Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :  
For a comprehensive evaluation of human influences on the genetic system, the simulation model EGO-GENE was developed. The model combines population genetic and population dynamic processes with forest growth models. The dynamics of genetic structures (single locus and multilocus genotypes up to 200 loci) can be simulated. Spatial and temporal genetic dynamics are included in the model. Overlapping or separated generations can be created and different modes of mating systems can be implemented. The model can be run with empirical and fictitious input data. The simulated genetic structures can be directly analysed with established genetic analysis programmes. An example demonstrates the use of the model far validation of interactions among components of the mating system. Another example demonstrates the applicability of the model in decision-making for seed sampling strategies. The genetic differences between the adult trees and the harvested seeds and the danger of genetic drift regarding to different seed sampling strategies are investigated by use of the genetic distance and the reproductively effective population size.
Silvae genetica

hal-01032083
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032083

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : In this paper we present the potential of a new compact superconducting gravimeter (GWR iGrav) designed for groundwater monitoring. At first, 3 yr of continuous gravity data are evaluated and the performance of the instrument is investigated. With repeated absolute gravity measurements using a Micro-g Lacoste FG5, the calibration factor (−894.8 nm s−2 V−1) and the long-term drift of this instrument (45 nm s−2 yr−1) are estimated for the first time with a high precision and found to be respectively constant and linear for this particular iGrav. The low noise level performance is found similar to those of previous superconducting gravimeters and leads to gravity residuals coherent with local hydrology. The iGrav is located in a fully instrumented hydrogeophysical observatory on the Durzon karstic basin (Larzac plateau, south of France). Rain gauges and a flux tower (evapo-transpiration measurements) are used to evaluate the groundwater mass balance at the local scale. Water mass balance demonstrates that the karst is only capacitive: all the rainwater is temporarily stored in the matrix and fast transfers to the spring through fractures are insignificant in this area. Moreover, the upper part of the karst around the observatory appears to be representative of slow transfer of the whole catchment. Indeed, slow transfer estimated on the site fully supports the low-flow discharge at the only spring which represents all groundwater outflows from the catchment. In the last part of the paper, reservoir models are used to characterize the water transfer and storage processes. Particular highlights are done on the advantages of continuous gravity data (compared to repeated campaigns) and on the importance of local accurate meteorological data to limit misinterpretation of the gravity observations. The results are complementary with previous studies at the basin scale and show a clear potential for continuous gravity time-series assimilation in hydrological simulations, even on heterogeneous karstic systems.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-01526965
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01526965
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01526965/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01526965/file/fores2016.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggw396

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : The extent of gene dispersal is a fundamental factor of the population and evolutionary dynamics of tropical tree species, but directly monitoring seed and pollen movement is a difficult task. However, indirect estimates of historical gene dispersal can be obtained from the fine-scale spatial genetic structure of populations at drift-dispersal equilibrium. Using an approach that is based on the slope of the regression of pairwise kinship coefficients on spatial distance and estimates of the effective population density, we compare indirect gene dispersal estimates of sympatric populations of 10 tropical tree species. We re-analysed 26 data sets consisting of mapped allozyme, SSR (simple sequence repeat), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) or AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) genotypes from two rainforest sites in French Guiana. Gene dispersal estimates were obtained for at least one marker in each species, although the estimation procedure failed under insufficient marker polymorphism, limited sample size, or inappropriate sampling area. Estimates generally suffered low precision and were affected by assumptions regarding the effective population density. Averaging estimates over data sets, the extent of gene dispersal ranged from 150 m to 1200 m according to species. Smaller gene dispersal estimates were obtained in species with heavy diaspores, which are presumably not well dispersed, and in populations with high local adult density. We suggest that limited seed dispersal could indirectly limit effective pollen dispersal by creating higher local tree densities, thereby increasing the positive correlation between pollen and seed dispersal distances. We discuss the potential and limitations of our indirect estimation procedure and suggest guidelines for future studies
ISSN: 0962-1083

hal-01031603
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01031603
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02785.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In pre-drift reconstructions, the central and southern parts of the Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil, belong to a large Brasiliano-Pan-African orogenic realm situated to the north of the São Francisco-Congo Craton. In order to better understand the timing and geodynamic setting under which this orogenic system developed, a structural, geochemical and geochronological study was conducted across the east Pernambuco shear zone (EPSZ) system, which separates the Pernambuco-Alagoas Domain (PEAL) from the Central Domain. A sample of the Pinhões orthogneiss (GE-1), in the Central Domain, one sample of a syenitic orthogneiss (CA-34) wrapped by the EPSZ, and one sample of orthogneiss named Altinho (CA-40), in the northern portion of the PEAL, were dated by LA-ICP-MS. The Pinhões orthogneiss yielded an age of 869 ± 9 Ma, interpreted as the emplacement age of the protolith during a late Tonian magmatic episode. Samples CA-40 and CA-34 yielded 206Pb/238U weighted mean ages of 652 ± 6 Ma and 636 ± 3 Ma, respectively, which are interpreted as dating emplacement and crystallization of the magmatic protoliths. However, it is also possible that these rocks were formed during the same magmatic event in view of the identical ages of 646 ± 13 Ma and 646 ± 11 Ma, respectively, given by the less precise upper intercept of the discordia lines. The metaluminous and magnesian nature of the Altinho orthogneiss is akin to the calc-alkalic suite. However, some samples plot in the intraplate field in tectonic discrimination diagrams and the Nd TDM model age of 1.36 Ga is unlike that of juvenile magmas in convergent settings. The Altinho orthogneiss is quite similar in terms of trace elements geochemistry to the syenitic orthogneiss, which has a clearer intraplate affinity, and the dated samples have identical initial Sr isotope ratios (0.7047). Therefore, emplacement in an extensional setting is preferred over a convergent one. Two samples of paragneisses (SB-1 and BB-9) from the PEAL were also dated. The ages of the youngest zircon grains in sample BB-9 (655–642 Ma) overlap the crystallization age of the Altinho orthogneiss, implying that sedimentation is younger than or, at best, synchronous with magmatism. The age of low Th/U grains in samples CA-34 (615 ± 8 Ma) and SB-1 (587 ± 12 Ma) are related to a subsequent metamorphic overprint, which is loosely constrained between 580 and 620 Ma. These observations, combined with evidence provided by previous studies, suggest that the change from an extensional to a contracional setting occurred at ca. 640–630 Ma. In contrast with most collisional orogens, where a long period of oceanic subduction precedes collision, the inferred tectonic evolution suggests that the Brasiliano Orogeny resulted from inversion of continental and/or proto oceanic rifts.
ISSN: 0895-9811

hal-01174182
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174182
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsames.2014.06.004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Maguelone shore extends along the northern coast of the Gulf of Lions, west of the Rhone Delta and east of high-gradient coastal streams that have provided most of the clastic sediments to the Gulf of Lions margin since the early Miocene. This 10 km-wide area is constituted by a small coastal watershed (15 km long) in low-lying carbonate hills, a kilometre-wide marsh, a sandy beach barrier and a shoreface experiencing local low sedimentation rates. This onshore-offshore transition zone is a key area to understand the relationships between erosion, by-pass, deposition and preservation processes. Unlike the neighbouring Rhone deposits that display numerous thick deltaic sequences related to a continuous sediment flux, the Maguelone shore exhibits peculiar sedimentary bodies. The analysis of about 250 km of new VHR seismic profiles acquired over the study area, 9 short cores and outcrops data allowed us to determine the three-dimensional high-resolution geometry of the coastal system tracts from Quaternary to present-day. This revealed dominant denudation processes in the Upstream catchments associated with the formation of incised valleys during Quaternary lowstands. In addition, this study investigates the erosion and deposition mechanisms controlled by littoral hydrodynamics that have been taken place on this shore since the last transgression. In particular, metre-high and hundreds of metre-long sandy bodies constructed by alongshore hydrodynamics were identified and their effect on the morphodynamics of the whole littoral system is discussed. The Maguelone shore can be used as an experimental study for onshore/offshore dynamics under the influence of microtidal wave/current hydrodynamics and very low river-derived sediment flux during a eustatic cycle. Geometry of system tracts across flood plain to shoreface is usually considered to be controlled by relative sea-level changes, and is successfully analysed with 2D sequence stratigraphy cross-shore models. It is observed that in areas like the Maguelone shore, traditional sequence stratigraphy methods might not be fully relevant and need to integrate alongshore hydrodynamical processes.
ISSN: 0025-3227

hal-00421060
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00421060
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.06.008

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In pre-drift reconstructions, the central and southern parts of the Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil, belong to a large Brasiliano-Pan-African orogenic realm situated to the north of the São Francisco-Congo Craton. In order to better understand the timing and geodynamic setting under which this orogenic system developed, a structural, geochemical and geochronological study was conducted across the east Pernambuco shear zone (EPSZ) system, which separates the Pernambuco-Alagoas Domain (PEAL) from the Central Domain. A sample of the Pinhões orthogneiss (GE-1), in the Central Domain, one sample of a syenitic orthogneiss (CA-34) wrapped by the EPSZ, and one sample of orthogneiss named Altinho (CA-40), in the northern portion of the PEAL, were dated by LA-ICP-MS. The Pinhões orthogneiss yielded an age of 869 ± 9 Ma, interpreted as the emplacement age of the protolith during a late Tonian magmatic episode. Samples CA-40 and CA-34 yielded 206Pb/238U weighted mean ages of 652 ± 6 Ma and 636 ± 3 Ma, respectively, which are interpreted as dating emplacement and crystallization of the magmatic protoliths. However, it is also possible that these rocks were formed during the same magmatic event in view of the identical ages of 646 ± 13 Ma and 646 ± 11 Ma, respectively, given by the less precise upper intercept of the discordia lines. The metaluminous and magnesian nature of the Altinho orthogneiss is akin to the calc-alkalic suite. However, some samples plot in the intraplate field in tectonic discrimination diagrams and the Nd TDM model age of 1.36 Ga is unlike that of juvenile magmas in convergent settings. The Altinho orthogneiss is quite similar in terms of trace elements geochemistry to the syenitic orthogneiss, which has a clearer intraplate affinity, and the dated samples have identical initial Sr isotope ratios (0.7047). Therefore, emplacement in an extensional setting is preferred over a convergent one. Two samples of paragneisses (SB-1 and BB-9) from the PEAL were also dated. The ages of the youngest zircon grains in sample BB-9 (655–642 Ma) overlap the crystallization age of the Altinho orthogneiss, implying that sedimentation is younger than or, at best, synchronous with magmatism. The age of low Th/U grains in samples CA-34 (615 ± 8 Ma) and SB-1 (587 ± 12 Ma) are related to a subsequent metamorphic overprint, which is loosely constrained between 580 and 620 Ma. These observations, combined with evidence provided by previous studies, suggest that the change from an extensional to a contracional setting occurred at ca. 640–630 Ma. In contrast with most collisional orogens, where a long period of oceanic subduction precedes collision, the inferred tectonic evolution suggests that the Brasiliano Orogeny resulted from inversion of continental and/or proto oceanic rifts.
ISSN: 0895-9811

hal-01174177
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174177
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsames.2014.09.007

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : Background. In wild plant populations, genetic divergence within continuous stands is common, sometimes at very short geographical scales. While restrictions to gene flow combined with local inbreeding and genetic drift may cause neutral differentiation among subpopulations, microgeographical variations in environmental conditions can drive adaptive divergence through natural selection at some targeted loci. Such phenomena have recurrently been observed in plant populations occurring across sharp environmental boundaries, but the interplay between selective processes and neutral genetic divergence has seldom been studied.[br/]Methods. We assessed the extent of within-stand neutral and environmentally-driven divergence in the Neotropical tree [i]Eperua falcate Aubl[/i]. (Fabaceae) through a genome-scan approach. Populations of this species grow in dense stands that cross the boundaries between starkly contrasting habitats. Within-stand phenotypic and candidate-gene divergence have already been proven, making this species a suitable model for the study of genome-wide microgeographic divergence. Thirty trees from each of two habitats (seasonally flooded swamps and well-drained plateaus) in two separate populations were genotyped using thousands of AFLPs markers. To avoid genotyping errors and increase marker reliability, each sample was genotyped twice and submitted to a rigorous procedure for data cleaning, which resulted in 1196 reliable and reproducible markers.[br/]Results. Despite the short spatial distances, we detected within-populations genetic divergence, probably caused by neutral processes, such as restrictions in gene flow. Moreover, habitat-structured subpopulations belonging to otherwise continuous stands also diverge in relation to environmental variability and habitat patchiness: we detected convincing evidence of divergent selection at the genome-wide level and for a fraction of the analyzed loci (comprised between 0.25% and 1.6%). Simulations showed that the levels of differentiation for these outliers are compatible with scenarios of strong divergent selection
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01204220
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204220
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204220/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204220/file/journal.pone.0121394.PDF
PRODINRA : 287494

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : A study combining very high resolution seismic and sediment core data has been carried out on the Thau lagoon (Mediterranean coast, microtidal setting, SE France) in order to understand more clearly the dynamics and Holocene chronology of its closure through the different stages of its filling. One main seismic unit (U2) has been defined into the infill, above the rocky basement (U0) and a composite unit U1, which is interpreted as remnants of Pleistocene fluvial terraces or/and to early marine Holocene deposits. Unit U2, that reaches locally 9 m in thickness, rests conformably on U1 in the central part of the lagoon and onlaps U0 or U1 close to the edge of the lagoon. It is divided in two sub-units, U2-1 and U2-2. U2-2 rests paraconformably on U2-1 in the central part of the lagoon where the infill is the thickest, while a marked erosional unconformity is observed between U2-1 and U2-2 on topographic highs of the basement and on the seaward edge of the lagoon. A total of seven elementary sequences have been observed in U2-1 and U2-2.;According to core data, U2 consists in a series of mud-dominated sequences, with shell fragments dispersed at the base. The vertical distribution of the fauna into U2-1 and U2-2 reveals a lagoonal environment. However in U2-1, marine species are more abundant in the south of the lagoon. C-14 AMS dating provides three ages: similar to 6000 cal yr B.P. in the lower part of U2-1 on CAL1, 5400 cal yr B.P. just above the boundary between U2-1 and U2-2 on CAL4, similar to 3000 cal yr B.P. in the middle of U2-2 on CAL4.;A scenario to explain the lagoon infill stratigraphy and geometry is proposed. The beginning of the lagoon infill occurred with the initiation of the barrier construction, as soon as the sea-level rise slowed down significantly, i.e. between 7000-6000 yr B.P. The sediment-fill began into the back-barrier system, with a high rate of sedimentation for U2-1, according to the radiocarbon data. At 5400 yr B.P., the barrier is assumed to be totally closed leading to the deposition of the fully lagoonal U2-2 succession. The unconformity between U2-1 and U2-2 is interpreted as the result of a rapid landward retreat of the barrier. This severe retreat could be related to climate forcing and/or brutal change in sediment discharge driven by the Rhone River, which is the main sediment source of the longshore drift. In this scenario, the last sub-unit, U2-2, represents most of the late Holocene infill. In this framework, the elementary sequences observed in U2-2 could be related to high frequency climate changes of about 1000-1500 years periodicity according to C-14 dates.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00486386
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00486386
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.181.2.197

Éditeur(s) : Université Paris 6
Résumé : The aggregative behaviour of the dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) is studied in order to improve our knowledge of the mechanism involved in the association of this species with the floating objects and to evaluate its potential impact in term of exploitation, targeted or not. This PhD thesis is composed of four chapters. Through an extensive analyze of the literature, the first chapter takes stock of the present knowledge on the FADs, on the aggregative behaviour of pelagic fish and on the dolphinfish. The second chapter deals specifically with the aggregative behaviour of the dolphinfish by the way of acoustic tagging of fish carry out during offshore campaigns around drifting FADs. The feeding habits of the dolphinfish around FADs are the main purpose of the third chapter. It is studied by the way of two complementary methods : stomach contains analysis of dolphinfish aggregated around several types of floating objects and underwater inventory of the marine fauna under these floating objects. Finally, the fourth and last chapter sums all the results and suggests a theory to explain the aggregative behaviour of the dolphinfish. We also try to estimate the possible consequences of this behaviour on the abundance and on the distribution of this species on a larger scale.
Le comportement agrégatif de la dorade coryphène (Coryphaena hippurus) est étudié dans le but de mieux comprendre le déterminisme de l'association de cette espèce avec les objets flottants et d'en évaluer les impacts potentiels en terme de sensibilité à l'exploitation halieutique, qu'elle soit ciblée ou non. Ce mémoire de thèse est organisé en quatre chapitres. A travers une analyse approfondie de la bibliographie, le premier chapitre présente un bilan des connaissances actuelles sur les DCP, l'agrégation des poissons pélagiques et la dorade coryphène. Le second chapitre traite plus spécifiquement du comportement agrégatif de la dorade coryphène. Il a été abordé à l'aide de marquages électroniques réalisés au cours de campagnes hauturières autour de DCP dérivants. Le comportement trophique de la dorade coryphène fait l'objet du troisième chapitre. Il est abordé par l'utilisation conjointe de deux méthodes d'investigation : l'analyse des contenus stomacaux de dorades coryphènes agrégées sous divers types d'objets flottants et la réalisation d'inventaires faunistiques sous-marins autour de ces objets flottants. Enfin, le quatrième et dernier chapitre synthétise l'ensemble des résultats obtenus, propose une théorie du comportement agrégatif de la dorade coryphène et tente d'évaluer les conséquences possibles de ce comportement sur la distribution et l'abondance de l'espèce à grande échelle.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/these-323.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/323/

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : A micropaleontological study of sediment sampling on the French Guiana coast showed the occurrence of an important fauna of actual planktonic and benthic Foraminifera.
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1977-12 , Vol. 41 , N. 4 , P. 403-416

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1977/publication-1992.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1992/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A data stream is a potentially uninterrupted flow of data. Mining this flow makes it necessary to cope with uncertainty, as only a part of the stream can be stored. In this paper, we evaluate a statistical technique which biases the estimation of the support of patterns, so as to maximize either the precision or the recall, as chosen by the user, and limit the degradation of the other criterion. Theoretical results show that the technique is not far from the optimum, from the statistical standpoint. Experiments performed tend to demonstrate its potential, as it remains robust even under significant distribution drifts.
ISSN: 0031-3203

lirmm-00365474
https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00365474

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : We present new results from the MARADJA'03 cruise depicting the geological structures offshore central and western Algeria. Using swath bathymetry and seismic reflection data, we map and discuss the offshore limits of the Internal Zones corresponding to relics of the AIKaPeCa domain that drifted and collided the African plate during the Miocene. We identify large reverse faults and folds that reactivate part of these limits and are still active today. The morphology of the westernmost NE-SW margin suggests a former strike-slip activity accommodating a westward block translation responsible for the shift of the Internal Zones towards the Moroccan Rif.
Nous présentons les résultats récents de la campagne MARADJA'03, qui visent à mettre en évidence les structures géologiques dans le domaine marin au nord-ouest de l'Algérie. Grâce aux données de bathymétrie multifaisceau et de sismique réflexion, nous cartographions et discutons les limites en mer des Zones internes correspondant aux reliques du domaine AlKaPeCa qui a dérivé, puis est entré en collision avec la plaque africaine au Miocène. De grandes failles inverses et plis, actifs dans le champ de contrainte actuel, réactivent certaines de ces limites. La marge ouest-algérienne, orientée NE¿SW, indique la présence d'une ancienne activité en décrochement ayant accommodé la translation des Zones internes vers l'ouest.
Comptes Rendus Geoscience (1631-0713) (Elsevier), 2006 , Vol. 338 , N. 1-2 , P. 80-91

Droits : 2005 Académie des sciences Published by Elsevier SAS
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1211.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.009
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1211/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Sci Ltd
Résumé : Bycatch of endangered marine turtles is a growing issue for the management of all fisheries, including the oceanic purse-seine fishery. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal variation in bycatch rates of these species in the entire European purse-seine fishery operating in the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The study was based on data collected through observer programs from 1995 to 2011. During that period, a total of 15 913 fishing sets were observed, including 6 515 on Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (DFADs) and 9 398 on free swimming schools, representing a global coverage of 10.3% and 5.1% of the total fishing activity in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean, respectively. Moreover, from 2003 to 2011, 14 124 specific observations were carried out on DFADs to check turtle entanglement in the net covering DFADs. We found that the purse-seine fishery has a very low impact on marine turtles. We estimated that the annual number of individuals incidentally captured was 218 (SD = 150) and 250 (SD = 157) in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean, respectively, with more than 75% being released alive. The present study also investigated the impact of DFADs; which is considered a key conservation issue for this fishery. Drifting objects may play a key role in aggregating juveniles of marine turtles, implying the need for improving their construction to avoid entanglement (e.g. avoiding nets in the structure); however, based on our study it is not the main source of incidental captures of marine turtles in this fishery.
Biological Conservation (0006-3207) (Elsevier Sci Ltd), 2014-10 , Vol. 178 , P. 74-87

Droits : 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00206/31760/30632.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.020
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00206/31760/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The presence of two regional seismic networks in southeastern France provides us high-quality data to investigate upper mantle flow by measuring the splitting of teleseismic shear waves induced by seismic anisotropy. The 10 three-component and broadband stations installed in Corsica, Provence, and western Alps efficiently complete the geographic coverage of anisotropy measurements performed in southern France using temporary experiments deployed on geodynamic targets such as the Pyrenees and the Massif Central. Teleseismic shear waves (mainly SKS and SKKS) are used to determine the splitting parameters: the fast polarization direction and the delay time. Delay times ranging between 1.0 and 1.5 s have been observed at most sites, but some larger delay times, above 2.0 s, have been observed at some stations, such as in northern Alps or Corsica, suggesting the presence of high strain zones in the upper mantle. The azimuths of the fast split shear waves define a simple and smooth pattern, trending homogeneously WNW–ESE in the Nice area and progressively rotating to NW–SE and to NS for stations located further North in the Alps. This pattern is in continuity with the measurements performed in the southern Massif Central and could be related to a large asthenospheric flow induced by the rotation of the Corsica–Sardinia lithospheric block and the retreat of the Apenninic slab. We show that seismic anisotropy nicely maps the route of the slab from the initial rifting phase along the Gulf of Lion (30–22 Ma) to the drifting of the Corsica–Sardinia lithospheric block accompanied by the creation of new oceanic lithosphere in the Liguro–Provençal basin (22–17 Ma). In the external and internal Alps, the pattern of the azimuth of the fast split waves follows the bend of the alpine arc. We propose that the mantle flow beneath this area could be influenced or perhaps controlled by the Alpine deep penetrative structures and that the Alpine lithospheric roots may have deflected part of the horizontal asthenospheric flow around its southernmost tip.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00109313
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00109313
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00109313/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00109313/file/barruol_TGRS_Tphy2004_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.08.002

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : The volcanic island of Mayotte (374 km super(2)) is part of the Comoros Archipelago, which is situated on the North of Mozambic's Canal (Indian Ocean). Mayotte is composed of two islands and some thirty small islands distributed in a lagoon of more than 1,000 km super(2). Being one of the French Republic's Territorial Collectivity, this island is characterized by a very fast demographic evolution (growth rate : 5.8 %), which constitutes the foundation of the development problematic. Most of local halieutic production comes from the reef (nearly 2,000 t in 1999), the technic of "palangrotte" (deep line) is still dominating. The fishing fleet is composed of monoxyl pirogues and polyester fishing boats for the 1,200 fishermen. The first FADs (Fish Aggregating Devices) were installed in 1989. Now, 5 FADs are situated in the lagoon whereas 10 others have been installed out of it. If it is very hard to evaluate economic impact of FAD in Mayotte, their success seems to be limited because of several local constraints : fear to fish out of the lagoon, little interest in tuna, lack of formation. Nevertheless, faced to the demographic evolution and the decrease of the reef ressources, a program of fishing development on FAD has been initiated in 1998, with those following themes : realization of a new prototype of FAD, experimental fishing program with vertical drift "long line", teaching programs for the local fishermen. Today, it is too early to analyze the informations already collected, but the results are very promising, and validate the technical improvement of the new prototype.Original Abstract: L'ile volcanique de Mayotte (374 km super(2)) fait partie de l'archipel des Comores situe au Nord du canal du Mozambique (ocean Indien). Mayotte comprend deux iles et une trentaine d'ilots repartis dans un lagon de plus de 1 000 km super(2). Collectivite territoriale de la Republique francaise, l'ile se caracterise par une evolution demographique tres rapide (taux de croissance: 5,8 %), qui constitue le socle de toutes les problematiques de developpement. L'essentiel de la production halieutique provient du milieu recifal (environ 2 000 t en 1999), la peche a la ligne de fond reste la technique dominante. La flottille de peche est constituee de pirogues monoxyles et de barques polyester pour une population de 1 200 pecheurs. Les premiers DCP mahorais furent installes en 1989. A ce jour, on denombre cinq DCP dans le lagon et dix hors lagon. Il semble que leur succes soit reste limite en raison de plusieurs contraintes locales : peur de la peche hors lagon, peu d'interet pour les poissons pelagiques, manque de formation. Neanmoins, face a l'explosion demographique et a l'appauvrissement des ressources lagonaires, un nouveau programme de developpement de la peche sur DCP a ete initie en 1998. Ce programme comporte trois axes : realisation d'un nouveau prototype de DCP, lancement d'un programme de peches experimentales a la palangre verticale derivante et formation des pecheurs. A ce jour, les informations obtenues sont trop parcellaires pour etre analysees mais les donnees et observations realisees sur les nouveaux dispositifs permettent de valider leur conception technique.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15290/12647.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15290/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Monitoring crustal deformation during the interseismic phase when searching for earth transients requires precise instruments able to operate for very long periods. The ANR-LINES project aimed to develop three new instruments: a single-axis seismometer, a hydrostatic long base tiltmeter and a borehole pendulum tiltmeter. These three instruments benefit of an extrinsic Fabry-Pérot interferometer (EFFPI) with long optic fibers for displacement detections. Their mechanical architectures and their disposal of long fibers help these newly manufactured geophysical instruments complete their goals. The first objective of this study is to propose appropriate methods for estimating the phase of the optical path in the Fabry-Pérot cavities. A modulation of the laser diode current, followed by a homodyne demodulation of the interference signal and a Kalman filter, allow determining the phase in real time. The results are convincingwhile taking short periods measurements but require additional solutions for protection against environmental phenomena variations. The EFFPI sensor integrated in the LINES borehole tiltmeter gives it the opportunity to establish a differential measurement of the bob's oscillation thanks to three Fabry-Perot cavities. The LINES seismometer also uses the EFFPI displacement sensor to measure its coil's displacement. A description of the two instruments' mechanical structures and an analysis of the detected phenomena (slow movements, tides, earthquakes, microseisms . . . ) are part of this thesis.
Le suivi de la déformation de la croûte terrestre durant la phase intersismique pour la recherche des transitoires nécessite des instruments précis capables d'opérer pour de très longues durées. Le projet ANR-LINES a visé le développement de trois nouveaux instruments : un sismomètre mono-axial, un inclinomètre hydrostatique à longue base et un inclinomètre de forage pendulaire. Ces trois instruments profitent d'un capteur interférométrique de déplacement à longues fibres optiques du type Fabry-Pérot Extrinsèque (EFFPI). Leurs architectures mécaniques et l'utilisation de longues fibres permettent à ces instruments géophysiques nouvellement fabriqués d'atteindre les objectifs fixés. Le premier objectif de cette étude est de proposer des méthodes adaptées à l'estimation de la phase du chemin optique dans les cavités Fabry-Pérot. Une modulation du courant de la diode laser, suivie par une démodulation homodyne du signal d'interférence et un filtre de Kalman permettent de déterminer la phase en temps réel. Les résultats sont convaincants pour des mesures de courtes durées mais exigent des solutions complémentaires pour se prémunir des effets de la variation des phénomènes environnementaux. Le capteur EFFPI intégré dans l'inclinomètre de forage LINES lui offre l'opportunité d'établir une mesure différentielle de l'oscillation de la masselotte pendulée grâce à trois cavités Fabry-Pérot. Le sismomètre LINES utilise lui aussi le capteur de déplacement EFFPI pour la mesure du déplacement de sa bobine. Une description de l'architecture mécanique de ces instruments et une analyse des phénomènes détectés (mouvements lents, marées, séismes, microséismes . . . ) font partie de cette thèse.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00779335

tel-00779335
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00779335
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00779335/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00779335/file/Manuscript_Chawah.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Since Deccan Traps extrusion ~ 65 Ma ago, thick weathering mantles have developed over Peninsular India on both the western coastal lowland and adjacent plateau separated by the Western Ghats Escarpment. Manganiferous lateritic profiles formed by supergene weathering of Late Archean manganiferous protores are exposed on paleolandsurface remnants on both sides of the escarpment. Petrological and geochemical characterizations of samples from those Mn lateritic profiles allowed identifying cryptomelane (K-Mn oxide) dated by 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The ages obtained document major weathering periods, ca. 53-50 Ma, and ca. 37-23 Ma in the highland, and ca. 47-45 Ma, ca. 24-19 Ma and discrete weathering pulses at ~ 9 Ma and ~ 2.5 Ma in the lowland. Old ages of the highland (53-50 Ma) and the lowland (47-45 Ma) indicate synchronous lateritic weathering across the escarpment at a time the peninsula started to drift across the equatorial belt. Intense weathering periods at ca. 53-45 and ca. 37-23 Ma are interpreted to reflect the Early Eocene climatic optimum and the onset of Asian monsoon regimes, respectively. The ages further indicate that most of the dissection of the highland must have taken place after ~ 23 Ma, whereas the lowland was weakly incised essentially after ~ 19 Ma. Our results also document divergent erosion and weathering histories of the lowland and the highland after the Eocene, suggesting installation of a dual climatic regime across the Western Ghats escarpment.
ISSN: 0009-2541

ird-01419899
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-01419899
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-01419899/document
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-01419899/file/CHEMGE9048R2.va.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.04.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This paper provides a synthesis of current data and interpretations on the crustal structure of the Pyrenean-Cantabrian orogenic belt, and presents new tectonic models for representative transects. The Pyrenean orogeny lasted from Santonian (~84 Ma) to early Miocene times (~20 Ma), and consisted of a spatial and temporal succession of oceanic crust/exhumed mantle subduction, rift inversion and continental collision processes at the Iberia-Eurasia plate boundary. A good coverage by active-source (vertical-incidence and wide-angle reflection) and passive-source (receiver functions) seismic studies, coupled with surface data have led to a reasonable knowledge of the present-day crustal architecture of the Pyrenean-Cantabrian belt, although questions remain. Seismic imaging reveals a persistent structure, from the central Pyrenees to the central Cantabrian Mountains, consisting of a wedge of Eurasian lithosphere indented into the thicker Iberian plate, whose lower crust is detached and plunges northwards into the mantle. For the Pyrenees, a new scheme of relationships between the southern upper crustal thrust sheets and the Axial Zone is here proposed. For the Cantabrian belt, the depth reached by the N-dipping Iberian crust and the structure of the margin are also revised.The common occurrence of lherzolite bodies in the northern Pyrenees and the seismic velocity and potential field record of the Bay of Biscay indicate that the precursor of the Pyrenees was a hyperextended and strongly segmented rift system, where narrow domains of exhumed mantle separated the thinned Iberian and Eurasian continental margins since the Albian-Cenomanian. The exhumed mantle in the Pyrenean rift was largely covered by a Mesozoic sedimentary lid that had locally glided along detachments in Triassic evaporites. Continental margin collision in the Pyrenees was preceded by subduction of the exhumed mantle, accompanied by the pop-up thrust expulsion of the off-scraped sedimentary lid above. To the west, oceanic subduction of the Bay of Biscay under the North Iberian margin is supported by an upper plate thrust wedge, gravity and magnetic anomalies, and 3D inclined sub-crustal reflections. However, discrepancies remain for the location of continent-ocean transitions in the Bay of Biscay and for the extent of oceanic subduction. The plate-kinematic evolution during the Mesozoic, which involves issues as the timing and total amount of opening, as well as the role of strike-slip drift, is also under debate, discrepancies arising from first-order interpretations of the adjacent oceanic magnetic anomaly record.
ISSN: 0040-1951

insu-01683989
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01683989
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01683989/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01683989/file/teixell-tectono-2018.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2018.01.009

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Over the last 16 years, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC - formerly the South Pacific Commission) has been developing and providing information on mid-water fishing techniques targeting the larger, deeper-swimming tunas that aggregate around FADs. SPC masterfishermen have conducted in-country fishing trials to test methods, such as vertical longlines, and train local fishermen in their construction and use. Vertical longline catch rates have varied considerably due to a range of reasons with no catches reported in some locations, or just sharks, to highs of over 6.5 kg /10 hooks/hour being recorded in other locations. Other methods like drop-stone, palu-ahi, and single-hook drifting lines have been developed within the region, with SPC adopting and transferring this technology to other locations. To further disseminate this information, SPC has recently published a technical manual outlining a range of mid-water fishing gears and techniques that can be used in association with FADs. An outline of the main gears and techniques with catch data where available is presented, with factors influencing catches discussed based on the findings of SPC masterfishermen over the years.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15295/12653.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15295/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : The original baitboat fishing technique using a permanent association between the fishing boat and the tuna school has been developed by the baitboat fleet of Dakar, Senegal and is also in use in the Canary Islands. This new fishing technique, the result of 20 years of improvements still on, has induced a dramatic increase of the catch yields which, in turn, has sustained the survival and even a recent development of the fleet. This technique is based on the aggregating behaviour of tropical tunas. However, it contains a dynamic component which is not found in tuna fishing on drifting or anchored fads. The specifications of the method, its refinement over the years and its main consequences for the fishery are described together with the school exchanges between baitboats over months even from one year to the next. Based on the analysis of 1228 recoveries from 5500 tagged fish, tuna movements among associated schools, between associated schools and free schools fished by purse seiners and movements in and out of the baitboat fishing grounds help to better understand the dynamics of tunas and schools of this peculiar tuna association. These data show a very high recovery rate, a remarkable tuna fidelity to the original school for all species, a small number of recoveries within the purse seine catch as well as the rare tuna movements outside the baitboat area. The study highlights the complexity and the numerous consequences of tuna and school behaviour.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15304/12637.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15304/