Éditeur(s) : CIRAD : Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : Breeding new interspecific banana hybrid varieties with pests and disease resistance characters is instrumental for the development of pesticide-free agroecological banana farming systems. Such breeding relies on the combined use of Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana parents. Unfortunately, infectious alleles of endogenous Banana streak virus (eBSV) sequences are present in the genome of M. balbisiana genitors. Upon activation by biotic and abiotic stresses, these infectious eBSVs lead to spontaneous infections by several species of Banana streak virus (BSV) in interspecific hybrids harbouring both M. acuminata and M. balbisiana genomes. In this work, we show that M. balbisiana diploid genitors available for breeding host at least one infectious eBSV. We also show how we segregated infectious and non-infectious eBSV alleles in seedy M. balbisiana diploids through self- pollination or chromosome doubling of haploid lines. We report on the successful breeding of M. balbisiana diploid genitors devoid of all infectious eBSV alleles following self-pollination and on the potential of breeding additional M. balbisiana diploid genitors free of infectious eBSVs by crossing parents displaying complementary eBSV patterns. This work paves the way to the safe use of M. balbisiana genitors for breeding banana interspecific hybrid varieties with no risk of activation of infectious eBSVs.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16267
V16267

Éditeur(s) : CIRAD : Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement
Extrait de : "Projet DEVAG" : conférence, le 5 décembre 2013. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Description : La communication s'articule autour de deux problématiques. D'abord la consommation de substances nocives pour les ovins que l'on tente de résoudre par l'utilisation de substances émétiques naturelles. Dans un second temps les infections intestinales qui touchent les ovins et que l'on tente également de résoudre par l'utilisation de substances naturelles.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V14098
V14098

Éditeur(s) : Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere, University of Florida Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere, University of Florida ( Gainesville, FL )
Résumé : (Biographical) Dr. Louise Ivers is Chief of Mission for Partners In Health (PIH) in Haiti, an international non-profit organization that provides direct health care and social services to poor communities around the world, supported by research and advocacy. She is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and an Associate Physician in the Division of Global Health Equity at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH). She completed her residency in Internal Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and a fellowship in Infectious Diseases at the combined MGH/BWH program. Dr. Ivers also received a diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and a Master of Public Health from the Harvard School of Public Health. Dr. Ivers implements health programs, and is interested in improving the delivery of healthcare in resource poor settings, the provision of care to the rural and urban poor, as well as patient-oriented investigation that offers solutions to barriers to healthcare. She balances her time between management of PIH Haiti, direct clinical service, and operational research. Dr. Ivers has contributed to published articles on HIV/AIDS, food insecurity, and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Current projects include investigating the impact of targeted food assistance to people with HIV infection in rural Haiti, the effectiveness of ARV therapies on viral suppression in community-based programs, and humanitarian assistance in response to the January 2010 earthquake. Dr. Ivers has served as a Technical Advisor to the WHO and also mentors Haitian and American physicians.
(Funding) Sponsored by the Caleb and Michele Grimes Fund in the CLAS Dean's Office and organized by the Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere.

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : Bonamiosis is a parasitic disease (causative agent: Bonamia ostreae) affecting the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, responsible for a drastic decline in its aquaculture production. Selective breeding programs for resistance to bonamiosis have been undertaken to counter this disease. In the present study, a 6-month cohabitation challenge experiment was performed in order to transmit the disease from wild oysters injected with the parasite to two tested families of oysters (20 and 8-month old at the beginning of the experiment, with different genetic backgrounds) originating from a selective breeding program developed by IFREMER in France. Mortalities were checked daily and ventricular heart smears were performed on dying or moribund oysters to detect the level of infection by B. ostreae. Mortality started after 4 months of cohabitation in the tested oysters. The cumulative mortalities after 6 months were 58% for the wild oysters, 9% for Family 1 (20-month old) and 20% for Family 2 (8-month old). In the dying oysters, the parasite could be detected in 67% of the wild oysters, 68% of Family 1 and 89% of Family 2. It was detected in only 11% of the surviving oysters of Family 2. The mortality and the level of infection by the parasite were significantly higher in Family 2 than in Family 1. Our results demonstrate that prespawning oysters as young as 1 year-old can become infected with the parasite and, most importantly, can die from bonamiosis. This result is inconsistent with the commonly accepted critical age of 2 years-old for the disease development. Additionally, no clear relationship between shell length and level of infection was observed. We also review the different methods for infection of the European flat oyster O. edulis with B. ostreae under experimental conditions and their main results.
La bonamiose est une maladie parasitaire (agent causal : Bonamia ostreae) affectant l'huître plate européenne Ostrea edulis, responsable d'un déclin drastique de sa production aquacole. Des programmes de sélection pour la résistance à la bonamiose ont été entrepris pour contrer cette maladie. Dans cette étude, une expérience de 6 mois d'infection par cohabitation a été réalisée de manière à transmettre la maladie à partir d'huîtres sauvages injectées avec le parasite vers deux familles testées d'huîtres (âgées de 20 et 8 mois en début d'expérience, avec des origines génétiques différentes) issues du programme de sélection développé par IFREMER en France. Les mortalités ont été vérifiées quotidiennement et des frottis de coeur ventriculaire réalisés sur les huîtres mortes ou moribondes pour détecter le niveau d'infection par B. ostreae. La mortalité a commencé chez les huîtres testées après 4 mois de cohabitation. Les mortalités cumulées après 6 mois étaient de 58 % chez les huîtres sauvages, 9 % chez la Famille 1 (âgées de 20 mois) et 20 % chez la Famille 2 (âgées de 8 mois). Chez les huîtres mourantes, le parasite a pu être détecté chez 67 % des huîtres sauvages, 68 % de la Famille 1 et 89 % de la Famille 2. Il n'a pu être détecté que chez 11 % des huîtres survivantes de la Famille 2. La mortalité et le niveau d'infection par le parasite étaient significativement plus élevés chez la Famille 2 que chez la Famille 1. Nos résultats démontrent que des huîtres âgées de un an peuvent devenir infectées par le parasite et surtout, peuvent mourir de bonamiose. Ce résultat contraste avec l'âge critique de développement de la maladie communément accepté de 2 ans. De plus, aucune relation claire entre la longueur de la coquille et le niveau d'infection n'a été observée. Nous faisons également la revue des différentes méthodes d'infection de l'huître plate européenne O. edulis avec B. ostreae en conditions expérimentales et leurs principaux résultats.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 2008-12 , Vol. 21 , P. 423-439

Droits : EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2008
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4783.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr:2008053
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4783/

Éditeur(s) : UNDP Guyana UNDP Guyana ( Guyana )
Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
While the global response to HIV and AIDS has realized several successes in achieving universal access to prevention, care and treatment to date, challenges persist in ensuring equal access to these services for most at risk populations. The epidemiology of HIV reflects a stark disparity in access to prevention and treatment services for neglected most-at risk populations, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). World-wide, MSM often experience higher rates of HIV relative to the total population. The reasons for this dynamic are multi-faceted and include high risk behaviors, and cultural as well as structural barriers. For MSM in developing countries, for example, basic services for prevention and treatment of HIV infection have yet to reach the large majority of men. Homophobia and discrimination limit access of MSM to prevention services and markedly increase vulnerability, as do criminalization of same-sex behavior. Decriminalization of same-sex behavior is a structural intervention for prevention of HIV infection and has recently been embraced by a nonbinding statement from the United Nations (Beyrer C,Clin Infect Dis. 2010 May 15;50 Suppl 3:S108-13) In the Caribbean, all of the above mentioned barriers exist. In fact, recent evidence demonstrates that there is a correlation between the decriminalization of homosexuality and lower rates of HIV (UNAIDS). This correlation is attributed to improved access to services. Therefore, The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has recently launched an initiative to address the current situation regarding men who have sex with men in Guyana where the HIV prevalence in this population is 19.4% in contrast to 1.8% in the total population. This rapid assessment has been commissioned to supplement two previous studies that were conducted in Guyana in informing the design of upcoming activities to support local capacity building to enhance access to services and respect for the human rights protections for MSM. Unfortunately, in Guyana, like much of the Caribbean, MSM tend to be a hard to reach population, perhaps due to elevated levels of stigma and discrimination and difficulty in accessing men who might participate in high risk same sex behaviors yet do not self-identify as an MSM. As a result, there is a relative paucity of data concerning the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of this total population in Guyana. (i.e. those who self –identify and those who do not) The baseline report is organized as follows: the methodology is explained followed by the study limitations, the review (literature and desk). The report then proceeds with describing the reality of work and working with sexual and gender minorities in Guyana, the status quo and entry points. The main findings of the capacity assessment and focus groups are then discussed. Issues relating to the uniformed forces and health services providers are then presented followed by discussions and conclusions.

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.

Éditeur(s) : Physiomar 08 Physilogical aspects of reproduction, nutrition and growth "Marine molluscs in a changing environment"
Résumé : Bonamiosis is a parasitic disease (causative agent: Bonamia ostreae) affecting the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, responsible for a drastic decline in the aquaculture production of this oyster species. Therefore a selective breeding program for resistance to bonamiosis has been undertaken since 1985 bu Ifremer, leading to the production of several selected oyster families. In the present study, a 6-month cohabitation challenge experiment was performed in order to transmit the disease from wild oysters (injected with the parasite) to two tested families of oysters originating from the selective breeding program. Mortalities were checked daily, and ventricular heart smears were performed on dying or moribund oysters to detect the level of infection to B. ostreae. The first infections occurred after 4 months of challenge in the tested oysters (Family 1 and Family 2). The cumulative mortalities after 5 monts were 58% for the wil oysters, 9% for Family 1 (20-month old at the beginning of the experiment) and 20% for Family 2 (8-month, old). The parasite could be detected in 66.8% of the dying wild oysters, 67.5% of the dying oysters of Family 1, 89% of the dying oysters of Family 2 and only 11% of the surviving oysters of Family 2. The mortality was significantly higher in Family 2 thant in Family 1 (x2= 20.87, p<0.001, d.f.) as well as the level of infection by the parasite found in heart smear (x2=24.34, p<0.001, 4 d.f.). This result demonstrates that prespawning oysters as yong as 1 year-old can become infected with the parasite and die from bonamiosis. This result is inconsistent with the commonly accepted critical age of 2 years-old for the disease development. The most probable cause of the dscrepancy in the development of bonamiosis between the 2 tested families is a difference in genetic background.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/acte-4535.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4535/

Éditeur(s) : Population Council Population Council ( New York )
Résumé : (Bibliography) Includes bibliographical references (p. 26).
(Statement of Responsibility) by Julie Becker and Elizabeth Leitman ; introduction by Mahmoud F. Fathalla.
Caption title.
Latin America
Caribbean Area
Latin America
Caribbean Area
Latin America
Caribbean Area
Latin America
Caribbean Area
Latin America
Latin America
Latin America

37499376
99208507

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVES: Semen composition is influenced by HIV-1 infection, yet the impact of semen components on HIV infection of primary target cells has only been studied in samples from HIV-uninfected donors. DESIGN: We compared the effect of seminal plasma from chronically HIV-infected (SP+) versus uninfected donors (SP-) on HIV-1 infection of PBMCs and CD4+T cells. METHODS: Primary cells were infected with HIV-1 in the presence of SP+ or SP- and analyzed for infection level, metabolic activity, HIV receptor expression, proliferation and activation. SP+ and SP- were compared for infection-enhancing peptides, cytokines and prostaglandin E2 levels. RESULTS: SP- efficiently enhanced HIV-1 R5 infection of CD4+ T cells, whereas SP+ enhancing activity was significantly reduced. RANTES concentrations were elevated in SP+ relative to SP-, while the concentrations of infectivity-enhancing peptides (SEVI, SEM1, SEM2) were similar. CCR5 membrane expression levels were reduced on CD4+T cells shortly post-exposure to SP+ compared with SP- and correlated to R5-tropic HIV-1 infection levels, and CCR5 ligands' concentrations in semen. SP+ and SP- displayed similar enhancing activity on PBMC infection by X4-tropic HIV-1. Addition/depletion of RANTES from seminal plasmas modulated their effect on PBMC infection by R5-tropic HIV-1. CONCLUSIONS: Semen from HIV-infected donors exhibit a significantly reduced enhancing potential on CD4+ T cell infection by R5-tropic HIV-1 when compared with semen from uninfected donors. Our data indicate that elevated seminal concentrations of RANTES in HIV+ men can influence the ability of semen to enhance infection.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AIDS

hal-01274885
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274885
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001048
PUBMED : 26854806

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : International audience
To analyze the characteristics and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) according to the time interval between IE first symptoms and diagnosis.
Among the IE cases of a French population-based epidemiological survey, patients having early-diagnosed IE (diagnosis of IE within 1 month of first symptoms) were compared with those having late-diagnosed IE (diagnosis of IE more than 1 month after first symptoms).
Among the 486 definite-IE, 124 (25%) had late-diagnosed IE whereas others had early-diagnosed IE. Early-diagnosed IE were independently associated with female gender (OR = 1.8; 95% CI [1.0-3.0]), prosthetic valve (OR= 2.6; 95% CI [1.4-5.0]) and staphylococci as causative pathogen (OR = 3.7; 95% CI [2.2-6.2]). Cardiac surgery theoretical indication rates were not different between early and late-diagnosed IE (56.3% vs 58.9%), whereas valve surgery performance was lower in early-diagnosed IE (41% vs 53%; p = .03). In-hospital mortality rates were higher in early-diagnosed IE than in late-diagnosed IE (25.1% vs 16.1%; p < .001).
The time interval between IE first symptoms and diagnosis is closely related to the IE clinical presentation, patient characteristics and causative microorganism. Better prognosis reported in late-diagnosed IE may be related to a higher rate of valvular surgery. KEY MESSAGES Infective endocarditis, which time interval between first symptoms and diagnosis was less than one month, were mainly due to Staphylococcus aureus in France. Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis were associated with septic shock, transient ischemic attack or stroke and higher mortality rates than infective endocarditis due to other bacteria or infective endocarditis, which time interval between first symptoms and diagnosis was more than one month. Infective endocarditis, which time interval between first symptoms and diagnosis was more than one month, were accounting for one quarter of all infective endocarditis in our study and were associated with vertebral osteomyelitis and a higher rate of cardiac surgery performed for hemodynamic indication than other infective endocarditis.
ISSN: 0785-3890

hal-01509563
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01509563
PUBMED : 27607562

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Publisher : Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins, c1950-. Latest Publisher : Bethesda, MD : American Association of Immunologists
Résumé : International audience
Hepatic periportal fibrosis, which affects 5–10% of subjects infected by Schistosoma mansoni, is caused by the T cell-dependent granuloma that develop around schistosome eggs. Experimental models of infection have shown that granuloma and fibrosis are tightly regulated by cytokines. However, it is unknown why advanced periportal fibrosis occurs only in certain subjects. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the cytokine response of S. mansoni-infected subjects with advanced liver disease in an attempt to relate susceptibility to periportal fibrosis with an abnormal production of cytokines that regulate granuloma and fibrosis. Fibrosis was evaluated by ultrasound on 795 inhabitants of a Sudanese village in which S. mansoni is endemic: advanced periportal fibrosis was observed in 12% of the population; 35% of the affected subjects exhibited signs of portal hypertension. Age (odds ratio (OR), 11.5), gender (OR, 4.2), and infection levels (OR, 2.2) were significantly (p < 0.01) associated with hepatic fibrosis. Cytokines produced by egg-stimulated blood mononuclear cells from 99 subjects were measured (75 with no or mild fibrosis; 24 subjects with advanced fibrosis). Multivariate analysis of cytokine levels showed that high IFN-γ levels were associated with a marked reduction of the risk of fibrosis (p = ‫OR, 0.1); in contrast, high TNF-α levels were associated with an increased risk (p = 0.05; OR, 4.6) of periportal fibrosis. Moreover, infection levels were negatively associated with IFN-γ production. These results with observations in experimental models strongly suggest that IFN-γ plays a key role in the protection of S. mansoni-infected patients against periportal fibrosis, whereas TNF-α may aggravate the disease.
ISSN: 0022-1767

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
hal-01211587
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211587
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211587/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211587/file/929.full.pdf
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.929

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : International audience
The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of first-line combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen on the course of CD8 + T-cell counts in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. A retrospective observational study conducted on the French DAT'AIDS Cohort of HIV-infected patients. We selected 605 patients initiating a first-line cART between 2002 and 2009, and which achieved a sustained undetectable HIV plasma viral load (pVL) for at least 12 months without cART modification. The evolution of CD8 + T-cell counts according to cART regimen was assessed. CD8 + T-cell counts were assessed in 572 patients treated with 2NRTIs+1PI/r (n= 297), 2NRTIs+1NNRTI (n= 207) and 3NRTIs (n= 68). In multivariate analysis, after 12 months of follow-up, the 3NRTIs regimen was associated with a significantly smaller decrease of CD8 + T-cell count compared with NNRTI-containing regimens (–10.2 cells/mL in 3NRTIs vs –105.1 cells/mL; P=0.02) but not compared with PI-containing regimens (10.2 vs –60.9 cells/mL; P=0.21). After 24 months, the 3NRTIs regimen was associated with a smaller decrease of CD8 + T-cell count and % compared with PI/r-and NNRTI-containing regimens (0.2 in 3NRTIs vs –9.9 with PI/r-regimens, P=0.001, and vs –11.1 with NNRTI-regimens, p < 0.0001). A focus analysis on 11 patients treated with an INSTI-containing cART regimen during the study period showed after 12 months of follow-up, a median decrease of CD8 + T-cell count of –155 [inter quartile range: –302; –22] cells/mL. Our data highlight the fact that cART regimens have differential effects on CD8 pool down regulation. Abbreviations: cART = combined antiretroviral therapy, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, INSTI = integrase strand transfer inhibitor, NNRTI = non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NRTI = nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, PI/r = Ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor, pVL = plasma viral load.
ISSN: 0025-7974

inserm-01408002
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01408002
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01408002/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01408002/file/2016%2C%20Poizot-Martin%20-%20First-line%20cART%20regimen%20impacts%20the%20course%20of%20CD8%2B%20T-cell%20counts%20in%20HIV-infected%20patients.pdf
DOI : 10.1097/MD.0000000000005087

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD WB Saunders
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that, in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis C Virus (HIV/HCV) co-infected patients who did not respond to peg-interferon and ribavirin, a maintenance therapy with peg-interferon could induce fibrosis regression. METHODS: This was a randomized study with two parallel groups. HIV/HCV co-infected patients received peg-interferon α-2a at 180 μg/week or remained on observation for 96 weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients who experienced a decrease of at least one point in their Metavir fibrosis score between initial and final liver biopsies. Secondary endpoints included plasma fibrosis markers at week 96, occurrence of HCV-related complications, and survival. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were randomized (peg-interferon: 25; control: 27) including 18 with cirrhosis. The median (interquartile range) age was 44 (40-46) years, and 69% were male. A total of 64% had ALT levels >1.5 normal values, and the CD4 cell count was 391 (296-537) cells/mm(3); 67% of patients had HIV RNA <200 copies/mL at entry. The main endpoint was assessed in 41 patients. Response rates were 3/20 (15%) and 4/21 (19%) in the peg-interferon and control groups, respectively (p = 0.99). There was no significant difference between peg-interferon and control groups on plasma fibrosis markers at the final visit. Severe liver-related complications were observed in 2 and 5 patients in peg-interferon and control groups, respectively. Three deaths were observed, all in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: A maintenance therapy with peg-interferon α-2a over 96 weeks in HIV/HCV co-infected patients, who were non-responders to HCV treatment, did not change liver fibrosis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00122616.
ISSN: 0163-4453

hal-00875067
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875067
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.05.007
PUBMED : 23800784

Éditeur(s) : GFP : Groupe Français des Pesticides
Extrait de : "Protection des cultures et santé environnementale : héritages et conceptions nouvelles" : congrès, le 26 mai 2014. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Description : Les effets d'un mélange de pesticides représentatif des eaux des bassins ostréicoles à des concentrations proches de celles retrouvées dans l'environnement, ont été étudiées pour déterminer si ce mélange pouvait affecter le niveau de sensibilité des huîtres creuses vis-à-vis de l'infection à OsHV1.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V14195
V14195

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
Résumé : International audience
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that show remarkable diversity, as revealed by the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis,which can range from mild skin lesions to severe metastatic cutaneous/mucosal lesions. The exact nature andextent of Leishmania phenotypic diversity in establishing infection is not fully understood. In order to try to understandsome aspects of this diversity, we subcutaneously infected BALB/c mice with first and second generation subclones of aL. amazonensis strain isolated from a patient (BA125) and examined in vivo lesion growth rate and antimony susceptibility.In vivo fast-, medium- and slow-growing subclones were obtained; moreover, fast-growing subclones could generateslow-growing subclones and inversely, revealing the continuous generation of diversity after passage into mice. Noantimony-resistant subclone appeared, probably a rare occurrence. By tagging subclone cells with a L. amazonensisgenomic cosmid library, we found that only a very small number of founding cells could produce lesions. Leishmaniaclones transfected with in vivo selected individual cosmids were also diverse in terms of lesion growth rate, revealing thecosmid-independent intrinsic characteristics of each clone. Our results suggest that only a few of the infecting parasitesare able to grow and produce lesions; later, within the cell mixture of each lesion, there coexist several parasite populationswith different potentialities to grow lesions during the next infection round. This may reflect a sort of programmedheterogeneity of individual parasites, favoring the survival of some individuals in various environmental conditions.
ISSN: 0074-0276

hal-01557855
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01557855
DOI : 10.1590/0074-02760160280

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have decreased immune response to vaccines. Few data are available about pandemic flu vaccination in this population. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, patient-blinded, randomized trial in a cohort of HIV-infected adults. Patients received 2 injections 21 days apart of a AS03(A)-adjuvanted H1N1v vaccine containing 3.75 μg hemagglutinin (HA) or a nonadjuvanted H1N1v vaccine containing 15 μg HA to assess hemagglutination inhibition (HI) response and safety. RESULTS: A total of 309 patients were randomized, and 306 were vaccinated. After the first vaccine dose, HI titers ≥1:40 were observed in 93.4% of the patients in the adjuvanted group (A group) (n = 155) and in 75.5% in the nonadjuvanted group (B group) (n = 151) (P < .001); seroconversion rates were 88.8% and 71.2%, and factor increases in geometric mean titers (GMT) of 21.9 and 15.1, respectively. After 2 injections, 98.6% of patients of the A group and 92.1% of the B group demonstrated HI titers ≥1:40 (P = .018); seroconversion rates were 96.5% and 87.1%, respectively, and factor increases in GMT were 45.5 and 21.2, respectively. The majority of adverse events were mild to moderate in severity; no impact on CD4+ cell count or viral load has been detected. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-1-infected adults, the AS03(A)-adjuvanted H1N1v vaccine yielded a higher immune response than did the nonadjuvanted one, with no impact on HIV infection.
ISSN: 0022-1899

hal-00875299
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875299
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jir211
PUBMED : 21628666

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : International audience
Among 103 patients with multidrug-resistant HIV who initiated raltegravir, etravirine, and darunavir/ritonavir-containing regimen in the ANRS 139 TRIO trial, 100 participated in extended follow-up and continued study treatment until week 96. Among them, 87 (87%) received an optimized background therapy including either nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or enfuvirtide, they were 78 (78%) at week 96. At week 96, 88% achieved durable virologic response (<50 copies/mL). CD4 response was maintained (median change of +150 cells/mm(3)). No major toxicity was reported. This triple drug combination showed sustained efficacy and thus should be strongly considered for patients with multiclass-resistant virus.
ISSN: 1525-4135

hal-00875207
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875207
DOI : 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31824bb720
PUBMED : 22293546

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society for Microbiology
Résumé : International audience
Under physiological conditions, the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) mediate hepatic immune tolerance toward self or foreign antigens through constitutive expression of anti-inflammatory mediators. However, upon viral infection or Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation, LSECs can achieve proinflammatory functions, but their role in hepatic inflammation during acute viral hepatitis is unknown. Using the highly virulent mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV3) and the attenuated variants 51.6-MHV3 and YAC-MHV3, exhibiting lower tropism for LSECs, we investigated in vivo and in vitro the consequence of LSEC infection on their proinflammatory profiles and the aggravation of acute hepatitis process. In vivo infection with virulent MHV3, in comparison to attenuated strains, resulted in fulminant hepatitis associated with higher hepatic viral load, tissue necrosis, and levels of inflammatory mediators and earlier recruitment of inflammatory cells. Such hepatic inflammatory disorders correlated with disturbed production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and vascular factors by LSECs. We next showed in vitro that infection of LSECs by the virulent MHV3 strain altered their production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and promoted higher release of proinflammatory and procoagulant factors and earlier cell damage than infection by attenuated strains. This higher replication and proinflammatory activation in LSECs by the virulent MHV3 strain was associated with a specific activation of TLR2 signaling by the virus. We provide evidence that TLR2 activation of LSCEs by MHV3 is an aggravating factor of hepatic inflammation and correlates with the severity of hepatitis. Taken together, these results indicate that preservation of the immunotolerant properties of LSECs during acute viral hepatitis is imperative in order to limit hepatic inflammation and damage. IMPORTANCE Viral hepatitis B and C infections are serious health problems affecting over 350 million and 170 million people worldwide, respectively. It has been suggested that a balance between protection and liver damage mediated by the host's immune response during the acute phase of infection would be determinant in hepatitis outcome. Thus, it appears crucial to identify the factors that predispose in exacerbating liver inflammation to limit hepatocyte injury. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) can express both anti- and proinflammatory functions, but their role in acute viral hepatitis has never been investigated. Using mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infections as animal models of viral hepatitis, we report for the first time that in vitro and in vivo infection of LSECs by the pathogenic MHV3 serotype leads to a reversion of their intrinsic anti-inflammatory phenotype toward a proinflammatory profile as well to as disorders in vascular factors, correlating with the severity of hepatitis. These results highlight a new virus-promoted mechanism of exacerbation of liver inflammatory response during acute hepatitis.
ISSN: 0022-538X

hal-01390974
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390974
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390974/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01390974/file/Mouse%20Hepatitis%20Virus%20Infection_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.01069-16

Éditeur(s) : Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc
Résumé : The work reported here was motivated by the economical importance of the pacific blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris farming where high mortality rates are due to bacterial and viral diseases. It consists in the characterisation of two original peptides, the first members of a new multifunctional family of peptides from peneide shrimps, the stylicines. Those two peptides, named stylicines 1 and 2, are negatively charged (pI < 6.0), and characterised by a proline-rich N-terminal region and a C-terminal region containing 13 cysteine residues. Stylicines are synthesized by heamocytes where they are stored within small cytoplasmic granules. To understand the role of these peptides in the immune response of shrimps to a vibrio infection, their recombinant forms were produced in E. coli BL21 (DE3) plysS, purified and characterised. The two rstylicines display biological anti-proliferative and blood clotting activities. Only rstylicine 1 displays antimicrobial activities: antifungal against Fusarium oxysporum (MIC<2.5μM) and bacteriostatic against Gram (−) bacteria, Vibrio sp. (MIC<80μM). Moreover this peptide displays an LPS-binding activity (dissociation constant (Kd) of 9.6×10−8 M) and agglutinate Vibrio. penaeicida "in vitro". Finally, the presence of sequences coding for modified forms of stylicine 1 in some shrimp’s genome may be in relation with their lower ability to survive infections.
Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire ont été motivés par l’importance économique de l’élevage de la crevette bleue du pacifique Litopenaeus stylirostris dont les fortes mortalités sont principalement dues au développement de maladies bactériennes et virales. Ils ont consisté en la caractérisation des deux premiers membres d’une famille originale de peptides multifonctionnels présents chez les crevettes pénéides, les stylicines. Ces peptides, nommés stylicines 1 et 2, sont des peptides anioniques (pI < 6.0), formés d’une région amino-terminale riche en résidus de type proline et d’une région carboxyterminale riche de treize résidus cystéines. Ces molécules sont synthétisées et stockées dans de petits granules présents dans le cytoplasme des hémocytes. Pour mieux appréhender leurs rôles dans la réponse immunitaire des crevettes à une infection par des Vibrio, leurs formes recombinantes ont été produites dans E. coli BL21 (DE3) plysS, purifiées et caractérisées. Les deux rstylicines présentent des activités antiproliférative et anticoagulante. Seule la rstylicine1 présente des activités antimicrobiennes : antifongique sur Fusarium oxysporum (CMI<2.5 μM), et antibactérienne (bactériostatique) sur Vibrio sp (CMI<80 μM). Ce peptide est également capable de se lier aux LPS des bactéries à Gram (-) (Kd= 9.6x10-8 M) et d’agglutiner V. penaeicida "in vitro". Enfin, l’existence de gènes codant des formes modifiées de la stylicine1, chez certaines crevettes, pourrait être en relation avec une diminution de la résistante des individus aux infections.

Droits : 2010 The Author, Univ Montpellier 2
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00024/13558/10612.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00024/13558/

Éditeur(s) : Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : Antioxidant defences and induced oxidative stress tissue damage of the blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris, under challenge with Vibrio nigriputchritudo, were investigated for a 72-h period. For this purpose, L stylirostris were first infected by immersion with pathogenic V. nigripulchritudo strain SFn1 and then antioxidant defences: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), Total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathiones and induced tissue damage (MDA and carbonyl proteins) were determined in the digestive gland at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection (h.p.i.). In the meantime, TAS was also measured in the blood. Infection level of the shrimps during the challenge was followed by determining V. nigripulchritudo prevalence and load in the haemolymph of the shrimps. Changes in all these parameters during the 72-h.p.i. period were recorded for control shrimps and shrimps previously fed for one month with probiotic Pediococcus aciditactici MA18/5M at 10(7) CFU g(-1) of feed. Our results showed that immersion with V nigripulchritudo led to maximal infection level in the haemolymph at 24 h.p.i. preceding the mortality peak recorded at 48 h.p.i. Significant decreases in the antioxidant defences were detected from 24 h.p.i. and beyond that time infection leaded to increases in oxidative stress level and tissue damage.. Compared to control group, shrimps fed the probiotic diet showed lower infection (20% instead of 45% at 24 h.p.i. in the control group) and mortality (25% instead of 41.7% in the control group) levels. Moreover, infected shrimp fed the probiotic compared to uninfected control shrimps exhibited very similar antioxidant status and oxidative stress level. Compared to the infected control group, shrimps fed the probiotic sustained higher antioxidant defences and lower oxidative stress level. This study shows that bacterial infection leads to oxidative stress in L. stylirostris and highlighted a beneficial effect of P. acidilactici, suggesting both a competitive exclusion effect leading to a reduction of the infection level and/or an enhancement of the antioxidant status of the shrimps. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fish & Shellfish Immunology (1050-4648) (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd), 2010-04 , Vol. 28 , N. 4 , P. 622-631

Droits : 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00003/11419/7984.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fsi.2009.12.024
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00003/11419/

Résumé : Avec un taux d’incidence cumulée de 56 cas pour 100 000 habitants, la Guadeloupe est la deuxième région de France la plus touchée par le VIH. La plupart des publications sur le VIH/Sida en Guadeloupe sont essentiellement descriptives, issues de rapports d’activité. La base hospitalière, alimentant la Base de données Hospitalière française sur l’infection à VIH, n’a été que très peu exploitée pour la recherche. L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer les aspects fondamentaux de la prise en charge de l’infection VIH. Ainsi le dépistage tardif, le retard à la prise en charge spécialisée, l’interruption du suivi, les infections opportunistes et les décès sont étudiés ainsi que leurs facteurs prédictifs.Dans ce travail articulé autour de six publications, nous avons mis en évidence les points suivants : tout d’abord, le diagnostic très tardif (CD4<200/mm3) concernait 40,12 % des adultes infectés par le VIH suivis en Guadeloupe. Comparé à la France métropolitaine, ce taux est encore très élevé et souligne l’importance de poursuivre les efforts de dépistage. Pour pouvoir bénéficier d’une prise en charge précoce, le patient doit être dirigé dans un centre de traitement de l’infection par le VIH sans tarder. Or, le retard dans cette prise en charge spécialisée touchait 36 % des patients. L’analyse des éléments associés à ce retard a permis d’en identifier les facteurs de risque.Pour optimiser les résultats thérapeutiques, les patients nécessitent un suivi régulier. Ainsi, le système de santé devrait avoir comme objectif, entre autres, la rétention des patients dans le circuit de soins. Or, plus de 22 % des patients de cette cohorte étaient perdus de vue et jamais revus. Les patients plus jeunes, ceux au stade B de la classification CDC et ceux non traités par TTARV étaient plus à risque d’interruption de suivi, dès la première année suivant le diagnostic de l’infection VIH.Bien que la proportion des patients suivis sous ARV soit proche de 100 %, il en existe toujours développant un Sida. La comparaison avec la Guyane et la France métropolitaine montre que les trois premières affections classantes en Guadeloupe étaient la candidose oesophagienne, le syndrome de cachexie liée au VIH et la pneumocystose. Il existait des différences notables avec la métropole, mais aussi avec la Guyane. Ce taux élevé de syndrome de cachexie liée au VIH pose question. Derrière ce diagnostic, pourraient se cacher d’autres maladies opportunistes non diagnostiquées, mais également des différences de codage. Le recul de la mortalité avec le temps a entraîné une modification qualitative des causes de décès. Celles rapportées dans la littérature étaient les mêmes que celles observées dans notre étude. Contrairement à la métropole où le cancer représentait la première cause de mortalité, en Guadeloupe, les infections liées au Sida constituaient la première cause de décès.Ce travail de thèse s’est donc efforcé de dégager, pour l’une des régions de France les plus affectées par le VIH, quelques grands indicateurs à partir de la Base Hospitalière FHDH. Cette base ne comportait pas toujours toutes les informations souhaitées, mais le nombre substantiel d’observations donnait une puissance importante aux variables étudiées. Ces résultats, bien que confirmant souvent les connaissances empiriques des cliniciens, aura pu aider à mieux appréhender l’épidémie du VIH en Guadeloupe.
With an accumulated incidence rate of 56 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, Guadeloupe is the second French region most affected by HIV. Most of the publications on HIV/AIDS were essentially descriptive, stemming from annual reports. The Guadeloupean Hospital Database on HIV was scarcely exploited for research. The objective of this work was to estimate the fundamental aspects of HIV/AIDS in Guadeloupe. So late presentation for care, delay between HIV diagnosis and first specialised consultation, follow-up interruption, incidence of depression, opportunistic infections and deaths were studied as well as their predictive factors. We were able to highlight the following points: first, the very late HIV diagnosis (CD4< 200 / mm3) concerned 40, 12 % of HIV- infected adults followed in Guadeloupe. 36 % of patients had delays between HIV diagnosis and first specialised consultation. However, more than 22 % of patients were permanently lost to follow-up and never seen again. The first three classifying affections were oesophageal candidiasis, HIV-wasting syndrome and pneumocystosis. The causes of deaths reported in the literature were similar to those observed in our study. AIDS-related infections were the first cause of deaths.This thesis work thus tried to generate, in one of the most HIV-affected French regions, some indicators from the French Hospital Database on HIV. This database often did not contain all the desired informations, but the important number of observations allowed to have high power for the studied variables. These results, although often confirming the clinicians' empirical knowledge, may help understand some aspects of the HIV epidemic in Guadeloupe.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0786/document