Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Résumé : International audience
To study the link between climatic variables and the incidence of leishmaniasis a study was conducted in Cayenne, French Guiana. Patients infected between January 1994 and December 2010. Meteorological data were studied in relation to the incidence of leishmaniasis using an ARIMA model. In the final model, the infections were negatively correlated with rainfall (with a 2-month lag) and with the number of days with rainfall > 50 mm (lags of 4 and 7 months). The variables that were positively correlated were temperature and the Multivariate El Niño Southern Oscillation Index with lags of 8 and 4 months, respectively. Significantly greater correlations were observed in March for rainfall and in November for the Multivariate El Niño/Southern Oscillation Index. Climate thus seems to be a non-negligible explanatory variable for the fluctuations of leishmaniasis. A decrease in rainfall is linked to increased cases 2 months later. This easily perceptible point could lead to an interesting prevention message.
ISSN: 0002-9637

inserm-00913933
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00913933
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00913933/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00913933/file/article_amaury_leishmaniose_revised2corrected.pdf
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00913933/file/figure_2.pdf

Éditeur(s) : The 11th Pacific Science Inter-Congress : Pacific Countries and their Ocean: Facing Local and Global Changes. March 2 - 6, 2009 Tahiti, French Polynesia
Résumé : New Caledonian shrimp farming feasibility studies started in the mid-seventies. Today ca. 2000 tons of Litopenaeus stylirostris, introduced in 1978, are semi-intensively produced each year. Since fifteen years, production has been impacted by two seasonal vibriosis, the “Summer” syndrome caused by Vibrio nigripulchritudo in relation to pond bottom and water column quality, and the “Winter Syndrome” caused by Vibrio penaeicida in relation to drastic temperature drops . With the ambition of elucidating processes possibly leading to mortality outbreaks in ponds, Ifremer has been conducting a research program since 2003 under the DESANS project (2003-2006) and the present DEDUCTION project, equally funded by the South and North Provinces and by the Government of New Caledonia. This program has been designed in a multidisciplinary approach integrating the suspected multifactorial origin of shrimp mortalities. Environment quality in ponds (either sediment or water column) plays a major role in the shrimp ecophysiological status, influencing sensitivity to pathogens . DEDUCTION focuses on a better knowledge of phytoplankton composition and biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface in ponds. Impact of farm discharges is also investigated. In addition, a more fundamental work is conducted to understand the pathogenicity mechanisms of these two Vibrio species but also to prevent the occurrence of viral infections through a RNA interference approach. Markers of the ecophysiological status of broodstock, larvae, post-larvae and reared animals, such as enzymes testifying from an oxidative stress, are developed. Gain of performance (resistance to pathogens and growth) were obtained on hybrids of the New Caledonian and introduced Hawaiian strains. Finally the database Stylog is exploited in view of discriminating “good” from “bad” rearings on the basis of relevant indicators.
Les études de faisabilité de l'aquaculture de crevettes ont débuté en Nouvelle-Calédonie dans les années soixante dix. Aujourd'hui environ 2000 tonnes de Litopenaeus stylirostris, introduite en 1978, sont produites chaque année de façon semi-intensive. Depuis quinze ans la production a été impactée par deux vibrioses : le syndrome d'été provoqué par Vibrio nigripulchritudo en relation avec la qualité de la tranche d'eau et des fonds de bassins et le syndrome d'hiver provoqué par Vibrio penaeicida en relation avec des chutes rapides de température. Dans le but d'élucider les processus entrainant des mortalités dans les élevages, Ifremer a conduit un programme de recherche depuis 2003 dans le cadre du projet DESANS (2003-2006) puis du présent projet DEDUCTION co-financé par les provinces Nord et Sud et le Gouvernement de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Ce programme se construit dans une démarche multidisciplinaire intégrant les origines supposées multifactorielles des mortalités de crevettes. La qualité environnementale dans les bassins (les fonds et la colonne d'eau) joue un rôle majeur dans l'état physiologique des animaux, influençant leur sensibilité aux pathogènes. DEDUCTION se focalise sur une meilleure compréhension de la composition phytoplanctonique et des flux bio-géochimiques à l'interface eau/sédiment dans les bassins.L'impact des rejets des fermes est également étudié. En outre, un travail plus fondamental est conduit pour connaître les mécanismes de pathogénicité de ces deux espèces de Vibrio mais aussi pour prévenir les occurences d'infections virales par des approches ARN Interférence. Des marqueurs de l'état physiologique des oeufs, larves, post-larves et animaux en élevage, tels que les enzymes du stress oxydant sont utilisés.Les gains de performance (résistance aux pathogènes et croissance) sont obtenus sur des hybrides issus du croisement de la souche locale avec une souche hawaienne. Finalement la base de données STYLOG est exploitée dans le but de distinguer les bonnes des mauvaises pratiques sur la base d'indicateurs fiables.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00143/25438/23591.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00143/25438/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Résumé : International audience
In disease-endemic areas, histoplasmosis is the main differential diagnosis for tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, no study has compared the two diseases. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare tuberculosis and histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients. A population of 205 HIV-infected patients (99 with tuberculosis and 106 with histoplasmosis) hospitalized in Cayenne, French Guiana during January 1, 1997-December 31, 2008 were selected retrospectively from the French Hospital Database on HIV. Multivariate analysis showed that tuberculosis was associated with cough (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05-0.73) and a C-reactive protein level > 70 mg/L (AOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99). Variables associated with disseminated histoplasmosis were a γ-glutamyl transferase level > 72 IU/L (AOR = 4.99, 95% CI = 1.31-18.99), origin from French Guiana (AOR = 5.20, 95% CI = 1.30-20.73), disseminated localization (AOR = 6.40, 95% CI = 1.44-28.45), a concomitant opportunistic infection (AOR = 6.71, 95% CI = 1.50-29.96), a neutrophil count < 2,750 cells/mm(3) (AOR = 10.54, 95% CI = 2.83-39.24), a CD4 cell count < 60 cells/mm(3) (AOR = 11.62, 95% CI = 2.30-58.63), and a platelet count < 150,000/mm(3) (AOR = 19.20, 95% CI = 3.35-110.14). Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis have similarities, but some factors show a greater association with one of these diseases. Thus, adapted therapeutic choices can be made by using simple clinical and paraclinical criteria.
ISSN: 0002-9637

inserm-01065027
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065027
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065027/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065027/file/2014_Adenis_-_Tuberculosis_and_Histoplasmosis_among_HIV.pdf
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0084

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Background Mycobacterium ulcerans infection is the third most common mycobacterial disease in the world after tuberculosis and leprosy. To date, transmission pathways from its environmental reservoir to humans are still unknown. In South America, French Guiana has the highest reported number of M ulcerans infections across the continent. This empirical study aimed to characterise the epidemiology of M ulcerans infection in French Guiana between 1969 and 2013.MethodsData were collected prospectively mainly by two dermatologists at Cayenne Hospital’s dermatologydepartment between Jan 1, 1969, and Dec 31, 2013, for age, date of diagnosis, sex, residence, location of the lesion,type of lesion, associated symptoms, and diagnostic method (smear, culture, PCR, or histology) for all confirmed andsuspected cases of M ulcerans. We obtained population data from censuses. We calculated mean M ulcerans infectionincidences, presented as the number of cases per 100 000 person-years.Findings 245 patients with M ulcerans infections were reported at Cayenne Hospital’s dermatology department duringthe study period. M ulcerans infection incidence decreased over time, from 6·07 infections per 100 000 person-years(95% CI 4·46–7·67) in 1969–83 to 4·77 infections per 100 000 person-years (3·75–5·79) in 1984–98 and to3·49 infections per 100 000 person-years (2·83–4·16) in 1999–2013. The proportion of children with infections alsodeclined with time, from 42 (76%) of 55 patients in 1969–83 to 26 (31%) of 84 in 1984–98 and to 22 (21%) of 106 in1999–2013. Most cases occurred in coastal areas surrounded by marshy savannah (incidence of 21·08 per100 000 person-years in Sinnamary and 21·18 per 100 000 person-years in Mana). Lesions mainly affected limbs (lowerlimbs 161 [66%] patients; upper limbs 60 [24%] patients). We diagnosed no bone infections.Interpretation The decrease of M ulcerans infection incidence and the proportion of children with infections over a45 year period in this ultra-peripheral French territory might have been mostly driven by improving living conditions,prophylactic recommendations, and access to health care.
The Lancet Planetary Health

inserm-01545603
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01545603
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01545603/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01545603/file/2017%2C%20Douine%20-%20Mycobacterium%20ulcerans%20infection%20%28Buruli%20ulcer%29.pdf
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01545603/file/Comments.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Treatment failure and symptomatic relapse are major concerns in American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). Such complications are seen frequently in L.guyanensis infections where patients respond variously to first-line anti-leishmanials and are more prone to develop chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. The factors underlying this pathology, however, are unknown. Recently ,: we reported that a dsRNA virus (LRV1) nested within L.guyanensis parasites is able to exacerbate experimental murine leishmaniasis by inducing a hyper-inflammatory response. This report investigates the prevalence of LRV1 in human L.guyanensis infection and its effect on treatment efficacy as well as its correlation to symptomatic relapses after the first-line treatment. In our cohort of 75 patients diagnosed with primary-localised ATL, the prevalence of LRV1+ infection was elevated to 58%. All patients infected with LRV1-negative L.guyanensis were cured after one (22/31 i.e.71%) or two (31/31 i.e.100%) doses of pentamidine. Oppositely, 12 out of the 44 LRV1-positive patients presented with persistent infection and symptomatic relapse required extended therapy and the use of second-line drugs. Finally, LRV1 presence was associated with a significant increase in intra-lesional inflammatory markers. In conclusion, LRV1 status in L.guyanensis infection is significantly predictive (p=0.0009) of first-line treatment failure and symptomatic relapse, and could stand to guide therapeutic choices in ATL
Journal of Infectious Diseases

hal-01175528
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01175528
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jiv355
PUBMED : 26123564

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND:Fever in infants younger than 3 months is generally a cause for concern because of the risk for a serious bacterial infection. The aim of this study was to describe clinical and biological features of Chikungunya infection in infants < 3 months of age hospitalized in Cayenne Hospital during the 2014-2015 outbreak.METHODS:We performed a preliminary retrospective study followed by a prospective study from March 2014 to February 2015. All infants younger than 3 months presenting with fever and hospitalized in Cayenne Hospital were included. The main diagnostic criteria were fever and positive Chikungunya PCR.RESULTS:One hundred and twenty infants were hospitalized with fever. The mean age was 46 days (SD± 22 days). The mean hospitalization duration was 7.4 days (SD± 6.1 days). Chikungunya infection was diagnosed in 26 children. The most important clinical findings were high (80.8% [77.5-84]) and prolonged fever (76.9%, [73.4-80.4]), irritability (96.2% [94.5-97.7]) and skin rash. (69.2%, [65.4-73]). Half of the infants presented edema of the extremities (hands and feet principally). However, in 15 %, Chikungunya infection was associated with a serious bacterial infection. Infants who presented with irritability, high fever and elevated PCT were at high risk for Chikungunya: OR 39, [9.2-243] (p < 0.001), with a specificity of 96.7 % and a negative predictive value of 89.4%. The area of the ROC curve was 0.96 CONCLUSIONS:: Our results confirm that Chikunguyna infection is a cause of high fever in infants younger than 3 months. Our data should be confirmed by larger studies.
ISSN: 0891-3668

inserm-01476019
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476019
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476019/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01476019/file/2017%2C%20Elenga%20-%20Chikungunya%20Infection%20in%20hospitalized%20febrile%20infants.pdf
DOI : 10.1097/INF.0000000000001541