Résumé : Bacteriological study of abyssal sediments: During the Demeraby mission of the N/O Jean Charcot in the western Atlantic Ocean, a study of the microflora of the digestive tracts of echinoderms (Holothuroidea of various genera, Asteroidea, Echinoidea) was compared with that of the surrounding sediment. The bacterial concentration observed in the digestive tracts of all the animals studied is higher than that in the surrounding sediments. The largest numbers were always found in the most anterior part of the digestive tracts of the holothurians. In some cases, the increase is considerable (7.10 versus 5.2. 10 cells per millilitre): It indicates a proliferation of bacterial cells in the anterior part of the digestive tract. As the sediment moves through the digestive tract, the bacterial level progressively decreases. In the most posterior part, the concentration is, however, always clearly greater than that in the surrounding sediment. In the case of the holothurian of the genus Deima, analysis according to the Adamsonian principle of comparison shows that the microflora isolated from the various parts of the digestive tract is composed of taxonomic groups showing little resemblance to those isolated from the sediment. In the case of the holothurian of the genus Pseudostichopus, no specialisation of the microflora from digestive tract contents appears with respect to that of the ingested sediment. Examination of metabolic activities suggests a juxtaposition of two types of communities: Free sediment - sediment in transit that complement one other in their enzymatic and nutritional behaviour Indeed, the strains of free sediment seem to be rather suitable for hydrolysing and using carbohydrates, while those of enteric communities prefer the hydrolysis of lipids and proteins and the assimilation of fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, hydroxylic acids and certain amino acids. Moreover, the enteric microflorae possess a greater nutritional versatility that, linked with its total numbers, has a sizeable catabolic potential. .../... -2- Measurements of heterotrophic activity done by means of 14 C glucose tracers make it possible to show that the metabolic activities of the bacterial communities of superficial abyssal sediments vary according to zones. In the Amazon Cone, a clear glucose mineralization gradient over a distance of a few kilometres can be observed. In the abyssal plain of Demerara heterotrophic activities are slowed in relation to those of the superficial sediments of the Cone of the Amazon, even though the bacterial numbers and the depths are of the same order of magnitude in the two zones. The abundant microflorae associated with the various divisions of digestive tract contents of the Deima abyssal holothurian manifest little metabolic activity as regards the glucose. However, the bacterial communities of Pseudostichopus and Psychropotes manifest very strong heterotrophic activities, increasing from the oesophagus towards the cloaca. Current results are too fragmentary to allow us to observe possible physiological specialisation of enteric bacterial communities enabling the facilitation of digestion processes in the host. Conclusion: In the abyssal environment, characterised by poorly developed bacterial communities, microflorae associated with the digestive tract contents of echinoderms have considerably greater cellular concentrations. By means of their enzymatic equipment, these enteric communities, which complement those of the free microflorae of superficial sediments, can participate in the transformation of organic matter in the abyssal area. Study of the dynamics of microbial communities and their heterotrophic activities in shellfish farms: From experiments done on the water in the Arcachon basin, trials to quantify and describe the reactivity potential of bacterial communities were performed. Bacterial communities were defined by direct counts, counts after setting them up for cultivation, structure and diversity of these communities, dosage of AMP, ADP, ATP. Two opposite ecological conditions were considered: Autumn conditions (high temperature) and a winter conditions (low temperature). Tubs of sea water of 6 and 60 litres were enriched either with ammonium chloride or a mixture of amino acids, at about 500 uAtg N.L. The experiments lasted 24 hours, with sampling every 3 hours. The autumn community reacted rapidly (6 hours), the response to the enrichment in organic nitrogen being the highest. The structure of the community has unstable immature stages. On the contrary, during the winter experiment, no response could be perceived. This may mean that the latency phase is greater than 24 hours. The structure of this community has mature stages. In conclusion, bacterial communities react in the same way as macroscopic communities. Stable communities are diversified and correspond to mature stages of the ecosystem; the immature stages are unstable and less diversified. This type of experiment has made it possible to bring to light the rapidity of response of bacterial populations, and can be used to define the stability of a bacterial community in a precise biotope.
ETUDE BACTERIOLOGIQUE DES SEDIMENTS ABYSSAUX RESUME Au cours de la mission DEMERABY du n/o Jean CHARCOT en atlantique occidental , une étude de la microflore des tractus digestifs d'Echinodermes (Holothurides de différents genres, Astérides, Echinides) a été comparée à celle du sédiment environnant. La concentration bactérienne observée dans les tractus digestifs de tous les animaux étudiés est supérieure à celle des sédiments environnants. Les effectifs les plus importants sont toujours observés dans la partie la plus antérieure des tractus digestifs des holothuries. Dans certains cas, l'accroissement est considérable (7.10 contre 5,2. 10 cellules/ml) : il indique une prolifération des cellules bactériennes dans la partie antérieure du tractus digestif. Au.cours de la progression du sédiment dans le tractus digestif, la charge bactérienne décroit progressivement. Dans la partie la plus postérieure, la concentration est cependant toujours nettement supérieure à celle du sédiment environnant-. Dans le cas d'une holothurie du genre Deima, l'analyse selon le principe adansonien de comparaison montre que la microflore isolée des différentes parties du tractus digestif est constituée de groupes taxonomiques présentant peu de ressemblance avec ceux isolés du sédiment. Dans le cas d'une holothurie du genre Pseudostichopus il n'apparait pas de spécialisation de la microflore du contenu du tractus digestif par rapport à celle du sédiment ingéré. ¿ ¿ . L'étude des activités métaboliques suggère une juxtaposition de deux types de communautés : sédiment libre-sédiment en transit qui se complètent dans leur comportement enzymatique et nutritionnel. En effet les souches du sédiment libre semblent être plutôt aptes à hydrolyser et à utiliser les glucides, tandis que celles des communautés entériques portent leur préférence sur l'hydrolyse des lipides et protéines et 1'assimilation des acides gras, acides dicarboxyl iques, hydro'xy-acides et certains acides aminés. D'autre part les microflores entériques possèdent une versatilité nutritionnelle plus importante qui, liée à leurs effectifs, offre une potentialité catabolique non négligeable. .../... -2- Les mesures d'activité hétérotrophe effectuées au moyen de traceurs glucose 14 C permettent de montrer que les activités métaboliques des communautés bactériennes des sédiments abyssaux superficiels varient selon les zones. Dans le Cone de l'Amazone on observe un net gradient de minéralisation du glucose sur une distance de quelques kilomètres. Dans la plaine abyssale de Demerara les activités hétérotrophessont ralenties par rapport à celles des sédiments superficiels du Cone de l'Amazone, bien que les effectifs bactériens et les profondeurs soient du même ordre de grandeur dans ces deux zones. Les abondantes microflores associées aux différentes fractions du contenu du tractus digestif de l'holothurie abyssale Deima ne manifestent que peu d'activités métaboliques vis à vis du glucose. Par contre les communautés . bactériennes de Pseudostichopus et P syahropotes manifestent des activités hétérotrophes très fortes, croissant de 1'oesophage vers le cloaque. Les résultats actuels sont trop fragmentaires pour permettre d'observer une éventuelle spécialisation physiologique des communautés bactériennes entëriques permettant de faciliter les processus de digestion chez l'hôte. Conclusion: dans le milieu abyssal, caractérisé par des communautés bactériennes faiblement développées, les microflores associées aux contenus de tractus digestif des Echinodermes présentent des concentrations cellulaires considérablement plus importantes. Par leurs équipements enzymâtiques ces communautés entëriques complémentaires de ceux des microflores libres des sédiments superficiels, peuvent participer à la transformation des matières organiques du domaine abyssal. ETUDE DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES COMMUNAUTES MICROBIENNES ET DE LEURS ACTIVITES HETEROTROPHES DANS LES PARCS CONCHYLICOLES RESUME A partir d'expérimentations effectuées sur l'eau du bassin d'Arcachon, des essais de quantification et qualification du potentiel de réactivité des communautés bactériennes ont été effectuées. Les communautés bactériennes ont été définies par comptage directs, comptages après mise en culture, structure et diversité de ces communautés, dosage des AMP, ADP, ATP. Deux situations écologiques opposées ont étées considérées . Une situation automnale (température élevée) et une situation hivernale (température faible). Des bacs d'eau de mer de 6 et 60 litres ont été enrichis , soit avec du chlorure d'ammonium, soit avec un mélange d'acides aminés, à environ 500 uAtg N.l" . Les expériences ont duré 24 heures, avec des prélèvements toutes les 3 heures. La communauté automnale réagit rapidement (6 heures), la ' réponse à l'enrichissement en azote organique étant la plus importante. La structure de la communauté présente des stades immatures instables. Au contraire, au cours de l'expérimentation hivernale, aucune réponse n'a pu être perçue. Ceci peut signifier que la phase de latence est supérieure à 24 heures. La structure . de cette communauté présente des stades matures. En Conclusion, les communautés bactériennes réagissent de la même façon que les communautés macroscopiques. Les communautés stables sont diversifiées et correspondent à des stades matures de l'écosystème, les stades immatures sont instables et moins diversifiés. Ce type d'expérience a permi de mettre en évidence la rapidité de réponse des populations bactériennes, et peut être utilisé pour définir la stabilité d'une communauté bactérienne dans un biotope précis.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1981/rapport-1926.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1926/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
STUDY QUESTION: Can protein biomarkers of the male genital tract be identified in human seminal plasma? SUMMARY ANSWER: We identified potential biomarkers for each of the organs participating in the secretions of the human seminal plasma. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The seminal plasma fulfills critical functions for fertility by providing spermatozoa with a protective milieu, promoting their final maturation and modulating the immune responsiveness of the female reproductive tract. It is also considered to be a promising source of biomarkers of male infertility and/or pathologies of the male genital tract. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study combines proteomic analyses of normal seminal plasma together with transcriptomic gene expression profiling of human healthy tissues. MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Non-liquefied seminal plasma proteins from a healthy donor were prefractionated using two sequential Proteominer™ libraries. Eight subproteome fractions were collected, trypsin digested and subjected to three successive mass spectrometry analyses for peptide characterization. The list of identified proteins was compared with and merged with other available data sets of the human seminal plasma proteome. The expression of corresponding genes was then investigated using tissue transcriptome profiles to determine where, along the male reproductive tract, these proteins were produced. Finally, tissue specificity of a selected subset of biomarker candidates was validated on human tissues. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: We first performed a proteomic analysis of the human seminal plasma and identified 699 proteins. By comparing our protein list with other previous proteomic data sets, we found that 2545 unique proteins have been described so far in the human seminal plasma. We then profiled their expression at the gene level and identified 83 testis, 42 epididymis, 7 seminal vesicle and 17 prostate candidate protein markers. For a subset of testis-specific candidates, i.e. TKTL1, LDHC and PGK2, we further validated their germ cell expression and demonstrated that such markers could distinguish between semen from fertile and infertile men. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: While some of the markers we identified are well-known tissue-specific products, further dedicated studies to validate the biomarker status of new candidates will be required. Additionally, whether or not the abundance of these proteins is indeed decreased in some specific pathological situations remains to be determined. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Using an integrative genomics approach, we identified biomarker candidates for each of the organs participating in the seminal plasma production. In this study, we essentially focused on germ cell markers and their potential application for the diagnosis of male infertility. Other types of markers also deserve a focused attention given their potential predictive value for various reproductive disorders, notably for prostate cancers. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by the Proteomics Core Facility at Biogenouest and was funded by Conseil Régional de Bretagne, IBiSA and Agence de la Biomédecine grants. The authors declare that there exists a competing financial interest in this work that is related to a patent application on the use of identified germ cell-specific proteins in an antibody-based assay (Fertichip™) to predict the successful testicular biopsy outcomes in human non-obstructive azoospermia.
ISSN: 0268-1161

inserm-00814146
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00814146
DOI : 10.1093/humrep/des360
PUBMED : 23024119

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Marine fish larvae undergo major morphological and cellular changes during the first month of life. The ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract combines these two aspects of the larval development and is very interesting in that the timing of functional changes appears genetically hard-wired. The goal of this paper is to give an overview of the gastrointestinal development process in marine fish larvae, with particular attention to three species: sea bass; red drum; and sole, since the description of gut maturation in fish larvae was initiated during the last decade with these species. During the early stages, marine fish larvae exhibit particular digestive features. Concerning the exocrine pancreas, amylase expression decreases with age from the third week post-hatching in sea bass and red drum (approximately 400 degree days), whereas expression of other enzymes (trypsin, lipase, phospholipase A2...) increases until the end of the larva period. Moreover, secretory function of the exocrine pancreas progressively develops and becomes efficient after the third week of life. Concerning the intestine, enzymes of the enterocyte cytosol (in particular peptidase) have higher activity in young larvae than in older. Approximately in the fourth week of post-hatching development in sea bass, red drum and sole larvae, the cytosolic activities dramatically decline concurrently with a sharp increase in membranous enzyme activities of the brush border, such as alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N, maltase... This process characterises the normal maturation of enterocytes in developing fish larvae and also in other vertebrates' species. The establishment of an efficient brush border membrane digestion represents the adult mode of digestion of enterocytes. This paper also describes the role of diet on the development of the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, the maturational process of digestive enzyme can be enhanced, stopped, or delayed depending on the composition of the diet.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology (1532-0456) (Elsevier), 2001-12 , Vol. 130 , N. 4 , P. 477-487

Droits : 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2001/publication-650.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00274-5
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/650/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Histochemical Society
Résumé : International audience
The galectin-4 protein is mostly expressed in the digestive tract and is associated with lipid raft stabilization, protein apical trafficking, wound healing, and inflammation. While most mammalian species, including humans, have a single Lgals4 gene, some mice have two paralogues: Lgals4 and Lgals6. So far, their significant similarities have hindered the analysis of their respective expression and function. We took advantage of two antibodies that discriminate between the galectin-4 and galectin-6 proteins to document their patterns of expression in the normal and the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-damaged digestive tract in the mouse. In the normal digestive tract, their pattern of expression from tongue to colon is quite similar, which suggests functional redundancy. However, the presence of galectin-4, but not galectin-6, in the lamina propria of the DSS-damaged colon, its association with luminal colonic bacteria, and differences in subcellular localization of these proteins suggest that they also have distinct roles in the normal and the damaged mouse digestive tract. Our results provide a rare example of ancestral and derived functions evolving after tandem gene duplication.
ISSN: 0022-1554

hal-01544764
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544764
DOI : 10.1369/0022155413478612

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Station Biologique
Résumé : International audience
From fish samplings (rotenone: 6 February 2002 & 13 May 2003; boxtraps: January 2008 to July 2009) in amangrove lagoon, the demographic structure, reproductive period and diet of Lophogobius cyprinoides were studied.Individual fish were measured (< 1 mm), weighed (± 0.01 g), and sexed by observing the urogenital papilla, sex-ratios andtotal length (TL)-standard length and length-mass relationships were calculated. Five individuals per size class (2 mm) wereused to study sexual maturity by macroscopic observation of gonad structure with a sexual maturity scale, and diet byqualitative and quantitative examination of digestive tract contents and calculation of the following indices: levels offullness and vacuity; occurrence, number, and point frequencies of various food items, and quality of nutrition. Growth isisometric and sexual dimorphism in favor of males (78 vs. 64 mm), demographic structure (18 ≤ TL ≤ 78 mm) and conditionevolved over time, with a distinct femininization of the population. Sexual inversion appeared from 46 mm onward, andtotal masculinization at 72 mm. Protogynous hermaphrodism is advantageous in a sedentary, subcryptobenthic species thatis reproductively active almost throughout the year. The species has an omnivorous diet specialized in copepods and plants
ISSN: 0007-9723

hal-00746079
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00746079

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Little information exists on the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on the digestive and post-digestive processes in marine fish. Here, we investigated OA impacts (Δ pH = 0.5) on the trophic transfer of select trace elements in the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris using radiotracer techniques. Assimilation efficiencies of three essential elements (Co, Mn and Zn) as well as their other short-term and long-term kinetic parameters in juvenile clownfish were not affected by this experimental pH change. In complement, their stomach pH during digestion were not affected by the variation in seawater pH. Such observations suggest that OA impacts do not affect element assimilation in these fish. This apparent pCO2 tolerance may imply that clownfish have the ability to self-regulate pH shifts in their digestive tract, or that they can metabolically accommodate such shifts. Such results are important to accurately assess future OA impacts on diverse marine biota, as such impacts are highly species specific, complex, and may be modulated by species-specific metabolic processes.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01564009
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01564009
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01564009/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01564009/file/trophic%20transfer.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0174344

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
The giant bathymodioline mussels from vents have been studied as models to understand the adaptation of organisms to deep-sea chemosynthetic environments. These mussels are closely related to minute mussels associated to organic remains decaying on the deep-sea floor. Whereas biological data accumulate for the giant mussels, the small mussels remain poorly studied. Despite this lack of data for species living on organic remains it has been hypothesized that during evolution, contrary to their relatives from vents or seeps, they did not acquire highly specialized biological features. We aim at testing this hypothesis by providing new biological data for species associated with organic falls. Within Bathymodiolinae a close phylogenetic relationship was revealed between the Bathymodiolus sensu stricto lineage (i.e. ``thermophilus'' lineage) which includes exclusively vent and seep species, and a diversified lineage of small mussels, attributed to the genus Idas, that includes mostly species from organic falls. We selected Idas iwaotakii (Habe, 1958) from this latter lineage to analyse population structure and to document biological features. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveal a north-south genetic structure at an oceanic scale in the Western Pacific but no structure was revealed at a regional scale or as correlated with the kind of substrate or depth. The morphology of larval shells suggests substantial dispersal abilities. Nutritional features were assessed by examining bacterial diversity coupled by a microscopic analysis of the digestive tract. Molecular data demonstrated the presence of sulphur-oxidizing bacteria resembling those identified in other Bathymodiolinae. In contrast with most Bathymodiolus s.s. species the digestive tract of I. iwaotakii is not reduced. Combining data from literature with the present data shows that most of the important biological features are shared between Bathymodiolus s.s. species and its sister-lineage. However Bathymodiolus s.s. species are ecologically more restricted and also display a lower species richness than Idas species.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01545914
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545914
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0069680

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Until recently, it was considered impossible to feed newly hatched marine fish species with a compound diet. Substituting a compound diet for live prey was performed several weeks after hatching, depending on the species. Compound diets were well ingested at the early stage but larvae died with a gut full of food, suggesting that larvae were unable to digest the compound diet. The hypothesis was that younger larvae have insufficient digestive enzymes to thrive on compound diets, and that exogenous enzymes, provided from live prey, are necessary for early stages.The organogenesis of marine fish larvae is not completely achieved at hatching and histological studies have revealed that the anatomy of the digestive tract undergoes developmental changes over some weeks. Nevertheless, biochemical studies over 20 years have shown that most of the digestive enzymes are present in young larvae. Recent studies have provided better understanding of digestion mechanisms in larvae and have led to proposed dietary compositions meeting larvae nutritional requirements. Pancreatic digestive enzymes are detected before mouth opening. Their synthesis is not induced by diet ingestion, but secretory mechanisms in the pancreas, and so enzymatic action, become efficient chronologically after those of synthesis. Inadequate diets can delay the onset of secretion mechanisms. The ratio of secreted enzymes to total enzymes indicates the nutritional value of the diet ingested by the larvae.At the intestinal level, cytosolic enzymes, which are peptidases, exhibit high activity in the early stages, suggesting a high capacity in larvae to digest protein hydrolysate. Indeed, larvae growth and survival is improved by the incorporation of a moderate concentration of peptide or hydrolysate in the diet. Peptidase activity abruptly decreases around day 25 in sea bass, concurrent with an increase in enzymes of the brush border membranes. This corresponds to a normal maturation process of enterocytes. Compound diets can slightly delay the onset of this maturation process, and inadequate diet can prevent it, leading to near death of the larvae. A proper onset of the maturation process has been associated with high larvae survival.The early developmental stage larvae exhibit high hydrolytic capacity, related to their weight. Enzyme activity pattern is age-dependent, but can be modulated by diet composition. Thus, larvae have the ability to digest and thrive on compound diet, if this diet is well adapted. Larvae have different specificities in digestion and nutritional requirements when compared to juveniles. Taking these specificities into consideration, recent research has led to the formulation of a compound diet that was well adapted for larvae from mouth opening, and could totally replace live prey.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2001-08 , Vol. 200 , N. 1-2 , P. 161-180

Droits : 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2001/publication-447.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00699-8
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/447/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
The embryonic development in Chione cancellata, from fertilization to straighthinge D-stage veliger larva, occurs in 24 h at 251C. Transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy show that morphogenetic processes result in a gastrula with two depressions, 4 h after fertilization (T014 h). Two hours later, one depression, located at the animal pole, develops into an open cave, the floor of which becomes the shell field, characterized by scarce microvilli, located below the lower face of the prototrochal pad. The invagination located at the vegetal pole is characterized by regular microvilli and constitutes the digestive tract. At T018 h, the late gastrula differentiates into a typical motile trochophore, possessing a well-developed prototroch delimiting anterior and posterior embryonic regions. At T019h, the shell field, located between the prototroch and the telotroch, appears as a saddle-shaped region with a wrinkled surface extending on both sides of the embryo, establishing bilateral symmetry. From TEM observations, the apical surface of the underlying cells possesses a modified glycocalyx featuring a dense pellicle overlapping the cells of the shell field. At T0112 h, the prototroch is displaced toward the anterior region by outgrowth of the shell material. TEM views show that the wrinkled surface observed with SEM corresponds to the periostracum, attached dorsally to the hinge and ventrally to the cells of the future mantle edge. At T0115 h, an alveolar matrix of proteinaceous material, which could contain calcite crystals, appears between the periostracum and the mantle. At T0124 h, prodissoconch I formation is completed and the D-stage larvae possess a calcified shell. At this stage of development, only one mantle fold is present, representing the outer fold. The periostracumsecreting cells are in contact with the marginal cells of the velum. This functional velum is composed of four bands of cilia. Our TEMobservations confirm previous descriptions of the velum ciliary bands obtained only from SEM analyses, such as described in other bivalves. The apical sense organ and the digestive tract are poorly developed. From observations at the ultrastructural level of shell differentiation in C. cancellata, we propose a new interpretation of shell differentiation, including hinge and ligament for bivalves as opposed to that described for gastropods.
ISSN: 1077-8306

hal-00755283
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00755283
DOI : 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2006.00036.x

Résumé : Au début du vingtième siècle, une rupture radicale et fondatrice de modernité artistique eut lieu au Brésil. Cette modernité se démarque de celle d’Europe par la prise de conscience des distances géographiques, culturelles et politiques vis à vis de l’Europe et surtout de l’ancienne puissance coloniale, le Portugal, par la recherche de son identité à travers la multiplicité des métissages du Nouveau Monde, ses mythes et son histoire réelle décolonisée. L’avant-garde brésilienne émerge autour de 1928, à travers les Manifestes anthropophages d’Oswald de Andrade (1890-1954) qui est donc le fondateur des anthropophagies, que l’on peut définir comme un indianisme à rebours. Le ″mauvais sauvage″ exerce sa critique contre les impostures du monde. « La ″Descente anthropophagique″ n’est pas une révolution littéraire, ni sociale, ni politique, ni religieuse. Elle est tout cela à la fois ! Sa loi est simple : Ne m’intéresse que ce qui n’est pas à moi ! Loi de l’homme, loi de l’anthropophagie ! » . Elle prescrit donc la dévoration des modèles importés et leur digestion dans l’hybridation au nom de l’identité brésilienne, par déplacement de concepts freudiens : « L’anthropophagie c’est la transformation permanente du Tabou (manger de l’homme) en Totem (de l’identité brésilienne) ! » . Ici l’influence notable de la psychanalyse et de l’anthropologie est à resituer : le déplacement du tabou anthropophage demeure une transgression symbolique, une métaphore, mais la référence anthropophagique ne concerne pas que la période précolombienne, car elle se réactualise. Nous nous proposons d’étudier ce phénomène à travers quatre questions : 1°- Quelles relations existent entre l’anthropophagie, l’histoire, l’esthétique et l’idéologie ? 2°- Quelle est la place des femmes artistes brésiliennes dans l’émergence de ce mouvement, compte tenu de leur présence décisive dès l’origine ?3°- Compte tenu de la résurgence rhizomique de l’anthropophagie dans la 2e moitié du XXe siècle, y compris jusqu’à aujourd’hui, quelle est la place des femmes artistes dans ce phénomène ? Y a-t-il continuité avec l’époque fondatrice ?4°- Etant donné ce qui précède, peut-on déduire qu’il existe un courant spécifiquement féminin dans l’anthropophagie d’hier et d’aujourd’hui ? Quelle est son importance réelle ? Quelles sont ses relations et postures par rapport à la postmodernité et à la mondialisation de l’art contemporain ?
At the beginning of the twentieth century, in Brazil, a radical artistic rupture took place, which marked the beginning of a new era. The resulting modernity differed from its European counterpart by the awareness of geographical, cultural and political distances that alienated Brazil from Europe and more specifically from its former colonial owner, Portugal. Brazilian modernity sought to define its identity through important basic elements that constitute the stuff that the New World is made of: cross-breeding, mythology and post-colonialism. The Brazilian avant-garde emerged around 1928 with the publication of The Anthropophagy Manifesto by Oswald de Andrade (1890-1954), who is thus the founder of the Anthropophagy, that we can define as a backward step into a reinvented form of ″Amerindianness″. The ″bad savage″ voices his criticism against impostures of the world. « Anthropophagy art is not a literary revolution, nor is it a social plea, nor a political pamphlet, nor a religious tract. It is all these things at the same time. Its law is simple: everything that is not me is of interest to me. The law of men is the law of Anthropophagy ». It thus prescribes eating up imported models and digesting them through the process of hybridization in the name of Brazilian identity. By displacing Freudian concepts, «Anthropophagy is the permanent transformation of the Taboo (man-eating) into a Totem (Brazilian identity) ». The permeating influences of psychoanalysis and anthropology need to be put in perspective: the displacement of the anthropophagous taboo remains a symbolic act of transgression, a metaphor, but the anthropophagic reference does not concern the pre-Columbian period, because it is updated. We propose to study this phenomenon through four questions: 1°- What are the relations between Anthropophagy, history, esthetics and ideology? 2°- What is the place of women Brazilian artists in the emergence of this movement, taking into account their decisive presence right from the start? 3°- Taking into account the resurgence of Anthropophagy from the second half of the 20th century onwards, what is the place of women artists in this phenomenon? Are they pursuing the same interests as the founders of the movement?4°- Can we deduce that there exists a specifically female genre within the anthropophagic movement of yesterday and of today? If so, what is its relevance? Where does it stand with respect to the contemporary concepts of post-modernity and globalization in the present-day art world?

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0766/document

Résumé : With the histological techniques used to study Heteropod 13, 14 larvae, the histological structures of planktonic larvae are described at a stage close to metamorphosis; species are chosen among families of Mesogastropods (Lamellariidae, Eratoidae, Cypraeidae, Naticidae) whose phylogeny is close to the Atlantacea superfamily (= Heteropoda) according to the Taylor and Sohl15 classification. The mantle, mantle cavity, foot and digestive tract are described in depth.
Avec les techniques histologiques utilisées pour l'étude des larves d'Hétéropodes 13, 14, les structures histologiques des larves planctoniques sont décrites au stade proche de la métamorphose ; les espèces sont choisies parmi les familles de Mésogastropodes (Lamellariidae, Eratoidae, Cypraeidae, Naticidae) dont la lignée phylogénique est proche de la superfamille des Atlantacea (= Heteropoda) d'après la classification de Taylor et Sohl15. Le manteau, la cavité palléale, le pied et le tube digestif sont plus particulièrement décrits. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]
Thalassia Jugoslavica, 1974 , Vol. 10 , N. 1/2 , P. 379-399

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http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1974/publication-5073.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/5073/