Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Sedimentary rocks and detrital minerals sample large areas of the continental crust, and they are increasingly seen as a reliable archive for its global evolution. This study presents two approaches to model the growth of the continental crust through the sedimentary archive. The first builds on the variations in U-Pb, Hf and O isotopes in global databases of detrital zircons. We show that uncertainty in the Hf isotope composition of the mantle reservoir from which new crust separated, in the 176Lu/177Hf ratio of that new crust, and in the contribution in the databases of zircons that experienced ancient Pb loss(es), adds some uncertainty to the individual Hf model ages, but not to the overall shape of the calculated continental growth curves. The second approach is based on the variation of Nd isotopes in 645 worldwide fine-grained continental sedimentary rocks with different deposition ages, which requires a correction of the bias induced by preferential erosion of younger rocks through an erosion parameter referred to as K. This dimensionless parameter relates the proportions of younger to older source rocks in the sediment, to the proportions of younger to older source rocks present in the crust from which the sediment was derived. We suggest that a Hadean/Archaean value of K = 1 (i.e., no preferential erosion), and that post-Archaean values of K = 4–6, may be reasonable for the global Earth system. Models built on the detrital zircon and the fine-grained sediment records independently suggest that at least 65% of the present volume of continental crust was established by 3 Ga. The continental crust has been generated continuously, but with a marked decrease in the growth rate at ~ 3 Ga. The period from > 4 Ga to ~ 3 Ga is characterised by relatively high net rates of continental growth (2.9–3.4 km3 yr− 1 on average), which are similar to the rates at which new crust is generated (and destroyed) at the present time. Net growth rates are much lower since 3 Ga (0.6–0.9 km3 yr− 1 on average), which can be attributed to higher rates of destruction of continental crust. The change in slope in the continental growth curve at ~ 3 Ga is taken to indicate a global change in the way bulk crust was generated and preserved, and this change has been linked to the onset of subduction-driven plate tectonics. At least 100% of the present volume of the continental crust has been destroyed and recycled back into the mantle since ~ 3 Ga, and this time marks a transition in the average composition of new continental crust. Continental crust generated before 3 Ga was on average mafic, dense, relatively thin (< 20 km) and therefore different from the calc-alkaline andesitic crust that dominates the continental record today. Continental crust that formed after 3 Ga gradually became more intermediate in composition, buoyant and thicker. The increase in crustal thickness is accompanied by increasing rates of crustal reworking and increasing input of sediment to the ocean. These changes may have been accommodated by a change in lithospheric strength at around 3 Ga, as it became strong enough to support high-relief crust. This time period therefore indicates when significant volumes of continental crust started to become emergent and were available for erosion and weathering, thus impacting on the composition of the atmosphere and the oceans.
ISSN: 0037-0738

hal-01622696
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622696
DOI : 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.06.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Annual Reviews
Résumé : International audience
The record of the continental lithosphere is patchy and incomplete; no known rock is older than 4.02 Ga, and less than 5% of the rocks preserved are older than 3 Ga. In addition, there is no recognizable mantle lithosphere from before 3 Ga. We infer that there was lithosphere before 3 Ga and that ∼3 Ga marks the stabilization of blocks of continental lithosphere that have since survived. This was linked to plate tectonics emerging as the dominant tectonic regime in response to thermal cooling, the development of a more rigid lithosphere, and the recycling of water, which may in turn have facilitated plate tectonics. A number of models, using different approaches, suggest that at 3 Ga the volume of continental crust was ∼70% of its present-day volume and that this may be a minimum value. The continental crust before 3 Ga was on average more mafic than that generated subsequently, and this pre-3 Ga mafic new crust had fractionated Lu/Hf and Sm/Nd ratios as inferred for the sources of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite and later granites. The more intermediate composition of new crust generated since 3 Ga is indicated by its higher Rb/Sr ratios. This change in composition was associated with an increase in crustal thickness, which resulted in more emergent crust available for weathering and erosion. This in turn led to an increase in the Sr isotope ratios of seawater and in the drawdown of CO2. Since 3 Ga, the preserved record of the continental crust is marked by global cycles of peaks and troughs of U-Pb crystallization ages, with the peaks of ages appearing to match periods of supercontinent assembly. There is increasing evidence that the peaks of ages represent enhanced preservation of magmatic rocks in periods leading up to and including continental collision in the assembly of supercontinents. These are times of increased crustal growth because more of the crust that is generated is retained within the crust. The rates of generation of continental crust and mantle lithosphere may have remained relatively constant at least since 3 Ga, yet the rates of destruction of continental crust have changed with time. Only relatively small volumes of rock are preserved from before 3 Ga, and so it remains difficult to establish which of these are representative of global processes and the extent to which the rock record before 3 Ga is distorted by particular biases.
ISSN: 0084-6597

hal-01622692
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622692
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020525

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : The Beni Bousera peridotite contains a diversity of pyroxenite layers. Several studies have postulated that at least some of them represent elongated strips of oceanic lithosphere recycled in the convective mantle. Some pyroxenites were, however, ascribed to igneous crystal segregation or melt–rock reactions. To further constrain the origin of these rocks, we collected 171 samples throughout the massif and examined their variability in relation with the tectono-metamorphic domains. A major finding is that all facies showing clear evidence for a crustal origin are concentrated in a narrow corridor of mylonitized peridotites, along the contact with granulitic country rocks. These peculiar facies were most likely incorporated at the mantle–crust boundary during the orogenic events that culminated in the peridotite exhumation. The other pyroxenites derive from a distinct protolith that was ubiquitous in the massif before its exhumation. They were deeply modified by partial melting and melt–rock reactions associated with lithospheric thinning.
ISSN: 1631-0713

hal-01468018
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01468018
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01468018/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01468018/file/chetouani.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.crte.2016.06.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Geochronological studies of samples from continuous crustal sections of fossil intra-oceanic arcs are paramount for determining the precise timing of major processes that took place during the building of an oceanic island-arc crust. In this study, laser ablation ICP-MS U-Pb zircon (and conventional Rb-Sr) analyses pinpoint the timing of major events responsible for crustal growth of the Kohistan paleo-island arc (Northern Pakistan). Inheritance in magmatic rocks is evidence for recycling of intra-arc material and indicates that the Kohistan arc may have formed as early as 135 +/- 4 Ma. One older inherited grain indicates that the arc developed on a young oceanic lithosphere whose remnants include a c. 175 Ma old component. An interesting consequence is that intra-oceanic arc magmas can yield inherited zircons, which can be much older than the arc system itself without requiring recycling back into the mantle by subduction processes. In the case of the Kohistan arc, ante-arc Neotethys oceanic lithosphere was tapped by arc magmas during their way upward into the arc crust. The oldest magmatic ages measured in this study fall in the range 101-102 Ma (100.9 +/- 0.6 and 102.1 +/- 0.4 Ma). This period corresponds to arc build-up and thickening of the arc crust. Leucogranitic melts dated at 89.9 +/- 0.4 Ma and 90.9 +/- 1.0 Ma are considered as produced by dehydration/melting reaction accompanying granulitisation of the thickened lower arc crust. A maximum age for this event is 97.7 +/- 0.7 Ma, the age of emplacement of a garnet meta-tonalite affected by granulite facies metamorphism. Magmatic activity was still ongoing during and after the granulitisation as testified by emplacement of a diorite and a gabbro dated at 89.1 +/- 0.6 and 88.2 +/- 0.9 Ma respectively. The upper part of the metaplutonic sequence contains diorite samples dated at 84.6 +/- 0.5 Ma and 84.3 +/- 0.5 Ma and as young as 81.1 +/- 0.7 Ma. During this period, and based on the present day outcropping sequences, the mean crustal growth rate varied from 32 to 65 km(3)/km/Ma (volume per unit width along the strike of the arc) which is comparable to the range for present day arcs of the Western Pacific region. The correspondence of crustal growth rates observed for present-day island arcs and the good preservation of the crustal section in the Kohistan arc, make this area an exceptional natural laboratory to study arc related processes and to check models of continental crust formation by arc accretion.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00644555
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644555
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.016

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Geochemical studies of primitive basalts have documented the presence of crustal-derived garnet pyroxenite in their mantle sources. The processes whereby melts with the signature of garnet pyroxenite are produced in the mantle are, however, poorly understood and somewhat controversial. Here we investigate a natural example of the interaction between melts of garnet pyroxenite derived from recycled plagioclase-rich crust and surrounding mantle in the Ronda peridotite massif. Melting of garnet pyroxenite at ∼1.5 GPa generated spinel websterite residues with MREE/HREE fractionation and preserved the positive Eu anomaly of their garnet pyroxenite precursor in whole-rock and clinopyroxene. Reaction of melts from garnet pyroxenite with depleted surrounding peridotite generated secondary fertile spinel lherzolite. These secondary lherzolites differ from common spinel lherzolite from Ronda and elsewhere by their lower-Mg# in clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and olivine, lower-Cr# in spinel and higher whole-rock Al2O3, CaO, Sm/Yb and FeO⁎ at a given SiO2. Remarkably, secondary spinel lherzolite shows the geochemical signature of ghost plagioclase in the form of positive Eu and Sr anomalies in whole-rock and clinopyroxene, reflecting the transfer of a low-pressure crustal imprint from recycled pyroxenite to hybridized peridotite. Garnet pyroxenite melting and melt-peridotite interaction, as shown in the Ronda massif, may explain how the signature of subducted or delaminated crust is transferred to the mantle and how a garnet pyroxenite component is introduced into the source region of basalts. The efficiency of these processes in conveying the geochemical imprint of crustal-derived garnet pyroxenite to extruded lavas depends on the reactivity of pyroxenite melt with peridotite and the mantle permeability, which may be controlled by prior refertilization reactions similar to those documented in the Ronda massif. Highly fertile heterogeneities produced by pyroxenite-peridotite interaction, such as secondary spinel lherzolite in Ronda, may nucleate magmatic channels that remain chemically isolated from the ambient mantle and act as preferential pathways for melts with the signature of recycled crust.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00814010
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00814010
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.047

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : We present whole-rock major- and trace-element and Nd–Sr–Pb radiogenic isotope data for Cretaceous igneous suites from eastern Cuba. These rocks are related to the Greater Antilles paleo-island arc magmatism and have three different igneous styles. Group 1 consists of tholeiitic basalts and rare basaltic andesites that have normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB)-like compositions similar to those found in back-arc basin basalts (TiO2 = 1·2–2·9 wt%; La/Yb(N) = 0·7–0·9, Th/Nb = 0·06–0·08, and initial 208Pb/ 204Pb = 37·65–37·74). Group 2 comprises basaltic and rare basaltic andesitic subvolcanic dykes with major- and trace-element and isotopic compositions similar to those of island arc tholeiites (TiO2 = 0·7–1·4 wt%; La/Yb(N) = 0·6–0·9, Th/Nb = 0·06–0·68, and initial 208Pb/ 204Pb = 37·74–38·25). Group 3 is composed of low-Ti (TiO2 = 0·3–0·9 wt%) calcalkaline igneous rocks that have an unambiguous subduction-related character (La/Yb(N) = 1·1–5·0, Th/Nb = 0·35–1·55, and initial 208Pb/ 204Pb = 37·94–38·39). The parental magmas of the three groups formed by variable melting degrees (< 5–25%) of spinel lherzolite, with more depleted mantle sources for Groups 2 and 3 than Group 1. The trace-element and radiogenic isotope compositions of primitive Group 3 samples are strongly bimodal. One subgroup of samples is characterized by low Ta/Yb (0·02–0·03) and Th/La (0·10–0·13), slightly subchondritic Nb/Ta (13·3–17·3), and relatively high initial 206Pb/204Pb (18·57–18·62) and {varepsilon}Nd (7·6–9·4). The remaining primitive Group 3 samples have higher Ta/Yb (0·06–0·11) and Th/La (0·24–0·32), and highly subchondritic Nb/Ta (7·6–9·1), coupled with lower initial 206Pb/204Pb (18·24–18·29) and {varepsilon}Nd (3·4–5·5). These signatures were induced by two distinct slab components that mainly reflect the contributions of Cretaceous Atlantic marine and North American continental sediments, respectively. Nb/Ta in the first subgroup was influenced by melting of rutile-bearing subducted crust, whereas in the second it was inherited from recycled continental sediments. The involvement of Atlantic and North American sediments in Cuban Cretaceous magmatism indicates that the Proto-Caribbean (North American-Proto Atlantic) lithosphere subducted beneath the Greater Antilles arc during the Late Cretaceous (pre-Campanian), consistent with geotectonic models involving onset of SW-dipping subduction beneath the Greater Antilles paleo-arc during the Aptian. The variable mantle source depletion and magnitude of the subduction component probably reflect different settings across the arc, from the arc front to a back-arc spreading ridge.
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-00406373
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406373
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egm040

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Subduction is one of the major geodynamical process active during the Earth evolution. The characterization of arc magmas, their evolution through space and time, and the relationship between arc magmatism and continental crust forming processes, constitute the main research topics in petrology and geochemistry since the last three decades. This study focuses on an exhumed portion of the Kohistan Arc (N Pakistan), which is an exceptional ‘in situ' laboratory to study and follow through time the processes active on subduction zones. Based on a pluri-geochemical approach, this study allows unraveling two major issues : 1/ The lack of a cogenetic relationship between the arc root (i.e. ultramafic rocks) and the overlying gabbroic crustal section. The Jijal ultramafic section does not bear a crustal origin and was emplaced at ~117 Ma via a magma-rock reaction between REE-depleted ‘boninite-like' melts and the pre-existing lithospheric mantle with Indian-MORB affinities; 2/ A three-stage geodynamical model covering the arc evolution through ~30 Ma. This model starts with the onset of the subduction followed by the building of the volcanic arc (1st stage). The 2nd stage corresponds to a major thermal event, characterized by abundant magma underplating and by granulitisation of the arc base. Recycling of the residual/cumulative lower crust into the convective asthenospheric mantle was efficient during this stage, and probably related to thermo-mechanical erosion processes. The last stage, between ~95 and 85 Ma, seals the end of the intra-oceanic subduction and corresponds to an “amagmatic” period. This step is followed by a voluminous, but short, magmatic pulse at ~85 Ma, occurring just before the arc-continent collision. At last, this study emphasizes the more mafic composition of the investigated crustal arc section when compared to the bulk continental crust. Nevertheless the arc section composition nicely fits with the lower continental crust average.
Les zones de subduction représentent des zones d'évolution clés dans la compréhension des processus géologiques majeurs actifs sur notre planète. En particulier, la caractérisation et l'évolution des magmas générés dans les zones d'arcs océaniques et la relation entre leur genèse et les processus de croissance crustale sont des axes primordiaux. Cette étude est focalisée sur la portion d'arc océanique exhumée du Kohistan (Nord Pakistan) qui constitue un laboratoire exceptionnel pour appréhender cette problématique. Basée sur une approche géochimique multi-méthodes (éléments majeurs et en trace, isotopes), cette étude a permis d'établir : 1/ l'absence de relation génétique directe entre les roches ultrabasiques de la racine de l'arc et la section crustale sus-jacente. La formation de la séquence ultrabasique de Jijal se produit à ~117 Ma via une réaction de type magma-roche entre des liquides de type boninitique (appauvris en terres rares), et le manteau lithosphérique de type MORB-Indien ; 2/ un modèle géodynamique en trois stades majeurs résumant l'évolution de l'arc océanique et de la subduction sur une période d'environ 30 Ma. Ce modèle débute par l'initiation de la subduction et la formation de l'arc volcanique s.s. (1er stade) ; le 2ème stade correspond à un évènement thermique majeur. Il est représenté par un sous-placage important de magmas et une granulitisation intense de la base de l'arc. Le recyclage de la croûte inférieure cumulative et résiduelle, dans le manteau sous-jacent, se produit durant cette étape vraisemblablement suite à des processus d'érosion thermo-mécanique. Le dernier stade, entre 95 Ma et 85 Ma, scelle la fin du fonctionnement de la zone de subduction et correspond à une période amagmatique suivie par une brève reprise du magmatisme avant la collision de l'arc après 85 Ma. Enfin, une modélisation numérique comparative avec la croûte continentale globale met en évidence la composition significativement plus basique de la croûte de l'arc insulaire du Kohistan. De fortes similitudes sont en revanche observées entre la section d'arc étudiée et la croûte continentale inférieure.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00437770

tel-00437770
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00437770
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00437770/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00437770/file/thesedhuime.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The decay of 187Re to 187Os provides a unique tracer of recycled lithosphere in the Earth's upper mantle, and the radiogenic Os isotope compositions of many mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) have been taken to indicate the presence of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source. However, others have attributed the data to contamination by seawater or an age effect (due to 187Re decay following igneous crystallisation). This study presents new Re Os, U Th Ra and B isotope data for normal-MORB (N-MORB) glass (including 18 samples analysed previously). The scale of the variation in 187Os/188Os observed here in N-MORB glass ranges from 0.126 to 0.148, with a mean value of 0.133 ± 0.009 (2?). Previously published Os isotope data for MORB is shown to have been affected by an analytical artefact, and in particular the very radiogenic Os isotope compositions reported earlier are now shown not to exist. Nevertheless, some radiogenic Os isotope compositions are still seen in the data obtained here. Coupled Th and Ra excesses appear to rule out an age effect, at least, for those samples studied, however, ?11B covariations with 187Os/188Os are consistent with the assimilation of older oceanic crust (affected by seawater contamination). Individual sulphides (less likely to be affected by such contamination) are always less radiogenic than their glass host, with 187Os/188Os values ranging from 0.123 to 0.131. This indicates that sulphide precipitation occurred prior to contamination of the surrounding melt, but the data also suggest that low-Os sulphides have been affected by contamination through partial equilibration with that melt. Taken together, these indicate that dominant process responsible for the radiogenic Os isotope compositions of N-MORB glass is contamination by older oceanic crust. Although the influence of age effects and the presence of recycled material cannot be completely ruled out, Os-rich sulphides yield sub-chondritic Os isotope compositions which point rather to a long-term depletion in Re in the MORB source likely to have resulted from formation of the continental crust over much of Earth's history.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00320075
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00320075
DOI : 10.1016/J.EPSL.2007.05.014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD AGU and the Geochemical Society
Résumé : Mid-ocean ridges magmatism is, by and large, considered to be mostly dry. Nevertheless, numerous works in the last decade have shown that a hydrous component is likely to be involved in ocean ridges magmas genesis and/or evolution. The petrology and geochemistry of peculiar coarse grained gabbros sampled in the upper part of the gabbroic sequence from the northern Oman ophiolite (Wadi Rajmi) provide information on the origin and fate of hydrous melts in fast-spreading oceanic settings. Uncommon crystallization sequences for oceanic settings (clinopyroxene crystallizing before plagioclase), extreme mineral compositions (plagioclase An% up to 99, and clinopyroxene Mg # up to 96), and the presence of magmatic amphibole, imply the presence of a high water activity during crystallization. Various petrological and geochemical constraints point to hydration, resulting from the recycling of hydrothermal fluids. This recycling event may have occurred at the top of the axial magma chamber where assimilation of anatectic hydrous melts is recurrent along mid-ocean ridges or close to segments ends where fresh magma intrudes previously hydrothermally altered crust. In ophiolitic settings, hydration and remelting of hydrothermally altered rocks producing hydrous melts may also occur during the obduction process. Although dry magmatism dominates oceanic magmatism, the dynamic behavior of fast-spreading ocean ridge magma chambers has the potential to produce the observed hydrous melts (either in ophiolites or at spreading centers), which are thus part of the general mid-ocean ridges lineage.
ISSN: 1525-2027

hal-00939400
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00939400
DOI : 10.1002/ggge.20137

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Recent geochemical work shows that subduction-zone serpentinites are repositories for fluid-mobile elements absorbed during interaction with sediment-derived fluids. Unraveling the geochemical fingerprint of these rocks helps to define timing of tectonic accretion of sediments along the subduction interface and the role of serpentinite in element recycling to volcanic arcs. Here we present the trace element and isotopic composition (B–O–H, Sr, Pb) of high-pressure serpentinites from the Voltri Massif (Ligurian Western Alps, Italy), to discuss their role as incompatible element carriers and their contribution to recycling of sediment-derived components in subduction zones.The serpentinites presented here record metamorphic olivine growth during eclogite-facies metamorphism and show undeformed and mylonitic textures. Field relations show that undeformed rocks are enclosed in deformed ones and that no metasedimentary rocks are present nearby. Undeformed serpentinite has very high δ11BSRM951 (from +26‰ to +30‰), low Sr and Pb isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7053–0.7069; 206Pb/204Pb = 18.131–18.205) and low As and Sb contents (0.1 and 0.01 μg/g, respectively). Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions are +4.5‰ and −67‰, respectively. In contrast, mylonitic serpentinite shows lower δ11B (from +22‰ to +17‰), significant enrichment in radiogenic Sr and Pb isotopes (87Sr/86Sr up to 0.7105; 206Pb/204Pb up to 18.725), and enrichment in As and Sb (1.3 and 0.39 μg/g, respectively). δ18O of the mylonitic serpentinites reaches values of +5.9‰, whereas δD is comparable with that of undeformed rocks (approximately −70‰). In mylonitic serpentinites, the B and Sr isotopic values and the fluid-mobile element (FME) concentrations are near those for the Voltri metasedimentary rocks (calc- and mica-schists). Pb systematics also reveal influx of a crust-derived component.Our dataset shows that undeformed serpentinite still preserves an oceanic geochemical fingerprint, whereas mylonitic serpentinite is reset in its concentrations of FME and its B, Sr and Pb isotope compositions, due to interaction with sediment- and crust-derived fluids. The environment of this interaction is either compatible with (i) an outer-rise zone setting, with percolation of seawater-derived fluids enriched in sedimentary components into bending-related fault structures, or with (ii) subduction channel domains, where ascending sediment-derived slab fluids infiltrate slices of former oceanic serpentinite accreted to the plate interface domain. Influx of sediment-derived subduction fluids along major deformation zones in serpentinite modifies the element budget of the rocks, with important implications for element recycling and the tectonic history of serpentinite. The B, Sr and Pb isotopic systematics, coupled with FME concentration in serpentinites are particularly helpful geochemical tracers of interaction between different reservoirs in subduction-interface environments, and are more sensitive than the traditionally applied stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-01419940
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01419940
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.034

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
The processes active in the deep crust above an oceanic subduction zone during its evolution have been constrained through a detailed geochemical study (major and trace elements and Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes) of representative samples through an 30 km thick exhumed crustal section of the Cretaceous Kohistan oceanic island arc (Northern Pakistan). The use of both trace elements and radiogenic isotopes reveals two distinct geochemical suites (suites A and B) within the JijalPatanKiruKamila (JPKK) complex. Suite A is characterized by a progressive enrichment in Pb-207 and a decrease in Nd-143/Nd-144 with increasing La-N/Sm-N. Suite B has higher Pb-207/Pb-204 and lower Nd-143/Nd-144 ratios with approximately constant La-N/Sm-N. By combining trace elements with different partitioning behaviour it is demonstrated that there is an increasing contribution of the subduction component in the magmas with time. It is also possible to distinguish a slab component imprint carried by aqueous fluids from one corresponding to sediment melts. Intrusive granites are abundant in the upper levels of the JPKK section. All were generated at the arc root level (Jijal crustal section) during dehydration-melting of hornblende-rich plutonic rocks. A three-stage geodynamic model is proposed for the evolution of the arc over a period of 30 Myr. The first stage (117105 Ma) starts with the onset of subduction, which was followed by the building of the volcanic arc. The second stage (10599 Ma to 9691 Ma) corresponds to a major igneous event, which was characterized by abundant magma underplating and granulite-facies metamorphism at the arc base. Recycling of the residualcumulative lower crust into the convective asthenospheric mantle was efficient during this stage, and was probably related to thermo-mechanical erosion of the base of the crust. The last stage (9585 Ma) corresponds to a period of low magmatic activity, which marked the end of the intra-oceanic subduction. This is related to the formation of a cold blanket above the slab surface as a result of thermo-mechanical erosion of the cold walls of the subduction zone (i.e. the upper part of the slab and the base of the overriding plate), and corner flow dragging the cold material into the zone of melt generation. Ultimately, a voluminous magmatic pulse occurred around 85 Ma (forming the Chilas complex), before arccontinent collision.
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-00420068
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00420068
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egp010

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
In ophiolites and in present-day oceanic crust formed at fast spreading ridges, oceanic plagiogranites are commonly observed at, or close to the base of the sheeted dike complex. They can be produced either by differentiation of mafic melts, or by hydrous partial melting of the hydrothermally altered sheeted dikes. In addition, the hydrothermally altered base of the sheeted dike complex, which is often infiltrated by plagiogranitic veins, is usually recrystallized into granoblastic dikes that are commonly interpreted as a result of prograde granulitic metamorphism. To test the anatectic origin of oceanic plagiogranites, we performed melting experiments on a natural hydrothermally altered dike, under conditions that match those prevailing at the base of the sheeted dike complex. All generated melts are water saturated, transitional between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline, and match the compositions of oceanic plagiogranites observed close to the base of the sheeted dike complex. Newly crystallized clinopyroxene and plagioclase have compositions that are characteristic of the same minerals in granoblastic dikes. Published silicic melt compositions obtained in classical MORB fractionation experiments also broadly match the compositions of oceanic plagiogranites; however, the compositions of the coexisting experimental minerals significantly deviate from those of the granoblastic dikes. Our results demonstrate that hydrous partial melting is a likely common process in the root zone of the sheeted dike complex, starting at temperatures exceeding 850A degrees C. The newly formed melt can either crystallize to form oceanic plagiogranites or may be recycled within the melt lens resulting in hybridized and contaminated MORB melts. It represents the main MORB crustal contamination process. The residue after the partial melting event is represented by the granoblastic dikes. Our results support a model with a dynamic melt lens that has the potential to trigger hydrous partial melting reactions in the previously hydrothermally altered sheeted dikes. A new thermometer using the Al content of clinopyroxene is also elaborated.
ISSN: 0010-7999

hal-00534058
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00534058
DOI : 10.1007/s00410-010-0502-6

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : National audience
Late Triassic submarine alkali basalts and hawaiites were collected from two superimposed tectonic slices belonging to the Kara Dere – Sayrun unit of the Middle Antalya nappes, southwestern Turkey. New determinations on conodont faunas allow to date this sequence to the Lower Carnian (Julian). The volcanic rocks show rather homogeneous compositions, with high TiO2 and relatively low MgO and Ni contents which suggest olivine fractionation. Their primitive mantle-normalised multi-elements plots show Nb and Ta enrichments relative to La, Pb negative anomalies and heavy rare earth element and Y depletions typical of intraplate ocean island basalts. These characteristics are consistent with the major and trace element compositions of their primary clinopyroxene phenocrysts, which do not show any feature ascribable to crustal contamination. The studied lavas display a restricted range of {varepsilon}Nd (+4.6 to +5.2) which falls within the range of ocean island basalts. Their initial (143Nd/144Nd)i ratios are too low to be explained by a simple mixing line between depleted MORB mantle (DMM) and HIMU components. Their Pb and Nd isotopic compositions plot along a mixing line between HIMU component and an enriched mantle, the composition of which could be the result of the addition of about 5 to 8% of an EM2 component (recycled marine sediments) to DMM. The lack of evidence for any continental crustal component in their genesis could be consistent with their emplacement in an intra-oceanic setting.
EISSN: 1777-5817

insu-00338829
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00338829
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.179.4.397

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Tectonic mixing of slab- and mantle-derived materials at the interface between converging plates highly enhances fluid-mediated mass transfer from the slab to the overlying mantle. Subduction mélanges can provide information about the interaction among different slices accreted at plate interface domains, with implications on the tectonic and geochemical evolution of the plate-interface itself. At Cima di Gagnone, pelitic schists and gneiss enclose chlorite harzburgite and garnet peridotite lenses, like in subduction mélanges located in-between downgoing slabs and overlying mantle. These peridotites host MORB-type eclogite and metarodingite, and derive from dehydration of serpentinized mantle protoliths. Their enrichment in fluid-mobile B, As, Sb, U, Th is the result of an early-stage oceanic serpentinization, followed by interaction with host metasediments during subduction burial. Here we define the element exchange process in the Gagnone mélange by means of the B, Sr and Pb isotope analysis of its main lithologies (ultramafic, mafic rocks and paragneiss). The 87Sr/86Sr and 206Pb/204Pb ratios of ultramafic rocks (0.7090–0.7124 and 18.292–18.837, respectively) show enrichments in radiogenic Sr and Pb after exchange with the host paraschist (up to 0.7287 87Sr/86Sr; 18.751 206Pb/204Pb). The δ11B values of peridotites (down to −10‰) point to a combined effect of (1) 11B release to deserpentinization fluids (serpentinized protoliths likely had positive δ11B and lower radiogenic Sr, Pb), and of (2) exchange with fluids from the surrounding metasediments. The whole Gagnone rock-suite is finally overprinted by retrograde fluids that essentially bring to an increase in radiogenic Pb (about 19.0 206Pb/204Pb) and to values of 0.710 87Sr/86Sr and of −10‰ δ11B. The recognition of different stages of interaction between mantle rocks and sedimentary/crustal reservoirs allows us to define the geochemical effects related to the early coupling of such rocks along the plate-interface. Our study shows that ultramafic rocks involved in subduction-zone metamorphism and serpentinization uptake radiogenic Pb and Sr released by associated sedimentary reservoirs. The exchange process envisioned here is not only representative of subduction mélanges: it can also be a proxy of mass transfer between slab and serpentinized supra-subduction mantle, as occurs in forearcs. Dehydration of the Gagnone-type serpentinized mantle releases crust-derived components to arcs, without direct involvement of metasediment dehydration and/or melting in subarc environments. The retention of appreciable amounts of fluid-mobile elements, radiogenic Pb and Sr in dehydrated Gagnone peridotites has implications on element recycling in the deep Earth’s mantle.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-01174137
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174137
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2015.04.024