Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location.
Oracabessa is a small town in Saint Mary, Jamaica. Its harbor was once an important banana port. This harbor town derives its name from the Spanish settlers who established a supply post there called Oracabessa, or "Golden Head." This image shows rows of boats filled with bananas leaving the Oracabessa bay. Slide labeled Aracabessa Banana Loading Boats.
Jamaica -- Caribbean region -- Oracabessa, Saint Mary

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00030899/00001

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : The three main sources of organic matter in oceanic basins are marine plankton, terrestrial higher plants and undifferentiated residual organic matter which has been highly degraded in subaerial environments. The time and areal distribution of marine organic matter is mainly controlled by the conditions of preservation. In deep oceans accumulation occurs mainly in confined anoxic basins, and also in open ocean, where local conditions generate a surplus of supply over bacterial degradation. Moderately degraded terrestrial organic matter is derived from land plants and carried away by rivers and currents. It is mainly deposited in sediments of the river fans. Residual organic matter has been highly degraded in subaerial conditions prior to transportation, and may consist of contemporaneous and/or recycled material. It cannot be degraded any more and may be spread over wide areas, regardless of the local environments.
Oceanologica Acta, Special issue (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1981

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00246/35680/34188.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00246/35680/

Résumé : (Biographical) From Wikipedia: John Frank Stevens (25 April 1853 – 2 June 1943) was an American engineer who built the Great Northern Railway in the United States and was chief engineer on the Panama Canal between 1905 and 1907. Biography: Stevens was born in rural Maine, near West Gardiner to John Stevens, a tanner and farmer, and Harriet Leslie French. He attended Maine State Normal School (now the University of Maine at Farmington) for two years. At the conclusion of his schooling in 1873, bleak economic conditions held little promise of a job, and he chose to go west. Entry into the field of civil engineering evolved from his experience in the Minneapolis city engineer's office. For two years he carried out a variety of engineering tasks, including surveying and building railroads, and at the same time gained experience and an understanding of the subject. He became a practical engineer, self-taught and driven by a self-described "bull-dog tenacity of purpose." In 1878 Stevens married Harriet T. O'Brien. They had five children, two of whom died in infancy. By the age of 33, in 1886, Stevens was principal assistant engineer for the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway, and in charge of building the line from Duluth, Minnesota to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Although a large part of his work involved surveying, he assisted in all phases of railroading: reconnaissance, locating, organizing, and construction. In 1889, Stevens was hired by James J. Hill as a locating engineer for the Great Northern Railway. Stevens earned wide acclaim in 1889 when he explored Marias Pass, Montana, and determined its practicability for a railroad. Stevens was an efficient administrator with remarkable technical skills and imagination. He discovered Stevens Pass through the Cascade Mountains, set railroad construction standards in the Mesabi Range of northern Minnesota, and supervised construction of the Oregon Trunk Line. Hill promoted him to chief engineer in 1895, and later to general manager. During his time at the Great Northern, Stevens built over a thousand miles of railroad, including the original Cascade Tunnel. Stevens Pass in the Cascade Range was named for him. (Most other Pacific Northwest landmarks with the word "Stevens" are named after Isaac Stevens, who is of no relation.) Panama Canal: Stevens left the Great Northern in 1903 for the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad, where he was promoted to vice-president. Then, in 1905, at Hill's recommendation, he was hired by Theodore Roosevelt as chief engineer on the Panama Canal. Stevens' primary achievement in Panama was to build the infrastructure needed for the completion of the canal. "The digging," he said, "is the least thing of all." He proceeded immediately to build warehouses, machine shops, and piers. Communities for the personnel were planned and built to include housing, schools, hospitals, churches, and hotels. He authorized extensive sanitation and mosquito-control programs that eliminated yellow fever and other diseases from the Isthmus. Reflecting his background, he saw the early stage of the canal project itself as primarily a problem in railroad engineering, which included rebuilding the Panama Railway and devising a rail-based system for disposing of the soil from the excavations. Stevens argued the case against a sea level canal like the French had tried to build. He successfully convinced Theodore Roosevelt of the necessity of a high-level canal built with dams and locks. Resignation: Stevens resigned suddenly from the Canal project in 1907 to Roosevelt's great annoyance, as the focus of the work turned to construction of the canal itself. As a railroad engineer, Stevens had little expertise in building locks and dams, and probably realized he was no longer the best person for the remainder of the job. Stevens would also have been aware that the original great Cascade Tunnel, for which he was responsible, was in hindsight built in error too close to the ruling grade and was perhaps turning from a credit to a debit. The true reasons for his resignation have never been known. Subsequent career: Following the collapse of Imperial Russia in 1917, leaders of the provisional government appealed to President Wilson for help with their transportation systems. Stevens was selected to chair a board of prominent U.S. railroad experts sent to Russia to rationalize and manage a system that was in disarray; among his work was on the Trans-Siberian Railway. After the overthrow of the provisional government, the board's work ceased. Stevens remained in Allied-occupied Manchuria and in 1919 headed the Inter-Allied Technical Board charged with the administration and operation of the Chinese Eastern and Siberian railways. He remained in an advisory capacity until occupying Allied troops were withdrawn; he finally left in 1923. After his return to the United States Stevens continued to work as a consulting engineer, ending his career in Baltimore in the early 1930s. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Franklin Medal in 1930. He then retired to Southern Pines, North Carolina, where he died at the age of 90 in 1943.
Digital version only, no paper copy in collection archives.

Droits : This item is presumed to be in the public domain. The University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries respect the intellectual property rights of others and do not claim any copyright interest in this item. Users of this work have responsibility for determining copyright status prior to reusing, publishing or reproducing this item for purposes other than what is allowed by fair use or other copyright exemptions. Any reuse of this item in excess of fair use or other copyright exemptions may require permission of the copyright holder. The Smathers Libraries would like to learn more about this item and invite individuals or organizations to contact Digital Services (UFDC@uflib.ufl.edu) with any additional information they can provide.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00029596/00001

Éditeur(s) : Yale University
Résumé : Sea-surface temperature images of the coastal upwelling regions off Northwest Africa show that the core of upwelling is sometimes located far from the coast. This has been documented in three regions that share a common feature, namely a wide and shallow continental shelf. This upwelling feature plays a key role in the ecology of the Canary Current System. It creates an innerfront which provides retention for biological material, e.g. fish eggs and larvae, in the highly productive nearshore environment. An analytical model has been developed based on a two dimensional extension of Ekman's solution. The linear and steady response of a homogeneous ocean forced by an upwelling-favorable wind provides a mechanism for the upwelling separation from the coast. The merging of the surface and bottom Ekman layers induces a very weak cross-shore circulation and a "kinematic barrier" for the Ekman transport divergence. In the case of an alongshore wind, the barrier is located near the isobath h ≈ 0.4D, where D is the thickness of Ekman layers. This yields an upwelling cell which is essentially concentrated in the region 0.5D < h < 1.25D, with upwelling occurring preferentially near the isobath h ≈ 0.6D. It turns out that the cross-shore width of upwelling scales with D/S, the ratio of Ekman depth to bottom topographic slope. The application of this solution to real bathymetric profiles rationalizes, not only the offshore upwelling observations in Northwest Africa, but also the influence of topography on the cross-shelf structure of a wind-driven coastal upwelling. The model also quantifies the effect of the cross-shore wind component showing how it drives the nearshore pressure gradient adjustment and how it affects the upwelling. A linear numerical experiment reproduces the theoretical steady solution, thereby allowing investigation of the transient regime. Relaxation of the hypothesis in the numerical model validates the linear assumption of the theory and then allows investigation of the sensitivity to friction parameterizations and the influence of stratification. The latter leads to an "oscillation" of the upwelling cell with seaward migration driven by outcropping and homogeneization of the water column, and, coastal incursion driven by a "boundary layers splitting" process caused by shoreward advection of the isopycnal dome and stratification of the inner shelf.
Journal of Marine Research (Yale University), 2008-09 , Vol. 66 , N. 5 , P. 589-616

Droits : 2008 Yale University
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-6334.pdf
DOI:10.1357/002224008787536790
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6334/

Résumé : The purpose of this book is to value the economic significance of marine-related activities in France. Each industrial, or public non-commercial, sector is characterized by key figures relating to annual turnover, value added, employment and budget. These figures are accompanied with qualitative information on the recent development, current situation and future perspectives of the sector in terms of markets, employment and technological progress. Public and private R&D is also allowed for. Given the diversity of marine-related activities, this information aims at enabling the reader to assess their importance from a comparative angle. From the sector-based approach it is possible to draw certain conclusions. Notably, commercial activities contributed over 1,3% of the GDP in 1995, such ratio having to be seen as a minimum estimate, worked out on the basis of available data. Seaside-related tourism is by far the most important industry. Most activities experienced a decrease in employment in the first half of the '90s. The estimated annual amount spent on R&D was over FFr 4,5 billion in the recent past period 1995-1996.
Le présent ouvrage a pour but d'évaluer l'importance économique des activités liées à la mer en France. Chaque secteur - industriel marchand, public non marchand - est caractérisé par des chiffres clés portant sur le chiffre d'affaires annuel, la valeur ajoutée, l'emploi, le budget. Ces indicateurs sont accompagnés d'informations qualitatives sur l'évolution récente, la situation actuelle et les perspectives du secteur : marchés, emplois, progrès technique. La R&D publique et privée est également prise en compte. Compte tenu de la diversité des activités liées à la mer, ces informations visent à permettre au lecteur d'en apprécier l'importance sous un angle comparatif. L'approche sectorielle permet de tirer certaines conclusions. Notamment, les activités marchandes ont contribué à plus de 1,3 % du PIB en 1995, un tel ratio devant être compris comme un minimum, calculé à partir des données disponibles. Le tourisme littoral est, de loin, l'activité la plus importante. Dans la plupart des branches, l'emploi baisse dans la première moitié des années 1990. Les dépenses annuelles de R&D sont estimées à plus de 4,5 milliards de francs dans la période récente 1995-1996.

Droits : 1997 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2001/rapport-1347.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1347/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The Neogene geodynamics evolution of the south-Alboran realm in western Mediterranean has been clarified, based on sedimentological and chronostratigraphical studies. This work focuses on three main themes of research, the first is to establish the moments for the opening and closing of the North Rifian Corridor by studying two Neogene basins of the southern edge of the Alboran sea. The second, aims to understand the behavior of these two basins face a major event in the history of the Mediterranean: The Messinian Salinity Crisis. Finally, the third theme aims to understand the modalities Post-MSC reflooding in the southern part of the Alboran realm.The late Miocene evolution of the North Rifian Corridor is clarified on the basis of chronostratigraphic studies of the Neogene Boudinar and Arbaa Taourirt basins (northeastern Morocco). The marine sediments deposited in the Boudinar basin between the early Tortonian and the late early Messinian (10 Ma to 6.1 Ma) and in the late Tortonian-earliest Messinian interval in the Arbaa Taourirt basin. Palaeoenvironmental data record a major drowning in association with extensive tectonics in the Boudinar basin during the early Messinian at ~7.2 Ma. At the same time, prograding conglomerates and sandstones developed over the late Tortonian marls in the Arbaa Taourirt basin. During the late-early Messinian, a shallowing trend occurred in the Boudinar basin. Thus, the North Rifian Corridor opened at ~7.2 Ma ensuring Atlantic-Mediterranean connections, then was progressively restricted during the late-early Messinian and totally closed at ~6.1 Ma. New sedimentological and paleontological studies of the late Messinian-early Pliocene deposits in the Boudinar basin provide new information on the Messinian Salinity Crisis (« MSC ») and the Zanclean reflooding in the Alboran sea. The Messinian erosional surface « MES » is of late Messinian age and was emplaced in subaerial settings. It is polygenic, its original geometry is locally preserved and was re-shaped by the Pliocene transgressive surface. Above the « MES », the Boudinar basin infill is characterized by a wide variety of facies from continental settings to lower offshore conditions. Two major sets are recognized: a latest Messinian-Zanclean set that constitutes a transgressive-regressive megasequence interrupted at the top by a tectonic unconformity, and an Plio-Quaternary regressive set. During the late Messinian Zanclean interval, four successive depositional models were documented. They record major changes in palaeoflow and paleogeography related to base-level fluctuations. No Gilbert-type delta has ben identified at Boudinar. the beginning of base-level rise is marked by normal regressions and by the formation of several lacs and fan-delta complexes on the margins of the basin in the late Messinian and befor the marine reefloding in the early Zanclean. The marine reflooding of the basin appears later, with a transgressive surface of ravinment and a thick package of transgressive deposits. These transgressive deposits onlap over all previous deposits. The major part of the basin infill did not issue from an inner landward position (south of the basin) but from the northwestern side of the basin, i.e. near the Mediterranean. Sediments were subsequently reworked by storms and transported by longshore-drift towards the south. a maximum flooding surface is found several tens of metres above the « MES ». This fiding is consistent with a progressive and not a catastrophic early Zanclean flooding of the westernMediterranean after the Mediterranean base-level fall.
Sur la base d’études sédimentologiques et chronostratigraphiques dans les bassins de Boudinar et d’Arbaa Taourirt (Rif oriental, Maroc), l’évolution géodynamique néogène du domaine sud-Alboran en Méditerranée occidentale a été clarifiée. Ce travail est axé sur trois grandes thématiques de recherche. La première vise à l’établissement d’un cadre chronostratigraphique pour l’ouverture et la fermeture du Couloir Nord Rifain, par l’étude de deux bassins nèogènes de la bordure sud de la mer d’Alboran. La deuxième, vise à comprendre le comportement de ces deux bassins face à un événement majeur de l’histoire de la Mediterranée : la Crise de salinité messinienne. Finalement, la troisième vise à comprendre les modalités de remise en eau de la Méditerranée après la Crise : le reenoiement pliocène. L'évolution du Couloir Nord Rifain au Miocène supérieur est clarifiée sur la base des études chronostratigraphiques des bassins néogènes de Boudinar et d'Arbaa Taourirt (Maroc Nord oriental). Les sédiments marins miocènes se sont déposés entre le Tortonien inférieur et le Messinien inférieur (10 à 6.1 Ma) dans le bassin de Boudinar et entre le Tortonien supérieur et le Messinien inférieur dans le bassin d'Arbaa Taourirt. Les données paléoenvironnementales enregistrent un ennoyage important du bassin de Boudinar en relation avec une tectonique extensive pendant le Messinien inférieur (~7.2 Ma). En même temps, des conglomérats et de grès progradants se sont développés au-dessus des marnes tortoniennes dans le bassin d’Arbaa Taourirt. Le bassin de Boudinar a subi un désapprofondissement au Messinien inférieur. Ces résultats indiquent que le Couloir Nord Rifain s’est ouvert à ~7.2 Ma assurant les communications entre l’Atlantique et la Méditerranée, puis a subi une restriction progressive pendant le Messinien inférieur avant d’être totalement fermé à ~6.1 Ma.De nouvelles études sédimentologiques et paléontologiques des dépôts Messinien supérieur-Pliocène inférieur dans le bassin de Boudinar fournissent des informations sur la Crise de salinité messinienne (« MSC ») et le réennoiement zancléen dans la Mer d'Alboran. L’un des marqueurs majeurs de la Crise est identifié : la surface d’érosion messinienne « MES ». Elle est d'âge Messinien supérieur et a été mise en place dans des conditions subaériennes. Sa géométrie originale n’est préservée que localement et a été remodelée par la surface transgressive du Pliocène inférieur. Au dessus de la « MES » le remplissage sédimentaire du bassin de Boudinar est caractérisé par une grande variété de faciès allant des conditions de dépôts continentales jusqu’à des conditions d’offshore inférieur. Deux ensembles majeurs sont reconnus : un ensemble messinien terminal-zancléen qui constitue une mégaséquence transgressive-regressive, interrompue au sommet par une discordance tectonique, et un ensemble plio-quaternaire regressif. Durant l’intervalle Messinien terminal-Zancléen, quatre modèles de dépôts successifs ont été documentés enregistrant des changements majeurs de paléocourants et de paléogéographies, liés aux fluctuations de niveau de base. Nous n’avons pas identifié de Gilbert delta à Boudinar. La remontée du niveau de base est marquée par une régression normale et par le développement des lacs et de complexes de fan-deltas sur les marges du bassin pendant le Messinien supérieur, avant l’inondation marine au Zancléen basal. Le réennoiement marin du bassin apparait plus tard avec une surface de transgression ravinante et par d’épais dépôts transgressifs, en onlap sur tous les dépôts précédents. La majeure partie du remplissage sédimentaire du bassin n’est pas reçue des reliefs de la bordure sud du bassin, mais du côté Nord-Ouset au bord de la Méditerranée. Les sédiments sont alors remaniés par les tempêtes et transportés vers le sud par la dérive littorale. Une surface d’inondation maximale a été identifiée à plusieurs dizaines de mètres au-dessus de la « MES ». Ceci suggère un ennoiement progressif et non catastrophique, après la chute du niveau de base méditerranéen.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01473572

Droits : http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/licences/copyright/
tel-01473572
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01473572
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01473572/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01473572/file/Th%C3%A8se-achalhi.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Continental erosion and weathering destroy parts of the stratigraphic record. Analyses of the sedimentary filling of paleokarsts help completing the geological record of regions that have been submitted to post-depositional, long-term, continental evolution. Jurassic carbonate platform of Languedoc (South of France) has undergone several karstification phases from Cretaceous to Neogene. Later incision of canyons through the carbonate massifs allows to observe paleokarsts over 400m depth, within the massifs. Paleokarsts are partly filled with sediments. Some have yielded marine bioclasts (echinoderms, radiolars), foraminifera and nannofossils; others are composed of polygenic detrital sediments, including sources from the upstream Paleozoic basement (Cevennes). The age of the filling of successive paleokarsts can be constrained by structural relationships and by biostratigraphy. These findings suggests 1) the marine elements of the karstic filling relate to a Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene interval, while 2) the Paleozoic basement-sourced-sediments were trapped in the karst during Miocene to Present. Karstic sediment containing Early Paleocene foraminifera and nannofossils are found in paleokarsts cavities distributed across the entire thickness of the carbonate massif (≥350m). This requires base-level lowering and associated karstification, followed by base-level rise and karst filling of at least 350 m amplitude, respectively. The time interval corresponding to the occurrence of foraminifera and nannofossils in karsts covers 10 Myrs ; surprisingly, no equivalent marine sediments are preserved on the surface. In addition, analyses of the different forams species suggests several (up to 3) distinct karstification and marine filling cycles. Finally, sedimentological facies analysis of the karst filling reveals the following succession of processes: low energy settling of mudstone, high energy reworking, transport and deposition of silts and sandstones within the karst system. Integration of geological, paleontological and sedimentological data, leads to a polyphase scenario in response to repeated base-level variations, more than 350m amplitude. Such an amplitude excludes eustacy, and the improbable repeated sequence of uplift and subsidence rules out tectonics, as driving forces for base-level change, respectively. We propose that the high-amplitude base-level changes results from a succession of desiccation-flooding events of an endorheic, silled, basin during Early Paleogene. The later detrital assemblage sourced in the Cevennes occurs on perched paleosurfaces and in karst cavities across the whole 350m-deep canyon walls. When found on paleosurfaces, they correspond to the south-flowing Early Miocene fluvial drainage, and can be correlated downstream with the marine, well dated, Early Miocene, sediments. When found within the karst cavities, they correspond to successive base-level surfaces connected to the progressive incision of the canyon. This canyon incision is coeval with a Late Miocene uplift of the hinterland.
24th International Karstological School "Classical karst" : Paleokarst
Postojna, Slovenia

hal-01306683
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306683
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306683/document
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306683/file/Abstract_IKS.pdf

Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location.
This image shows workers near a banana loading area, while donkey pulled carts wait. Once the bananas are unloaded from the carts they will be placed on awaiting boats in the bay of Oracabessa, Saint Mary, Jamaica. One of Oracabessa’s famous residents was Ian Fleming. Fleming built his house GoldenEye, nearby, where he wrote many of his James Bond books. Slide labeled Aracabessa Banana Sheds.
Jamaica -- Caribbean region -- Oracabessa, Saint Mary

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00030897/00001

Résumé : Ifremer launched and coordinated the development of a strategy for the REBENT network (REseau BENThique) in 2000 to monitor the aftermath of the "Erika" oil spill in December 1999. Its aim is to provide consistent baseline knowledge about coastal benthic habitats and constitute a monitoring tool to detect changes at various scales over time and space. Sector-based seabed habitat mapping in shallow water (< 50 m deep), is currently being conducted throughout Brittany's coastal waters through a combination of geoacoustic marine systems and ground-truthing using biological grab sampling and seabed observations. Sedimentological and biological results on Glenan area emphasize a great diversity of subtidal habitats and marine species recognized. Sidescan imagery accentuates the complexity of the communities structure in a marine environment distinguished by strong and regulary roughness of the sea. Maerl biocenose is present at the nord-east of the archipelago. Progressively it gives way to mud sediment colonized by Amphiura filiformis and Haploops in the deeper channel. To the west and the south, substratum types are more coarse, occasionally mobiles, composed of essentially sand community with Nephtys and gravelly sand community with Branchiostoma lanceolatum.
Le Rebent (Réseau benthique), initié en 2000 à la suite de la catastrophe de l'Erika, a pour objectif de suivre les habitats benthiques côtiers et de détecter les changements à différentes échelles de temps et d'espace. L'approche sectorielle dans les petits fonds (< 50 m) des côtes bretonnes combine, des moyens de prospection acoustique, afin de délimiter les principaux types de substrats, avec des prélèvements et des observations biologiques pour caractériser les peuplements macrobenthiques. Les résultats des analyses sédimentologiques et faunistiques montrent autour de l'archipel des Glénan, une grande diversité d'habitats et d'espèces reconnues. L'imagerie acoustique fait ressortir la complexité de leur structuration dans un environnement marin soumis à de fortes et régulières périodes d'agitation. La biocénose de maërl occupe le nord-est de l'archipel. Elle laisse place progressivement aux sédiments envasés à Amphiura filiformis et aux vases à Haploops dans le fond du chenal. A l'ouest et au sud, les subtrats sont plus grossiers, essentiellement sableux à Nephtys et sablo-graveleux à Branchiostoma lanceolatum, épisodiquement mobiles.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/rapport-2301.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/sup-2301.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2301/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Introduction of non-indigenous species can alter marine communities and ecosystems. In shellfish farming, transfer of livestock, especially oysters, is a common practice and potentially constitutes a pathway for non-indigenous introductions. Many species of seaweeds are believed to have been accidentally introduced in association with these transfers, but there is little direct evidence. We experimentally simulated the transfer of oysters from the Thau Lagoon (France). These transfers involved increasing periods of aerial emersion and additional brine and hot water treatments. The brine and hot water treatments were evaluated as a means of reducing the probability of algal introductions with oyster transfers. Shells were cultured for 40 days in experimental tanks to identify the macroalgae likely to be introduced with any oyster transfer. A total of 57 macroalgal taxa, including 16 taxa not indigenous to the Thau Lagoon, were recorded across all treatments and experiments. The abundance of some species increased in several cases following aerial emersion. Elimination treatments (immersion in brine or hot water) significantly reduced algal diversity, with hot water treatments resulting in no species or only tubular Ulva spp. present. The results support the hypothesis that oyster transfers are effective as primary and secondary vectors of macroalgal introductions. Relatively simple changes to the transfer practice (particularly hot water treatments) are suggested as a means of reducing the risk of non-indigenous algal introductions.
Biological Conservation (0006-3207) (Elsevier), 2007-06 , Vol. 137 , N. 2 , P. 237-247

Droits : 2007 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2779.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.02.001
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2779/

Éditeur(s) : Universite Montpellier II
Résumé : Since 1980, the expansion of a green macro-alga: Valonia aegagropila (C Agardh) is observed in Salses-Leucate lagoon (France). It is currently distributed in the north of the lagoon with important biomasses (40 gDW/m²) eroding the cover of Zostera noltii. The free form of the alga can be transported with the surface or bottom currents depending on seasons. It multiplies mainly by vegetative reproduction. There are few studies on the ecophysiological capacities of V. aegagropila. This work tries to answer why (physiological adaptation) and how (mechanical process of transport) the alga invaded the lagoon, with an approach including observations, experiments in controlled environment and biological and hydrodynamic models. The growth capacities depend on temperature and light intensities, the nutrients absorption rates and internal nitrogen and phosphorus internal quotas were measured and modelled using a Droop model based on internal quota. Vertically transport was studied with laboratory experiments and measurements of biomass transport were made into the lagoon. The biological model (growth, vertical transport, mortality) was coupled to the MARS 3D hydrodynamic model with a meshgrid of 160m. The results show an adaptation of the alga to low availability of phosphorus and an annual growth of biomass controlled by the availability of nutrient during winter. The alga seems to occupy the whole zones where growth is optimal and the risk of invasion of the southern part of the lagoon is limited. This work opens on research prospects on an ecological model (confronting physiological capacities and competition of V. aegagropila, Zostera noltii, green algae and primary production), new physiological experiments, ecological observations and potential valorisation of V. aegagropila.
Depuis 1980, est observée dans l'étang de Salses-Leucate l'expansion d'une macro-algue verte : Valonia aegagropila (C. Agardh). En 2004, elle était présente sur la presque totalité de la moitié nord de la lagune avec des biomasses importantes (jusqu'à 600 gPS/m²). L'algue envahit et érode également la couverture d'herbiers garant de la biodiversité, de la productivité et de la stabilité de l'écosystème. V. aegagropila se reproduit essentiellement de manière végétative (fragmentation des thalles) et possède la particularité de retenir de l'oxygène de la photosynthèse dans sa structure sphérique. Cet oxygène piégé lui donne la possibilité de mouvement sur la verticale et d'être transportée dans le domaine par les courants. Les conditions physico-chimiques de l'étang présentent de fortes variations saisonnières en salinité, en température et en turbidité, ainsi que des apports nutritifs faibles : la production primaire est principalement limitée par le phosphore. Il existe malheureusement peu d'informations sur V. aegagropila ainsi que trop peu de connaissances sur son écophysiologie. Elle semble vivre dans des milieux plutôt oligotrophe dans des régions tropicales à sub-tropicales. Ce travail basé sur une approche d'observations de terrain, d'expérimentations en milieu contrôlé (en laboratoire) et de modélisation des processus, a permis d'une part d'explorer les capacités adaptatives physiologiques de V. aegagropila aux conditions environnementales de l'étang et d'autre part de mettre à jour les modes de fonctionnement de la dynamique spatio-temporelle de la population. Les capacités de croissance ont été mesurées sur un large spectre de température et de lumière. Les capacités d'absorption des sels nutritifs dans l'eau et les facultés de l'algue à stocker l'azote et le phosphore dans ses tissus ont également été étudiées. D'autre part, un modèle de dynamique des populations a été conceptualisé puis développé. Les processus pris en compte dans ce modèle sont la croissance de l'algue (modèle à quota interne), la flottabilité de l'algue et la mortalité par surdensité. Ces processus ont été paramétrés en majeure partie par des expérimentations réalisées en laboratoire. Ce modèle 0D a par la suite était couplé au modèle hydrodynamique MARS3D (modèle Ifremer) mis en place sur la lagune de Salses-Leucate, utilisant deux grilles de calcul (160m ou de 80m de résolution). Les simulations réalisées permettent d'appréhender les capacités spatio-temporelles de la croissance de l'algue dans l'étang, le turnover annuel de la biomasse totale et les attracteurs de biomasse du système sous différents évènements météorologiques. Ces résultats sont comparés avec les répartitions cartographiques de la population observées in situ en 1999 et 2004 et des flux de biomasses mesurés au cours d'observations de terrain entre juin 2003 et septembre 2004. L'ensemble des résultats montre d'une part une adaptation de l'algue à évoluer dans un milieu pauvre en phosphore et d'autre part une croissance annuelle de la biomasse totale qui est principalement contrôlée par les apports hivernaux en sels nutritifs dans la lagune. Les résultats des simulations montrent également que V. aegagropila semble occuper à présent la majeure partie des zones favorables à sa croissance. Il est également montré que si sa capacité de mouvement peut favoriser la dispersion d'individus dans la lagune et accélérer la croissance de la population pour de faibles biomasses initiales, cette même capacité de mouvement joue plutôt un rôle de régulation de la population lorsque la biomasse totale devient importante. On peut penser que le risque de colonisation de l'herbier à zostère de la partie sud de la lagune (bassin de Salses) est limité. Ce travail ouvre enfin des perspectives de recherche sur l'amélioration du modèle de dynamique des populations de l'espèce, sur de nouvelles expérimentations à réaliser ou encore sur la surveillance écologique du milieu. Des propositions sont faites pour concevoir un modèle écologique confrontant les capacités physiologiques des macrophytes (algues vertes, Valonia et zostères) afin d'apréhender les phénomènes de compétitions et les modes de fonctionnement du réseau trophique de la lagune de Salses- Leucate. Des pistes sur la valorisation de la matière algale de V. aegagropila sont enfin proposées.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/these-2453.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2453/

Résumé : The maritime economy includes the activities linked to the sea, namely: - Marine resource extraction: living resources and marine minerals, - Exploitation of marine space and of physical properties of marine waters (energy plants - using marine water as a heat sink, marine renewable energies, submarine cable laying, - maritime and coastal construction and public works, maritime transport, Navy), - Exploitation of seascapes (tourism, leisure, boating), - Resource processing (of living resources and oil & gas) - Manufacturing and service industries supplying the above exploitation activities: shipbuilding, ship repair and boat building and their suppliers, oil and gas services, financial services, - Public services: defence; State intervention at sea and public services to maritime activities and to seafarers; public and private activities contributing to the protection of marine and coastal environment; and public research. Since 1997, the French Marine Economic Data report, published by Ifremer, includes a set of key sectoral indicators used to value the economic significance of the French marine-related activities in terms of production and jobs, their role in the national economy, their weight in international competition and the importance of non-market public services. The analysis of the marine sectors is carried out mainly at national scale but regional indicators are also presented when they are available. The European dimension of the activities is also taken into account.

Droits : 2014 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00253/36455/34990.pdf
DOI:10.13155/36455
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00253/36455/

Éditeur(s) : Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh
Résumé : The distributions of the bio-essential trace element dissolved cobalt (DCo) and the apparent particulate Co (PCo) are presented along the GEOTRACES-A02 deep section from 64(o) N to 50(o) S in the western Atlantic Ocean (longest section of international GEOTRACES marine environment program). PCo was determined as the difference between total cobalt (TCo, unfiltered samples) and DCo. DCo concentrations ranged from 14.7 pM to 94.3 pM, and PCo concentrations from undetectable values to 18.8 pM. The lowest DCo concentrations were observed in the subtropical domains, and the highest in the low-oxygenated Atlantic Central Waters (ACW), which appears to be the major reservoir of DCo in the western Atlantic. In the Antarctic Bottom Waters, the enrichment in DCo with aging of the water mass can be related to suspension and redissolution of bottom sediments a well as diffusion of DCo from abyssal sediments. Mixing and dilution of deep water masses, rather than scavenging of DCo onto settling particles, generated the meridional decrease of DCo along the southward large-scale circulation in the deep western Atlantic. Furthermore, the apparent scavenged profile of DCo observed in the deep waters likely resulted from the persistence of relatively high concentrations in intermediate waters and low DCo concentrations in underlaying bottom waters. We suggest that the 2010 Icelandic volcanic eruption could have been a source of DCo that could have been transported into the core of the Northeast Atlantic Deep Waters. At intermediate depths, the high concentrations of DCo recorded in the ACW linearly correlated with the apparent utilization of oxygen (AOU), indicating that remineralization of DCo could be significant (representing up to 37% of the DCo present). Furthermore, the preferential remineralization of phosphate (P) compared to Co in these low-oxygenated waters suggests a decoupling between the deep cycles of P and Co. The vertical diffusion of DCo from the ACW appears to be a significant source of DCo into the surface waters of the equatorial domain. Summarizing, the dilution due to mixing processes rather than scavenging of DCo and the above-mentioned remineralization could be the two major pathways controlling the cycling of DCo into the intermediate and deep western Atlantic.
Biogeosciences (1726-4170) (Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh), 2014 , Vol. 11 , N. 6 , P. 1561-1580

Droits : Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00241/35223/33727.pdf
DOI:10.5194/bg-11-1561-2014
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00241/35223/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’organisation et la gestion des espaces publics en milieu urbain sont au centre des préoccupations de la puissance publique. Cet intérêt est lié dans les pays en développement aux nombreux dysfonctionnements recensés dans la ville. Ces difficultés sont entretenues par la démographie galopante, l’urbanisation informelle et à l’accroissement des activités industrielles, commerciales entre autres. À Dakar, la question de la mobilité urbaine est exacerbée par les puissants mouvements pendulaires entre la ville centrale et la périphérie amplifiés par les stationnements anarchiques et par l’inorganisation des modes de transports urbains.Le type d’espace public choisi pour cet article est une gare routière située au cœur du Plateau de Dakar : Petersen. Elle apparaît comme l’une des plus importantes gares routières du pays, surtout en matière de fréquentation avec plus de 50 000 personnes par jour. Le mode de gestion appliqué ici est la concession, une convention par laquelle la puissance publique confie la gestion de l’équipement à la SAGES une structure privée prenant en charge les intérêts parfois très contradictoires des différents acteurs.
The organization and management of public spaces in urban areas is a central concern of public authorities. This interest is linked in developing countries with numerous shortcomings identified in the city. These difficulties sustained by massive population growth, urbanization informal, and increased industrial activities, commercial and others. In Dakar, the question of urban mobility is exacerbated by the significant commuting between the city center and the periphery that are amplified by the chaotic parking lots and the disorganization of urban transport modes.The type of public space chosen for this article is a bus station in the heart of the Plateau de Dakar: Petersen. It appears as one of the largest bus stations in the country, especially in terms of attendance with over 50,000 people per day.The management method applied here is the concession, an agreement by which the public entrusts the management of equipment at the SAGES, a private organization that supports some very conflicting interests of different actors.
Sénégal
Dakar

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7858
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7858

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Sci Ltd
Résumé : Several marine geophysical data and piston-coring surveys acquired during the last decade allow one to better understand the close dynamic interactions between the sand-rich Orinoco turbidite system and the compressional structures of the Barbados prism. These interactions have been active since Eocene time as illustrated by the study of outcrops onshore Barbados Island. Because of strong morphologic and tectonic control in the east-Caribbean active margin, the present-day Orinoco turbiditic pattern system does not exhibit a classic fan geometry. The sea-floor geometry between the slope of the front of the Barbados prism and the slope of the South-American margin induces the convergence of the turbidite channels toward the abyssal plain, at the front of the accretionary prism. Also, whereas in most passive margins the turbidite systems are organized upstream to downstream as canyon, channel-levee and lobes, here, due to the tectonic control, the sedimentary system is organized upstream to downstream as channel-levee, canyons and channelized lobes. Indeed, at the edge of the Orinoco platform, the system has multiple sources with several distributaries and downstream the channel courses are complex with frequent convergences or divergences that are emphasized by the effects of the undulating seafloor tectonic morphologies associated with active thrust tectonics and mud volcanism. On top of the accretionary prism, turbidite sediments are filling transported piggy-back basins whose timing of sedimentation vs. deformation is complex. While erosion processes are almost absent on the highly subsiding Orinoco platform and in the upper part of the turbidite system, they develop mostly between 2000 and 4000 m of water depth, above the compressional structures of the Barbados prism (canyons up to 3 km wide and 300 m deep). In the abyssal plain, the main turbiditic channel develops toward the east and connects with the Vidal mid-Atlantic channel. The sediments transported in this channel are filling several elongated basins linked with fracture zones (notably the Barracuda Basin), and finally end their course in the Puerto-Rico trench, the deepest morphologic depression of the region. Piston-cores have demonstrated that turbidite sediments above the accretionary prism and in the abyssal plain are mostly coarse sandy deposits covered by recent pelagic planktonic-rich sediments, which corresponds to slower sand deposition during the post-glacial sea level rise. Numerical stratigraphic modelling suggests that during the last glacial event, the main depocentres were located above the tectonic prism and in the abyssal plain, at the front of the prism and that, during the Holocene eustatic rise, a large accommodation space formed on the shelf confining sedimentation mostly on the Orinoco deltaic platform and producing a starvation downstream in the turbidite system.
Marine And Petroleum Geology (0264-8172) (Elsevier Sci Ltd), 2015-06 , Vol. 64 , P. 76-103

Droits : 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00252/36373/34913.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.12.015
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00252/36373/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We have discovered in a marine core, located 20 km east of the Coastal Range of Taiwan at the top of a 1200 m deep submarine high, sheltered from rivers discharges and gravitational flows, a 23 cm-thick anomalous sequence topped with broken bivalves and wood fragments. Based on radiocarbon dating, we distinguish five sub-events within ∼ 100 yrs, about 3000 years ago. The oldest four sub-events are interpreted as the record of local submarine landslides, likely triggered by clustered earthquakes that are common in this tectonically active area. The last event including shells and wood has a different origin. Despite the high level of climatic and tectonic recent activity, no comparable event has been observed at the same site since that time, making it unique during the last 3.75 ka. Hydrodynamical modeling stimulated with a set of submarine landslide-triggered tsunami sources and combined with the regional oceanic circulation dominated by the Kuroshio Current, allow us to better constrain the transport paths of the suspended material, the expected run-up at the coast, and ultimately the trigger and source that best fit our observations. The Kuroshio Current appears as a strong constraint that generally prevents cross-shore transport of suspended material even during a major tsunami. Since the largest aerial debris flow observed along the east coast of Taiwan during the last 4 ka was synchronous with the marine deposit, our preferred scenario starts with the occurrence of four distinct large earthquakes within less than a century, triggering both submarine and aerial landslides in the study area. Then, a giant typhoon reworked the nearshore material as well as the slided material stored upstream resulting in a debris flow. It deeply modified the surface current, allowing the wood debris and shells to fastly reach the core site.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01467640
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467640
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.11.001

Résumé : Chapters in Volume 1: - Law of the sea and international straits - Trends in the French merchant fleet - International shipping - Safety and rescue at sea, the case of yachting - Marine research and economic development - The respective roles played at sea by the state and local authorities - Social trends in populations linked to the sea: commercial seafarers - Future perspectives for marine leisure activities - French ports, outlook for the year 2000 Chapters in Volume 2: - European organisation in terms of seafood - The role of the sea in the development of the DOM/TOM (French overseas départements and territories) - France's international policy and naval and maritime resources - Naval strategies of the major powers - Europe's security in the Mediterranean, the example of the Balkans - Nuclear-weapon-free areas and peace zones at sea - France and geopolitical balances in the South Pacific - The North-west of the Indian Ocean and the world energy supply
Rapports des dix-sept groupes de séminaires de la promotion "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" de l'Ecole nationale d'administration, février à juillet 1988: Chapitres du Tome1: - Le droit de la mer et les détroits internationaux - L'évolution de la flotte de commerce française - Les transports maritimes internationaux - Sécurité et sauvetage en mer, le cas de la plaisance - Recherche en mer et développement économique - Les rôles respectifs de l'État et des collectivités locales en mer - L'évolution sociale des populations attachées à la mer : les marins de commerce - Les perspectives d'avenir des loisirs de la mer - Les ports français, perspectives pour l'an 2000 Chapitres du Tome2: - Organisation européenne en matière de produit de la mer - Le rôle de la mer dans le développement des DOM/TOM - La politique internationale de la France et les moyens navals et maritimes - Les stratégies navales des grandes puissances - La sécurité de l'Europe en Méditerranée, l'exemple des Balkans - Les zones exemptes d'armes nucléaires et les zones de paix en mer - La France et les équilibres géopolitiques dans le Pacifique Sud - Le Nord-Ouest de l'océan Indien et l'approvisionnement énergétique mondial

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1988/rapport-1027.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1988/sup-1027.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1027/

Éditeur(s) : Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-tubitak
Résumé : In 2002, the Bosphorus outlet was mapped using an EM 300 multibeam echo-sounder together with a Chirp sonar system. This survey, carried out on board the Ifremer RV 'Le Suroit' in the frame of the BlaSON project, completes the data previously acquired directly at the mouth of the Bosphorus by Di Iorio et al. (1999) in the frame of a NATO SACLANT Undersea Research project using jointly the NATO RV Alliance, and the Turkish Navy Survey ship 'Cubuklu'. This acoustic imaging has identified a canyon system at the slope and a shallow marine fan, which contains shelf incisions extending the Istanbul Strait incision. Multibeam bathymetry, ultra-high resolution seismic profiling and coring correlations on this subaqueous fan area allowed reconstruction of morphology and patterns of sediment distribution indicative of high energy sediment transport processes. The discovery of a shallow water/shelf type fan directly off shore from the Bosphorus and connected to its outlet is consistent with the theories of sudden discharges of large volumes of water. Age dating obtained at the bottom of this subaqueous shelf fan yielded an age of 6700 yr C-14 BP (uncorrected age) for the first marine mollusc encountered at the base. This is in accordance with a last and abrupt reconnection of the Marmara Sea to the Black Sea. A detailed morphological map of the shelf and slope along with seismic profile interpretation and core correlation is presented here. A synthesis is proposed to explain the formation of this subaqueous fan and its relationship with the last connection between Black and Marmara seas aft er the Last Glacial Maximum. This interpretation can be summarized as follows: stage A corresponds to the first erosion surface seen on the shelf related to the Last Glacial Maximum low stand; stage B is the ravine surface onlapping to ca. -30, -40 m; stage C is a second erosional surface related to a sea level fall and eroding most of underlying Unit 1B; and stage D corresponds to the onset of the fan deposit during a period of high water run-off from the Black Sea entering from the Bosphorus. Avulsion branches show that this fan has been active for a long time.
Turkish Journal Of Earth Sciences (1300-0985) (Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-tubitak), 2011 , Vol. 20 , N. 3 , P. 287-305

Droits : 2011 TÜBİTAK
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00036/14676/13677.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00036/14676/

Éditeur(s) : Université Bordeaux 1
Résumé : Les formations superficielles du plateau insulaire de la Martinique ont été cartographiées à l'aide de données acquises par l'utilisation de techniques complémentaires telles que le sonar à balayage latéral, les photographies sous-marines et les prélèvements à la benne. Ces formations sont constituées par des éléments carbonatés provenant du démantèlement des formations coralliennes actuelles et fossiles et d'éléments volcaniques transportés jusqu'à la mer par voies aérienne et fluviatile. Parmi les structures sédimentaires repérées dans les sables grossiers à très grossiers et dans les graviers, les plus significatives sont des mégarides symétriques, situées entre 20 et 60 m de profondeur. Elles présentent une hauteur comprise entre 0,20 et 0,60 m et une amplitude variant de 1 à 5 m. Le dépouillement des mesures de courantométrie, l'utilisation de statistiques sur les alizés, l'examen de données sur l'état de la mer et la modélisation des courants induits par les vents en période d'alizés et en période cyclonique ont abouti à la définition des caractéristiques des agents hydrodynamiques régnant sur le plateau insulaire de la Martinique. Les caractéristiques des corps sédimentaires permettent d'attribuer aux houles cycloniques plutôt qu'aux courants la responsabilité de leur formation notamment en période cyclonique. Les deux derniers cyclones les plus intenses ayant touché les côtes martiniquaises (David en 1979 et Allen en 1980) ont laissé des empreintes différentes en raison d'une intensité et d'une trajectoire différentes. Les courants de marée, les courants généraux et ceux induits par le vent occupent une place secondaire parmi les agents de remobilisation des sédiments et d'édification des mégarides.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00105/21587/19167.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00105/21587/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Meteorological Society
Résumé : Global positioning system (GPS) data from a dense network have been used for the analysis of the diurnal cycle of water vapor over Marseille, France, during the second intensive observation period (IOP2; 21–26 June 2001) of the Expérience sur Sites pour Contraindre les Modèles de Pollution Atmosphérique et de Transport d'Emission (ESCOMPTE) field experiment. Both tomographic analyses and integrated water vapor (IWV) contents from GPS have been used, in addition to wind profiler data and surface observations. Tomographic analysis of data from the dense GPS network and radiosondes provided the continuous temporal evolution of the vertical distribution of water vapor over the city of Marseille. The city is located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in southeastern France and is often under the influence of sea-breeze effects. Two different layers of breeze circulation are identified: a shallow sea breeze, blowing perpendicular to the local coastline, and a deep sea breeze, induced by the regional temperature gradient between sea and land. The origin of water vapor is shown to be mainly due to the advection of marine moist air by these sea-breeze circulations. However, the diurnal cycle of water vapor over Marseille is strongly influenced by the synoptic situation, which changes during the IOP2 (between a northerly mistral in the early stage of the IOP and an easterly wind at the end). It is shown that vertical profiles from tomographic analyses (combined with wind profiler data) allow for a proper interpretation of the diurnal cycle observed in IWV. Two-dimensional maps of IWV are also shown to complement the description of the horizontal advection of moisture by the different circulation regimes.
ISSN: 1558-8424

hal-00273624
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624/file/drJAM_cycle_diurne_GPS_rev1.pdf
DOI : 10.1175/JAM2450.1