Éditeur(s) : University of the Virgin Islands University of the Virgin Islands ( St. Thomas, V.I. : Eastern Caribbean Center, University of the Virgin Islands )

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HQ 1034 .C27 S25 2014

Résumé : From the PNCR, GAP MPs free to vote conscience on gay rights bill By Johann Earle Stabroek News June 11, 2003 The PNCR will allow its members to vote their conscience on the controversial Constitution (Amendment) Act of 2001 which seeks to prevent discrimination against persons on the basis of their sexual orientation and other grounds. A number of religious organisations are opposed to the passage of the bill because it includes sexual orientation as one of the grounds. They are concerned that it could lead to a legalisation of homosexual relations and demands for recognition of gay marriages among other things. PNCR Member of Parliament (MP) Vincent Alexander told a forum at the National Library on Saturday, that the Bill did not seek to legalise homosexuality, but to ensure that persons would not be discriminated against based on their sexual preferences. He was one of two parliamentarians who showed up - the other being PNCR member, Myrna Peterkin. The forum was organised by Students Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD), a group comprising fifteen students from the University of Guyana which was formed about two weeks ago. Alexander expects the vote on the bill to come up before the National Assembly in a matter of months. Paul Hardy, Leader of the Guyana Action Party (GAP), told Stabroek News that his party would not be using the so-called parliamentary whip. He added that GAP took a decision that every member should vote according to his or her own conscience. “We have no right to deny the rights of others based on sexual orientation. [The Bill] will guarantee rights to the homosexual.” GAP is in Parliament as part of an alliance with the Working People’s Alliance. GAP/WPA has two MPs. The bill was met with rejection from some members of the religious community in 2001 and as a result of this, the President did not assent to it. In a statement on Monday, the Central Islamic Organisa-tion of Guyana (CIOG) said that it stood in firm opposition to the Bill. The CIOG says the general purpose of the bill may be commendable and that the organisation’s objection is not based on a willingness to promote discrimination. Rather, the CIOG said, it was based on the fact that specific legal protection on the basis of sexual orientation without definition or qualification gives tacit legitimacy to practices which are considered criminal in Islam. “It is foreseeable that such a legal nod of approval (subtle as it may be) of these practices may pave the way for greater social (or even legal) acceptability in the future which, from the perspective of all Muslims including those in Guyana, is an undesirable and sinful outcome,” the CIOG statement said. At Saturday’s event, Muslim teacher Moulana Mohamed Ali Zenjibari spoke of instances of abuse, discrimination and harsh penalties meted out to gay and lesbian persons in countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia and noted that the Quran did not sanction such punishments for homosexual behaviour. President of the CIOG, Fazeel Ferouz told Stabroek News that a meeting to discuss a strategy with regards to the bill was planned for tomorrow with various religious groups. Stabroek News tried to get a comment on the issue from the PPP/C but to no avail. ROAR leader, Ravi Dev said that his party was now having discussions on the issue. ROAR feels that it is an important question which has to do with morality and should be discussed across the country. He added legislators had to be in tune with their constituents on the issue. SASOD is lobbying for the legislation through the sensitisation of MPs. Keimo Benjamin, a law student at UG, gave a presentation based on the jurisprudential aspects of the discussion on sexual orientation. He argued that morality should not be the only guiding principle on which to base the laws. Sexual activities between two consenting male adults in private could not be equated with a violation of a person’s rights, he said, making the point that the thrust of his presentation was not whether homosexuality was wrong, but whether it violated the rights of others. He said that the attitudes of some towards this subject were based on preconceived notions and prejudices. He cited studies to show that the suppression of certain perceived deviant sexual impulses in persons might do more harm than good. One Harvard University study of teens who said they were gay indicated that those teens were three times more likely to commit suicide. Vidyaratha Kissoon, of Help and Shelter, in his contribution on Saturday, expressed his displeasure at the low turnout at the forum and urged the parliamentarians who showed up to take the message to their colleagues. He noted that because of homophobia, the numerical minority was terrified of speaking out against instances of discrimination. Gays and lesbians in Guyana were subjected to ridicule and abuse, and walk the streets at night not looking for sex necessarily, but for the companionship of persons who empathise with them. During his presentation, Joel Simpson, another member of SASOD, outlined a number of changes made within national jurisdictions that had international implications. One such crucial change was South Africa’s 1996 adoption of a new constitution, making that country the first in the world to expressly include sexual orientation as a prohibited ground of discrimination. It was the first time a developing country had taken the lead with respect to the rights of sexual minorities. He also said that according to Douglas Sanders, a Canadian jurist, the rights of homosexual, bisexual or transsexual men and women had never been officially recognised by the United Nations, despite the fact that international laws on the issue began to emerge at the close of the Second World War. Simpson said that under Article 170 (5), as amended by Section 8 of the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 4) Act 2000, the President is required to assent to any bill which is returned by the National Assembly unaltered after a two-thirds majority within 90 days of its presentation to him. To the parliamentarians present, Simpson stressed that the onus was now on them to adequately represent their constituents which include lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual Guyanese. http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news301/ns306115.htm and Vote on sexual orientation should be a matter of conscience - MP Alexander By Esther Elijah Guyana Chronicle June 8, 2003 PEOPLE’S National Congress (PNC/R) Member of Parliament Mr. Vincent Alexander, said the Opposition will vote on “conscience” when the piece of legislation on sexual orientation is again brought before the National Assembly. “With specific reference to my party, when this Bill gets back to the Parliament in the spirit of the arguments here, we will not use the `whip’. Our party will not say we have to vote for the provision (in the Sexual Orientation Bill). We will allow our members to vote as a matter of conscience,” he told participants gathered in the Conference Room of the National Library. “We feel this is a matter of conscience. You may end up with a collective position but you have to deal with us individually,” Alexander said at a poorly attended public consultation aimed at gaining support for sexual orientation to be considered a fundamental right in Guyana. Alexander, one of the main persons who sat on the Constitutional Reform Commission that addressed this controversial clause, said the legislation was not meant to legalise homosexual activities in Guyana. “It was intended to ensure that persons who have an orientation - a way of thinking - which may or may not lead to a certain activity, to not be discriminated against, in terms of their rights,” he explained. Alexander noted that very often, discussions on the sexual orientation provision in the Bill have led to seepages into other areas where debates centre on the “right to be homosexual.” “I am saying the Bill does not comment on that… However, law is peculiar, especially in a Common Law system. Once you venture out and change the law, very often you open other windows which we cannot definitively say exist or does not exist in advance,” he said. “The fear of some people is that the legislators might say one thing and the Courts will eventually say something else. While some people can’t argue against the law, per say, they will say this has opened a window of opportunity not meant to be opened. So, it is better to stay without a window than open it and then have a possibility of something you didn’t intend to happen - happening sometime in the future.” Alexander added: “I want to say I’ve found this activity to have been rich from the perspective of the amount of research which was done by student (speakers). Without any comment as to whether I agree with the arguments, I would wish that much more research on other issues be done by students, and that at the University (of Guyana) students would find it convenient to have forums on other issues, with the same depth of research for their own intellectual development.” Alexander and other Opposition M.P, Lurlene Nestor were the only three Parliamentarians in attendance at the session organised by the recently formed `Students Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination’ (SASOD), a group that has a membership of 15 mostly University of Guyana (UG) students from various faculties. SASOD was established two weeks ago. With the exception of members of the press, the consultation only managed to attract 11 persons, a handful of who were SASOD members. While congratulating the students for an “insightful” presentation, Nestor pointed out that whether or not she chooses to agree with their position is “another issue” and she is entitled to her “own view”. “The issue of sexual orientation is very `toucheous’ …while we agree with the human rights provisions and all that as a society, we must also revert to our own society. Some of the very critical questions that I would want to ask is whether or not at the society (level) we are ready for that kind of thing,” she remarked. “We cannot, at (any) time, ignore the religious groups in our society. If we look at statistics going back to 1992 from a survey done by the Bureau of Statistics, we would see that a small section of the Guyanese population might be considered as people who do not subscribe to a religious view. While the laws are not necessarily based on moral values, we must acknowledge the fact that we might want to revert to many of the cases that (concern) laws that protect public morality.” Nestor told the speakers at the consultation these were some of the issues that they needed to deal with. She highlighted, too, that what must be examined is the effects of same-sex marriages on society and how this issue must be tackled. “These are some of the things we should consider and I don’t think you dealt with that in the presentations,” Nestor stated, adding that the issues must be addressed “frontally.” “Do we think that with the coming to being of this Bill that there might be quite a number of challenges to the Constitution in relation to the same issue of a man marrying a man? What do we do at the society (level)? Do we recognise that?” were the questions directed at the five speakers at the session. Nestor continued: “There is some argument that says, `Oh the Bill does not promote homosexuality or does not encourage a man to marry (another) man, but if you look at Section (15) that talks about `non-discrimination’ then how can we not, with the passage of this Bill, allow a man not to marry (another) man.” According to Nestor, matters of this nature constitute some of the “inconsistencies” of the Bill. On the argument raised by presenters at the session on who determines what is morality, Nestor said in the concept of democracy it is the people who are the determinants based on a “line of thinking.” She also rebutted on grounds that put the spotlight on teachers who may have been caught “interfering” with their young students and who may subsequently be dismissed from their jobs. “Could you imagine such a person interfering with a boy below age 10 - and by virtue of the fact that the Bill is there, the judges (in the case) will have to use their discretion in terms of what happens. We will have more Constitutional changes and problems (arising with the passage of the Bill).” SASOD member and law student, Joel Simpson, in reply, said he doesn’t think any homosexual in Guyana wants to “run into a church and ask that people marry them or anything of that sort.” At one point likening the church to a “club”, Simpson claimed the church has the right to exclude whomever it wants. He further stated that in accordance with the Constitution, people of the same sex do not currently have the right to marry, and will also not be able to do such an act with the passage of the Bill. However, Simpson said it is possible that the law, with the passage of the Bill, would have to recognise same-sex domestic partnerships in relation to employment benefits, sharing of properties, etc. Simpson said he believes there should be a realm of “public” and “private” morality between consenting adults, and implied that the Bill did not fully give “rights” to homosexuals. But, Nestor interjected: “I am informing you further…that the Sexual Orientation provision has, in fact, in some way recognised the rights of homosexuals and we must accept that.” Meanwhile, there was no vocal Christian representative(s) at the consultation and apart from the two Opposition representatives none other participant gave comments or directed questions at the presenters. Other speakers in support of the sexual orientation clause were: Moulana Mohammed Ali Zenjiban, Assistant Director of the International Islamic College; Denuka Radzik from Red Thread, Keimo Benjamin, UG law student and Vidyartha Kissoon from Help & Shelter. The Sunday Chronicle has been reliably informed that the Georgetown Ministers Fellowship, representing groups of Christian leaders staunchly against sexual orientation as a right in Guyana, have recently prepared a detailed 16-page document outlining issues arising from research to further boost their argument against the inclusion of the clause. The document is yet to be made public. http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/news301/nc306083.htm

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http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00014700/00001

Éditeur(s) : UNDP Guyana UNDP Guyana ( Guyana )
Résumé : (Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
While the global response to HIV and AIDS has realized several successes in achieving universal access to prevention, care and treatment to date, challenges persist in ensuring equal access to these services for most at risk populations. The epidemiology of HIV reflects a stark disparity in access to prevention and treatment services for neglected most-at risk populations, such as men who have sex with men (MSM). World-wide, MSM often experience higher rates of HIV relative to the total population. The reasons for this dynamic are multi-faceted and include high risk behaviors, and cultural as well as structural barriers. For MSM in developing countries, for example, basic services for prevention and treatment of HIV infection have yet to reach the large majority of men. Homophobia and discrimination limit access of MSM to prevention services and markedly increase vulnerability, as do criminalization of same-sex behavior. Decriminalization of same-sex behavior is a structural intervention for prevention of HIV infection and has recently been embraced by a nonbinding statement from the United Nations (Beyrer C,Clin Infect Dis. 2010 May 15;50 Suppl 3:S108-13) In the Caribbean, all of the above mentioned barriers exist. In fact, recent evidence demonstrates that there is a correlation between the decriminalization of homosexuality and lower rates of HIV (UNAIDS). This correlation is attributed to improved access to services. Therefore, The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has recently launched an initiative to address the current situation regarding men who have sex with men in Guyana where the HIV prevalence in this population is 19.4% in contrast to 1.8% in the total population. This rapid assessment has been commissioned to supplement two previous studies that were conducted in Guyana in informing the design of upcoming activities to support local capacity building to enhance access to services and respect for the human rights protections for MSM. Unfortunately, in Guyana, like much of the Caribbean, MSM tend to be a hard to reach population, perhaps due to elevated levels of stigma and discrimination and difficulty in accessing men who might participate in high risk same sex behaviors yet do not self-identify as an MSM. As a result, there is a relative paucity of data concerning the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of this total population in Guyana. (i.e. those who self –identify and those who do not) The baseline report is organized as follows: the methodology is explained followed by the study limitations, the review (literature and desk). The report then proceeds with describing the reality of work and working with sexual and gender minorities in Guyana, the status quo and entry points. The main findings of the capacity assessment and focus groups are then discussed. Issues relating to the uniformed forces and health services providers are then presented followed by discussions and conclusions.

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Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Inc
Résumé : The sex-determining system of Crassostrea gigas is still poorly known, especially regarding the potential influence of temperature. In order to address this question, mRNA expressions of actors of the molecular cascade (Cg-DMI, Cg-SoxE, Cg-beta-catenin, Cg-Foxl2/Cg-FoxI2os) and of Oyvlg, a germ cell marker, were investigated by real-time PCR in spat grown at different temperatures (18, 22, 25 and 28 degrees C). In parallel, gonadic differentiation, gametogenesis and sex ratios were assessed by histology at each of these temperatures. Whatever the temperature, Cg-DMI, Cg-SoxE, Cg-beta-catenin and Oyvlg expressions peaked at the same developmental stage, always after Cg-Foxl2/Cg-Foxl2os (around 40-44 dpf for spat grown at 18 degrees C). Temperatures increased the kinetics of first gonadic differentiation and gametogenesis. At 25 degrees C a significant switch occurred in sex ratio towards males and in the balance of expression between male and female genes, in favor of males. A slight gametogenesis disturbance was also observed. These results strengthen the hypotheses about the sex-determining time window and molecular cascade governing the development of C gigas, with notably the involvement of Cg-Foxl2/Cg-Foxl2os in the very early steps. They also suggest an influence of temperature on the oyster's sex determination which, associated to genetic control, would induce a mixed sex determination system (GSD +TSD). (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology (1095-6433) (Elsevier Science Inc), 2013-05 , Vol. 165 , N. 1 , P. 61-69

Droits : 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00136/24767/22874.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.007
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00136/24767/

Résumé : 1 - Study's goals review The management of Norway Lobster and Hake fisheries can be considered as the most important issue in the Gascogne gulf. Calculation methods used to evaluate prediction variations under various efforts and mesh constraints all pinpoint to the crucial role narrow mesh fishing plays in Hakes' Northern stock status. The involvement of Gascogne gulf Norway Lobster fisheries regarding Hakes over exploitation seems over dimensioned when comparing the size of both of these stocks. Hake stocks spread from Northern Great Britain to Northern Spain, while Norway Lobster stocks are located in the Gascogne gulf's mud flats. The biological solution is well known and consists in globally increasing mesh nets to 80mm which would bring up Hakes yield to its most. It would be unreal to pretend all parties involved in Hake stocks will come to use them. For now, it is mostly an economical issue since many vessels continue on with an exploitation scheme dating from the 60's and fish on coastal mud flats which are the most exploited zones and where their catch is detrimental to juvenile class Hakes and Norway Lobsters. Considering our limited time, this study will cover bio- economical modelisation preparation. You will therefore find a description of fisheries and an exploitation assessment based on 1986's available data. 2 - Accomplished work 2. 1 Fishery description Presenting the problems and preparing ulterior analyses was first and foremost. Norway Lobster vessels supposedly, according to evaluation models used, test immature Hakes in such a manner that all stock exploitation is jeopardized. Norway Lobster distribution is closely linked to the nature of the ocean floor since it can only build its habitat on fine sediment. Hakes' habitat is not as restrictive and is linked to food supply, especially euphausiid shrimps, so they can be found on sandy and sandy-sedimental floors. Norway Lobsters are sought by a fleet of 400 to 450 ships which characteristics widely vary according to their home port. On the northern part, fisheries are close to exploitation ports where Norway Lobsters and miscellaneous catch yield is sufficient to support an older fleet. On the southern part, the structure is diversified and flexibility usually rules, more modern vessels can easily switch their target on a seasonal or daily basis. Globally, Hakes' northern stocks are slightly on the rise. This rise is probably due to global mesh size increase, even if slight and a decrease on fishing effort where immature species are caught. Norway Lobster stocks unloading is stable or slightly lower and yields, as far as northern fishery are concerned, vary and oscillate between ±15 to ±20 % at about an average of 100 kg/day. Biological parameters used in the evaluations for each species are those used in CIEM and CEE work cells. Among those parameters, those describing growth are the greatest. For Hakes, an intermediary growth equation between males and females has been used. For Norway Lobsters, both sexes are treated separately. Simulations were carried out according to 3 types of data: Norway Lobster vessels fishing effort variations. Norway Lobster vessels mesh increase. Norway Lobster vessels fishing effort decrease or mesh increasing go along in the same direction for Hake and Norway Lobster stock production (chart A and B). Lastly, a brief study on results evaluation significance was done to modify: - the size of Hake rejects by Norway Lobster vessels. The range of sizes stays the same but the amount in each class varies according to the same percentage. - Norway Lobsters growth parameters, both values used (L» = 76 mm and k = 0.11 for males, L°° = 56 mm and k = 0.14 for females) representing the "high" hypothesis. In the first case, a 20% error rate for rejects evaluation with 60 mm mesh would only bring a 3% modification rate on global stock production. Those first results are contradicting usual evaluation conclusions and it will be necessary to recalculate by modifying the size class step. In the second case, to decrease L» and increase growth speed, in time production variations remain within usual inter annual fluctuations. In all figure cases, calculations confirming greater yield for in time production through hypothetical mesh size increase to 60 mm, are definitely well founded.
1 - Rappel des buts de l'étude La gestion des pêcheries de merlu et de langoustine peut être considérée comme le problème le plus important du Golfe de Gascogne. Les méthodes de calcul employées pour évaluer les variations de la production sous diverses contraintes d'effort et de maillage mettent toutes l'accent sur le rôle capital des pêcheries à petits maillages sur l'état du stock nord de merlu. Le niveau de responsabilité des pêcheries de langoustine du Golfe de Gascogne dans la surexploitation du merlu semble démesuré eu égard aux dimensions respectives des deux stocks. Le stock de merlu s'étend du Nord des Iles Britanniques au Nord de l'Espagne alors que le stock de langoustine est localisé aux vasièrés du Golfe de Gascogne. La solution biologique du problème est connue et tient à une augmentation généralisée des maillages à 80 mm qui amènerait le rendement du stock de merlu à son maximum. Il serait illusoire de prétendre que tous les acteurs opérant sur le stock de merlu arriveront jamais à l'utiliser. Pour le moment, le problème se pose essentiellement en termes économiques car beaucoup de navires poursuivent un schéma d'exploitation hérité des années 1960 et pèchent sur des vasièrés côtières qui sont les zones les plus exploitées et où ils effectuent leurs captures au détriment des jeunes classes d'âge de merlu et de langoustine. En raison des délais impartis, cette étude constitue la préparation à une modélisation bioéconomique. On y trouvera donc une description des pêcheries et un bilan de l'exploitation sur les données disponibles en 1986. 2 - Travaux effectués 2 . 1 Description de la pêcherie Il s'agissait avant tout de poser les problèmes et de préparer les analyses ultérieures. Les langoustiniers sont présumés, d'après les modèles d'évaluation employés, effectuer sur les immatures de merlu des prélèvements tels qu'ils mettent en danger toute l'exploitation du stock. La distribution de la langoustine est très liée à la nature du fond car elle ne peut construire son terrier que sur des fonds de vase fine. Celle du merlu est beaucoup plus large et inféodée à la recherche de nourriture, crevettes euphausiacées en particulier, on le trouve donc sur les fonds sableux à sablo-vaseux. La langoustine est recherchée par une flottille de 400 à 450 bateaux dont les caractéristiques sont très variables suivant leur appartenance géographique. Au nord, la pêcherie est proche des ports exploitants et les rendements en langoustine et en prise accessoire sont suffisants pour faire vivre une flottille ancienne. Vers le sud, la structure est très diversifiée et la flexibilité est généralement la règle et les navires de construction récente peuvent changer de cible aisément de façon saisonnière ou au cours de la même journée de pêche. Globalement, les débarquements de merlu du stock nord sont en légère hausse. Ce redressement est dû probablement aux augmentations de maillage, même légères, généralisées et à une baisse de l'effort sur les pêcheries où s'effectuent des captures d'immatures. Les débarquements de langoustine sont stables ou en légère baisse et les rendements, au moins sur la pêcherie du nord, varient avec des oscillations de ±15 à ±20 % autour d'une moyenne de 100 kg/jour. Les paramètres biologiques utilisés pour chaque espèce dans les évaluations sont ceux en usage dans les groupes de travail du CIEM et de la CEE. Parmi ces paramètres, ceux décrivant la croissance sont les plus importants. Pour le merlu une équation de croissance intermédiaire entre mâles et femelles a été utilisée. Pour la langoustine les deux sexes sont traitées séparément. Les simulations ont porté sur trois types de données : Variations de l'effort des langoustiniers Augmentation du maillage des langoustiniers La diminution de l'effort des langoustiniers ou L'augmentation de maillage agisse très exactement dans le même sens sur la production des stocks de merlu et de langoustine. Enfin une étude succincte de la sensibilité des résultats des évaluations a été effectuée pour des modifications : - de la composition en taille des rejets de merlu par les langoustiniers. L'étendue des tailles reste la même mais le nombre dans chaque classe varie selon le même pourcentage. des paramètres de croissance de la langoustine, le couple de valeurs utilisées (L» = 76 mm et k = 0.11 pour les mâles, L°° = 56 mm et k = 0.14 pour les femelles) constituant l'hypothèse "haute" Dans le premier cas, une erreur de 20 % sur l'évaluation des rejets pour un cnaillage de 60 mm n'apporterait qu'une modification de 3 % dans la production globale du stock. Ces premiers résultats sont en contradiction avec les conclusions habituelles des évaluations et il sera nécessaire de reprendre les calculs en modifiant le pas des classes de taille. Dans le deuxième cas, pour une diminution de L» et une augmentation de la vitesse de croissance, les variations de la production à terme restent à l'intérieur des fluctuations interannuelles habituelles. Dans tous les cas de figure, les calculs confirmant l'augmentation de la production à terme dans l'hypothèse d'une augmentation de maillage à 60 mm sont d'une robustesse à toute épreuve.

Droits : 1987 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1987/rapport-1763.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1763/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
PURPOSE: Two hundred and fifty-three patients were included in a study on the etiology of encephalitis, carried out in France in 2007. Tuberculosis was the second most frequently identified cause, after HSV and with the same number of cases as VZV. The authors report the specific features of patients presenting with tuberculosis encephalitis (TE). METHODS: TE patients were defined as patients presenting with encephalitis, with positive culture or PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or the association of clinical, biological, imaging, and epidemiological evidence (possible cases). Clinical, microbiological, and brain imaging data was analyzed and compared to that of other included patients. RESULTS: Twenty cases of TE were identified. The M/F sex-ratio was 1.5, the mean age 53 years. Four (20%) patients had a history of tuberculosis before the encephalitis. The median delay between the onset of general and neurological symptoms was significantly longer for tuberculosis cases than for others (10 days vs. 2; P<10(-10)). The median CSF protein level was significantly higher for tuberculosis cases (2.1 g/L vs. 0.8 g/L, P=0.002). CT scan and MRI were normal on admission for eight patients out of 17. Fourteen isolated strains of M. tuberculosis were susceptible to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and one was rifampicin-resistant. Six (33%) patients died during hospitalization and two were lost to follow-up. Ten out of 12 (78.6%) had persisting neurological symptoms on discharge. DISCUSSION: Despite non-multiresistant MT strains, the case fatality rate among TE patients was high in our series. Early brain imaging is poor contributive for the diagnosis of TE.
ISSN: 0399-077X

hal-00874835
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00874835
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.05.003
PUBMED : 23816146

Éditeur(s) : Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (Dunkerque)
Résumé : In the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea waters, hake is considered as genetically homogeneous and form a unique stock with identical meristic characteristics. The vertebral mean vary from 50,68 (vertebrae) during the first year of life to 51,11 (vertebrae) for adults. 0-group Merluccius display a rapid growth with significant interannual variability (0.71 mm.day-1 in 2001 versus 0.74 mm.day-1 in 2002). The spawning period occurs in April and the average length on the firth January following the hatching is of 17.3 cm (first seasonal check / increment on the sagittal otolith is located about 0.143 cm from the nucleus). At the end of the first year of life the average length is about 24 cm. The longevity of the species is important and growth parameters (L = 138,24 cm ; K = 0,132) explain natural mortality coefficient of M = 0.21. No difference for growth between male and female has been observed for this stock. The ratio total weight / eviscerated weight is equal to Fc = 1,086. Both male and female have same spatial and bathymetric distribution. Juveniles are found in deep waters (< 17 cm length) and move to coastal waters where they display an average length of (33 cm length). Longer individuals are found in nursery areas where they feed and grow then move to deeper areas to spawn. Nursery areas are numerous and located in the Celtic Sea and in the bay of Biscay. In the bay of Biscay, disturbances resulted from hydrondynamics affect the settlement on the nursery grounds particularly in the southern part of the bay. Diet composition varies with age. Juveniles feed mainly on crustaceans (Euphausia kroni). At the length of 23 cm, individuals feed strictly on fishes. Sizes of preys are proportional with sizes of predators and preys are composed mainly of species that feed and reproduce close to the bottom. Cannibalism has been observed for this specie, and increases with age notably in the northern part of the bay of Biscay and in the Celtic Sea. Main preys are 0-group juveniles. This specie is assumed to be a passive predator catching its preys when they come to feed in the bottom. Although they are punctual, these results have been obtained after studies on the evolution of sizes during the first year of life (daily increments measurements) and on the spawning period parameters (back-calculating). Average length on the firth January following hatching and the position of the first seasonal check on the otolith are based on observations of the sizes on the firth January following hatching (obtained with growth rates and spawning period parameters). The results are similar to those described in previous studies, nevertheless they have to be confirmed with growth and diet composition analyses. A long term study appear essential to determine biological and ecological parameters of this species for sustainable management of the stock.
Les alertes quant à la surexploitation du stock de merlu européen sont nombreuses et récurrentes. Seulement l'estimation du niveau réel de l'état du stock a toujours posé des problèmes du fait de certaines lacunes dans la connaissance de la biologie et de l'écologie de cette espèce. Dans les eaux du golfe de Gascogne et de la mer Celtique, le merlu européen fait partie de la même population génétique et possède les mêmes caractéristiques meristiques. Sa moyenne vertébrale est de 50,68 durant sa première année de vie et évolue pour se stabiliser à 51,11 chez l'adulte. La croissance du merlu durant sa première année de vie et très rapide mais présente une variabilité interannuelle significative (0,71 mm .J-1 en 2001 et 0,74 mm .J-1 en 2002). Sa période de ponte maximale se déroule au mois d'avril et sa longueur au premier janvier suivant sa naissance est de 17,3 cm (la première marque hivernale est positionnée à 0,143 cm du nucléus de la sagittae). Au terme de sa première année de vie le merlu atteint une longueur de 24 cm. Sa longévité est assez longue (23 ans environ) et ses paramètres de croissance (L = 138,24 cm ; K = 0,132) permettent d'estimer son coefficient de mortalité naturelle à M = 0,21. Il n'a pas été établi de croissance différentielle entre sexe chez le merlu dans ces eaux. Le rapport poids total / poids éviscéré a été estimé à Fc = 1,086. Mâles ou femelles, les merlus ont une même répartition spatiale et bathymétrique. En général, ils sont très profonds à leurs stades juvéniles (< 17 cm) et ils se dirigent vers les eaux côtières pour les atteindre à 33 cm de longueur environ. Au-delà de cette taille, les merlus se concentrent au niveau des zones de nourricerie pour s'y alimenter avant de rejoindre les eaux plus profondes pour y pondre. Les zones de nourricerie du merlu sont très nombreuses et sont localisées en mer Celtique et dans le golfe de Gascogne aussi bien dans sa partie sud que dans sa partie nord. Les perturbations importantes dans l'hydrodynamisme du golfe de Gascogne (upwelling) semble influencer les niveaux de colonisation des zones de nourricerie notamment celles situées dans la partie sud du golfe. Le régime alimentaire du merlu évolue avec l'âge. Juvénile, il se nourrit principalement de crustacés (Euphausia krohni) et devient ichtyophage exclusif dès 23 cm de longueur. Le cannibalisme est une réalité chez le merlu et les merlus-proies sont les juvéniles du groupe d'âge G-0. Il s'intensifie avec l'âge notamment dans la partie nord du golfe de Gascogne et en mer Celtique ; Il est très faible dans le sud du golfe de Gascogne. La taille des proies évolue avec la taille du merlu et les poissons proies sont en général des espèces qui vont se nourrir ou se reproduire sur le fond. Ce comportement alimentaire fait que le merlu est un prédateur peu actif et qui attaque ses proies lorsqu'elles viennent sur le fond. Ces résultats, bien qu'ils ne soient que ponctuels, ont été obtenus après avoir déterminé le schéma d'évolution de la longueur du merlu durant sa première année de vie (dénombrement des accroissement journaliers) et des paramètres de sa période de ponte (rétro-calcul).La taille au premier hiver et la position de la première marque hivernale ont été déterminées en relativisant nos observations à l'estimation de la longueur du merlu au premier janvier suivant sa naissance : celle-ci étant obtenue en utilisant le taux de croissance et les paramètres de la période de ponte. Bien que l'ensemble des résultats obtenus, en ce qui concerne la répartition spatiale et les données sur la période de ponte, soient généralement conformes à ceux décrits dans la littérature, il est nécessaire de confirmer ceux concernant la croissance et le régime alimentaire. Pour cela, une étude à plus long terme semble indispensable pour parvenir à bien maîtriser l'ensemble des paramètres de biologie et d'écologie du merlu permettant ainsi une meilleure gestion de son stock.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/these-1247.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1247/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between hypertension and perceived material insecurity in a disadvantaged Caribbean population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used data from a cross-sectional study involving 2420 disadvantaged subjects aged 18-69 years, included consecutively at three Guadeloupian health centers. Hypertension was diagnosed over two consultations with a total of six blood pressure measurements. Perceived material insecurity was assessed using a closed-ended question. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was estimated at 17.7% among subjects who believed their material situation would improve in the future, at 28.2% among those who believed it would remain the same, and at 43.3% among those who believed it would deteriorate. A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension risk more than doubled (OR: 2.35 - P: 0.002) among subjects who believed that their material situation would deteriorate in the future compared to those who believed that their situation would improve, with no significant sex-related differences. This relationship was especially strong among subjects aged 40 years or more (OR: 3.30 - P<10(-3)), and among subjects with low education level (OR: 3.81 - P: 0.003), but was independent of the other tested variables. CONCLUSION: In this disadvantaged population, perceived material insecurity is a psychosocial factor strongly associated with hypertension, independently of subjects' risk behaviors. Subjects aged 40 years or more and subjects with a low education level seem the most vulnerable.
ISSN: 0003-3928

hal-00739792
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00739792
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00739792/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00739792/file/HTA_et_precarite_percue_en_guadeloupe_-_Copie.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.ancard.2012.04.023

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : As top predators of pelagic food webs, large fish naturally bioaccumulate mercury (Hg). Determining Hg burdens in commercialized fish is essential considering the concern about effects of contaminants on human health and the legal thresholds that are therefore set for local consumption and/or exportation. Total Hg levels were measured in the muscular tissue of 183 fish of five commercially important species from the tropical zone of the Western Indian Ocean. All individuals were measured and sexed in order to study the impregnation of Hg with size and sex within each species. Values of Hg found in this part of the Indian Ocean were comparable to Hg in muscular tissue of the same species studied in other areas. The highest Hg levels were noted in Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) caught in waters surrounding Reunion Island (3.97 +/- 2.67 mu g g(-1) dry weight). Following the Swordfish, in decreasing order of Hg content, were the Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) and the Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), then the Common Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and the Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri). In the North of the Mozambique Channel, Swordfish had higher Hg levels than Yellowfin Tunas, and Dolphinfish exhibited intermediate Hg levels. The size of a fish was a determining factor of its Hg burden, as was the species. Differences in size-normalized Hg levels were observed between the two study zones for Swordfish and Common Dolphinfish. Sex, in contrast, did not influence Hg levels suggesting that females and males have similar feeding habits. The muscular Hg levels presented here suggest that consumers of fish originating from the Western Indian Ocean should limit themselves to one Swordfish based meal per week, or one fish meal a day if they choose to eat tuna or Common Dolphinfish. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Science of The Total Environment (0048-9697) (Elsevier), 2006-08 , Vol. 366 , N. 2-3 , P. 688-700

Droits : 2006 Elsevier
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1862.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1862/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Maternal affective disorders are frequently treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications (SSRIs); with up to 10% of women being prescribed these medications during pregnancy. Infant development depends on the early serotonergic environment, which is altered by perinatal SSRIs, raising concern about how these medications affect neural outcomes. While clinical and preclinical research suggests an impact of SSRIs on the developing brain, more research is needed to determine the effects on neuroplasticity, the serotonergic system, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neural regions mediating behavior. The current work investigated the effects of the SSRI, fluoxetine, on the serotonergic system in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during pre-adolescence, and changes to synaptic markers and glucocorticoid receptor density in the cingulate cortex (medial PFC) of pre-adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley male and female rats. To model aspects of Perinatal Depression and maternal anxiety, pre-gestational maternal stress was used resulting in male and female offspring from 4 groups: 1) control, 2) perinatal fluoxetine exposed, 3) pre-gestational maternal stress exposed, and 4) pre-gestational maternal stress + fluoxetine. Perinatal fluoxetine prevented the effects of maternal stress on 5-HT levels and 5-HT turnover ratio in the PFC of pre-adolescent offspring, particularly in females. However, pre-gestational stress reduced synaptophysin and PSD-95 densities in the cingulate cortex, effects that were more pronounced in males. Interestingly, perinatal fluoxetine exposure reduced GR density in adult males in this same brain area. Together, results show differential effects of perinatal SSRIs and pre-gestational maternal stress on neurodevelopment in the PFC of males and females.
ISSN: 0028-3908

hal-01647158
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01647158
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01647158/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01647158/file/Gemmel%20-%20Perinatal%20fluoxetine%20prevents%20the%20effect.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.009

Résumé : Bycatch of marine turtles, vulnerable or endangered species, is a growing issue of all fisheries, including Oceanic purse-seine fishery. The present paper seeks to assess marine turtle bycatch at a spatial and temporal level in the European purse seine fishery operating in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The study was based on data collected through French and Spanish observer programs from 1995 to 2011, a period where more than 230 000 fishing sets were realized by the UE fleets in both Oceans. A total of 15 913 fishing sets were observed, including 6 515 on drifting Fish Aggregate Devices (FAD) and 9 398 on Free Swimming Schools (FSC). Over the study period, 597 turtles were caught, 86% being released alive at sea. At the same time, from 2003 to 2011, 14 124 specific observations were carried out on floating objects whether they ended in a set or not. 354 marine turtles were observed upon which 80% were already free or entangled alive and therefore released alive. At the temporal and spatial level, data were organized and analysed by Ocean, fishing mode (FAD vs. FSC) as well as by year, quarter and statistical square of 1°. In order to evaluate the impact if this fishery in both Oceans, bycatch distribution was compared to the total fishing effort of the UE fleet, as well as to the known marine turtle post nesting migration routes, nesting population abundances and known feeding areas. The species composition, the size and sex structure of bycatch are also discussed here. At last, an attempt to raise the data to the total fishing effort was carried out. Based on observation of marine turtle by-catches on sets, we estimated that, globally, 3500 marine turtles were accidentally captured by the EU-PS fleet in the Atlantic Ocean from 1995 to 2010, and around 2000 in the Indian Ocean from 2003 to 2010, with a corresponding annual bycatch rate of 218 (SD=150; survival rate =91%) and 250 (SD=157; survival rate =77%) respectively in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean. However, because of important uncertainties mainly due to the low observation coverage and the scarcity of marine turtle bycatch events, it was impossible to produce solid and reliable global estimates of marine turtle bycatch and mortality due to PS activity.

Droits : 2012 IOTC
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00149/25991/24087.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00149/25991/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Climatic changes result in an increased in mean temperature and in a higher incidence of extreme weather events such as heat and cold waves. For ectotherms, such as insect parasitoids, the ability to remain active under extreme climatic conditions is a significant key to fitness. The body size of individuals, and in particular their surface to volume ratio, may play a role in their resistance to thermal conditions. The thermal tolerances are investigated of two closely-related sympatric parasitoid species [Aphidius avenae Haliday and Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani-Perez (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae)] that have a similar ecology but differ in body size and phenologies. The critical thermal limits of individuals are assessed in both sexes of each parasitoid species and the influence of surface-volume ratios on their thermal tolerances. Aphidius avenae is less resistant to low temperatures and more resistant to high temperatures than A. rhopalosiphi. The lower surface to volume ratio of A. avenae individuals may help them to remain active in summer when experiencing heat waves. However, body size is not the sole factor that plays a role in differences of thermal tolerance between species and body size may not be an adaptation to extreme temperatures but rather a by-product of developmental regulation. Closely related sympatric species from the same ecological guild can have different thermal tolerances that may allow them to occur within the same habitat. The present study also highlights the importance of clearly defining how to measure critical thermal limits to determine the thermal tolerance of a species.
ISSN: 0307-6962

hal-00589094
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00589094
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3032.2010.00758.x

Résumé : L'objectif du registre des cancers de Guyane est de collecter l ensemble des tumeurs invasives et/ou in situ survenues depuis le 1er janvier 2003 chez des patients vivant en Guyane, quels que soient la localisation de la tumeur, le lieu de diagnostic et de traitement. Cette thèse a pour but de décrire la population atteinte d un cancer afin d améliorer les connaissances sur cette maladie et ainsi de permettre aux actions de santé publique d être plus efficaces.De 2003 à 2009, le taux d incidence des cancers standardisé sur l âge était, dans les deux sexes, 30% inférieur en Guyane par rapport à la France métropolitaine et n était pas différent de celui d Amérique du Sud.Nous avons comparé l incidence, la mortalité et la survie relative des patientes atteintes d un cancer invasif du sein (CIS) et des patientes atteintes d un cancer invasif du col de l utérus (CIC) entre la Guyane et la métropole.Le ratio incidence/mortalité indiquait que les cancers du sein étaient de plus mauvais pronostic en Guyane par rapport à la métropole.La survie relative des femmes atteintes d un CIS était inférieure en Guyane par rapport à la France métropolitaine.En Guyane, le taux standardisé d incidence du cancer du col de l utérus était 4 fois plus élevé qu en métropole. Les femmes vivant dans l intérieur de la Guyane semblaient être diagnostiquées à un stade plus tardif et plus souvent sur symptômes que les femmes du littoral. L accès aux soins des migrants est un challenge et une source d inégalité de santé. La détection précoce des cancers à travers des programmes de prévention est cruciale pour améliorer la survie par cancer et notamment chez les patients étrangers.
The objective of the cancer registry of French Guiana is to compile all patients living in French Guiana with malignant invasive pathology and/or in situ lesions starting January 1st 2003 in persons living in French Guiana, whatever the tumoral location and the place of diagnosis and care. This study aimed to describe the population with invasive cancer to improve the knowledge about this disease in order to target public health interventions more effectively.The age standardised incidence rate was 30% times lower than in France in both sexes and the same than in South America.We compared incidence and relative survival of patients with invasive breast cancer (IBC) and patients with invasive cervical cancer (ICC) between women from French Guiana and metropolitan France.The ratio between incidence and mortality showed that the prognosis of IBC in French Guiana was worse than in metropolitan France.The relative survival rate among women with IBC in French Guiana was lower than among women in metropolitan France.In French Guiana, the age-standardized incidence rate of cervical cancer was four times higher than in France. Women living in remote areas seemed to be diagnosed later and more often following symptoms.Access to care for migrants is challenging and sustains health inequalities. Early detection through prevention programs is crucial for increasing cancer survival notably for foreign-born patients. Further studies with more patients and other variables could improve the knowledge about these diseases

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0743/document

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Bioaccumulation is difficult to document because responses differ among chemical compounds, with environmental conditions, and physiological processes characteristic of each species. We use a mechanistic model, based on the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, to take into account this complexity and study factors impacting accumulation of organic pollutants in fish through ontogeny. The bioaccumulation model proposed is a comprehensive approach that relates evolution of hake PCB contamination to physiological information about the fish, such as diet, metabolism, reserve and reproduction status. The species studied is the European hake (Merluccius merluccius, L. 1758). The model is applied to study the total concentration and the lipid normalised concentration of 4 PCB congeners in male and female hakes from the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean sea) and the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic ocean). Outputs of the model compare consistently to measurements over the life span of fish. Simulation results clearly demonstrate the relative effects of food contamination, growth and reproduction on the PCB bioaccumulation in hake. The same species living in different habitats and exposed to different PCB prey concentrations exhibit marked difference in the body accumulation of PCBs. At the adult stage, female hakes have a lower PCB concentration compared to males for a given length. We successfully simulated these sex-specific PCB concentrations by considering two mechanisms: a higher energy allocation to growth for females and a transfer of PCBs from the female to its eggs when allocating lipids from reserve to eggs. Finally, by its mechanistic description of physiological processes, the model is relevant for other species and sets the stage for a mechanistic understanding of toxicity and ecological effects of organic contaminants in marine organisms.
Journal of Sea Research (1385-1101) (Elsevier), 2009-10 , Vol. 62 , N. 2-3 , P. 124-134

Droits : 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6789.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.seares.2009.02.006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6789/

Éditeur(s) : World Aquaculture Society, Aquaculture 2006
Résumé : Oysters are among the most familiar of all marine invertebrate taxa. However our knowledge of oyster phylogeny and systematics is fragmentary. This is principally due to the plastic growth patterns of these animals, which result in a wide range of overlapping, ecophenotypic variants that greatly reduce the value of analysis based on shell morphology. Besides that, many intentional or accidental anthropogenic transfers have emphasised this situation. In several cases of misclassification or misidentification of oysters, DNA molecular data, have provided valuable new insights on the tracing of introductions or more generally on the phylogeographic relationships between oyster species. We will illustrate this issue with recent case studies from our lab on several flat and cupped oysters: (1) the Crassostrea gigas – Crassostrea angulata couple of Asian species and their successive introductions in Europe, (2) the new species of cupped oysters, Crassostrea honkongensis, described in Hong-Kong and very divergent from the species Crassostrea gigas it was initially supposed to be, (3) the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar that was shown not only to be present along the coasts of Western Africa but also along the Atlantic coasts of South America, and (4) the geographic disjunction between Ostreola stentina, described in the Mediterranean Sea, and the genetically closely related species Ostrea aupouria (from New Zealand) and Ostreola equestris (from Mexico Gulf/Atlantic). At the intra specific level, we will focus on one of the main documented case in Europe, the flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. It is a marine bivalve whose natural geographical distribution ranges along the European Atlantic coast from Norway to Morocco, in addition to the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Studies of allozymes, microsatellites and mitochondrial differentiation over the whole range concluded that a significant divergence existed between Mediterranean and Atlantic populations, together with an isolation-by-distance pattern. However, the average mitochondrial haplotypic diversity displayed a high among populations variance, reflecting smaller effective population size in some locations. Additionally, a ten-fold quantitative difference was observed in the same study in Fst between the mitochondrial and the nuclear genomes, which could be due to sex biased differential reproductive success between males and females. In order to further document this hypothesis, two experiments at the population level were conducted. First, brooding females were sampled in a wild population and the number of males fertilizing a given female estimated. Then, parentage analyses were achieved under experimental conditions: successive mass spawnings were collected from a population of potential genitors kept in hatchery, whose genotypes were known, in order to infer a posteriori the relative contribution of each genitor. Moreover, we aimed to better understand the reproduction dynamics of this species. Several patterns of spawning could be distinguished: unique, successive or extended in time. The different parental contributions and reproductive behaviors observed in these experiments are discussed in the context of the hypothesis of a variance in the reproductive success of males and females and consequences in local and temporal reduced effective population sizes.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/acte-3475.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3475/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
Résumé : International audience
Introduction: The aims of this literature review were to characterize the communications presented during six Association for Research on Intervention in Sport (ARIS) French-speaking congresses from 2000 to 2010 and to compare the research trends between French and English research traditions. The definition of pedagogy is close to the notion of intervention and attempts to study, in an interacting or isolated way, three key components – the educator (professor, coach, teacher's educator), the participants (students, children, adults) and the curriculum/knowledge in specific contexts. The theoretical framework is centred on the social construction of the scientific knowledge. Method: All the communications of the six ARIS congresses (n ¼ 836), reflecting the multiple facets of educational research were analysed. The quantitative treatment of the data, with the assistance of Sphinx software, consisted of univariate (frequencies, percentages) and bi-variate (chi-square statistic) analyses to identify possible significant relations between variables such as the congress, country and sex of author(s), institution, and so on. Findings: The results highlight the commonalties and differences between French and English research about intervention/pedagogy. We notice the continuing expansion of the field of intervention/pedagogy in the Francophone and the Anglophone worlds. But the low participation of the practitioners shows how intricate it is to move educational research closer to everyday practice. The results show that the contexts studied within ARIS are mainly school physical education and teacher's education, then coaching and other contexts. The majority of studies are centred on one component of pedagogy, but rarely on the interactions between the educators and the participants. The Francophone research is essentially descriptive and heuristic, using mostly qualitative methods (interviews and observations). This orientation of Francophone studies towards heuristic research seems to contrast with Anglophone research, even though qualitative research has recently come to dominate. Conclusion: The ARIS researchers have a common object of study (intervention/ pedagogy), share the same ideas and aims, learn how to do it better as they interact regularly and develop a shared repertoire of knowledge, theories and methods. We see here signs of an undeniable wealth of knowledge and the combination of different theories and methods leading to a better understanding of educational phenomena.
ISSN: 1740-8989

hal-01620916
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01620916/file/PESP%20MUSARD%26POGGI%20VA.pdf
DOI : 10.1080/17408989.2013.817008

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD SAGE Publications
Résumé : International audience
This article examines the social uses of the body by the French of Tamil origin in the sports centres of Pondicherry (southern India). It reviews the ways in which the body participates in the development and expression of gender arrangements in a postcolonial context faced with globalization. An analysis of semi-structured interviews shows the extent to which the structure of gender relationships, although occurring in a specific community, is both affected by the logic of identity related to cultural affiliations and linked by more global imperatives to the symbolic relationships between the local area and the former motherland, Metropolitan France. Finally, it appears that far from stigmatizing evident gender positions, the organization of roles between the sexes follows a sociocultural rationale that leads couples to adopt strategies which accentuate the structure of gender. On returning to the country of origin, the play of gender opposition and complementarity thus enables the symbolic gender advantages achieved through emigration to be retained while at the same time avoiding the risk of social exclusion.
ISSN: 0011-3921

hal-01681884
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681884
DOI : 10.1177/0011392111400784

Résumé : La tribologie est définie comme la science qui étudie les phénomènes de frottement, d’usure et de lubrification. Elle intervient à chaque fois que deux surfaces sont en mouvement relatif l’une par rapport à l’autre. On la rencontre donc principalement dans les moteurs, les instruments de coupe, les assemblages mécaniques etc. Le frottement et l’usure sont les causes principales des pertes de performances et de durabilité des systèmes. L’usure coute 3 % du PIB en France et on estime que 10 % à 30 % de l’énergie produite dans le monde est consommée par frottement, c’est dire l’importance que porte le monde industriel à cette science.C'est la lubrification qui a pour rôle de minimiser le frottement et de protéger les surfaces de l'usure. Il existe différents régimes de lubrification, cependant les travaux effectués au cours de cette thèse de doctorat s’intéressent exclusivement au régime de lubrification limite. Dans ce régime de lubrification, l’épaisseur du film de lubrifiant est du même ordre de grandeur que la hauteur des aspérités des surfaces en contact et le frottement et l'usure des surfaces peuvent être très sévères. La stratégie mise en place pour lutter contre ces phénomènes consiste à ajouter des additifs à l'huile lubrifiante, qui formeront au cours du frottement un film protecteur (le tribofilm). Il apparait donc primordial de bien caractériser ces tribofilms afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de réduction de frottement et de l’usure, qui restent encore à ce jour mal connus.Les nanotechnologies permettent aujourd'hui d'apporter un nouvel éclairage sur cette problématique et nous les avons mises à profit pour étudier le comportement mécanique des tribofilms à l’échelle nanométrique.L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre les processus de réduction de frottement observés à l’échelle macroscopique lorsque des particules de composés lamellaires sont associées à un liquide de faible viscosité. Les tribofilms étudiés sont formés à partir de trois composés lamellaires différents, le graphite, le thiophosphate de nickel NiPS3 et le bisulfure de molybdène MoS2. Pour ces trois composés, deux types de tribofilms ont été étudiés : ceux formés à partir des particules seules (les tribofilms secs) et ceux formés en présence de liquide (les tribofilms éther).L’analyse des propriétés tribologiques mesurées à macro et nano échelle, nous ont permis de mieux comprendre la contribution des effets individuels et collectifs sur les mécanismes réducteurs de frottement. Ces expériences ont permis de mettre en évidence que la réduction du coefficient de frottement observée à macro-échelle n'est pas due à la nanostructuration des tribofilms ni à une baisse des interactions entre les feuillets mais plutôt à un effet collectif des particules et du liquide.
Tribology is the science of friction phenomena, wear and lubrication. It takes part every time two surfaces are in relative motion. It performs meanly in engine and mechanical systems. Friction and wear are the mean reasons of loose of performance and durability of mechanical systems. Wear costs 3% of the GDP in France and about 10% to 30% of the produced energy in the world is consumed by friction.The aim of lubrication is to reduce friction and protect the surface against wear. There are four different types of lubrication regimes but this study is focused on the boundary regime. In this regime, lubricant thickness is of the same order of the magnitude of the sliding surfaces roughness, leading to a high-level of friction and wear. Additives are added to the lubricating base oil, in order to build a protecting tribofilm. Characterization of the tribofilms appears essential to better understand the friction and wear reduction mechanisms.Nanotechnology allows to bring a new insight on this issue through the study of the mechanical behavior of the tribofilms at nanoscale.The aim of this work is to better understand the process of the friction reduction observed at macroscale when lamellar particles are associated to a low viscosity liquid. The tribofilms are formed from three different lamellar compounds, graphite, nickel thiophosphate NiPS3 and molybdenum disulfide MoS2. Two different kinds of tribofilms are studied: those formed with the solids particles only (dry tribofilms) and those formed in presence of liquid (wet tribofilms).The analyses of the tribological properties measured at nanoscale allow us to better understand the contribution of the individual and collective effects on friction reduction mechanims. We show that the reduction of the friction coefficient observed at macroscale is not related to the surface nanostructuration of the tribofilms neither to the decrease of the interaction energy between the sliding surfaces, but rather to collective effects of the liquid and the particles in the contact.

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