Résumé : (Funding) This collection includes items related to Florida’s environments, ecosystems, and species. It includes the subcollections of Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit project documents, the Sea Grant technical series, the Florida Geological Survey series, the Coastal Engineering Department series, the Howard T. Odum Center for Wetland technical reports, and other entities devoted to the study and preservation of Florida's natural resources.
North America -- United States of America -- Florida
Florida
Florida

Droits : Copyright Walter S. Judd. Permission granted to University of Florida to digitize and display this item for non-profit research and educational purposes. Any reuse of this item in excess of fair use or other copyright exemptions requires permission of the copyright holder.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00073894/00001

Éditeur(s) : Florida Sea Grant College Program Florida Sea Grant College Program
Résumé : (Funding) This collection includes items related to Florida’s environments, ecosystems, and species. It includes the subcollections of Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit project documents, the Florida Sea Grant technical series, the Florida Geological Survey series, the Howard T. Odum Center for Wetland technical reports, and other entities devoted to the study and preservation of Florida's natural resources.
Cuba
Cuba
Florida
Florida

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le Bénin, pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest est confronté à la destruction des terres humides particulièrement dans la partie sud du pays. Les terres humides riches biodiversité sont importantes tant pour les humains que pour milieu naturel. La menace la plus importante est la pression de l’anthropique. Même si ce territoire est reconnu par la Convention Ramsar, la destruction continue. En 1995 le gouvernement a décidé de créer une aire de gestion communautaire pour ces territoires. L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre les grands défis liés à la mise en œuvre de la gestion communautaire des milieux humides à travers une étude de cas, en l’occurrence celui de la vallée du Sitatunga. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un séjour de 3 mois a été effectué sur le site. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été alors réalisées. Les résultats montrent que la vallée du Sitatunga est considérée comme inutile, voire nuisible, par les populations riveraines rencontrées dans le cadre de l’étude, qui sont davantage préoccupées à se sortir de leur état de pauvreté. Les traditions et valeurs autrefois attribuées à la conservation des milieux humides ont quasiment disparu et l’individualisme est grandissant. Il importe de tenir compte de tous ces facteurs pour espérer véritablement préserver ces milieux. D’un autre côté, parlant de gestion de l’environnement et plus particulièrement de gestion des milieux humides à l’échelle béninoise, le constat n’est pas reluisant. En effet, l’État étant donné son état de sous-développement et donc de manque de ressources, à du mal à coordonner ces activités. Il est de même pour les ONG. La situation est accentuée par l’état des relations entre ONG et structures de l’État qui se considèrent davantage comme des adversaires que comme des partenaires ce qui affecte l’efficacité des activités menées. Pour que la gestion communautaire devienne une réalité, il importe qu’un partenariat soit établi entre les différents acteurs liés à la gestion de la vallée du Sitatunga en particulier et des milieux humides en général : les ONG, l’État et les communautés locales.
Bénin, a country in West Africa is actually facing the destruction of its wetlands, especially those in the southern part of the country. The wetlands which their richness in natural resources are important for both human and wildlife are also threatened by many factors. The most important threat is population pressure. Although recognised as Ramsar sites, the destruction continues. In 1995, the Government has decided to create community protected areas in this part of the country. The objective of this research is to understand the main challenges around the community management of wetlands. The case of the Sitatunga valley, in south Bénin has been studied. The methodology used consisted on interviews with stakeholders during a period of 3 months. The results show that, although the good intentions of community management, its practical application is not easy, and reveal many difficulties in its practical application. The site although rich in biodiversity and used as refuge for several species, is regarded as useless even harmful by the bordering populations, which are more worried by their poverty state. The traditions and values formerly allotted to the wetlands almost disappeared and individualism is growing. It is important to take into account all these factors to truly hope to preserve these wetlands. The study shows that management of the wetlands on a Beninese scale is also difficult. Indeed, the government through its structures struggles to coordinate its activities. It is the same for NGOs. The situation is accentuated by the poor relations between NGOs and government institutions which consider each other more as adversaries than as partners. This affects the effectiveness of the undertaken activities. It is then important for all the stakeholders (NGOs, Government and local communities) to install a partnership to help achieve community management objectives.
Bénin

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3630
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3630

Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : Sites of monomethylmercury (MMHg) production in Amazonian regions have been identified in hydraulic reservoirs, lake sediments and wetlands, but tailings ponds have not yet received sufficient attention for this purpose. This work evidenced high MMHg production within the water column and the interstitial water of two tailings ponds of French Guiana Au mines located; (i) in a small scale exploitation (Combat) where Hg was used for Au amalgamation, and (ii) in an industrial on-going Au mine (Yaoni) processing without Hg. The (MMHg)(D) maximum (2.5 ng L-1) occurred in the oxic water column above the sediment-water interface (SWI) of the most recent tailings pond (Combat), where the substrate was fresh, the redox transition was sharp and the pool of total Hg was large. In the Yaoni pond, the (MMHg)(D) maximum concentration (1.4 ng L-1) was located at the SWI where suboxic conditions prevailed. Using the (MMHg)(D) concentration as a proxy for Hg methylation rates, the present results show that Hg methylation may occur in various redox conditions in tailings ponds, and are favored in areas where the organic matter regeneration is more active. A 3-month long laboratory experiment was performed in oxic and anoxic boxes filled with high turbidity waters from the Combat Au mine to simulate tailings ponds. Slaked lime was added in an experimental set (2 mg L-1)and appeared to be very efficient for the reduction of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to environmentally acceptable concentrations. However, at the end of the experiment, large (MMHg)(D) concentrations were monitored under treated anoxic conditions with the (MMHg)(D) maximum located at the SWI above the Fe-reducing zones. No (MMHg)(D) was detected in oxic experiments. The use of slaked lime for SPM decantation appears to be an efficient and non-onerous process for Au miners to avoid Hg methylation in tailings ponds when it is combined with rapid drainage of the mine waters. A subsequent human intervention is however necessary for the recovery of soil structure through the cover of dried ponds with organic rich materials and reforestation to avoid the stagnation of rain waters and the occurrence of anoxia. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Applied Geochemistry (0883-2927) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2011-02 , Vol. 26 , N. 2 , P. 222-229

Droits : 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00030/14117/12133.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.11.022
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00030/14117/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
In the Caribbean, Pterocarpus officinalis swamp forest, a coastal freshwater wetland, has been locally transformed by human activities into Colocasia esculenta monoculture (under the swamp forest) or pasture (where deforestation has occurred). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three land uses of this tropical wetland (swamp forest, C. esculenta monoculture and pasture) on soil abiotic and biological features. We hypothesized that increasing the level of ecosystem alteration by agricultural intensification would negatively impact soil chemical characteristics, soil fauna diversity and carbon mineralization. As expected, land use significantly affected soil characteristics and changes followed the increasing intensity of land use. The ‘undisturbed system’, that is swamp forest, was characterized by a large soil organic matter content, a high level of soil moisture, a small phosphorus content and a slightly lower pH. These characteristics were correlated with a small faunal abundance and diversity and slow carbon (C) mineralization. The ‘low disturbance system’, that is C. esculenta monoculture, was the closest to swamp forest characteristics and changes between the both systems principally concerned a very slight decrease in organic matter content and very small increase in C mineralization and Coleoptera diversity. By contrast, all parameters (soil chemical characteristics, C mineralization and faunal abundance and diversity) were impacted in the most intensive land-use, pasture. Our study confirmed that agricultural practices have an influence on soil fauna and C mineralization processes in wetlands. Moreover, our study suggested that a C. esculenta traditional agroecosystem under swamp forest cover could be considered as an ‘eco-friendly’ agricultural practice.
ISSN: 0266-0032

hal-01562423
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01562423
DOI : 10.1111/sum.12273

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Society for Range Management
Résumé : Grasslands and agroecosystems occupy one-third of the terrestrial area, but their contribution to the global carbon cycle remains uncertain. We used a set of 316 site-years of CO(2) exchange measurements to quantify gross primary productivity, respiration, and light-response parameters of grasslands, shrublands/savanna, wetlands, and cropland ecosystems worldwide. We analyzed data from 72 global flux-tower sites partitioned into gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration with the use of the light-response method (Gilmanov, T. G., D. A. Johnson, and N. Z. Saliendra. 2003. Growing season CO(2) fluxes in a sagebrushsteppe ecosystem in Idaho: Bowen ratio/energy balance measurements and modeling. Basic and Applied Ecology 4:167-183) from the RANGEFLUX and WORLDGRASSAGRIFLUX data sets supplemented by 46 sites from the FLUXNET La Thuile data set partitioned with the use of the temperature-response method (Reichstein, M., E. Falge, D. Baldocchi, D. Papale, R. Valentini, M. Aubinet, P. Berbigier, C. Bernhofer, N. Buchmann, M. Falk, T. Gilmanov, A. Granier, T. Grunwald, K. Havrankova, D. Janous, A. Knohl, T. Laurela, A. Lohila, D. Loustau, G. Matteucci, T. Meyers, F. Miglietta, J.M. Ourcival, D. Perrin, J. Pumpanen, S. Rambal, E. Rotenberg, M. Sanz, J. Tenhunen, G. Seufert, F. Vaccari, T. Vesala, and D. Yakir. 2005. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global Change Biology 11: 1.424-1439). Maximum values of the quantum yield (alpha = 75 mmol.mol(-1)), photosynthetic capacity (A(max) = 3.4 mg CO(2) . m(-2).s-1), gross photosynthesis (P(g,max) = 1.16 g CO(2) . m(-2).d(-1)), and ecological light-use efficiency (epsilon(ecol) = 59 mmol . mol(-1)) of managed grasslands and high-production croplands exceeded those of most forest ecosystems, indicating the potential of nonforest ecosystems for uptake of atmospheric CO(2). Maximum values of gross primary production (8 600 g CO(2) . m(-2).yr(-1)), total ecosystem respiration (7 900 g CO(2) . m(-2).yr(-1)), and net CO(2) exchange (2 400 g CO(2) . m(-2).yr(-1)) were observed for intensively managed grasslands and high-yield crops, and are comparable to or higher than those for forest ecosystems, excluding some tropical forests. On average, 80% of the nonforest sites were apparent sinks for atmospheric CO(2), with mean net uptake of 700 g CO(2) . m(-2).yr(-1) for intensive grasslands and 933 g CO(2) . m(-2).d(-1) for croplands. However, part of these apparent sinks is accumulated in crops and forage, which are carbon pools that are harvested, transported, and decomposed off site. Therefore, although agricultural fields may be predominantly sinks for atmospheric CO(2), this does not imply that they are necessarily increasing their carbon stock.
ISSN: 1550-7424

hal-01190754
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190754
DOI : 10.2111/rem-d-09-00072.1
PRODINRA : 214043

Éditeur(s) : Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour
Résumé : In a context of decline of European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) and search for biological markers of habitat use and quality, a multidisciplinary approach was engaged on the Adour estuary and its associated wetlands. Two axes were developed. The first axe aimed at highlighting the successive presence of the species in different ecosystems based on the otolith elemental composition. The second aimed at the evaluation of the chemical pressure underwent by eels based on the contaminant bioconcentration in soft tissues and the early molecular response to the chemical stress. With a view to the analyses of otolith elemental composition taking into account the 3D structure, the low elemental concentration in the matrix and keeping the finest spatial resolution, four micro sampling strategies and multi elemental analyses using femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS were tested (crater, 1D scan, 2D scan, flash ablation). The strategy showing the best compromise according to the objectives (continuous recording, multi elemental approach) was applied on otolith of yellow eels from the Adour. The simultaneous use of Sr and Ba profiles, after validation, represents a new tool, easy, fast and reliable for the reconstruction of freshwater and brackish ecosystems use by eel avoiding misinterpretation due to vaterite inclusions. Three major behaviors were highlighted on the Adour: a residency in brackish water, a residency in freshwater and nomad behavior. The last one is illustrated by a shift to brackish water after three to four years spent in freshwater. Simultaneously, the study of inorganic and organic contamination of eel soft tissues showed that sampled wetlands are moderately contaminated. These results were confirmed by the first estimation, in wild conditions, of the early response to the chemical stress using the hepatic expression of CYP1A1 gene measured by real time RT-PCR. Conversely, in the downstream part of the Adour estuary, Hg loads in eels, especially methyl mercury, and PCBs analyses indicate values that need further investigations considering the European norms of consumption. The comparison of the different markers used (heavy metal and organochlorinated compounds contamination of soft tissues, condition index) support a lower quality of the estuary despite higher eel growth rate on this site. This study supports the use of numerous markers in integrated studies in order to understand and specify the relationships between eels and their continental growth zones.
Dans un contexte de déclin de l'anguille européenne (Anguilla anguilla L.) et de recherche de marqueurs biologiques retraçant la fréquentation des divers habitats et renseignant sur la qualité de ceux-ci, une approche pluridisciplinaire a été mise en place sur l'estuaire de l'Adour et ses zones humides. Deux axes ont été privilégiés. Le premier cherchait à visualiser la présence successive de l'espèce dans différents écosystèmes en se basant sur la composition élémentaire des otolithes. Le deuxième avait pour but d'évaluer la pression chimique inorganique et organique subie par l'anguille dans les zones d'études en s'appuyant sur la bioconcentration des contaminants dans les tissus mous et la réponse moléculaire précoce au stress chimique. En vue des analyses de la composition élémentaire des otolithes et pour répondre au mieux à la structure en trois dimensions, à la faible concentration des éléments dans la matrice tout en conservant une résolution spatiale la plus fine possible, quatre stratégies de micro-échantillonnage et d'analyses multiélémentaires par ablation laser femtoseconde ICP-MS ont été testées (cratère, scan 1D, scan 2D, ablation flash). La méthodologie présentant le meilleur compromis par rapport aux objectifs fixés (enregistrement continu, approche multiélémentaire) a ensuite été appliquée sur les otolithes d'anguilles jaunes du Bas-Adour. L'utilisation simultanée des profils continus de Sr et de Ba, après validation, constitue un outil facile d'utilisation, rapide et fiable pour reconstruire les historiques de fréquentation des différents écosystèmes estuariens et dulçaquicoles par l'anguille tout en s'affranchissant des problèmes potentiels liés aux inclusions de vatérite, un polymorphe du carbonate de calcium. Trois grands types de comportement ont pu être mis en évidence sur l'Adour : résidence en eau saumâtre, résidence en eau douce et nomadisme. Ce dernier est plus particulièrement illustré par un mouvement marqué vers l'eau saumâtre pour des individus ayant passé de trois à quatre ans dans l'eau douce. Parallèlement, l'étude de la contamination organique et inorganique des tissus mous de l'anguille a permis de déduire à la faible contamination des zones humides échantillonnées. La première estimation en condition naturelle de la réponse précoce au stress chimique par évaluation de l'expression hépatique du gène CYP1A1 par RT-PCR en temps réel confirme ces résultats. En revanche, dans la partie estuarienne aval de l'Adour, les niveaux en Hg, présent en majorité sous sa forme méthylée dans les anguilles, et l'analyse des PCBs indiquent des valeurs qui suscitent un examen plus approfondi au regard des normes européennes en vigueur. La confrontation des différents descripteurs (contamination des tissus mous par les métaux lourds et organochlorés, indice de condition) utilisés conforte la qualité moindre de la zone estuarienne malgré des performances de croissance de l'anguille favorisées sur ces sites. Ainsi, cette étude supporte l'intérêt de la mise en oeuvre de descripteurs multiples utilisés (niveaux de métaux lourds et organochlorés dans les tissus mous, réponse moléculaire au stress chimique, microchimie de l'otolithe, indice de condition, taux de croissance) dans des approches intégrées pour comprendre et préciser les relations existantes entre l'anguille et ses zones de croissance continentales.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/these-7381.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/7381/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé :  
A closed depression is defined as a geomorphologic element where a sediment depository is encircled by hillslopes. Despite the fact that closed depressions are often the only stagnant water points in many European landscapes, few ecological researches on their plant assemblages have been done. The main goal of this study was to give first results of the environmental factors responsible for the vegetation composition, richness and rarity in the closed depressions of the Lorraine biogeographical district (Belgium, France and grand-duche de Luxembourg). We surveyed for plant presence 85 forest and 77 grassland closed depressions. For each site, wetland area, local environmental factors and regional connectivities registered. For each species, the Ellenberg values were compiled. To investigate the main source of variation in species composition and in species richness (including richness in rare species), Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analyses and Generalized Linear Models were respectively used. Species pools in forest (forest and preforest species) and in grassland (bog plants, pioneers, helophytes) were quite different. In both landscapes, a gradient from plants typical of basic high-productive soils to plants typical of acid low-productive soils reflects a shared successional gradient. The accumulation of organic matter allowed the establishment of Sphagnum spp., which slowly acidified the soil and thus acted as ecosystem engineers for the arrival of bog plants. Moreover, the species composition was additionally driven by the plant light tolerance in forests and by the plant water requirements in grasslands. Mechanisms of species accumulation (increase in species richness) were different in forests and in grasslands: respectively related to the plant light tolerance and to the wetland area. At the regional level, the averaged soil productivity was negatively related to the richness in rare species. Indeed, perennial highly-competitive plants such as Glyceria spp., Iris pseudacorus or Urtica dioica impeded the establishment of smaller and rarer species. At the habitat level, isolated closed depressions (due to either low connectivity or low grazing pressure) have more habitat rare species, giving evidences of dispersal limitation in plant assemblages of closed depressions.
ISSN: 0960-3115

hal-01032125
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032125
DOI : 10.1007/s10531-007-9227-x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : The intensification of the hydrological cycle, with an observed and modeled increase in drought incidence and severity, underscores the need to quantify drought effects on carbon cycling and the terrestrial sink. FLUXNET, a global network of eddy covariance towers, provides dense data streams of meteorological data, and through flux partitioning and gap filling algorithms, estimates of net ecosystem productivity (FNEP), gross ecosystem productivity (P), and ecosystem respiration (R). We analyzed the functional relationship of these three carbon fluxes relative to evaporative fraction (EF), an index of drought and site water status, using monthly data records from 238 micrometeorological tower sites distributed globally across 11 biomes. The analysis was based on relative anomalies of both EF and carbon fluxes and focused on drought episodes by biome and climatic season. Globally P was ≈50% more sensitive to a drought event than R. Network-wide drought-induced decreases in carbon flux averaged −16.6 and −9.3 g C m−2 month−1 for P and R, i.e., drought events induced a net decline in the terrestrial sink. However, in evergreen forests and wetlands drought was coincident with an increase in P or R during parts of the growing season. The most robust relationships between carbon flux and EF occurred during climatic spring for FNEP and in climatic summer for P and R. Upscaling flux sensitivities to a global map showed that spatial patterns for all three carbon fluxes were linked to the distribution of croplands. Agricultural areas exhibited the highest sensitivity whereas the tropical region had minimal sensitivity to drought. Combining gridded flux sensitivities with their uncertainties and the spatial grid of FLUXNET revealed that a more robust quantification of carbon flux response to drought requires additional towers in all biomes of Africa and Asia as well as in the cropland, shrubland, savannah, and wetland biomes globally.
ISSN: 1354-1013

hal-01032076
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032076
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01991.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :  
A closed depression is defined as a geomorphologic element where a sediment depository is encircled by hillslopes. Despite the fact that closed depressions are often the only stagnant water points in many European landscapes, few ecological researches on their plant assemblages have been done. The main goal of this study was to give first results of the environmental factors responsible for the vegetation composition, richness and rarity in the closed depressions of the Lorraine biogeographical district (Belgium, France and grand-duche de Luxembourg). We surveyed for plant presence 85 forest and 77 grassland closed depressions. For each site, wetland area, local environmental factors and regional connectivities registered. For each species, the Ellenberg values were compiled. To investigate the main source of variation in species composition and in species richness (including richness in rare species), Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analyses and Generalized Linear Models were respectively used. Species pools in forest (forest and preforest species) and in grassland (bog plants, pioneers, helophytes) were quite different. In both landscapes, a gradient from plants typical of basic high-productive soils to plants typical of acid low-productive soils reflects a shared successional gradient. The accumulation of organic matter allowed the establishment of Sphagnum spp., which slowly acidified the soil and thus acted as ecosystem engineers for the arrival of bog plants. Moreover, the species composition was additionally driven by the plant light tolerance in forests and by the plant water requirements in grasslands. Mechanisms of species accumulation (increase in species richness) were different in forests and in grasslands: respectively related to the plant light tolerance and to the wetland area. At the regional level, the averaged soil productivity was negatively related to the richness in rare species. Indeed, perennial highly-competitive plants such as Glyceria spp., Iris pseudacorus or Urtica dioica impeded the establishment of smaller and rarer species. At the habitat level, isolated closed depressions (due to either low connectivity or low grazing pressure) have more habitat rare species, giving evidences of dispersal limitation in plant assemblages of closed depressions.
7th INTECOL International Wetland Conference
Utrecht, Netherlands

hal-01032381
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032381

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Multiproxy analyses were performed on core MS27PT recovered in hemipelagic sediments deposited on the Nile margin in order to reconstruct Nile River palaeohydrological fluctuations during the last 100,000 years. The strontium and neodymium isotope composition of the terrigenous fraction and the major element distribution reveal large and abrupt changes in source, oscillating between a dominant aeolian Saharan contribution during arid periods and a dominant Nile River contribution during pluvial periods. Iron content shows a strong correlation with strontium and neodymium isotopes. This allows the use of a high-resolution continuous Fe record as a proxy of Blue Nile sediment input over the last 100,000 years. The detailed Fe record, with approximately 10 years resolution during pluvial periods, is consistent with subtropical African records of well-dated lake level fluctuations and thus constitutes a first continuous high resolution record of the East African monsoon regime intensity over Ethiopia.;The detailed Fe record shows the two main known pluvial periods attributed to strengthening of the African monsoon over Ethiopia, the Nabtian period from 14 to 8 ka cal BP and the Saharan period from 98 to 72 ka BR For the first time, the last glacial period (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2,3 and 4) is documented with a continuous record showing large oscillations between high and low East African palaeo-monsoon regimes.;The end of the Nabtian period occurred at 8 ka in core MS27PT, i.e. much earlier than on the East Equatorial African region where it ended around 5.5 ka. We interpret this as evidence that the southward shift of the rain belt occurred 3000 years earlier over the Eastern Ethiopian Highland and propose that the gradual southward migration of the rain belt was associated with highly variable intensity and longer rainy seasons from 8 to 5 ka. During the last glacial period, two wet periods are present around 60-50 ka BP and 38-30 ka BP. These two humid periods are in phase with the rise of atmospheric CH4 concentrations suggesting that wetland tropical African area was one of the sources of the atmospheric CH4 during the MIS 3. During the Last Glacial Maximum and MIS 4, high Saharan aeolian influxes in phase with records of aeolian dust deposited in East Antarctica are documented. This study highlights the importance of reconstructions of monsoon rainfall fluctuation at high temporal resolution to better understand the link between low- and high-latitude climate variability at millennial timescales.
ISSN: 0277-3791

hal-00496481
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496481
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.006

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
At the Land-Sea interface, the mangrove forests represent unique but very threatened ecosystems. In the tropical island systems as to the biosphere scale, the mangrove forests and related biocenoses are relevant anthropization markers. The pressures and the direct and indirect damage are also multiple and varied. Generally, the coastal ecosystems of the French West Indies are in constant evolution. The effect of natural factors is increased by human activities. In these small, densely populated and urbanized areas, the mangrove forests are part of the last unoccupied areas. Faced with growing development needs, they represent an area to use, exploit and impact. The human footprint is high and sometimes it has irreversible consequences. The human impact mainly translates into the erosion of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Facing these imbalances, the study of the mangrove ecosystem using conservation ecology stands as an essential approach for the preservation of Martinique’s coastal ecosystems.
ISSN: 2277-8322

hal-01393660
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01393660

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’exploitation commerciale des produits forestiers non ligneux a animé et anime encore au plan international les débats sur la gestion durable des forêts, notamment par son apport en matière de conservation, d’amélioration des conditions d’existence des populations locales et de gestion participative. Cependant, l’exploitation commerciale des PFNL soulève la problématique de la durabilité tant au plan écologique, économique que sociopolitique. La présente recherche traite de cette problématique en prenant comme PFNL d’illustration le raphia dans la forêt marécageuse Hlanzoun. Elle vise à analyser la durabilité socio-économique et environnementale de l’exploitation du raphia dans la forêt marécageuse « Hlanzoun ». La méthodologie utilisée est une combinaison d’approches quantitatives et qualitatives. Les outils d’analyse de données utilisés sont entre autre, la statistique descriptive, l’analyse filière des revenus d’exploitation et des valeurs ajoutées et l’analyse du système socio-écologique. Nos résultats montrent que le raphia est une plante à usages multiples. Que ce soit les feuilles, les fibres, la sève ou le tronc, tout ou presque peut être valorisé sur le raphia. Au niveau des villages riverains du Hlanzoun l’exploitation de la sève du raphia et sa transformation en alcool alimentaire est de loin le type d’usage qui procure le plus de revenu malgré le fait que les autres types d’usages mobilisent un nombre plus important d’acteurs. L’exploitation commerciale de ce PFNL se déploie suivant une organisation relativement simple et avec des caractéristiques propres à la plupart des activités de la petite production marchande des économies sous-développées en crise. Cette exploitation est essentiellement articulée autour des coupeurs/collecteurs, des intermédiaires commerciaux, des agents de transformation/conditionnement et des consommateurs des produits finis. La contribution annuelle totale de la filière raphia au développement a été estimée à 192 429 633 Fr. CFA (environ 385 000 dollar) et les revenus d’exploitation de tous les acteurs ont un signe positif malgré le faible niveau de technologie et de formation. Le raphia apporte donc des revenus relativement importants aux divers acteurs en dépit des handicaps de la filière et du déficit d’équité dans la répartition des richesses produites. Au plan de la gouvernance, on note un déficit d’instances, de règles et de procédures, dont l’effectivité et la légitimité sont clairement établies. Cet état de chose laisse le parc à raphia dans un régime d’accès « libre » mais seulement pour les riverains ; nous nous retrouvons donc en présence d’un système de cueillette, caractérisé par l’exploitation de plants immatures et la surexploitation, mettant en péril la capacité de renouvellement de la ressource et même l’avenir de la filière. On note cependant un effort de contrôle de l’accès des non riverains et des tentatives d’adaptation des riverains. En effet, le nombre d’exploitants est passé de 148 à 92 entre 2008 et 2010 et le nombre de pieds de raphia saignés est passé de 15 452 à 8 832 durant la même période. Au total, l’exploitation du raphia dans le Hlanzoun s’inscrit dans un environnement défavorable par rapport aux exigences de développement durable d’une filière de PFNL. Mais les divers acteurs sont à présent conscients de la nécessité d’agir pour une meilleure réglementation de l’accès et de l’exploitation.
The commercial use of non woody forest products is a crucial issue in the international debate on the sustainable management of forests. These products are supposed to contribute to conservation by improving local populations’ livelihood and their involvement in forest management. This study lies within the scope of two South-South Cooperation projects (PSC 22P07 and PSC 03T08) implemented by the CEBEDES NGO with the financial support of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It aims at analyzing the socioeconomic and environmental sustainability of the raffia stands management in the swamp forest "Hlanzoun ". This small forest is located in one of Benin southern Wetlands in the municipality of Zogbodomey.The methodology to assess raffia socioeconomic performances relies on the estimation of the values added within the raffia value chains. Stakeholders at every segment of the value chains have been surveyed on the incomes obtained out of raffia. The methodology to assess the sustainability of the management relies on a simple indicator measuring the ratio of younger to elder palms. Palms in stands have been counted according to their age group. The survey confirms that raffia is a multi-purpose plant used for its leaves, fibers, sap and trunk. In villages at the borders of the Hlanzoun forest, harvesting the raffia sap on standing palms and processing it into alcohol are a major income generating activity. Alcohol is then marketed through a network of collectors, wholesalers and petty traders up to the consumers. The contribution of raffia to local and regional development was estimated by the total incomes generated at 192.429.633 F CFA. All stakeholders earn positive and significant incomes in spite of the low level of technology and skills, but traders receive a large share of the wealth produced. As regard to governance, "free" access only concerns residents and efforts are made to control the access of non-residents. One notes a deficit of legitimated authorities, rules and procedures for a sustainable use: Restrictions on the harvest of immature palms are not anymore enforced and it endangers the renewal capacity of the resource. But at the same time, the number of operators seems to be decreasing (from 148 to 92 between 2008 and 2010, whereas the number of harvested raffia palms decreased from 15,452 to 8,832 during the same period). A self-regulation might occur, due to the fact that a livelihood of local people relies on a diversity of income generating activities. In total, the operation of Raffia in Hlazoun is in an unfavorable environment with the requirements of sustainable development in a sector of NTFF. But the various actors are now aware of the need for action to better regulate access and operation.
Bénin

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5556
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5556

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
The central part of the Gulf of Lions shoreline is characterized by many coastal wetlands that resulted from the interaction between a process of shoreline regularization by migrations of littoral barriers and a slow filling of the back-barrier areas by the riverine and marine inputs. Analyses of Late-Holocene deposits with a very high-resolution multi-proxy study of two sediment cores, allow us to reconstruct the evolution of this coastal system. Two main Holocene sediment units are identified overlying a Pliocene carbonate continental formation. The lower unit consists of sandy and pebbly marine sediments deposited around 7800 B.P., during the final stand of the last sea level rise. Just above, the upper unit displays lagoonal grey clay silts with shells and some intercalated layers of silty sands related to paleostorm events. The age model was established from radiocarbon dating, for the oldest part of the core. Over the last century, sedimentation rates were calculated using the CFCS Pb-210 model, together with Cs-137 data. Radiocarbon data show an increase in he accumulation rate from the base to the top of cores. Marine sand units related to the last transgressive deposit allow to refine the curve of Holocene post-glacial sea level rise. Sedimentological and faunal analyses associated with chronological data provide a means for reconstructing the Late-Holocene paleoenvironments along this part of the coast and suggest that the final closure of the coastal lagoon by the sandy barrier occurred at around 730 +/- 120 yr cal B.P. The beginning of this closure, together with the progradation of the coastal plain, could be responsible for the decline in economic activity of the Lattara harbour during the Roman period.
La partie centrale du littoral du golfe du Lion est caractérisée par de nombreuses lagunes qui résultent de l'interaction entre un processus de régularisation du trait de côte par migration de barrières littorales et d'un lent remplissage des zones situées en arrière des barrières par des apports continentaux et marins. Les analyses des dépôts tardi-holocènes avec une étude multi-traceurs à très haute résolution de deux carottes sédimentaires nous permettent de reconstruire l'évolution de ce système côtier. Deux unités sédimentaires holocènes sont identifiées recouvrant une formation pliocène carbonatée. L'unité inférieure est constituée de sables et de galets d'origine marine déposés vers 7800 B.P., durant les stades ultimes de la dernière remontée marine. Audessus, l'unité supérieure montre des dépôts d'argile et de silt gris coquilliers d'origine lagunaire, dans lesquels sont intercalés des niveaux de sable silteux révélant la présence d'événements de tempêtes. Le modèle d'âge est établi à partir de dates radiocarbones pour les parties les plus anciennes des archives sédimentaires, tandis que pour le dernier siècle, les taux de sédimentation sont calculés en utilisant le modèle CFCS pour le 210Pb, associé aux données de 137Cs. Les données 14C montrent une augmentation du taux d'accumulation depuis la base jusqu'en surface des carottes. Les unités de sables marins liées aux dépôts de la dernière transgression marine permettent de préciser la courbe post-glaciaire de remontée du niveau marin. Les analyses sédimentologiques et faunistiques associées aux données chronologiques fournissent une méthode permettant de reconstituer les paléoenvironnements littoraux tardi-holocènes dans la zone d'étude et suggèrent que la fermeture finale de ces lagunes par le cordon sableux survient autour de 730 ± 120 ans cal B.P. Le début de cette fermeture, associée à la une progradation deltaïque, pourrait être responsable du déclin des activités économiques du port de Lattara durant la période Romaine.
EISSN: 1777-5817

halshs-00740923
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00740923
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.181.1.27

Résumé : La rénovation urbaine de Pointe-à-Pitre (1961-1981) fut l'une des plus vastes jamais menée en France entre 1961 et 1981 et la première programmée en outre-mer. Elle avait pour but de répondre à la crise du logement et de réhabiliter des quartiers de cases insalubres qui s'étaient étendus de façon non maîtrisée sur des marécages situés autour de la ville. Cette rénovation urbaine ne fut pas simplement une opération d'aménagement car elle servit de front pionnier et de laboratoire aux acteurs de la composition urbaine en outre-mer par la mise en place d'organismes publics à qui l'État confia une compétence fonctionnelle pour aménager le territoire. A cette occasion furent introduits en Guadeloupe, une nouvelle architecture et un nouvel urbanisme retlet de la modernité.
Urban renewal of Pointe-à-Pitre (1961-1981) was one of the 1argcstever conducted in France during the years (1961- . 1981) and the fust programmed overseas territories. 1'0 respond to the housing crisis and renovate parts of unhealthy ceUsthat had spread in an uncontroUed manner on wetlands located around the city it was intended to. Urban renewal was not simply a development operations because it served as a frontier laboratory and the actors of the urban composition overseas by sctting up public bodies to which the State gave a functional competence develop the territory. On this occasion were introduced in Guadeloupe, a new architecture and new urbanism reflection of modernity.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0615/document

Résumé : Les biofilms électroactifs (EA) sont des consortia bactériens mono ou pluri-espèces, qui ont la faculté d’échanger des électrons provenant de leur métabolisme avec les surfaces solides conductrices des électrodes. Cette découverte est à l’origine d’un nouveau dispositif énergétique : la pile à combustible microbienne (PACM). Depuis les années 2000, la littérature scientifique sur les biofilms EA et sur les PACM explose, notamment grâce à la découverte de bactéries capables de transférer par voie directe – par des pili ou protéines transmembranaires – des électrons vers les électrodes. Plusieurs sources de bactéries EA ont été à ce jour découvertes, allant de cultures pures à des communautés bactériennes plus complexes. Ces dernières sont issues de milieux aqueux naturels (milieux marins ou d’eau douce), industriels ou urbains (effluents d’industrie, eaux usées domestiques). La plupart de ces sources bactériennes proviennent d’environnements de climat tempéré. Dans ce travail de thèse, plusieurs sols de milieux humides de la Guyane ont été identifiés comme étant de sources de bactéries EA. Les expériences menées sous potentiel d’électrode imposé et constant ont permis d’étudier l’adhésion à la surface d’électrode des biofilms EA issus de la flore endogène des milieux sélectionnés. La formation de bioanodes et de biocathodes a été possible en présence respectivement d’acétate et d’oxygène dans les milieux. Une étude par voltammétrie cyclique a mis en évidence les pics d’oxydo-réduction en lien avec les échanges électroniques du biofilm EA et de l’électrode. En optimisant la procédure de formation des biofilms EA par chronoampérométrie (surface d’électrode plus importante, apport en continu et progressif du substrat), une densité de courant maximale de 12 A/m2 et un rendement faradique de 24 % ont été obtenus. Une autre méthode pour former des biofilms EA à partir d’un milieu choisi, la mangrove, a consisté à utiliser deux prototypes de PACM : une pile à compartiment unique et à cathode à air, et une pile benthique. Dans les deux cas, les biofilms EA ont pu être formés et étudiés, complétant certaines observations faites sous potentiel imposé. La PACM benthique s’est avérée être la plus proche d’une application à grande échelle puisqu’elle a été complètement autonome : anode et cathode utilisant uniquement le milieu pour fonctionner. Elle a pu être étudiée en laboratoire comme sur le terrain.
Electroactive biofilms (EA) are mono or multi-species bacterial consortia, which have the ability to exchange electrons from their metabolism with solid surfaces of conductive electrodes. This discovery is the basis for a device of energy production: microbial fuel cell (MFC). Since the 2000s, the scientific literature on EA biofilms and MFC explodes, thanks to the discovery of bacteria that are able to transfer directly – by pili or trans-membrane proteins – electrons to electrodes. Several sources of EA bacteria were discovered to date, ranging from pure cultures to more complex bacterial communities. Those last are from natural (marine and freshwater), industrial or urban (industrial effluents, domestic wastewater) aqueous environments. However, the vast majority of these are from temperate environments.In this thesis, several wetland soils of French Guiana have been identified as sources of EA bacteria. Experiments under poised and constant electrode potential were used to examine adherence to the electrode surface of EA biofilms from the endogenous flora of selected environments. Formation of bioanodes and biocathodes was possible in the presence respectively of acetate and oxygen in the media. A study by cyclic voltammetry showed the redox peaks related to electronic exchanges between EA biofilm and electrode. By optimizing the process of EA biofilm formation by chronoamperometry (larger electrode surface, providing continuous and progressive substrate), a maximum current density of 12 A/m2 and a coulombic efficiency of 24% were obtained.Another method to form EA biofilms from a chosen medium (mangrove) was to use two MFC prototypes: a single compartment and air cathode one, and a benthic one. In both cases, the EA biofilms have been trained and studied supplementing certain observations made under poised polarization. MFC benthic proved to be the closest to a wide application since it was completely autonomous, anode and cathode only using the medium to function. It has been studied in the laboratory and in the field.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0560/document