corals found on the Calabrian Margin and cold seep ecosystems of the Mediterranean Ridge. The main objective of the MEDECO Leg 2 cruise was to study and compare, using a multidisciplinary approach, the structure and dynamics of deep-sea ecosystems at various active cold seep sites from the Nile deep sea fan and the Calabrian Arc, in the Eastern Mediterranean sea. During MEDECO Legs 1 & 2, a multiscale strategy was promoted to integrate (1) a high resolution cartography of geological structures (km2 scale), (2) a detailed mapping, including video imagery, of smaller-scale areas (scale 100 to 300 m2), (3) the physical, chemical and sedimentary characteristics of the habitat (multiscale), (4) the structure and functioning of faunal communities, including microbes, in terms of composition, diversity and biomass (multiscale), (5) small scale studies of interactions between organisms and their environment (scale < m2), (6) detailed ecophysiological studies at the organism scale on invertebrates. The use of the ROV “Victor 6000” and of various equipments for in situ and ex situ observations and measurements has helped reaching our objectives. The MEDECO cruise represented the key-Mediterranean cruise of the HERMES project “Hotspot Ecosystem Research on the Margins of European Seas” (P.I. P. Weaver, NOC-Southampton). The cruise was organized to follow the objectives of the HERMES program to better understand the functioning of deep ecosystems of the continental margins aiming at obtaining: (1) the description and quantification of the natural drivers (geological, hydrological, chemical factors) that control the distribution of ecosystems on margins; (2) the characterization and quantification of biodiversity, from bacteria to megafauna, as well as the knowledge of ecosystem functioning; (3) the study of ecosystems dynamics including the biology/physiology of key-species. Specific objectives. Colonization experiments conducted in the frame of two European programs, Diwoo and Chemeco, have given the opportunity to recover the fauna installed in the devices deployed during the Bionil cruise (2006) and to deploy new ones at the same site located in the pockmark area of the central province of Nile deep sea fan.

Droits : 2008 Insu, Cnrs, Locean
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00134/24550/22583.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00134/24550/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Our understanding of the contribution of interspecific interactions to functional diversity in nature lags behind our knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns. Although two-species mutualisms are found in all types of ecosystems, the study of their ecological influences on other community members has mostly been limited to third species, while their influence on entire communities remains largely unexplored. 2. We hypothesized that mutualistic interactions between two respective ant species and an epiphyte mediate the biological traits composition of entire invertebrate communities that use the same host plant, thereby affecting food webs and functional diversity at the community level. 3. Aechmea mertensii (Bromeliaceae) is both a phytotelm ('plant-held water') and an ant-garden epiphyte. We sampled 111 bromeliads (111 aquatic invertebrate communities) associated with either the ant Pachycondyla goeldii or Camponotus femoratus. The relationships between ants, bromeliads and invertebrate abundance data were examined using a redundancy analysis. Biological traits information for invertebrates was structured using a fuzzy-coding technique, and a co-inertia analysis between traits and abundance data was used to interpret functional differences in bromeliad ecosystems. 4. The vegetative traits of A. mertensii depended on seed dispersion by C. femoratus and P. goeldii along a gradient of local conditions. The ant partner selected sets of invertebrates with traits that were best adapted to the bromeliads' morphology, and so the composition of the biological traits of invertebrate phytotelm communities depends on the identity of the ant partner. Biological traits suggest a bottom-up control of community structure in C. femoratus-associated phytotelmata and a greater structuring role for predatory invertebrates in P. goeldii-associated plants. 5. This study presents new information showing that two-species mutualisms affect the functional diversity of a much wider range of organisms. Most biological systems form complex networks where nodes (e. g. species) are more or less closely linked to each other, either directly or indirectly, through intermediate nodes. Our observations provide community-level information about biological interactions and functional diversity, and perspectives for further observations intended to examine whether large-scale changes in interacting species/community structure over broad geographical and anthropogenic gradients affect ecosystem functions.
ISSN: 0269-8463

hal-00817509
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00817509

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : We examined tree-soil habitat associations in lowland forest communities at Paracou, French Guiana. We analyzed a large dataset assembling six permanent plots totaling 37.5 ha, in which extensive LIDAR-derived topographical data and soil chemical and physical data have been integrated with precise botanical determinations. Map of relative elevation from the nearest stream summarized both soil fertility and hydromorphic characteristics, with seasonally inundated bottomlands having higher soil phosphate content and base saturation, and plateaus having higher soil carbon, nitrogen and aluminum contents. We employed a statistical test of correlations between tree species density and environmental maps, by generating Monte Carlo simulations of random raster images that preserve autocorrelation of the original maps. Nearly three fourths of the 94 taxa with at least one stem per ha showed a significant correlation between tree density and relative elevation, revealing contrasted species-habitat associations in term of abundance, with seasonally inundated bottomlands (24.5% of species) and well-drained plateaus (48.9% of species). We also observed species preferences for environments with or without steep slopes (13.8% and 10.6%, respectively). We observed that closely-related species were frequently associated with different soil habitats in this region (70% of the 14 genera with congeneric species that have a significant association test) suggesting species-habitat associations have arisen multiple times in this tree community. We also tested if species with similar habitat preferences shared functional strategies. We found that seasonally inundated forest specialists tended to have smaller stature (maximum diameter) than species found on plateaus. Our results underline the importance of tree-soil habitat associations in structuring diverse communities at fine spatial scales and suggest that additional studies are needed to disentangle community assembly mechanisms related to dispersal limitation, biotic interactions and environmental filtering from species-habitat associations. Moreover, they provide a framework to generalize across tropical forest sites.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01260289
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01260289
PRODINRA : 342930
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0141488

Éditeur(s) : Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
Résumé : Estimating diversity and abundance of fish is fundamental for the understanding of community structure and dynamics of coral reefs. Observations are generally gathered using Underwater Visual Census (UVC). These informations can also be collected by underwater video techniques involving no diver and allowing a high spatial and temporal coverage. The first part of this PhD thesis is a review of publications using underwater video techniques between 1952 and 2012. The second part present two rotating video systems used to study the diversity of ichthyofauna and habitats in the lagoon of New Caledonia: the STAVIRO (for "STAtion VIdeo ROtative") and the MICADO (for "Module d’Imagerie Côtier, Autonome pour le Développement de l’Observation sous-marine"). The third part of this work is a comparison of these techniques with UVCs and an analysis of the “observer effect” for the rotating video techniques. The comparison between rotating video systems and UVC showed that: (i) fish community data collected by UVC and by STAVIRO differed significantly; (ii) species richness and density of large species were not significantly different between techniques; (iii) species richness and density of small species were higher for UVC; (iv) density of fished species was higher for STAVIRO; and (v) only UVC detected significant differences in fish assemblages structure across reef type. The comparison of fish counts obtained from the same videos by different observers showed that for a defined list of species, estimates of species richness and total abundance can be considered as similar between observers with sufficient experiences (> 6 months). The last part of this PhD is an application of rotating video techniques to the study of daily temporal variations of the ichthyofauna. Daily variations were observed depending on the time of day and the tidal state and typical patterns of variations have been described for some species groups. The outcomes of this work bring original insights of new techniques complementary to traditional techniques in order to enhance our understanding of the functioning and dynamic of coral reef.
L’estimation de la diversité et de l’abondance des espèces de poissons est fondamentale pour comprendre la structure des communautés et la dynamique des récifs coralliens. Les observations sont généralement obtenues par des recensements visuels en scaphandre autonome (UVC). Ces informations peuvent également être obtenues de manière originale grâce aux observations issues des techniques vidéo sous-marines modernes sans plongeur qui permettent des couvertures spatiales et temporelles accrues. La première phase de ce travail de thèse synthétise l’ensemble des travaux ayant été effectués avec des techniques vidéo entre 1952 et 2012. La seconde phase, présente deux systèmes vidéo rotatifs complémentaires, utilisés pour étudier la diversité de l’ichtyofaune et des habitats marins dans le lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie : le STAVIRO (pour « STAtion VIdéo ROtative ») et le MICADO (pour « Module d’Imagerie Côtier, Autonome pour le Développement de l’Observation sous-marine »). La troisième phase de ce travail consiste à comparer ces systèmes vidéo aux UVC puis à examiner l’effet « observateur » inhérent aux techniques vidéo rotatives. Il résulte de cette étude que : (i) les observations des communautés de poissons par UVC et STAVIRO différaient significativement, (ii) la richesse spécifique et la densité des espèces de grande taille n'étaient pas significativement différentes entre les techniques, (iii) la diversité et la densité des espèces de petite taille étaient plus élevés avec les UVC; (iv) la densité des espèces pêchées était plus élevée avec les STAVIRO et (v) seuls les UVC ont détecté des différences de structure des assemblages en fonction du type de récif. L’étude de l’effet « observateur » a montré que sur une liste d’espèces définie, les dénombrements et les identifications des individus peuvent être considérées comme similaires entre observateurs ayant une expérience suffisante (> 6 mois). La dernière phase de ce travail a permis d’appliquer la technique MICADO à l’étude des variations temporelles de l’ichtyofaune d’un site corallien à l’échelle de la journée. Elle a permis de mettre en évidence des variations cycliques journalières en fonction de l’heure et de la marée et des « profils type » de variations ont pu être identifiés pour certains groupes d’espèces. Ce travail de thèse permet ainsi de participer au développement de nouvelles techniques d’observations complémentaires des techniques traditionnelles afin d’enrichir les connaissances du fonctionnement et de la dynamique des écosystèmes coralliens.

Droits : Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00189/30050/28536.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00189/30050/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Land-use changes have deep consequences on species diversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning. Consequently, many works have tried to understand the effects of such changes on the diversity and functional properties of organisms. It has been demonstrated that species traits are oftenly more important than the identity of species per se in order to account understand the ecological roles of species. Besides, while the majority of assessments about land-use change effects on ecosystem functioning have focused on primary producers, the contribution of other organisms is essential to maintain the functioning and resilience of ecosystems.Ants are interesting organisms to track land-use changes due to their abundance, ubiquity and ecological dominance. Ants are present in most of terrestrial biomes and participate in several ecosystem processes through their consumption of food resources. They are also easy to sample and standard methods exist to provide accurate comparisons between studies. While a number of studies have demonstrated abrupt changes in ant species composition along environmental gradients, only a reduced number of such studies have tried to understand how ant community changes affect ecosystem processes. Moreover, the traits responsible for the stability of ant communities in response to land-use changes are little known. It is therefore necessary to develop a methodology that enables a proper identification of ant participation to different ecosystem processes and their contribution to ecosystems’ resistance and resilience.In this thesis I aim to bring some light about i) how land-use changes affect ant community structure? ii) what traits are responsible of the ecological success of a species or it’s extinction from a given environment? iii) how changes in the species or trait composition affect the participation intensity of ants in different ecosystem processes ?
Les perturbations d’origine anthropique sont à l’origine de l’érosion de la biodiversité avec des conséquences sur la structure des communautés et pour le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. La vitesse de ces changements a stimulé de nombreuses recherches portant sur les effets de ces modifications sur la biodiversité des organismes et leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. En effet il a été montré que les traits des espèces sont plus importants que leur identité elle-même pour tenir compte de leurs rôles écologiques. Même si la majorité de ces travaux ont étudié la réponse des producteurs primaires sur les écosystèmes terrestres, la contribution d’autres organismes est toutefois essentielle pour maintenir un fonctionnement et une résilience des écosystèmes corrects.Les fourmis sont des organismes cibles intéressants pour étudier de telles modifications du fait de leur abondance et de leur dominance écologique. En effet elles ont une distribution cosmopolite et participent à de nombreuses fonctions dans l’écosystème terrestre. Elles sont également faciles à étudier et des méthodes d’échantillonnage standard existent. Bien que de nombreuses recherches aient démontré des modifications dans la composition spécifique des fourmis dans des gradients environnementaux, un nombre réduit d’entre elles ont étudié la contribution de ces organismes sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. De plus, les traits responsables de la stabilité des communautés de fourmis en réponse à ces modifications sont encore peu connus. Il est donc nécessaire de développer une méthodologie capable d‘identifier la participation des fourmis dans des processus écosystémiques permettant également de quantifier leur activité afin de comprendre comment ces organismes agissent sur les capacités de résistance et résilience des écosystèmes.Ainsi, cette thèse vise mettre en lumière i) en quoi la simplification des habitats liée aux activités humaines a des répercussions sur les communautés de fourmis, ii) quels sont les traits responsables du succès écologique d’une espèce ou de son déclin au sein d’un environnement donné, et iii) comment ces variations en composition spécifique impactent l’intensité de participation des fourmis aux processus écosystémiques.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01389102

NNT : 2016YANE0004
tel-01389102
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01389102
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01389102v2/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01389102/file/these.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Unveiling the genetic basis of local adaptation to environmental variation is a major goal in molecular ecology. In rugged landscapes characterized by environmental mosaics, living populations and communities can experience steep ecological gradients over very short geographical distances. In lowland tropical forests, interspecific divergence in edaphic specialization (for seasonally flooded bottomlands and seasonally dry terra firme soils) has been proven by ecological studies on adaptive traits. Some species are nevertheless capable of covering the entire span of the gradient; intraspecific variation for adaptation to contrasting conditions may explain the distribution of such ecological generalists. We investigated whether local divergence happens at small spatial scales in two stands of Eperua falcata (Fabaceae), a widespread tree species of the Guiana Shield. We investigated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) and sequence divergence as well as spatial genetic structure (SGS) at four genes putatively involved in stress response and three genes with unknown function. Significant genetic differentiation was observed among sub-populations within stands, and eight SNP loci showed patterns compatible with disruptive selection. SGS analysis showed genetic turnover along the gradients at three loci, and at least one haplotype was found to be in repulsion with one habitat. Taken together, these results suggest genetic differentiation at small spatial scale in spite of gene flow. We hypothesize that heterogeneous environments may cause molecular divergence, possibly associated to local adaptation in E. falcata.
ISSN: 1010-061X

hal-01032412
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032412
DOI : 10.1111/jeb.12069

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Although ants may induce community-wide effects via changes in physical habitats in terrestrial environments, their influence on aquatic communities living in plant-held waters remains largely underexplored. The neotropical tank-bromeliad Aechmea mertensii (Bromeliaceae) occurs along forest edges in ant-gardens initiated by Camponotus femoratus or by Pachycondyla goeldii. Its leaves form wells that hold rainwater and provide suitable habitats for many aquatic organisms. We postulated that these ant-plant mutualisms indirectly affect the microbial community structure via changes in the environmental conditions experienced by the plants. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the protist communities from 63 tank-bromeliads associated with either C. femoratus or P. goeldii (hereafter Cf-Aechmea and Pg-Aechmea) along a forest edge in French Guiana. For each plant, a large number of environmental variables (including habitat structure, food resources, incident radiation and the presence of aquatic invertebrates) were quantified to determine their relative importance in driving any observed differences across ant-associated plants. Pg-Aechmea are located in sun-exposed areas and hold low volumes of water and low amounts of detritus, whereas Cf-Aechmea are located in partially shaded areas and accumulate higher amounts of water and detritus. Protists (i.e., protozoa and algae) inhabiting Cf-Aechmea exhibit greater richness and abundances than those in Pg-Aechmea. Variations in detritus content, number of leaves, incident radiation, and the epiphyte richness of the ant-garden were the main factors explaining the variation in protist richness. A shift in the functional group composition of protists between bromeliads tended by different ant species suggested that mutualistic ants indirectly mediate changes in the microbial food web.
Basic and Applied Ecology

hal-00913126
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00913126
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00913126/document
DOI : 10.1016/j.baae.2012.10.002
OATAO : 10190

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
Résumé : International audience
The French Antilles (Martinique, Saint Martin and Guadeloupe) and French Guiana are the French territories most affected by the HIV epidemic. Some population groups such as men who have sex with men (MSM), especially those involved in transactional sex, are thought to be particularly vulnerable to HIV but few data exist to help characterize their health-related needs and thus implement relevant prevention interventions. To fill this knowledge gap, we used data collected from an HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviours and Practices survey conducted in 2012 among MSM living in the French Antilles and French Guiana and recruited through snowball sampling. Our objectives were to compare social and demographic characteristics and sexual behaviours between MSM engaging in transactional sex and MSM not engaging in transactional sex and to identify factors associated with transactional sex involvement using a logistic regression model. A total of 733 MSM were interviewed, 21% of whom reported to undergo transactional sex. Their behaviour and social and demographic characteristics were different from other MSMs’ and they were more exposed to factors that are recognized to potentiate HIVvulnerability, at the individual, community, network and structural levels. The variables positively associated with sex trade involvement were having ever consumed drug (OR = 2.84 [1.23–6.52]; p = .002), having a greater number of sex partners than the median (OR = 8.31 [4.84–14.30]; p < .001), having experienced intimate partner violence (OR = 1.72 [0.99–3.00]; p = .053) and having undergone physical aggression because of sexual orientation (OR = 2.84 [1.23–6.52];p = .014). Variables negatively associated with sex trade involvement were being older (OR = 0.93 [0.90–0.97] per year; p = .001), having a stable administrative situation (OR = 0.10 [0.06–0.19]; p < .001), having a stable housing (OR = 0.29 [0.15–0.55]; p < .001) and being employed full-time (OR = 0.29 [1.23–6.52]; p = .002).
ISSN: 0954-0121

inserm-01407263
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01407263
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01407263/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01407263/file/AIDS%20Care%20final%20version.pdf
DOI : 10.1080/09540121.2016.1234680

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Women of reproductive age can be exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) at work, and exposure to EDCs in pregnancy may affect fetal growth. OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether maternal occupational exposure to EDCs during pregnancy as classified by application of a job exposure matrix was associated with birth weight, term low birth weight (LBW), length of gestation, and preterm delivery. METHODS: Using individual participant data from 133,957 mother-child pairs in 13 European cohorts spanning births from 1994 through 2011, we linked maternal job titles with exposure to 10 EDC groups as assessed through a job exposure matrix. For each group, we combined the two levels of exposure categories (possible and probable) and compared birth outcomes with the unexposed group (exposure unlikely). We performed meta-analyses of cohort-specific estimates. RESULTS: Eleven percent of pregnant women were classified as exposed to EDCs at work during pregnancy, based on job title. Classification of exposure to one or more EDC group was associated with an increased risk of term LBW [odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.49], as were most specific EDC groups; this association was consistent across cohorts. Further, the risk increased with increasing number of EDC groups (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.10, 4.06 for exposure to four or more EDC groups). There were few associations (p < 0.05) with the other outcomes; women holding job titles classified as exposed to bisphenol A or brominated flame retardants were at higher risk for longer length of gestation. CONCLUSION: Results from our large population-based birth cohort design indicate that employment during pregnancy in occupations classified as possibly or probably exposed to EDCs was associated with an increased risk of term LBW.
ISSN: 0091-6765

hal-01405823
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01405823
DOI : 10.1289/EHP208
PUBMED : 27152464

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : We investigated the influence of bioturbation by macrofauna on the vertical distribution of living (stained) benthic foraminifera in marine intertidal sediments. We investigated the links between macrofaunal bioturbation and foraminiferal distribution, by sampling from stations situated on a gradient of perturbation by oyster-farming, which has a major effect on benthic faunal assemblages. Sediment cores were collected on the French Atlantic coast, from three intertidal stations: an oyster farm, an area without oysters but affected by oyster biodeposits, and a control station. Axial tomodensitometry (CT-scan) was used for three-dimensional visualization and two-dimensional analysis of the cores. Biogenic structure volumes were quantified and compared between cores. We collected the macrofauna, living foraminifera, shells and gravel from the cores after scanning, to validate image analysis. We did not investigate differences in the biogenic structure volume between cores. However, biogenic structure volume is not necessarily proportional to the extent of bioturbation in a core, given that many biodiffusive activities cannot be detected on CT-scans. Biodiffusors and larger gallery-diffusors were abundant in macrofaunal assemblage at the control station. By contrast, macrofaunal assemblages consisted principally of downward-conveyors at the two stations affected by oyster farming. At the control station, the vertical distribution of biogenic structures mainly built by the biodiffusor Scorbicularia plana and the large gallery-diffusor Hediste diversicolor was significantly correlated with the vertical profiles of living foraminifera in the sediment, whereas vertical distributions of foraminifera and downward-conveyors were not correlated at the station affected by oyster farming. This relationship was probably responsible for the collection of foraminifera in deep sediment layers (> 6 cm below the sediment surface) at the control station. As previously suggested for other species, oxygen diffusion may occur via the burrows built by S. plana and H. diversicolor, potentially increasing oxygen penetration and providing a favorable microhabitat for foraminifera in terms of oxygen levels. By contrast, the absence of living foraminifera below 6 cm at the stations affected by oyster farming was probably associated with a lack of biodiffusor and large gallery-diffusor bioturbation. Our findings suggest that the effect of macrofaunal bioturbation on the vertical distribution of foraminiferal assemblages in sediments depends on the effects of the macrofauna on bioirrigation and sediment oxidation, as deduced by Eh values, rather than on the biogenic structure volume produced by macrofauna. The loss of bioturbator functional diversity due to oyster farming may thus indirectly affect infaunal communities by suppressing favorable microhabitats produced by bioturbation.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology (0022-0981) (Elsevier), 2009-03 , Vol. 371 , N. 1 , P. 20-33

Droits : 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6146.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.jembe.2008.12.012
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6146/

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : The necessity to move from a traditional fishery management to an ecosystem approach is now acknowledged. Indicators are required to support the development of this approach. For example, community indicators have been proposed to assess the impact of fishing. We tested here the applicability of one such community indicator, the abundance-biomass comparison (ABC method), as a measure of the impact of bottom trawling (years of sampling: 2001 and 2003) on the benthic invertebrates-typically starfishes, crabs, squat lobsters, shrimps and large hard-shelled molluscs-of "Grande Vasiere", a major French fishing zone, in the Bay of Biscay. The ABC method is generally used as an impact indicator for different types of physical, biological and anthropogenic disturbances on benthic communities. This method is based on the assumption that increasing disturbance shifts communities from dominance by large-bodied species with low turnover rates toward dominance by small-bodied species with high turnover rates. At less disturbed areas the average biomass of individuals is greater than at more heavily disturbed areas. The ABC method measures this effect by comparing the ranked distributions of abundance and biomass within a given community. We applied the ABC method and compared the size structure and the species diversity at two areas exposed to moderate and high bottom trawl effort. Species diversity was lower in the most exploited area. The highly trawled area was dominated by opportunistic organisms, mainly one species of swimming crab Liocarcinus depurator, one species of squat lobster Munida rugosa and Norway lobsters Nephrops norvegicus, which are large-bodied species. Consequently, the results of the ABC method were inconsistent with the theoretical expectation for these particular macrofaunal communities and the measured levels of fishing intensity.
La nécessité de passer d'une gestion monospécifique des pêches à une approche écosystémique est largement reconnue. Pour mettre en place une telle approche, des indicateurs ont été proposés afin d'estimer l'impact de la pêche sur les communautés. Nous avons testé l'efficacité de l'un de ces indicateurs, la comparaison abondance-biomasse (méthode ABC), pour mesurer l'impact du chalutage de fond (année d'échantillonnage : 2001 et 2003) sur les communautés de la macrofaune benthique de la Grande Vasière, golfe de Gascogne (typiquement des crabes, étoiles de mer, des galathées, de gros mollusques à coquille dure). La méthode ABC est généralement utilisée comme un indicateur d'impact de différents types de perturbations physiques, biologiques et anthropiques sur les communautés benthiques. Cette méthode est basée sur l'hypothèse qu'un régime de perturbation croissant entraîne une modification de la structure des communautés qui deviennent graduellement dominées par des espèces opportunistes de petite taille caractérisées par un renouvellement rapide. Dans une communauté modérément perturbée, la biomasse moyenne des individus est ainsi plus grande que dans une communauté fortement perturbée. La méthode ABC mesure cet effet en comparant les distributions en biomasse et densité dans chaque communauté. Nous avons appliqué la méthode ABC et étudié la structure en taille et la diversité spécifique des communautés benthiques en comparant deux zones, l'une soumise à un effort de pêche modéré et l'autre à un important effort de pêche. La diversité spécifique était plus faible sur les sites fortement chalutés. Ces sites étaient dominés par des organismes opportunistes de grande taille, principalement une espèce de crabe nageur Liocarcinus depurator, une espèce de galathée Munida rugosa et des langoustines Nephrops norvegicus. Dans ces conditions, les résultats de la méthode ABC n'étaient pas cohérents avec la théorie pour ces communautés de macro-invertébrés benthiques et les efforts de pêche mesurés.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 2006-07 , Vol. 19 , N. 3 , P. 219-228

Droits : 2006 EDP
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-2133.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr:2006022
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2133/

Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : Metazooplankton abundance, biomass (<80 mu m, 200-500 mu m and >500 mu m) and community structure in the Ahe atoll were studied together with their relationships with environmental factors (temperature, salinity, wind) and trophic factors (phytoplankton, bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and ciliates) during three periods in 2008-2009. Meroplankton, mainly bivalve and gastropod larvae, was dominant. Holoplankton was dominated by copepods, the main species being Oithona spp., Paracalanus parvus, Clausocalanus spp., Corycaeus spp., Acartia fossae and Undinula vulgaris. The results suggest a clear wind influence on the structure and horizontal distribution of the zooplankton communities. The metazooplankton appeared to be controlled mainly by food resources, suggesting a bottom-up control. The low nanophytoplankton biomass in contrast to the high abundance of picophytoplankton, HNF and nano-particle grazers (mainly Oithona spp., Paracalanus and bivalve larvae) highlighted the importance of the microbial loop in the food web. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Marine Pollution Bulletin (0025-326X) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2012 , Vol. 65 , N. 10-12 , P. 538-548

Droits : 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00101/21207/19419.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.025
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00101/21207/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Avril 2011. L’agitation dans les rues est le signe qu’un événement capital pour l’avenir du pays se prépare : Raoul Castro a convoqué la réunion du 6e congrès du Parti Communiste Cubain. Après des années de revendication d’un système social égalitaire échappant à la tutelle étasunienne, les structures économiques de la perle des Caraïbes sont remises en question. L’arrivée des printemps arabes, qui symbolisent la révolte des peuples vis-à-vis d’une gouvernance politique et économique autoritaire et rigide, n’est probablement pas étrangère à ce soudain besoin de modifier les structures économiques existantes à Cuba. Au menu, ce sont 291 mesures qui sont annoncées pour améliorer le quotidien des cubains, dont le salaire moyen mensuel est de 12 euros. Quant à la relation qu’entretient Cuba avec l’UE, elle revêt aujourd’hui une dimension surtout bilatérale : la position commune de 1996 n’a en effet jamais été modifiée, les Etats Membres adoptant une attitude différente selon les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec Cuba, tant d’un point de vue politique qu’historique.
April, 2011. The excitement in streets is the sign that a major event for the future of the country gets ready: Raoul Castro convened the meeting of the 6th congress of the Cuban Communist Party. After years of defending an equalitarian social system escaping the American guardianship, the economic structures of the pearl of Caribbean islands are questioned. The arrival of Arab Springs, which symbolize the revolt of the peoples towards authoritarian and stiff political and economic governance, is most probably linked to this sudden need to modify the economic structures existing in Cuba. To the menu, 291 measures are announced to improve the everyday life of Cubans, the monthly average wage of which is 12 euro. As for the relation which maintains Cuba with the EU, it takes on an especially bilateral dimension today: the common position of 1996 was modified indeed never, Member States adopting a different attitude according to the relations which they maintain with Cuba, from a political point of view as well as from a historic one.
Abril de 2011. La agitación en las calles testimonia que un evento capital para el futuro del país está preparándose: Raúl Castro convoco la reunión del 6to congreso del Partido Comunista Cubano. Después de anos reivindicando un sistema social igualitario que escapó a la tutela estadounidense, las estructuras económicas de la perla del Caribe están siendo cuestionadas. La llegada de las primaveras árabes, símbolo de la rebelión de los pueblos frente de una gobernanza política y económica autoritaria y rígida, probablemente no es ajena extranjera a esta necesidad súbita de modificar las estructuras económicas existentes en Cuba. Como parte del programa, 291 medidas son anunciadas para mejorar la vida diaria del cubano, cuyo salario medio mensual es de 12 euros. En cuanto a la relación que tiene Cuba con la UE, reviste hoy una dimensión sobre todo bilateral: en efecto, la posición común de 1996 no ha sido modificada, dado que los Estados Miembros adoptan una actitud diferente según las relaciones que mantienen) con Cuba, tanto desde un punto de vista político como histórico.
Cuba
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6297
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6297

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : Fish communities from two lagoon ecosystems, Ria Formosa (Portugal) and Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin (Guadeloupe), show interesting similarities of spatial and temporal organization. On the temporal scale, three community changes are observed in both systems, corresponding to massive arrivals and/or departures of migratory species. However, these migrations are more conspicuous in the Ria Formosa than in the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin. On a spatial scale, the community structure is also largely determined by migratory species, whose abundance is a factor of homogenization. This is clearly observed in Ria Formosa, where the lagoon selection applies on a regional scale. Conversely, the community of sedentary fish identifies remarkable stations affected by chronic aggressions such as tourism or pollution. An explicative analysis, comprising a discriminant analysis and multiple regressions was realized on the data collected in the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin. This analysis made it possible to determine the important environmental descriptors in the two complementary processes involved in recruitment: migrant availability, which determines the temporal organization of the fish assemblage. These migrations are explained by water temperature and salinity, two descriptors controlled by climatic conditions; the settlement process, which determines the spatial organization of the fish assemblage. This is explained by habitat descriptors such as visibility and turtlegrass blade length, or trophic descriptors, such as primary production, zooplankton density or nitrate concentration.
Oceanologica Acta (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1993 , Vol. 16 , N. 3 , P. 291-301

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00099/21056/18682.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00099/21056/

Résumé : Cette thèse d’habilitation à diriger des recherches décrit un projet en économie des pêches centré sur la question des conditions d’évolution de la rente halieutique, avec une application aux flottilles françaises opérant en Atlantique. La quantification de la rente et l’analyse des processus par laquelle elle évolue, sont un enjeu majeur de recherche dans un domaine où des bénéfices substantiels peuvent être attendus d’une modification des conditions d’accès à des ressources communes et naturelles. La stratégie de recherche est organisée autour de thèmes complémentaires de travail qui concernent l’évaluation économique des usages, l’analyse des comportements des flottilles de pêche et le développement d’approches intégrées en bioéconomie pour l’évaluation de scénarios de gestion des pêcheries. Le corpus théorique mobilisé emprunte principalement à l’économie des ressources renouvelables, à la microéconomie et par certains aspects aux concepts de l’économie institutionnelle. L’accent est porté en particulier sur les outils et les méthodes permettant d’améliorer les connaissances sur les structures et le statut économique de l’exploitation, mais également d’identifier les facteurs clés de la dynamique des flottilles de pêche. La compréhension de ces dynamiques est en effet essentielle pour prévoir les réponses possibles des usages halieutiques à des modifications des conditions économiques, institutionnelles ou environnementales. L’évaluation des effets économiques et biologiques réels de telles modifications en dépend. L’intérêt des évaluations bioéconomiques est également d’illustrer le caractère nécessaire mais non suffisant des mesures de conservation, ainsi que la nécessité de mettre en place des mécanismes incitatifs susceptibles de limiter les coûts sociaux de certaines pratiques. Cette thèse permet en particulier de fournir une première évaluation de rentes à une échelle dépassant la simple pêcherie et d’illustrer le phénomène de capitalisation de ces rentes dans le prix des navires, qui sont devenus des supports de droits de pêche sur le marché de l’occasion. Au-delà des effets redistributifs de l’allocation de ces droits, la dynamique des facteurs de production est elle-même influencée par un contexte de régulation de l’accès aux pêcheries de plus en plus contraignant.

Droits : 2007 Ifremer, UBO
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00243/35404/33925.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00243/35404/