Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Academic Press
Résumé : International audience
Marines Protected Areas (MPAs) are commonly used around the world as management tools to promote the sustainable use of marine resources. It is assumed that MPAs secure human livelihoods and well-being by protecting marine ecosystems and ecosystem services. However, the links between ecological effects of MPAs and services have rarely been explored. Here we review the different impacts of MPAs on ecosystem functioning and service provision. Results highlight that empirical evidence for positive effects of MPAs on ecosystem service provision by coastal marine ecosystems is accumulating. Finally, we identified knowledge gaps on which future research efforts could focus and empower marine resource managers to make more informed decisions and maximize the value derived from their natural resource base.
Aquatic Functional Biodiversity: an Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective

ISBN : 978-0-12-417015-5
hal-01199217
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01199217
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-417015-5.00009-8

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : In countries that have experienced abusive power relationships, ongoing poverty, prejudice, violence and natural disaster, changes hardly happen and if they do, they are very slow. Haiti is not an exception. The problem of entrepreneurship in Haiti goes beyond human management and business management skills. It is first of all a human issue: The primary needs of the locals need to be met; a sense of community needs to be developed and the locals need to be able to dream; and finally, the right context needs to be put in place and the ‘yes, we can spirit’ encouraged. It is the improvement of the well-being of Haitians that is going to lead to the development of a strong entreprrenurial system. It is a one way relationship. In poor countries like Haiti it is important to address the human condition first. Unlocking change through: transformational leadership; enterprise reform; technology innovation; corporate transparency; stakeholders engagement; social responsibility; integrated value and finally, through future-fitness could be a potential option for Haiti.
Dans les pays qui ont fait et font l’expérience d’abus de pouvoir de leurs dirigeants ; qui sont empois à une pauvreté latente ; où les habitants sont constamment victimes d’abus et de maltraitances ; tout ceci édulcoré par des désastres naturels, on s’aperçoit que les changements sont inexistants ou lents à venir. Haïti ne fait pas exception à cette règle. Dans ce pays, le problème de l’entrepreneuriat va bien au-delà d’un problème de ressources humaines et de gestion d’entreprise. La réalité est qu’il s’agit en premier lieu d’un problème lié à la condition humaine du fait que : les besoins fondamentaux ne sont pas satisfaits ; les habitants n’ont pas un sens d’appartenance à un groupe ; le rêve est proscrit ; le contexte n’est pas favorable et finalement un état d’esprit où le ‘Yes we can’ n’est pas encouragé. En somme, c’est l’amélioration de la condition humaine en Haïti qui conduira à un épanouissement de l’entrepreneuriat durable. Il s’agit là d’une condition sine qua non pour tous les pays ayant un profil similaire à Haïti. Ce changement au niveau de l’entrepreneuriat ne peut se produire que si les conditions suivantes sont réunies : un changement au niveau de l’édilité du pays ; une reforme du rôle de l’entreprise ; l’innovation technologique ; la transparence au niveau de la gestion des entreprises ; une participation de toutes les parties prenantes ; une reconnaissance de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises et la mise en place de valeurs.
Haïti

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10260
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10260

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : Terrestrial and marine biodiversity provides the basis for both ecosystems functioning and numerous commodities or services that underpin human well-being. From several decades, alarming trends have been reported worldwide for both biodiversity and ecosystem services. Therefore the sustainable management of biodiversity requires a double viewpoint balancing ecological conservation with the welfare of human societies. Understanding the underlying trade-offs, synergies and interactions imposes the development of interdisciplinary researches and methods. In that respect, bio-economic or ecological economic modeling is likely to play a major role. The present paper intends to elicit the key features, strengths and challenges of bio-economic approaches especially in mathematical and computational terms. It first recall the main bio-economic methods, models and decisional instruments used in these types of analyses. Then the paper shows to what extent bio-economic sustainability lies between equilibrium, viability and optimality mathematical frameworks. It ends up by identifying new major challenges among which the operationalization of ecosystem based management, the precautionary principle and the implementation of governance are especially important. Computational Management Science Computational Management Science Look Inside
Computational Management Science (1619-697X) (Springer), 2013-12 , Vol. 10 , N. 4 , P. 353-364

Droits : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28208/26510.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s10287-013-0194-2
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28208/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany) Springer Verlag
Résumé : The present study aims to review palaeoecological evidence for environmental changes induced by human activities over the last few millennia in the montane landscapes of Morocco. The study is based on well-dated pollen and geochemical records from the Rif and the Middle Atlas mountains, to show spatial and temporal variation in the onset and intensity of exploitation of forest, soil and mineral resources. Before ca. 2000 BP, anthropogenic impact was minimal. At about that time, abrupt changes of the arboreal pollen proportions, with a decline in all tree taxa, indicate a reduction of the forest cover interpreted as being anthropogenic. In the Rif Mountains, increased influx of carbonates (Ca) in the sedimentary records indicates enhanced soil erosion coincident with the reduction in tree cover. In the Middle Atlas, reduced forest cover is linked to geochemical evidence for mining and metallurgy of lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). These industrial activities correspond to the expansion of the Roman Empire into Morocco at around AD 40 and show a decline when the Romans were displaced by the Vandals about five centuries later.
ISSN: 0263-0338

hal-01217206
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01217206
DOI : 10.1007/s10437-015-9186-7

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Although TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand) is a well-known apoptosis inducer, we have previously demonstrated that acidic extracellular pH (pHe) switches TRAIL-induced apoptosis to regulated necrosis (or necroptosis) in human HT29 colon and HepG2 liver cancer cells. Here, we investigated the role of RIPK1 (receptor interacting protein kinase 1), RIPK3 and PARP-1 (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1) in TRAIL-induced necroptosis in vitro and in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced murine hepatitis. Pretreatment of HT29 or HepG2 with pharmacological inhibitors of RIPK1 or PARP-1 (Nec-1 or PJ-34, respectively), or transient transfection with siRNAs against RIPK1 or RIPK3, inhibited both TRAIL-induced necroptosis and PARP-1-dependent intracellular ATP depletion demonstrating that RIPK1 and RIPK3 were involved upstream of PARP-1 activation and ATP depletion. In the mouse model of Con A-induced hepatitis, where death of mouse hepatocytes is dependent on TRAIL and NKT (Natural Killer T) cells, PARP-1 activity was positively correlated with liver injury and hepatitis was prevented both by Nec-1 or PJ-34. These data provide new insights into TRAIL-induced necroptosis with PARP-1 being active effector downstream of RIPK1/RIPK3 initiators and suggest that pharmacological inhibitors of RIPKs and PARP-1 could be new treatment options for immune-mediated hepatitis.
ISSN: 1350-9047

inserm-00871432
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00871432
DOI : 10.1038/cdd.2012.90
PUBMED : 22814620

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The accumulation of nine heavy metals in fine-grained sediments from the mangrove fringed coast of French Guiana is evaluated. The dynamic features of the South American tropical coastline, from the Amazon to the Orinoco Rivers, result in mangrove sediments being alternately submitted to phases of erosion and net sedimentation a few tens of years long. This process influences the distribution of the heavy metals associated with these frequently re-mobilized deposits. Sedimentary cores and mangrove plant samples were collected, at different seasons, in various swamps characterized by different properties (content of sedimentary organic matter, distance from sea water and fresh water). The ranges of measured concentrations expressed in mu mol g(-1) were the following: Cu (0.06 to 0.61), Co (0.12 to 0.68), Pb (0.08 to 0.18), Ni (0.32 to 0.76), Cr (0.61 to 1.40), Zn (1.25 to 5.94), Mn (4.36 to 45.4) and Fe (441 to 1128). No differences were found between sediments from mangroves developing upstream and downstream of urban areas, i.e. Cayenne and Kourou. This suggests that the content of mangrove sediments in heavy metals along the coastline of French Guiana is essentially the result of the continuous alternation of accumulation and transport phases occurring upstream after departing from the Amazon watershed. The sources of this heavy metals content are thus difficult to identify. However it is well known that the alluvium produced by the natural erosion of the Amazonian soils is naturally enriched in mercury. Also, the run-off from gold mining activities is known to contribute to mercury pollution. Ranges in total Hg were between 0.15 and 2.57 nmol g(-1), with mean values close to 0.41 nmol g(-1), and were clearly correlated with total organic carbon except for some outstanding high values, which may be a result of rapid geochemical changes. Heavy metal concentrations showed variations with depth. The redox conditions and the decay processes affecting the organic matter control the cycling of iron and manganese, which in turn control the concentrations and associations of heavy metals. These preliminary results suggest that the variations in heavy metal content with depth or between mangrove areas result largely from diagenetic processes rather than changes in metal input resulting from local human activities. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Marine Chemistry (0304-4203) (Elsevier), 2006 , Vol. 98 , N. 1 , P. 1-17

Droits : 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1041.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.marchem.2005.06.001
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1041/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Safe drinking water is essential for well-being. Although microbiological contamination remains the largest cause of water-related morbidity and mortality globally, chemicals in water supplies may also cause disease, and evidence of the human health consequences is limited or lacking for many of them. We aimed to summarize the state of knowledge, identify gaps in understanding, and provide recommendations for epidemiological research relating to chemicals occurring in drinking water. Assessing exposure and the health consequences of chemicals in drinking water is challenging. Exposures are typically at low concentrations, measurements in water are frequently insufficient, chemicals are present in mixtures, exposure periods are usually long, multiple exposure routes may be involved, and valid biomarkers reflecting the relevant exposure period are scarce. In addition, the magnitude of the relative risks tends to be small. Research should include well-designed epidemiological studies covering regions with contrasting contaminant levels and sufficient sample size; comprehensive evaluation of contaminant occurrence in combination with bioassays integrating the effect of complex mixtures; sufficient numbers of measurements in water to evaluate geographical and temporal variability; detailed information on personal habits resulting in exposure (e.g., ingestion, showering, swimming, diet); collection of biological samples to measure relevant biomarkers; and advanced statistical models to estimate exposure and relative risks, considering methods to address measurement error. Last, the incorporation of molecular markers of early biological effects and genetic susceptibility is essential to understand the mechanisms of action. There is a particular knowledge gap and need to evaluate human exposure and the risks of a wide range of emerging contaminants.
ISSN: 0091-6765

hal-01118530
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01118530
PUBMED : 24380896
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.1206229
PUBMEDCENTRAL : PMC3948022

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le tourisme de masse ayant déjà démontré ses limites et fait l’objet de critiques et d’indignation de la part des associations internationales de la protection de l’environnement cède peu à peu sa place au tourisme durable. Ce dernier tient compte de la protection de l’environnement et de la sauvegarde des richesses naturelles en offrant aux touristes des produits purement bio et des cultures tout à fait originales.Dans un contexte connu par sa complexité, vu les inégalités environnementales et sociales que connaît le Maroc, et pour remédier ce déséquilibre des acteurs économiques, des locaux dans la majorité des cas, ont opté pour des investissements touristiques dans les milieux ruraux. Ainsi des établissements touristiques ruraux commencent à prendre de l’ampleur, visant à consolider la notion du tourisme durable avec ses produits artisanaux locaux, ses variétés culinaires régionales et ses folklores saisonniers aux traditions bien enracinées. Mais ces actions sont-elles en mesure d’assurer un avenir prometteur à ces établissements ruraux, sans l’intervention de l’État qui a un rôle primordial à jouer en la matière de la formation et la qualification des ressources humaines dans le secteur du tourisme ; une formation pour préserver l’environnement et les ressources naturelles et donner un nouvel élan au tourisme rural dont la modernité demeure une référence essentielle.Par la beauté naturelle de leurs sites, la qualité de leurs aliments, le comportement clair et limpide de leurs personnes, les établissements d’hébergements touristiques ruraux marocains attirent déjà un nombre significatif de touristes qui viennent à l’origine pour un séjour de deux ou trois jours et prolongent souvent à une semaine séduits par la qualité du séjour. Eau pure, qualité de l’air, richesse culturelle, autant d’atouts qui justifient le soutien de ce genre de tourisme qui inspire notre enquête au niveau de la commune rurale d’Asni.
It is high people admitted that mass tourism has its limits as there have been consequences. Indeed several NGOS as well as international organizations aiming at the protection of the environment see that this destructive or harmful tourism is losing ground it is being substituted or replaced by eco-friendly tourism. This latter target the preservation of mother earth as well as its natural resources by providing a new type of tourism labeled rural tourism whose first and paramount objective is providing tourists with organic products. This green or rural tourism tries at all cost to promote artistic commodities, authentic cultures and purely traditional folk.Rural tourism is actually expecting more prosperity and progress but on condition that the local authorities and the government cooperate more to give a push to this kind of business via a perfect or division of human resources. Rural tourism represent a new image of modern tourism that aims to protect the environment and diversity. From the beauty of the natural land scape, the quality of the food served, the professionalism of the staff members the touristic accommodation units based in Moroccan countryside manage to attract a significant number of tourists, who often come for 2 or 3 days prolong their stay for a week for having fond a deep pleasure. The water is pure, the atmospheric air is filtered, the cultural wealth is vast, it is therefore appropriate to sustain and support this kind of tourism that inspires our investigation at the rural town of Asni.
Maroc
Asni

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7638
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7638

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Direct examinations of blood and serologic tests were used to assess the intensity of the filarial endemicity in Gabon. Both methods revealed that the prevalence of filariasis with microfilaremia (Loa loa and Dipetalonema perstans) is presently very elevated. The areas that are more involved are the forest regions as well as the highest ones (ogoue, Lolo, Ngounie). Women appeared to be suffering from loasis to a lesser extent than men. On the other hand, the prevalence was identical for Dipetalonema perstans. For the gabonese population one can approximately say that 3 out of 5 adults patients have filariasis, two being D. perstans and one L. loa. Consequently these affections represent a major public health problem. Finally one must note that no case of lymphatic filariasis has been identified.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales

hal-00717069
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00717069
PUBMED : 6936082

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Publisher : Paris : Baillière [1980-. Latest Publisher : Paris : Elsevier
Résumé : National audience
Pneumocystis jiroveci (anciennement P. carinii) est un champignon opportuniste responsable de pneumopathies chez les patients immunodéprimés. Les pneumocystoses des patients non infectés par le VIH se distinguent des pneumocystoses du sida par des difficultés diagnostiques accrues, et un pronostic plus sombre. Il est donc indispensable de cibler les immunodépressions les plus à risque, qui bénéficieront d’un traitement par triméthoprime-sulfaméthoxazole à faible dose au long cours, très efficace en prophylaxie des pneumocystoses : ainsi, les vascularites des moyens et petits vaisseaux, les hémopathies lymphoïdes B (leucémie lymphoïde chronique ou aiguë, lymphome malin non hodgkinien) et les cancers solides sous corticothérapie prolongée doivent faire envisager cette prophylaxie. À l’inverse, la généralisation de la prophylaxie à l’ensemble des patients porteurs de pathologies inflammatoires sous corticothérapie n’est pas justifiée. La prise en charge des pneumocystoses des patients non infectés par le VIH suit les principes établis pour les pneumocystoses du sida. Le diagnostic de certitude repose sur la mise en évidence de kystes de P. jiroveci sur des prélèvements respiratoires, tandis que la PCR ne permet pas formellement, en 2015, de différencier colonisation et infection. Le traitement repose sur le triméthoprime-sulfaméthoxazole à fortes doses. Par contre, l’intérêt de la corticothérapie adjuvante pour les patients hypoxémiques, parfaitement documenté au cours du sida, est discuté pour les autres immunodépressions, d’autant que les patients sont en général déjà sous corticoïdes au moment du diagnostic de pneumocystose. Celle-ci est cependant préconisée par plusieurs experts et sociétés savantes, compte tenu du bénéfice démontré sur la morbi-mortalité au cours du sida. Abstract Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly P. carinii) is an opportunistic fungus responsible for pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Pneumocystosis in non-HIV-infected patients differs from AIDS-associated pneumocystosis in mostly two aspects: diagnosis is more difficult, and prognosis is worse. Hence, efforts should be made to target immunocompromised patients at higher risk of pneumocystosis, so that they are prescribed long-term, low-dose, trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole, highly effective for pneumocystosis prophylaxis. Patients at highest risk include those with medium and small vessels vasculitis, lymphoproliferative B disorders (chronic or acute lymphocytic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma), and solid cancer on long-term corticosteroids. Conversely, widespread use of prophylaxis in all patients carrier of inflammatory diseases on long-term corticosteroids is not warranted. The management of pneumocystosis in non-AIDS immunocompromised patients follows the rules established for AIDS patients. The diagnosis relies on the detection of P. jiroveci cyst on respiratory samples, while PCR does not reliably discriminate infection from colonization, in 2015. High-doses trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is, by far, the treatment of choice. The benefit of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for hypoxic patients, well documented in AIDS patients, has a much lower level of evidence in non-HIV-infected patients, most of them being already on corticosteroid by the time of pneumocystosis diagnosis anyway. However, based on its striking impact on morbi-mortality in AIDS patients, adjuvant corticosteroid is recommended in hypoxic, non-HIV-infected patients with pneumocystosis by many experts and scientific societies
ISSN: 0248-8663

hal-01237080
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01237080
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01237080/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01237080/file/Pneumocystose%20chez%20les%20patients%20immunod%C3%A9prim%C3%A9s%20non%20infect%C3%A9s%20par%20le%20VIH.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.revmed.2015.10.002

Résumé : The necessity of improving knowledge in fisheries and especially small-scale coastal fisheries in order to analyse the conditions for their sustainable development is increasingly recognized. The three main requirements for the sustainable development of fisheries are the simultaneous present and future well being of the bio-ecological system, the human system and the management process. Knowledge on these aspects of small-scale coastal fisheries (SSCF) in Europe is generally limited, although there has been an improvement in information on the fishing sector and inshore marine resources due to the EU Data Collection Regulations (DCR) 1. SSCF are strongly represented in all EU Member States (81% and 87% of the EU 25 whole fleet is composed of vessels less than 12 and 15 meters respectively)2 and approximately 100,000 crew are involved in SSCF in Europe. SSCF are present all around the European coast, even in isolated and sensitive areas.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/rapport-6348.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00141/25204/23312.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6348/