Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Ethnopharmacological relevancePsidium acutangulum Mart. ex DC is a small tree used by the Wayana Amerindians from the Upper-Maroni in French Guiana for the treatment of malaria.Aim of the studyIn a previous study, we highlighted the in vitro antiplasmodial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the traditional decoction of P. acutangulum aerial parts. Our goal was then to investigate on the origin of the biological activity of the traditional remedy, and eventually characterize active constituents.Materials and methodsLiquid-liquid extractions were performed on the decoction, and the antiplasmodial activity evaluated against chloroquine-resistant FcB1 ([3H]-hypoxanthine bioassay) and 7G8 (pLDH bioassay) P. falciparum strains, and on a chloroquine sensitive NF54 ([3H]-hypoxanthine bioassay) P. falciparum strain. The ethyl acetate fraction (D) was active and underwent bioguided fractionation. All the isolated compounds were tested on P. falciparum FcB1 strain. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα) of the ethyl acetate fraction and of an anti-Plasmodium active compound, was concurrently assessed on LPS-stimulated human PBMC and NO secretion inhibition was measured on LPS stimulated RAW murine macrophages. Cytotoxicity of the fractions and pure compounds was measured on VERO cells, L6 mammalian cells, PBMCs, and RAW cells.ResultsFractionation of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction (IC50 ranging from 3.4 to <1 µg/mL depending on the parasite strain) led to the isolation of six pure compounds: catechin and five glycosylated quercetin derivatives. These compounds have never been isolated from this plant species. Two of these compounds (wayanin and guaijaverin) were found to be moderately active against P. falciparum FcB1 in vitro (IC50 5.5 and 6.9 µM respectively). We proposed the name wayanin during public meetings organized in June 2015 in the Upper-Maroni villages, in homage to the medicinal knowledge of the Wayana population. At 50 µg/mL, the ethyl acetate fraction (D) significantly inhibited IL-1β secretion (−46%) and NO production (−21%), as previously observed for the decoction. The effects of D and guiajaverin (4) on the secretion of other cytokines or NO production were not significant.ConclusionsThe confirmed antiplasmodial activity of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the decoction and of the isolated compounds support the previous results obtained on the P. acutangulum decoction. The antiplasmodial activity might be due to a mixture of moderately active non-toxic flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory activities were less marked for ethyl acetate fraction (D) than for the decoction.
ISSN: 0378-8741

hal-01313006
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01313006
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01313006/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01313006/file/Houel_Wayanin_and.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.053

Éditeur(s) : INRA : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : The Creole pig has always been part of the rural and suburban landscape of Martinique. Currently, this breed is not integrated into a research and conservation program. The Natural Park of Martinique Region (PNRM) has the objective to maintain and valorize the genetic heritage of Martinique?s Creole pig and develop a niche business. Based on PNRM knowledge, some Creole pigs live freely in the mountains in the North, in the South coast and in a few disparate traditional breeders located in the countryside. It is essential to carry out an inventory of the local pig population to propose a scheme for conservation and economic development. In order to favour the appropriation of the Creole pig niche, the PNRM, as a decision maker, acts in a systemic and holistic way by considering the whole Martinican territory and the pig sub-sector: producers involved in the COOPMAR pig farmers? cooperative, researchers of INRA (FWI), the food chain and at least (in a second phase) the consumers and the Martinican society. First of all, the pig farmers are involved (private family farms and specialised pig producers). Researchers and technicians from PNRM and INRA- URZ (Animal production research unit) and INRA-PTEA (Tropical platform in animal experimentation) are performing experimental studies both in controlled conditions and in farms, in order to: i) determine phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Martinique?s Creole pigs in comparison with other pig breeds from the Caribbean area; ii) help at designing genetic management to maintain the population and avoiding inbreeding; iii) help at defining feeding management by a) establishing, at the whole territorial food chain, an inventory of co or by-products available for pig feeding; b) implementing experimental studies in technology for conservation; c) implementing feeding and growing experiments and finally iv) help at defining eco-friendly production systems a) aiming at generate an adequate revenue and b) focusing on ecosystem services such as meat quality, socio-cultural services and circular economy. Le porc créole a toujours fait partie du paysage rural et suburbain de la Martinique. Actuellement, cette race n'est pas intégrée dans un programme de recherches et de conservation. Le parc naturel de la région de la Martinique (PNRM) a l'objectif pour maintenir et valoriser l'héritage génétique du porc créole de la Martinique et pour développer des créneaux. Basé sur la connaissance de PNRM, quelques porcs créoles vivent librement dans les montagnes dans le nord, dans la côte sud et chez quelques éleveurs traditionnels disparates situés dans la campagne. Il est essentiel d'effectuer un inventaire de la population locale de porc pour proposer un plan pour la conservation et le développement économique. Afin de favoriser l'appropriation du créneau créole de porc, le PNRM, comme décideur, agit d'une manière systémique et holistique en considérant tout le territoire de la Martinique et sous-secteur de porc : producteurs impliqués dans la coopérative d'agriculteurs de porc de COOPMAR, les chercheurs d'AICN (FWI), la chaîne alimentaire et au moins (dans une deuxième phase) les consommateurs et la société Martiniquaise. Tout d'abord, les agriculteurs de porc sont impliqués (les fermes privées de famille et les producteurs de porc spécialisés). Les chercheurs et les techniciens de PNRM et AICN URZ (unité de recherches de production animale) et INRA-PTEA (plate-forme tropicale chez l'expérimentation animale) réalisent des études expérimentales dans des conditions commandées et dans les fermes : i) déterminent des caractéristiques phénotypiques et génétiques des porcs créoles de la Martinique en comparaison d'autres races de porc à partir du secteur des Caraïbes ; ii) aide à concevoir la gestion génétique pour maintenir la population et à éviter l'endogamie ; iii) aide à définir la gestion de alimentation a) en établissant, à la chaîne alimentaire territoriale de totalité, à un inventaire de Co ou aux sous-produits disponibles pour l'alimentation de porc ; b) mise en oeuvre des études expérimentales en technologie pour la conservation ; c) mettant en application des expériences de alimentation et croissantes et finalement iv) aide à définir viser qui respecte l'environnement des systèmes de production a) produisent de à revenu approprié et b) se concentrant sur des services d'écosystème tels que la qualité de viande, des services socioculturels et l'économie circulaire.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16263
V16263

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Aim of the study: A knowledge attitude and practice study centred on leishmaniasis and its treatment was performed among the Chayahuita, an Amazonian Peruvian ethnic group living in an endemic area. This study documents traditional Chayahuita plant's use and disease concepts. Also, activty of some medicinal plants used by the Chayahuita is highlighted and discussed. Materials and methods: Ninety-three Chayahuita people were interviewed, following a semi-structured questionnaire focussed on disease knowledge and perception, personal attitude and healing practices. Simultaneously, a collection of plants was performed in different ecotopes, in order to make an extensive inventory of the pharmacopoeia. Results: For the Chayahuita, cutaneous (CL) and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) are considered as diseases of their own, with specific names, aetiologies, mode of transmission. Regarding CL, Chayahuita people consider that the humid characteristic of the skin ulcer is a discriminative fact orienting the diagnostic forTa'ta' (leishmaniasis). Forty-six different species were designated useful against LC and /or MCL (29 species by means of the questionnaire and 27 species when collecting in different ecotopes). Thirty-seven extracts corresponding to 31 species used medicinally were screened in vitro against Leishmania amnzonensis axenic amastigotes, assessing their viability by the reduction of tetrazolium salt (MTT). Six species displayed a good activity ( 10 μg/ml < IC50 < 20 μg/ml): an undetermined hemi-epiphytic Clusiaceae, Cyhianthus anthuriophyllus Pipoly (Myrsinaceae), two Piper, Piper sanguineispicum Trel., and Piper loretoanum Trel. (Piperaceae), Desmodium axillare Sw. DC. (Fabaceae), and Clibadium sylvestre (Aubl.) Baill. (Asteraceae). Conclusion: Perception of leishmaniasis, attitude, treatments and diet prohibitions still largely reflects traditional Chayahuita cosmovision, even if some tentative of bio-medical re-interpretation is arising.
ISSN: 0378-8741

hal-01087667
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01087667
DOI : 10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.015

Éditeur(s) : INRA : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation Caribbean Food Crops Society (CFCS)
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : Farmers are very inventive, but their innovations often remain confined to their farm, or to small local networks. And the interest they might have for farmers other than their inventors is seldom analyzed. Tracking on-farm innovations aims at finding technical or organizational innovations designed by farmers, to characterize their agronomic, economic and environmental performance and analyze the conditions in which this performance is expressed. The talk presents the various stages of this tracking approach, applied to innovative cropping systems, basing on a variety of recent works, in France, Argentine, Burkina Faso and China: (1) Defining what we are looking for; (2) Identifying innovative systems; (3) Describing and characterizing innovative systems; (4) Assessing innovative systems; (5) Specifying the conditions for the success of innovative systems. The results of the tracking are aimed not only at the farmers, but at their advisors and researchers too: (i) Innovative and effective cropping systems, which can be a source of inspiration for farmers; (ii) Confirmation of the interest of a principle for reasoning cropping systems; (iii) Innovative practices, analyzed within a systemic framework, which can serve as bricks for the design of new systems; (iv) Questions to be looked into more thoroughly by experimentation. Compared to traditional approaches in agronomy, tracking innovative cropping systems provides a double break: break with a top-down approach, where agricultural R & D is regarded as the only source of innovation: by mobilizing the innovative capacities of farmers, tracking increases our collective capacity to invent new practices or new cropping systems, by using not only technical and scientific knowledge, but also the empirical knowledge, that is so rich in agriculture. And break with the primacy given to experimentation, as a source for the production of knowledge and the assessment of innovations. Les agriculteurs sont très inventifs, mais leurs innovations demeurent souvent confinées à leur ferme, ou à de petits réseaux locaux. Et l'intérêt qu'elles pourraient avoir pour des agriculteurs autres que leurs inventeurs est rarement analysé. Le cheminement des innovations à la ferme vise à trouver les innovations techniques ou organisationnelles conçues par des agriculteurs, pour caractériser leur agronomique, économique et la performance environnementale et pour analyser les conditions en lesquelles ces résultats sont exprimés. L'entretien présente les diverses étapes de cette approche de cheminement, appliquées aux systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs, basant sur un grand choix de travaux récents, les Frances, l'Argentin, au Burkina Faso et en Chine : (1) définissant ce que nous recherchons ; (2) identification des systèmes innovateurs ; (3) description et caractérisation des systèmes innovateurs ; (4) l'évaluation des systèmes innovateurs ; (5) spécification des conditions pour le succès des systèmes innovateurs. Les résultats du cheminement sont visés non seulement les agriculteurs, mais leurs conseillers et chercheurs trop : (i) systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs et efficaces, qui peuvent être une source d'inspiration pour des agriculteurs ; (ii) confirmation d'intérêt d'un principe pour les systèmes d'emblavage de motif ; (iii) pratiques innovatrices, analysées dans un cadre systémique, qui peut servir de briques à la conception de nouveaux systèmes ; (iv) questions à regarder dans plus complètement par expérimentation. Comparé aux approches traditionnelles en agronomie, le cheminement des systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs fournit une double coupure : cassez avec une approche hiérarchisée, où la R&D agricole est considérée comme la seule source d'innovation : en mobilisant les capacités innovatrices d'agriculteurs, le cheminement augmente notre capacité collective d'inventer de nouvelles pratiques ou nouveaux systèmes d'emblavage, à l'aide non seulement de technique et de la connaissance scientifique, mais également la connaissance empirique, qui est si riche en agriculture. Et coupure avec la primauté donnée à l'expérimentation, comme source pour la production de la connaissance et de l'évaluation des innovations.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16242
V16242

Résumé : En occupant un espace social privilégié, la médecine traditionnelle et les diverses pratiques qui y sont liées, sont de moins en moins marginalisées, de plus en plus admises comme ressources et la société leur devient du même coup permissive. La tolérance sociale est relativement forte ». Cette lecture de la situation de la médecine traditionnelle et de sa réception dans la société est celle de l’anthropologue et médecine martiniquais M. Yoyo. Elle évoque la réalité de la médecine créole dans l’espace antillais et dit l’intérêt que lui portent ceux qui en font usage.L’objectif de cette recherche est de poser la question de la transmission du savoir médicinal en contexte martiniquais : transmission des tradipraticiens vers les profanes ; transmission entre professionnels de cette médecine. Autrement dit comment se fait l’apprentissage si apprentissage il y a, de ce savoir traditionnel, jalousement gardé par ceux qui l’exercent ? La dimension magico-religieuse de ce savoir influe-t-elle sur sa transmission ? Quel est le rôle de la famille dans l’éducation et la transmission de ces pratiques ? Quelle est la connaissance profane accessible à tous et que détiennent certaines familles ? Celle-ci répond-elle aux attentes de la médecine traditionnelle et comment les familles procèdent-elles à sa transmission ? Quelle contribution l’institution scolaire apporte-t-elle à la sauvegarde de ce patrimoine ? Ce questionnement nous amène à nous interroger sur les pratiques en matière de médecine des Martiniquais et à considérer la coexistence entre savoir traditionnel et savoir rationnel dit moderne.On ne peut faire l’économie de ces analyses si on veut appréhender de façon objective le problème de la transmission de la médecine créole, de sa sauvegarde par – et pour – les générations montantes, en raison de l’aspect mémoriel de cette pratique thérapeutique mais également en raison de son efficacité et du potentiel important qu’elle représente pour la santé dans les années qui viennent.
By occupying a privileged social space, traditional medicine and the diverses practices related to the field are less and less marginalized, more and more accepted as resources, thus society is gradually becoming more tolerant towards those practices. The social tolerance is relatively strong”. This perception of the present situation of traditional medicine and of its reception in society is proposed by M. Yoyo, French anthropologist and physician from Martinique. It speaks of the reality of traditional medicine in the west Indians context and highlights the positive affects on those who make use of it. The objective of this research is to explore the question of the transmission of medicinal knowledge within the confines of Martinique: transmission by traditionalists towards nonprofessionals as well as transmission among professionals in the fields of medicine. In other words, what learning, if any, still exists of this traditional knowledge faithfully kept by those practiced it? To what extent does the magical-religious experience influence the transmission of this knowledge? What is the role of the family in the education and the transmission of those practices? How much of this profane knowledge is accessible to all and to what extent is it practiced by families? Does the latter respond to the demands of traditional medicine? How do families proceed with the process of transmission. What contribution does the school make towards preserving this tradition ? The above questions provoke reflection on the medicinal practices of the people of Martinique and of the possible coexistence of traditional knowledge and modern or rational knowledge. These questions are inevitable if we want to progress with objectivity in the transmission of Creole medicine and of its preservation for future generations, as a form of safeguarding the memory of this therapeutic practice. However, they also help to focus on the level of its effectiveness and the potential importance that it represents in ensuring a healthy environment in the coming years.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0865/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Because many biological processes related to the dynamics of infectious diseases are caused by complex interactions between the environment, the host(s) and the agent(s), the necessity to address the methodological implications of this inherent complexity has recently emerged in epidemiology. Most epidemiologists now acknowledge that most human infectious diseases are likely to have complex dynamics. However, this knowledge still percolates with difficulty in their statistical "modus operandi". Indeed, for the study of complex systems, the traditional first-line statistical toolbox of epidemiologists (mainly built around the Generalized Linear Model family), despite its undeniable practicality and robustness, has structural limitations deprecating its usefulness. Three major sources of complexity neglected or not taken into account by this first-line statistical toolbox and having deep statistical implications are the multi-level organization of data, the non-linear relationships between variables and the complex interactions between variables. Three promising candidates to incorporate along with traditional tools for a new first-line statistical toolbox more suitable to apprehend these sources of complexity are the generalized linear mixed models, the generalized additive models, and the structural equation models. The aforementioned methodologies have the advantage to be generalizations of GLM models and are relatively easy to implement. Their assimilation and implementation would thus be greatly facilitated for epidemiologists. More globally, this text underlines that an improved use of other methods as such described here compared to traditional ones has to be performed to better understand the complexity challenging epidemiologists every day. This is particularly true in the field of infectious diseases for which major public health challenges will have to be addressed in the coming decades.
ISSN: 1567-1348

inserm-00872354
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354/file/main_document.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.006

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A detailed rock-magnetic and archeointensity study was carried out on materials baked by a western Mexican artisan following traditional techniques to produce faithful reproductions of archeological pieces of the Michoacan region (Western Mesoamerica). The field strength at the site (41.0 +/- 0.51 mu T) was measured with a fluxgate magnetometer and the temperature of the furnace during the baking process was monitored continually by means of a thermocouple placed in the middle of the baking cavity.;Rock-magnetic experiments performed on the raw material (clay and paste) and on in situ prepared baked ceramics and bricks included measurement of thermomagnetic curves (susceptibility and strong-field magnetization versus temperature), first-order reversal curves (FORC), anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of thermoremanent magnetization (A-TRM). Magnetite and probably hematite are present in the samples as carriers of the remanence. Hysteresis ratios suggest that the samples fall in the pseudo-single-domain grain size region, which may indicate a mixture of multidomain and a significant amount of single-domain grains.;Ceramic pieces and brick fragments were subjected to the Thellier-Coe archeointensity method and to an alternative paleointensity experiment, with a TRIAXE magnetometer, in order to check whether they are faithful recorders of the local geomagnetic field strength.;Mean raw-intensity of sample M1 (pottery) overestimates a 7% the expected site intensity, while those corresponding to the brick samples (LQ1 and LQ2) underestimate it 15%. Brick sample LNQ shows a slightly lower intensity (7%), but agrees with the expected site intensity within the experimental uncertainty. The intensity retrieved from the volcanic fragment also included closely reproduces the expected intensity. After A-TRM and cooling-rate corrections, all mean raw values move closer to the expected intensity.;Measurement of temperatures at different parts inside the kiln (bottom and upper parts of both central and peripheral parts) revealed the existence of significant thermal gradients, similar to those observed in ovens from other localities. Different cooling rates are then expected in a single oven.;The scatter in the intensity determinations observed in this study, retrieved from pieces elaborated together in the same oven, could arise from this differentiated cooling rate within the oven and thus, to an inappropriate cooling rate correction in the archeointensity protocol. As this situation was probably reproduced in the baking of ancient ceramic artifacts, a better knowledge of the temperature distribution inside these types of kiln would be desirable in order to choose the appropriate cooling rate correction.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00644559
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644559
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2011.06.007

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
One of the most common tasks in the area of social network mining is the extraction of frequent patterns from social networks. Although traditional approaches have been mainly focused on subgraphs occurring frequently in a network or a set of networks, new approaches have attempted to exploit network structure and node properties in order to elicit new kinds of patterns. One of these news approaches is the extraction of conceptual links, a solution that combines both structure and node properties for providing knowledge on the groups of nodes the most connected in a social network. However, if the extraction of conceptual links offers a great potential in terms of knowledge discovery as well as network visualization, the search for these kinds of patterns remains a computationally intensive problem. Thus, the efficiency of the extraction processes highly depends on the efficiency of the underlying algorithm. In this paper, we focus on the extraction of maximal frequent conceptual links (MFCL) and we propose a hybrid algorithm that applies a filter on the nodes for reducing the search space to the most frequent groups of nodes. Although our solution potentially causes loss of some patterns, we demonstrate its efficiency by comparison with the MFCLMin algorithm. We investigate the potential loss of patterns, the gain on the runtime, and the gain on the number of comparisons.
IEEE International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science
Paris, France

hal-00841699
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00841699

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The extraction of knowledge from social networks is an area that has experienced significant growth in recent years. Indeed, thanks to the improvement of storage and calculation capacities, and the heterogeneity of data that can currently be extracted, much effort has been made to go beyond traditional knowledge, by proposing new kinds of patterns that take into account the context. However, while many works were interested in designing new patterns of knowledge or in optimizing existing approaches, few studies have been focused in merging patterns and on the useful knowledge emerging from such fusions. In this work, we focus on two network clustering approaches, able to extract two distinct kinds of patterns, and we seek to understand both the intersections that can exist between them and the knowledge that emerges from their fusion. The first is the classical nodes clustering approach that consists in searching for communities into a network. The second is the search for frequent conceptual links, a new link clustering approach that aims identifying frequent links between groups of nodes sharing common attributes. We propose a set of original measures that aim to evaluate the amount of shared information between these patterns when they are extracted from a same network. These measures are applied to three datasets and demonstrate the interest in simultaneously considering several sources of knowledge.
Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Management (AKDM)

hal-01514227
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01514227
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-45763-5_13

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : Since a few years, the catches of pelagic fish by artisanal fishermen of Reunion Island have strongly increased. Manpower and investments have been constant through the maintenance of about 30 fads all around the island. The traditional techniques of fishing pelagic fishes have been adapted in order to maintain a high level of catches and ensure the income of the fishermen. This report describes different techniques to capture pelagic fish on fads such as drift fishing, dragnet fishing and longline fishing. Knowledge, professional experience of fishermen are the main factors in setting fads and sustaining adaptability. The strong relation between the knowledge of the fishermen and the techniques is discussed. Then, the strategies of fishing, influenced by the environmental and seasonal conditions, and the species, are analysed.Original Abstract: L'activite de la petite peche a l'ile de La Reunion connait, depuis quelques annees, une periode d'expansion rapide de la production de poissons pelagiques. Ce developpement est d'autant plus remarquable qu'il s'effectue, en ce qui concerne la peche professionnelle artisanale, a effectif et investissement presque constants. Il est essentiellement du a la mise en place et a l'entretien d'un parc d'une trentaine de dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP), places tout autour de l'ile. Les techniques traditionnelles de peche de poissons pelagiques ont ete adaptees a ce nouveau concept, mais elles doivent continuellement evoluer et s'adapter aux modifications comportementales des poissons, afin de maintenir un niveau de capturabilite assurant les revenus des pecheurs. Cette etude s'attache a decrire les techniques de peche a la derive, a la traine et aux palangres, employees pour la capture de poissons pelagiques sur DCP. Bien que difficile a evaluer, l'experience du pecheur est un facteur determinant dans la mise en uvre de ces techniques et en permet l'amelioration constante. L'imbrication etroite entre le savoir-faire du pecheur et les techniques est egalement abordee et discutee. Enfin, les strategies de peche, fortement influencees par les conditions environnementales, les saisons et les especes rencontrees, y sont analysees.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15294/12652.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15294/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases that occur in all intertropical regions of the world. Amazonian populations have developed an abundant knowledge of the disease and its remedies. Therefore, we undertook to review traditional antileishmanial plants in Amazonia and have developed new tools to analyze this somewhat dispersed information.Material and methods: A literature review of traditional remedies for cutaneous/mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon was conducted and the data obtained was used to calculate distribution indexes designed to highlight the most relevant uses in Amazonia. The cultural distribution index represents the distribution rate of a given taxon among different cultural groups and was calculated as the ratio of the number of groups using the taxon to the total number of groups cited. The geographical distribution index allowed us to quantify spatial distribution of a taxon's uses in Amazonia and was calculated geometrically by measuring the average distance between the points where uses have been reported and the barycenter of those points. The general distribution index was defined as an arithmetic combination of the previous two and provides information on both cultural and spatial criteria.Results: 475 use reports, concerning 291 botanical species belonging to 83 families have been gathered depicted from 29 sources. Uses concern 34 cultural groups. While the use of some taxa appears to be Pan Amazonian, some others are clearly restricted to small geographical regions. Particular attention has been paid to the recipes and beliefs surrounding treatments. Topical application of the remedies dominated the other means of administration and this deserves particular attention as the main treatments against Neotropical leishmaniasis are painful systemic injections. The data set was analyzed using the previously defined distribution indexes and the most relevant taxa were further discussed from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view.Conclusions: The Amazonian biodiversity and cultural heritage host a fantastic amount of data whose systematic investigation should allow a better large-scale understanding of the dynamics of traditional therapies and the consequent discovery of therapeutic solutions for neglected diseases. Distribution indices are indeed powerful tools for emphasizing the most relevant treatments against a given disease and should be very useful in the meta-analysis of other regional pharmacopeia. This focus on renowned remedies that have not yet benefitted from extended laboratory studies, could stimulate future research on new treatments of natural origin for leishmaniasis.
ISSN: 0378-8741

hal-01603285
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01603285
DOI : 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.048
PRODINRA : 401890

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
These last years, many analysis methods have been proposed to extract knowledge from social networks. As for the traditional data mining domain, these network-based approaches can be classified according to two main families. The approaches based on predictive modelling, which encompass the techniques that analyse current and historical facts to make predictive assumptions about future or unknown events. The approaches based on descriptive modelling, which cover the set of techniques that aim to summarize the data by identifying some relevant features in order to describe how things organize and actually work. In this paper, we review the main descriptive modelling methods of social networks and show for each of them the resulting useful knowledge on a running example. We particularly emphasize on the most recent methods that combine information available on both the network structure and the node attributes in order to provide original description models taking into account the context.
EISSN: 1877-0509

hal-01312383
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01312383
DOI : 10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.505

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
Résumé : International audience
Introduction: The aims of this literature review were to characterize the communications presented during six Association for Research on Intervention in Sport (ARIS) French-speaking congresses from 2000 to 2010 and to compare the research trends between French and English research traditions. The definition of pedagogy is close to the notion of intervention and attempts to study, in an interacting or isolated way, three key components – the educator (professor, coach, teacher's educator), the participants (students, children, adults) and the curriculum/knowledge in specific contexts. The theoretical framework is centred on the social construction of the scientific knowledge. Method: All the communications of the six ARIS congresses (n ¼ 836), reflecting the multiple facets of educational research were analysed. The quantitative treatment of the data, with the assistance of Sphinx software, consisted of univariate (frequencies, percentages) and bi-variate (chi-square statistic) analyses to identify possible significant relations between variables such as the congress, country and sex of author(s), institution, and so on. Findings: The results highlight the commonalties and differences between French and English research about intervention/pedagogy. We notice the continuing expansion of the field of intervention/pedagogy in the Francophone and the Anglophone worlds. But the low participation of the practitioners shows how intricate it is to move educational research closer to everyday practice. The results show that the contexts studied within ARIS are mainly school physical education and teacher's education, then coaching and other contexts. The majority of studies are centred on one component of pedagogy, but rarely on the interactions between the educators and the participants. The Francophone research is essentially descriptive and heuristic, using mostly qualitative methods (interviews and observations). This orientation of Francophone studies towards heuristic research seems to contrast with Anglophone research, even though qualitative research has recently come to dominate. Conclusion: The ARIS researchers have a common object of study (intervention/ pedagogy), share the same ideas and aims, learn how to do it better as they interact regularly and develop a shared repertoire of knowledge, theories and methods. We see here signs of an undeniable wealth of knowledge and the combination of different theories and methods leading to a better understanding of educational phenomena.
ISSN: 1740-8989

hal-01620916
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916/file/PESP%20MUSARD%26POGGI%20VA.pdf
DOI : 10.1080/17408989.2013.817008

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The paper proposes a new knowledge discovery method called MAX-FLMin for extracting frequent patterns in social networks. Unlike traditional approaches that mainly focus on the network topological structure, the originality of our solution is its ability to exploit information both on the network structure and the attributes of nodes in order to elicit specific regularities that we call "Frequent Links". This kind of patterns provides relevant knowledge about the groups of nodes most connected within the network. First, we detail the method proposed to extract maximal frequent links from social networks. Second, we show how the extracted patterns are used to generate aggregated networks that represent the initial social network with more semantics. Qualitative and quantitative studies are conducted to evaluate the performances of our algorithm in various configurations.
Database (Weston, Conn.) and Expert Systems Applications
Vienna, Austria

hal-00767052
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00767052
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-32600-4_35

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
While the populations of large herbivores are being depleted in many tropical rainforests, the importance of their trophic role in the ecological functioning and biodiversity of these ecosystems is still not well evaluated. This is due to the outstanding plant diversity that they feed upon and the inherent difficulties involved in observing their elusive behaviour. Classically, the diet of elusive tropical herbivores is studied through the observation of browsing signs and macroscopic analysis of faeces or stomach contents. In this study, we illustrate that the original coupling of classic methods with genetic and ethnobotanical approaches yields information both about the diet diversity, the foraging modalities and the potential impact on vegetation of the largest terrestrial mammal of Amazonia, the lowland tapir. The study was conducted in the Guianan shield, where the ecology of tapirs has been less investigated. We identified 92 new species, 51 new genera and 13 new families of plants eaten by tapirs. We discuss the relative contribution of our different approaches, notably the contribution of genetic barcoding, used for the first time to investigate the diet of a large tropical mammal, and how local traditional ecological knowledge is accredited and valuable for research on the ecology of elusive animals.
ISSN: 1932-6203

halsde-00676374
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00676374
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0025850
PUBMED : 21991372

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD EDP Sciences
Résumé : International audience
In order to ensure a sustainable management of reef fisheries, data need to be collected regularly on the effect of these fisheries on both fish resources and the ecosystems that sustain them. Habitat and resources monitoring programs can provide such information, but are difficult to implement as they involve a range of technical, financial and human resources. Regarding these problems, the involvement of the local population in monitoring programs, called participatory monitoring, seems to offer solutions. Indeed, participatory monitoring has the potential of increasing the number of data collected at low cost, while taking advantage of the traditional ecological knowledge available locally. Some questions need clarifying, however: which methods can bring relevant information for the monitoring of reef fisheries while being appropriate to the motivations and skills of the local population? Is the degree of participation of the local population sufficient to make the monitoring program work, particularly over the long term? To answer these questions, participatory monitoring methods commonly used for coral reef ecosystems have been implemented to assess reef fisheries at three different sites: Moorea island and Tikehau atoll in French Polynesia, and the Bay of Tulear in Madagascar. While highlighting the relevance of some participatory monitoring programs for snapshot and large-scale surveys, the results of this study also show their lesser interest for regular data gathering on long-time scales. In any case, strong coordination and supervision by scientists are considered essential.
La gestion durable des écosystèmes coralliens nécessite de disposer d’informations régulières concernant l’impact des pêcheries sur les ressources récifales et sur les écosystèmes dont elles dépendent. Les suivis intégrés des ressources, des habitats et des espèces associées qui visent à fournir ce type d’informations sont difficiles à mettre en œuvre, car ils impliquent de nombreuses ressources humaines, techniques et financières. Face à ces problèmes, la participation de la société civile dans les programmes de suivi semble en mesure d’apporter des solutions. Dans le but de tester cette hypothèse, des méthodes de suivi participatif ont été mises en œuvre afin de caractériser des pêcheries récifales sur trois socio-écosystèmes contrastés : l’île de Moorea et l’atoll de Tikehau en Polynésie française, et le littoral de Tuléar à Madagascar. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent la pertinence de certains suivis participatifs pour fournir une vision écosystémique dans le cas de collecte de données ponctuelles et de large envergure, et leur intérêt moindre pour la collecte continue de données sur de longues échelles de temps. Dans tous les cas, une structure de coordination et l’implication de scientifiques s’avèrent primordiales pour assurer pérennité et fiabilité au système de suivi.
ISSN: 1240-1307

hal-01302983
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01302983
DOI : 10.1051/nss/2013109

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : Traditional measures of diversity, namely the number of species as well as Simpson's and Shannon's indices, are particular cases of Tsallis entropy. Entropy decomposition, i.e. decomposing gamma entropy into alpha and beta components, has been previously derived in the literature. We propose a generalization of the additive decomposition of Shannon entropy applied to Tsallis entropy. We obtain a self-contained definition of beta entropy as the information gain brought by the knowledge of each community composition. We propose a correction of the estimation bias allowing to estimate alpha, beta and gamma entropy from the data and eventually convert them into true diversity. We advocate additive decomposition in complement of multiplicative partitioning to allow robust estimation of biodiversity.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01189953
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189953
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0090289
PRODINRA : 259795
PUBMED : 24603966

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
This paper proposes a new knowledge discovery method called FLMin to discover frequent patterns in a social network. The algorithm works without previous knowledge on the network and exploits both the structure and the attributes of nodes to extract regularities called Frequent Links. Unlike traditional works in this area that solely exploit structural regularities of the network, the originality of FLMin is its ability to gather these two kinds of information in the search for patterns. In this paper, we detail the method proposed for extracting frequent links and discuss its complexity and its flexibility. The efficiency of our solution is evaluated by conducting qualitative and quantitative studies for understanding how behaves FLMin according to different parameters.
Networked Digital Technologies
Dubai, United Arab Emirates

hal-00768431
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00768431
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-30567-2_38

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : Industrial agriculture has clearly reached its limits. Industrial agriculture is not able anymore to satisfy the basic needs of the growing worldwide population while ensuring the conditions of reproduction of natural assets. New production models have to be designed to protect and reclame polluted and degraded agricultural areas. Agroecology is considered as a promising way to achieve ecologically-intensive agrosystems, since the seminal contribution of Altieri in 1995. Nevertheless agroecology has not fully emerged as a scientific discipline yet. Agroecology is more that a traditional scientific discipline because agroecology breaks the frontiers between biophysical sciences and social sciences. This chapter reviews the roots and evolution of agroecology in the first section. Here we propose a mathematical theory of viability to handle uncertainty and complexity within agrosystems. This theory allows to define a kern of viability in which the agrosystem stay viable in the long term (section “Scientific stakes: New frontiers”). However, agroecological innovations create new uncertainties and controversies that must be solved. Some solutions can be found individually while other solutions must by co-constructed using innovative collective actions and hydrid forums (Callon et al. 2001, section “Scientific controversy and uncertainty”). Such collective knowledge makes agroecology as the starting point of a representative democracy by setting up adaptive governance on territories (section “How to manage agrosystems in the context of global changes?”).
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 14

ISBN : 978-3-319-06015-6
hal-01195372
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195372
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-06016-3_1
PRODINRA : 270790

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Clinoforms on modern shelves and slopes, as well as in ancient rock records, are widely recognized as a fundamental building element of continental margin growth. Regardless of their dominant lithology, clinoforms are composed of three geometric elements: topset, foreset and bottomset. Traditionally, much emphasis in the study of clinoforms was put on the geometry of the topset, viewed as the most energetic portion of a clinoform and studied to discern if aggradation was active rather than erosional truncation, and on the foreset, the area with the highest sediment accumulation rates. Here we focus on the factors forcing clinoforms to taper out and on the inferred mechanisms for bottomset creation. We base our analysis on muddy shelf clinoforms, a particular class of clinoforms that is typical of low-gradient settings and is characterized by a substantial component of shore-parallel sediment transport. This paper is based on a large dataset of CHIRP-sonar profiles, bathymetric and isopach maps of the Late Holocene clinoform on the Adriatic shelf, where integrated stratigraphic studies from sediment cores allow a very high (in some cases century-scale) chronological resolution. Knowledge on the dominant oceanographic regime affecting sediment dispersal and, ultimately, clinoform development, has been recently refined during the EuroSTRATAFORM collaboration. Muddy clinoforms are markedly three-dimensional features that cannot be entirely understood solely on two-dimensional shore normal sections. We suggest that this class of clinoform is advection dominated and that an increase in the energy regime at the toe of the foreset may prevent sediment from reaching beyond the transition to the bottomset region.
Continental Shelf Research (0278-4343) (Elsevier), 2007-02 , Vol. 27 , N. 3-4 , P. 506-525

Droits : 2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2409.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.csr.2006.11.013
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2409/