Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Most kimberlites contain abundant dunitic nodules. These are centimetre-sized, rounded and multi-grained assemblages of xenocrystic olivine with a wide range of compositions (Fo83 to Fo94). The absence of orthopyroxene and other mantle minerals and the range of olivine compositions have been attributed to reaction between mantle peridotite and (proto)kimberlitic fluid or melt, but the timing of the reaction is a subject of debate. In a kimberlite from the Kangamiut region of Greenland, nodule cores are surrounded by fine-grained outer margins with near-constant Fo contents (∼Fo88) but highly variable minor element contents (e.g. 500–2500 ppm Ni). These margins crystallized from the kimberlite melt and we show that their compositions can be explained by crystallization of olivine alone, if a high partition coefficient for Ni between melt and olivine (DNi > 20) is assumed. Orthopyroxene assimilation is not required, removing the constraint that its dissolution occurred during ascent of the kimberlite magma. Within some nodules, in addition to the usual core-to-margin gradients, we observe asymmetric compositional changes (variable Fo but near-constant minor element contents) across mobile grain boundaries. These changes document fluid percolation at the grain scale that occurred during dynamic recrystallization in the deforming lithospheric mantle. We note that chemical gradients associated with mobile grain boundaries are observed in olivines that cover the entire compositional range of the nodules, and propose that fluid-assisted dynamic recrystallization took place in dunite that was already compositionally heterogeneous. Reaction between peridotite and protokimberlitic melt or fluid and dissolution of orthopyroxene thus occurred within the lithospheric mantle, immediately (a few days) prior to the ascent of the kimberlite melt and the entrainment of the dunite nodules. We propose that the grain boundary zones probably mimic, at a fine scale, the fluid–peridotite interaction that caused, at a larger scale, orthopyroxene dissolution and formation of compositionally diverse olivine in kimberlites.
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-01277963
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277963
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egv054

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
This paper deals with image processing. This study takes place in a segmentation process based on texture analysis. We use the multifractal ap-proach to characterize the textures. More precisely we study a particular multi-fractal spectrum called the large deviation spectrum. We consider two statistical methods to numerically compute this spectrum. The resulting spectrum, com-puted by both methods over an image, is a one dimension spectrum. In the scope of this article, we extend these methods in order to obtain a two dimen-sions spectrum which could be assimilated to an image. This 2D spectrum al-lows a local characterization of the image singularities while a 1D spectrum is a global characterization. Moreover, the computation of the spectrum requires the use of a measure. We introduce here a pre processing based on the gradient to improve the measure. We show results on both synthetic and real world images. Finally, we remark that the resulting 2D spectrum is close to the resulting im-age of an edge detection process while edge detection using one dimension spectrum requires post processing methods. This statement will be used for fu-ture works.
SITIS Proceedings
Hammamet, Tunisia

hal-00602273
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00602273

Résumé : À la Martinique au XVIIIe siècle, les « libres de couleur », qu’ils soient nés libres ou affranchis, noirs ou métis, forment une catégorie juridique distincte des Blancs et des esclaves. L’étude comparée, avec les territoires espagnols ou anglais, montre qu’aucune réglementation légale n’a officialisé un passage de la catégorie Libre de couleur à celle de Blanc dans les colonies françaises de la fin du XVIIe siècle à la Révolution française. Aussi, cette thèse se propose de montrer les processus officieux qui ont permis à certaines personnes – les « assimilés » – de franchir la barrière de couleur. Une réflexion a été menée sur le préjugé de couleur, système raciste dont l’idéologie, soutenue par la réglementation locale, a légitimé la construction collective d’un ordre public et social. Puis, on a examiné l’élaboration de la barrière de couleur. Les libres de couleur ont été les premiers à faire les frais de l’imperméabilisation de la ligne de démarcation et des problèmes posés par la pureté de sang ; mais les Blancs mésalliés, dans le cadre d’unions interraciales, et les Amérindiens ont aussi été visés. Enfin nous avons réfléchi à ce qui faisait la blancheur et aux stratégies adoptées pour réussir ce changement de statut. Le notariat et les 33 000 actes des registres paroissiaux traités ont donné lieu à la reconstitution de généalogies pour examiner des individus et des familles sur plusieurs générations ; on a ainsi observé l’importance du phénotype, le blanchiment, la légitimité des relations, les conjoints privilégiés, le choix des réseaux, les niveaux de fortune et l’usage de l’espace.
In Martinique in the eighteenth century, the "free people of color", both those free by birth and freedmen, black or mixed race, form a legal category, which was distinct from those of whites and slaves. Comparative studies with Spanish or English territories show that no legal regulation formalized a shift - from the category of free colored people to that of White - in the French colonies between the late seventeenth century and the French Revolution. Also, this thesis proposes to show the informal process that enabled some people - the "assimilated" - to cross the color barrier. I analysed the color prejudice, a racist system, whose ideology, supported by local regulations, legitimized the collective construction of a public and social order. In a second step, I examined the development of the color bar. The free colored people were the first to bear the brunt of the impermeability of the demarcation line and of the problems posed by the purity of blood; but some whites, through interracial unions, and Native Americans have also been targeted. Finally I thought about what made the whiteness, and the strategies to achieve whiteness, change in status. Notarial acts and 33,000 acts of parish registers treaties led to the reconstitution of genealogies, in order to examine individuals and families over generations; I observed the importance of the phenotype, whitening, legitimacy relations, privileged partners, choice of networks, wealth levels and the use of space.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0847/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The eastern part of the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador comprises thick buoyant oceanic plateaus associated with island-arc tholeiites and subduction-related calc-alkaline series, accreted to the Ecuadorian Continental Margin from Late Cretaceous to Eocene times. One of these plateau sequences, the Guaranda Oceanic Plateau is considered as remnant of the Caribbean–Colombian Oceanic Province (CCOP) accreted to the Ecuadorian Margin in the Maastrichtien. Samples studied in this paper were taken from four cross-sections through two arc-sequences in the northern part of the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador, dated as (Río Cala) or ascribed to (Macuchi) the Late Cretaceous and one arc-like sequence in the Chogòn-Colonche Cordillera (Las Orquídeas). These three island-arcs can clearly be identified and rest conformably on the CCOP. In all four localities, basalts with abundant large clinopyroxene phenocrysts can be found, mimicking a picritic or ankaramitic facies. This mineralogical particularity, although not uncommon in island arc lavas, hints at a contribution of the CCOP in the genesis of these island arc rocks. The complete petrological and geochemical study of these rocks reveals that some have a primitive island-arc nature (MgO values range from 6 to 11 wt.%). Studied samples display marked Nb, Ta and Ti negative anomalies relative to the adjacent elements in the spidergrams characteristic of subduction-related magmatism. These rocks are LREE-enriched and their clinopyroxenes show a tholeiitic affinity (FeOT–TiO2 enrichment and CaO depletion from core to rim within a single crystal). The four sampled cross-sections through the island-arc sequences display homogeneous initial Nd, and Pb isotope ratios that suggest a unique mantellic source for these rocks resulting from the mixing of three components: an East-Pacific MORB end-member, an enriched pelagic sediment component, and a HIMU component carried by the CCOP. Indeed, the ankaramite and Mg-basalt sequences that form part of the Caribbean-Colombian Oceanic Plateau are radiogenically enriched in 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb and contain a HIMU component similar to that observed in the Gorgona basalts and Galápagos lavas. The subduction zone that generated the Late Cretaceous arcs occurred far from the continental margin, in an oceanic environment. This implies that no terrigenous detrital sediments interacted with the source at this period. Thus, the enriched component can only result from the melting of subducted pelagic sediments. We have thus defined the East-Pacific MORB, enriched (cherts, pelagic sediments) and HIMU components in an attempt to constrain and model the genesis of the studied island-arc magmatism, using a compilation of carefully selected isotopic data from literature according to rock age and paleogeographic location at the time of arc edification. Tripolar mixing models reveal that proportions of 12–15 wt.% of the HIMU component, 7–15 wt.% of the pelagic sediment end-member and 70–75 wt.% of an East-pacific MORB end-member are needed to explain the measured isotope ratios. These surprisingly high proportions of the HIMU/CCOP component could be explained by the young age of the oceanic plateau (5–15 Ma) during the Late Cretaceous arc emplacement. The CCOP, basement of these arc sequences, was probably still hot and easily assimilated at the island-arc lava source.
ISSN: 0895-9811

insu-00353692
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00353692
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsames.2008.06.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
The Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) is characterized by gigantic erosion that remodels the margins while a thick, essentially evaporitic and detrital, sedimentary sequence forms in the deep basins. Based on recent (MAURESC, 2003) and earlier (MESEA 1, 1990; MAGIRAA, 1996; GEOBREST, 2002) seismic reflection data, this work brings to light the record of the MSC on the Provençal margin, which has until now been rarely explored from this perspective. Beyond its strictly regional interest, this study fits into a larger synthesis of MSC seismic markers in the Mediterranean and Black Sea marine domain [Lofi et al., 2011] and employs the new nomenclature established on this occasion. The results obtained reveal a Messinian detrital body (CU unit) of 625 metres maximum thickness at the foot of the margin, accumulating at the mouths of the principal canyons. Its form, facies and extension assimilate it to clastic fans, fed by subaerial erosion linked to the MSC. The relative geometry of CU and the Messinian units MU and UU deposited in the deep basin give indications to their chronostratigraphic relations. The deposition of the CU unit is posterior to the basal part of the mobile unit consisting of halite (MU), but contemporary to its top. These results agree with the recent scenarii, which propose that the precipitation of MU in the basin began early, during the lowering of the sea level, and ended at a low level during the MSC [Blanc, 2000; Martin et al., 2001; Sage et al., 2005; Ryan, 2009]. The UU unit surmounts MU and is subdivided into two sub-units with perceptibly different seismic facies : UU1 at the base and UU2 at the summit. UU1 could correspond to a unit containing more halite and/or more clastic material than UU2. The UU1 sub-unit could be partially contemporary to the CU unit. Concerning salt tectonics and its markers, three structural provinces have been evidenced in the sector of study, respectively : an upslope domain in extension (normal faults), an intermediary domain in translation (tabular MU) and a downslope domain in contraction (salt diapirs). These domains are directly linked to the gravity spreading and/or gliding of the brittle sedimentary cover formed by the CU, UU and Plio-Quatenary units and of the mobile level, MU. In the study area, a close relation between the distribution and thickness of CU and salt tectonics has additionally been evidenced at the mouths of the large Messinian canyons, being best expressed where CU is thick.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00622998
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00622998
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.182.2.181

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Chile Triple junction is a natural laboratory to study the interactions between magmatism and tectonics during the subduction of an active spreading ridge beneath a continent. The MLBA plateau (Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires) is one of the Neogene alkali basaltic plateaus located in the back-arc region of the Andean Cordillera at the latitude of the current Chile Triple junction. The genesis of MLBA can be related with successive opening of slabs windows beneath Patagonia: within the subducting Nazca Plate itself and between the Nazca and Antarctic plates. Detailed Ar-40/Ar-39 dating and geochemical analysis of bimodal magmatism from the western flank of the MLBA show major changes in the back-arc magmatism. which occurred between 14.5 Ma and 12.5 Ma with the transition from calc-alkaline lavas (Cerro Plomo) to alkaline lavas (MLBA) in relation with slab window opening. In a second step, at 4-3 Ma, alkaline felsic intrusions were emplaced in the western flank of the MLBA coevally with the MLBA basalts with which they are genetically related. These late OIB-like alkaline to transitional basalts were generated by partial melting of the subslab asthenosphere of the subducting Nazca plate during the opening of the South Chile spreading ridge-related slab window. These basalts differentiated with small amounts of assimilation in shallow magma chambers emplaced along transtensional to extensional zones. The close association of bimodal magmatism with extensional tectonic features in the western MLBA is a strong support to the model of Patagonian collapse event proposed to have taken place between 5 and 3 Ma as a consequence of the presence of the asthenospheric window (SCR-1 segment of South Chile Ridge) below the MLBA area.
ISSN: 0377-0273

hal-00475648
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00475648
DOI : 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.11.022

Éditeur(s) : Public Library Science
Résumé : The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is a commercially important species, with production based on both fisheries and aquaculture. Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models have been extensively applied to study its energetics but such applications require a deep understanding of its nutrition, from filtration to assimilation. Being filter feeders, mussels show multiple responses to temporal fluctuations in their food and environment, raising questions that can be investigated by modeling. To provide a better insight into mussel–environment interactions, an experiment was conducted in one of the main French growing zones (Utah Beach, Normandy). Mussel growth was monitored monthly for 18 months, with a large number of environmental descriptors measured in parallel. Food proxies such as chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and phytoplankton were also sampled, in addition to non-nutritious particles. High-frequency physical data recording (e.g., water temperature, immersion duration) completed the habitat description. Measures revealed an increase in dry flesh mass during the first year, followed by a high mass loss, which could not be completely explained by the DEB model using raw external signals. We propose two methods that reconstruct food from shell length and dry flesh mass variations. The former depends on the inversion of the growth equation while the latter is based on iterative simulations. Assemblages of food proxies are then related to reconstructed food input, with a special focus on plankton species. A characteristic contribution is attributed to these sources to estimate nutritional values for mussels. M. edulis shows no preference between most plankton life history traits. Selection is based on the size of the ingested particles, which is modified by the volume and social behavior of plankton species. This finding reveals the importance of diet diversity and both passive and active selections, and confirms the need to adjust DEB models to different populations and sites.
Plos One (1932-6203) (Public Library Science), 2014-10 , Vol. 9 , N. 10 , P. 1-13

Droits : 2014 Picoche et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00218/32895/31380.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00218/32895/31381.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00218/32895/31382.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00218/32895/31383.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00218/32895/31384.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :   Diffusion du document : INRA Antilles-Guyane, UMR ECOFOG, F97387 Kourou, Guyane (France) Diplôme : DEA
il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les métadonnées ne correspondent pas aux métadonnées attendues dans les autres types de produit : DISSERTATION
This work on tropic al humid forest of Paracou includes 16 permanent sample plots covering a total surface of 119 hectares. Ten hectares of them are taken up by floodplains which characteristic is a continuous no-deep underground water level with phases of strong surface water logging. Three items have been studied : (i) Checking that during dry season the maps of the underground water level including its limits are reliable, (ii) Characterising the most suitable ecological niches for certain species, (iii) Additional updating the floodplains characterisation by precisely analysing the chemical soil content as well as the physiological reaction of the Symphonia Globulifera . Checking the underground water level in dry season enabled to put down to a quite good measurement reliability by GIS. The classification ecological of species proposed in this work is based on the relative density in floodplain and drain soil very similar to that which concerns a surface located ten or more kilometres further. This lets us assess that this classification is of a good reliability as long as the climate conditions are quite similar to ours in Paracou. Furthermore the presence of pneumatophores in the Symphonia Globulifera is a good biological criterion as long as it shows a long time ground moisture saturation. By analysing the life litter and the soil we mentioned that the leaf content and the soil content indicate a better nutritional value (phosphorus, calcium and potassium) in the floodplains. For phosphorus the relation between the life litter and the soil results put forward that the Olsen method gives a better explanation of the real phosphorus availability for the trees.
Le dispositif de recherche sur la forêt tropicale humide de Paracou est composé de 16 parcelles permanentes couvrant au total 119 ha, dont 10 ha sont occupés par des bas-fonds, caractérisés par l'existence permanente d'une nappe peu profonde et par des périodes de fort engorgement en surface. Notre étude avait trois objectifs : (i) vérifier la fiabilité des cartes de la profondeur de nappe en saison sèche, qui délimitent ces bas-fonds, (ii) caractériser les préférences écologiques de quelques espèces et (iii) compléter la caractérisation des bas-fonds par l'analyse de la richesse chimique du sol et l'étude de la réaction physiologique du Symphonia globulifera. La vérification sur la profondeur de nappe en saison sèche a montré que les imprécisions des cartes étaient d'ampleur limitée, sans incidence forte par rapport à l'ensemble des données. Le classement écologique des espèces proposé dans cette étude, basé sur leurs densités relatives dans les bas-fonds et hors des bas-fonds, est très similaire à celui présenté par une autre étude, dans un dispositif situé à plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres. Cela suggère que ce classement a une bonne validité, tant que les conditions climatiques ne diffèrent pas trop de celles rencontrées à Paracou. Par ailleurs, la présence des pneumatophores du Symphonia globulifera est un bon critère biologique signalant un engorgement hydrique prolongé du sol. Au niveau des analyses de la litière et du sol, les teneurs foliaires et les teneurs dans le sol semblent indiquer que la nutrition en phosphore, calcium et potassium est meilleure en bas-fonds. Au niveau de la méthode de mesure du phosphore assimilable, les relations entre les résultats de la litière et celles du sol suggèrent que la méthode d'Olsen rend mieux compte de la disponibilité effective du phosphore pour les arbres de la forêt tropicale humide que la méthode de Duchaufour.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189229

hal-01189229
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189229
PRODINRA : 17050

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
The Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) is characterized by gigantic erosion that remodels the margins while a thick, essentially evaporitic and detrital, sedimentary sequence forms in the deep basins. Based on recent (MAURESC, 2003) and earlier (MESEA 1, 1990; MAGIRAA, 1996; GEOBREST, 2002) seismic reflection data, this work brings to light the record of the MSC on the Provençal margin, which has until now been rarely explored from this perspective. Beyond its strictly regional interest, this study fits into a larger synthesis of MSC seismic markers in the Mediterranean and Black Sea marine domain [Lofi et al., 2011] and employs the new nomenclature established on this occasion. The results obtained reveal a Messinian detrital body (CU unit) of 625 metres maximum thickness at the foot of the margin, accumulating at the mouths of the principal canyons. Its form, facies and extension assimilate it to clastic fans, fed by subaerial erosion linked to the MSC. The relative geometry of CU and the Messinian units MU and UU deposited in the deep basin give indications to their chronostratigraphic relations. The deposition of the CU unit is posterior to the basal part of the mobile unit consisting of halite (MU), but contemporary to its top. These results agree with the recent scenarii, which propose that the precipitation of MU in the basin began early, during the lowering of the sea level, and ended at a low level during the MSC [Blanc, 2000; Martin et al., 2001; Sage et al., 2005; Ryan, 2009]. The UU unit surmounts MU and is subdivided into two sub-units with perceptibly different seismic facies : UU1 at the base and UU2 at the summit. UU1 could correspond to a unit containing more halite and/or more clastic material than UU2. The UU1 sub-unit could be partially contemporary to the CU unit. Concerning salt tectonics and its markers, three structural provinces have been evidenced in the sector of study, respectively : an upslope domain in extension (normal faults), an intermediary domain in translation (tabular MU) and a downslope domain in contraction (salt diapirs). These domains are directly linked to the gravity spreading and/or gliding of the brittle sedimentary cover formed by the CU, UU and Plio-Quatenary units and of the mobile level, MU. In the study area, a close relation between the distribution and thickness of CU and salt tectonics has additionally been evidenced at the mouths of the large Messinian canyons, being best expressed where CU is thick.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00498286
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00498286

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Cobalt-bearing pyrite (0.5-2.0 wt.% Co) is abnormally abundant (up to 35 vol.% of the total volume of the sulfide phase) in some eastern Pyrenean peridotite massifs, compared to pieces of subcontinental mantle studied so far for sulfides. Pyrite occurs as vermicular intergrowths inside pentlandite and/or chalcopyrite or as coarser, blocky grains in the intergranular pores of host peridotites. Those different pyrites are characterized by different platinum-group element systematics (measured by laser ablation microprobe and ICP-MS). Vermicular pyrite intergrown with pentlandite displays Os-, Ir-, Ru- and Rh-enriched chondrite normalized PGE patterns of Monosulfide solid solution (Mss). In contrast, coarse-grained intergranular ("blocky") pyrites, are PGE-poor. Chalcophile trace elements (i.e. Zn, Pb, Ag, Au) that are not usually concentrated in mantle-derived sulfides were commonly detected. By contrast, selenium contents are generally low, yielding thus pyrite with high S/Se ratio (> 10(5)), consistent with a sedimentary sulfur source. Pyrite microtextures and chalcophile trace element contents support a process of assimilation of crustal sulfur from the metamorphosed sedimentary country rocks. These latter generated highly reactive CO2-S fluids, which were injected into structural discontinuities of the lherzolitic bodies. Sulfur has reacted at T = 300-550A degrees C with pre-existing, mantle-derived, metal-rich sulfide assemblages (pentlandite-chalcopyrite). Addition of crustal sulfur did produce Mss which, on cooling, exsolved the Os-rich pyrite in addition to pentlandite. The coarse-grained pyrite types have crystallized directly from S-rich fluids.
ISSN: 0010-7999

hal-00617425
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617425
DOI : 10.1007/s00710-010-0138-2

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Météo et Climat
Résumé : International audience
D'initiative française, le projet international HyMeX a pour objectif d'améliorer la compréhension du cycle de l'eau en Méditerranée, de sa variabilité, de l'échelle de l'événement météorologique aux échelles saisonnières et interannuelles, et de ses caractéristiques sur une décennie, dans un contexte de changement global. Le projet est motivé par le rôle déterminant des processus de mésoéchelle, couplés entre l'atmosphère, la mer et la terre, sur la variabilité du système climatique et sur le déclenchement d'événements hydrométéorologiques extrêmes (précipitations et inondations, vents forts et convection océanique, canicules et sécheresses). Le projet vise enfin à évaluer les conséquences de ces événements extrêmes sur la vulnérabilité sociale et économique de cette région et sa capacité d'adaptation.
ISSN: 0026-1181

hal-00828758
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828758
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828758/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828758/file/meteo_2013_80_23%20%281%29.pdf
DOI : 10.4267/2042/48792

Résumé : Les forêts côtières inondables (FCI) des régions tropicales et subtropicales remplissent des fonctions écologiques nécessaires aux écosystèmes marins côtiers situés en aval et aux populations humaines vivant à proximité Aux Antilles, les mangroves et les forêts marécageuses à Pterocarpus officinalis sont structurés par des espèces ligneuses qui ont développé des adaptations particulières à la salinité, à l’inondation et aux substrats meubles sur lesquels elles reposent. Dans des contextes climatiques à forte saisonnalité, les saisons sèches prolongées entraînent de fortes variations de la salinité et du niveau de la nappe, que le changement climatique devrait amplifier. Les modèles climatiques de la région Caraïbe prévoient des saisons sèches plus sèches liées à une baisse des précipitations de 20 à 50 %. Or, la question des capacités de résistance et d’acclimatation des espèces ligneuses des FCI à des variations saisonnières marquées de leur environnement édaphique a été peu traitée dans la littérature scientifique.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été double. Il s’est agi, d'une part, de caractériser la structure et la croissance de faciès de végétation représentatifs des FCI antillaises et de mettre en évidence leurs déterminants. A cet effet, des individus adultes, des espèces ligneuses dominantes des FCI, (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, Pterocarpus officinalis, Rhizophora mangle), dans cinq faciès de végétation sur le gradient terre-mer, ont été suivis sur l'île de Grande-Terre (Guadeloupe). D’autre part, les effets de variations salines extrêmes sur la croissance et l’écophysiologie de ces quatre espèces ont été évalués au stade plantule par une expérience en conditions contrôlées.A travers cette étude, il a été montré que les différences de salinité et de fertilité entre les stationspermettent d’expliquer la composition et la structure des peuplements de FCI. Cette étude a égalementmontré que P. officinalis peut se maintenir dans une gamme de salinité plus large que ne l'indiquait lalittérature.Dans le contexte des Antilles où les marnages sont faibles, la saisonnalité du climat entraine des variations saisonnières importantes d’un ensemble de descripteurs édaphiques tels que le niveau de la nappe, la salinité du sol, le pH et le potentiel RedOx. L’inondation et la salinité des sols sont fortement corrélées aux variations mensuelles des précipitations. Les périodes sèches sont accompagnées de salinités élevées et d’une baisse du niveau de la nappe allant jusqu’à l’exondation des sols dans toutes les stations suivies. Les stress environnementaux liés à la saisonnalité entrainent une baisse de la production primaire. L’accroissement cambial mensuel des individus est fortement corrélé avec les précipitations et l’intensité du vent. Dans les stations de mangrove, la sècheresse édaphique régule la production primaire des palétuviers. En forêt marécageuse, la part de la sècheresse atmosphérique semble plus importante pour expliquer la production de P. officinalis. Aussi, les sècheresses édaphique et atmosphérique doivent être prises en compte toutes deux pour modéliser efficacement la croissance des peuplements des FCI.Lors de la saison sèche, le stress le plus important est le stress hydrique, lié à la diminution de la teneur en eau du sol et à l’augmentation de la salinité, qui entraine des contraintes physiologiques sur les palétuviers (ajustements stomatiques, pertes de surface foliaire et de conductivité hydraulique). Le stress ionique, lié à la toxicité des ions Na+ et Cl-, permet aussi d’expliquer une partie de la contrainte sur l’assimilation en carbone. En saison sèche, l’aération des sols ne se traduit pas par une amélioration des performances de croissance chez toutes les espèces. Aussi, la croissance cambiale maximale de toutes les espèces de FCI est réalisée en saison des pluies lorsque la salinité est faible et les niveaux d’inondation élevés.
In tropical and subtropical regions, flooded coastal forests provide essentials goods and services to local communities. In the Antilles, mangrove forests and the Pterocarpus officinalis swamp forest host tree species that are adapted to salinity, flooding and loose substrates. In areas were climatic seasonality is strong, dry seasons lead to strong fluctuations of soil salinity and water table level ; that climate change is likely to make stronger again. Climate model for the Caribbean project drier dry seasons with a decease of 20 to 50 % in annual rainfall amounts. However, resistance and acclimation ability of flooded coastal forest’s species to strong environmental fluctuations still remain poorly studied.This thesis aims two objectives. On the one hand, it aims to characterize the forest structure and monthly growth of vegetation structures representative of the Antillean flooded coastal forests and to highlight their determinants. In this respect, adult trees of the four dominant species of local flooded coastal forest (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, Pterocarpus officinalis, Rhizophora mangle), in five stations along a sea – land gradient were monitored on the Grande-Terre island (Guadeloupe). On the other hand, the effects of salinity variation patterns and salinity levels on growth performances and physiology of seedlings from the four same species were investigated through a greenhouse experiment.This study shows that differences among average salinity and soil fertility explain the vegetation structure of flooded coastal forest. It also extents, in the literature, the range of salinity in which P. officinalis can stand at the tree stage.In the Antilles were tidal range is small, climate seasonality lead to strong edaphic seasonal variations in water table level, soil salinity, pH and RedOx potential. Flooding and soil salinity are strongly correlated to monthly rainfall amounts: dry periods lead to high salinity and to a decrease in water table level under the soil surface. Seasonal environmental stresses lead to a decrease of primary production. Cambial growth was strongly correlated to monthly precipitation and average wind speed. In mangrove stations, edaphic drought determines primary production of mangrove trees, when, in swamp forest stations, atmospheric drought determines an important part of P. officinalis’ primary production.During the dry season, water stress is the more important environmental stress, both by the decrease in soil humidity and the increase in soil salinity, and leads to physiological strains (stomatal adjustment, loss of leaf area and hydraulic conductivity) for mangrove trees. Ionic toxicity of ions Na+ and Cl- also explains a part of the strain on carbon assimilation. During the dry season, re oxygenation of soils via low water table level does not lead to an increase of physiological traits. Thus, maximum cambial growth of all species is observed during the rainy season, when salinity is low and water table level is high.Flooded coastal forest’s species do not have the same ability to recover after a dry episode. In all the studied stations, A. germinans’ cambial growth rises back as soon as the rainy season starts, when, for one station, cambial growth of L. racemosa and R. mangle stay null during the three first month of the rainy season. This low ability to recover after a dry episode is correlated to a stronger impact of the dry season on the physiological traits of these two species.The greenhouse experiment shows that salinity variation patterns are to be taken into consideration for explaining seedlings’ growth and salinity tolerance. A stronger salinity increase impacts the growth of all the studied species; a punctual drop of salinity highlights that flooded coastal forest’s species differ in ability to take advantage of a low salinity episode. These results are coherent with field observations as cambial growth was fairly explained by monthly precipitation.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0674/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The decay of 187Re to 187Os provides a unique tracer of recycled lithosphere in the Earth's upper mantle, and the radiogenic Os isotope compositions of many mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) have been taken to indicate the presence of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle source. However, others have attributed the data to contamination by seawater or an age effect (due to 187Re decay following igneous crystallisation). This study presents new Re Os, U Th Ra and B isotope data for normal-MORB (N-MORB) glass (including 18 samples analysed previously). The scale of the variation in 187Os/188Os observed here in N-MORB glass ranges from 0.126 to 0.148, with a mean value of 0.133 ± 0.009 (2?). Previously published Os isotope data for MORB is shown to have been affected by an analytical artefact, and in particular the very radiogenic Os isotope compositions reported earlier are now shown not to exist. Nevertheless, some radiogenic Os isotope compositions are still seen in the data obtained here. Coupled Th and Ra excesses appear to rule out an age effect, at least, for those samples studied, however, ?11B covariations with 187Os/188Os are consistent with the assimilation of older oceanic crust (affected by seawater contamination). Individual sulphides (less likely to be affected by such contamination) are always less radiogenic than their glass host, with 187Os/188Os values ranging from 0.123 to 0.131. This indicates that sulphide precipitation occurred prior to contamination of the surrounding melt, but the data also suggest that low-Os sulphides have been affected by contamination through partial equilibration with that melt. Taken together, these indicate that dominant process responsible for the radiogenic Os isotope compositions of N-MORB glass is contamination by older oceanic crust. Although the influence of age effects and the presence of recycled material cannot be completely ruled out, Os-rich sulphides yield sub-chondritic Os isotope compositions which point rather to a long-term depletion in Re in the MORB source likely to have resulted from formation of the continental crust over much of Earth's history.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00320075
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00320075
DOI : 10.1016/J.EPSL.2007.05.014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Seabirds concentrate nutrients from large marine areas on their nesting islands playing an important ecological role in nutrient transfer between marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Here we investigate the role of guano on corals reefs across scales by analyzing the stable nitrogen isotopic (delta N-15) values of the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis on fringing reefs around two Pacific remote islets with large seabird colonies. Marine stations closest to the seabird colonies had higher nitrate + nitrite concentrations compared to more distant stations. Coral and zooxanthellae delta N-15 values were also higher at these sites, suggesting that guano-derived nitrogen is assimilated into corals and contributes to their nitrogen requirements. The spatial extent of guano influence was however restricted to a local scale. Our results demonstrate that seabird-derived nutrients not only spread across the terrestrial ecosystem, but also affect components of the adjacent marine ecosystem. Further studies are now needed to assess if this nutrient input has a positive or negative effect for corals. Such studies on remote islets also open fresh perspectives to understand how nutrients affect coral reefs isolated from other anthropogenic stressors.
ISSN: 2045-2322

hal-01681575
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681575
DOI : 10.1038/s41598-017-03781-y

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Satellite and in situ chlorophyll concentration data collected as part of VALidation HYperspectral of a BIOgeochemical model (ValHyBio), a PNTS-sponsored project dedicated to satellite ocean-colour imaging of the Southwest Pacific, are analyzed to describe chlorophyll variability in the Coral Sea, a vast oligotrophic region characterized by a deep chlorophyll maximum and blue waters of high transparency. Average chlorophyll concentrations estimated from MODIS-Aqua are very low (<0.2 mg m-3) except in the vicinity of main islands and coral reefs, where enrichment may occur due to upwelling or internal waves that bring nutrients to the euphotic zone from the deep part of the water column. During the summer season, blooms of cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium) develop in the surface waters and may form large slicks. The nitrogen fixed by these slicks is a potential source of new nitrogen later assimilated by picoplankton and the marine food chain. Coastal areas exhibit higher chlorophyll concentrations because of nutrient input from the land, as observed in 2008 around New Caledonia. In lagoon areas, the sea colour is influenced by turbidity and bathymetry, and the MODIS OC3 algorithm is inadequate, with a systematic overestimation of chlorophyll concentration in the New Caledonia lagoon. Improved bio-optical algorithms are needed for those turbid and shallow waters, to allow not only a better description of chlorophyll variability, but also evaluation of chlorophyll simulations by recently developed biogeochemical models.
of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 18E
CAIRNS, Australia

hal-00746470
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00746470
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00746470/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Whole-rock concentrations of Se and Te were determined in 53 peridotite samples collected in orogenic bodies from the Eastern Pyrenees, including the Lherz massif (33 samples), the type-locality of Iherzolite. Orogenic Iherzolites tectonically emplaced into the continental crust escaped devolatilisation that may strongly alter concentrations of those volatile trace elements in basalt-hosted peridotite xenoliths. The Se and Te concentration ranges (<3.5-100.7 ppb; <1-11 ppb) are consistent with the few analyses of mantle samples yet available, yet extending to higher Se concentrations. In-situ analyses performed by LAM-ICPMS on base metal sulfides indicate that the Se budget is controlled by sulfides whereas a large fraction of Te (50 +/- 30%) does not reside in sulfides. The missing fraction is accounted for by fractional crystallization of Pt-Pd tellurides from Cu-Ni sulfide melts. A maximum of one third of the S budget of Eastern Pyrenean peridotites was added by assimilation of crustal sulfides, which crystallized as pyrite. Disregarding those contaminated samples, some features of the Se and Te systematics (e.g. bivariate plots vs. fertility index) cannot be explained by partial melting processes. The best fit for 33 peridotites (mostly from Lherz) yields higher than chondritic S/Se (3.1213 +/- 500; r(2) = 0.96) for near chondritic Se/Te (8.6 +/- 2; r(2) = 0.9). Our study suggest that such superchondritic S/Se ratios are better explained by petrogenetic processes involving refertilization of harzburgitic lithosphere by metal (Cu,Ni)-rich sulfide melts precipitated along with clinopyroxene and Al-spinel from silicate melts en-route to the surface.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-00544577
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00544577
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.09.007

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: The meiotic developmental pathway in yeast enables both differentiation of vegetative cells into haploid spores that ensure long-term survival, and recombination of the parental DNA to create genetic diversity. Despite the importance of proper metabolic regulation for the supply of building blocks and energy, little is known about the reprogramming of central metabolic pathways in meiotically differentiating cells during passage through successive developmental stages. Results: Metabolic regulation during meiotic differentiation in budding yeast was analyzed by integrating information on genome-wide transcriptional activity, 26 enzymatic activities in the central metabolism, the dynamics of 67 metabolites, and a metabolic flux analysis at mid-stage meiosis. Analyses of mutants arresting sporulation at defined stages demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming is tightly controlled by the progression through the developmental pathway. The correlation between transcript levels and enzymatic activities in the central metabolism varies significantly in a developmental stage-dependent manner. The complete loss of phosphofructokinase activity at mid-stage meiosis enables a unique setup of the glycolytic pathway which facilitates carbon flux repartitioning into synthesis of spore wall precursors during the co-assimilation of glycogen and acetate. The need for correct homeostasis of purine nucleotides during the meiotic differentiation was demonstrated by the sporulation defect of the AMP deaminase mutant amd1, which exhibited hyper-accumulation of ATP accompanied by depletion of guanosine nucleotides. Conclusions: Our systems-level analysis shows that reprogramming of the central metabolism during the meiotic differentiation is controlled at different hierarchical levels to meet the metabolic and energetic needs at successive developmental stages.
ISSN: 1471-2180

inserm-01094132
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01094132
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01094132/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01094132/file/s12915-014-0060-x.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s12915-014-0060-x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : One of the major challenges in forest ecology is to understand the ecology, physiology and potential responses of the> 250000 species of vascular plants of the planet through the categorization of this diversity into functional groups. This approach is essentially based on functional traits analysis, but few investigations were made in tropical areas. The aim of this study was to determine functional groups in two contrasted tropical ecosystems, dry (DF) and mountain rain (MRF) forest (respectively rainfall of 1 200 mm/year and 10 000 mm/year). Guadeloupe Island in FWI presents both these ecosystems spread over less 100 km. In a first time, we developed an original species typology based on 7 "soft" traits, easy to measure (stomatal density, leaf trichom density, chlorophyll content, leaf nitrogen content, specific leaf area, wood density, leaf area, plant height). The method was based on principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) applied to these traits measured at the individual level (Blazy et al., 2009). In a second time, we evaluated the relevance of these soft trait-based groups compared to a typology based on 5 "hard" ecophysiological traits, more costly to quantify but with higher functional significance (difference between predawn and minimum leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, maximal carbon assimilation rate, leaf water potential at 90% of loss of stem hydraulic conductivity). When performed on the dominant canopy species in DF and MRF (a total of 13 species and 60 mature individuals), the typological approach based on soft traits seems relevant to discriminate groups with a distinct functional reality. Through both ecosystems, we obtained 4 homogenous groups. Two were exclusively composed by DF's or MRF's species, indicating that a functional strategy can be linked to specific environmental conditions. The two other groups showed a mix of DF and MRF species indicating that different functional strategies can coexist in the same environment. These mixed groups seem distinct by their ecophysiological features, particularly in term of hydraulic characteristics. One group was composed by drought tolerant species, water spender species, with a high xylem embolism resistance, whereas the second one was composed by water saver species, less resistant to embolism. Therefore, a determination of functional groups based on soft traits could be useful to model ecosystem's responses to environmental changes on a global scale.
Book of Abstracts - isem 2013 - Ecological Modelling for Ecosystem Sustainability
Toulouse, France

hal-00964668
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964668

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
At oceanic spreading centers, interactions between magma and hydrothermal convecting systems trigger major physical, thermal, and chemical exchanges. The two-pyroxene hornfels recovered from the base of the sheeted dike sequence at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site 1256 (equatorial Eastern Pacific) are interpreted as a conducting boundary layer between the underlying axial melt lens and the hydrothermally cooled sheeted dikes. They are cut by numerous small, felsic veins, which were recently interpreted as a product of hydrous partial melting of sheeted dikes. Here, we present trace element compositions of products (melts and residues) of hydrous partial melting experiments using basalts and hornfels from IODP Site 1256 as starting material. The experimental products generated between 910 °C and 970 °C match the natural lithologies from Site 1256 in terms of major and trace element compositions. The compositions of the anatectic melts correspond to the compositions of the felsic veins, while the residual minerals match the compositions of the two-pyroxene hornfels, evidencing that hydrous partial melting is an important magmatic process in the gabbro/dike transition of fast-spreading mid-oceanic ridges. Our results complement previous experimental studies on anatectic processes occurring at the roof of the magma chambers from fast-spreading mid-ocean ridges. Moreover, calculations of mixing and assimilation fractional crystallization using the experimental partial melts as contaminant/assimilant showed that anatectic melts can only be a minor contributor to the contamination process.
ISSN: 0024-4937

hal-01419949
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01419949
DOI : 10.1016/j.lithos.2016.05.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy B - Oxford Open Option B
Résumé : Variability of leaf traits related to photosynthesis was assessed in seedlings from 14 tree species growing in the tropical rain forest of French Guiana. Leaf photosynthetic capacity (maximum rate of carboxylation and maximum rate of electron transport) was estimated by fitting a biochemical model of photosynthesis to response curves of net CO2 assimilation rate versus intercellular CO2 mole fraction. Leaf morphology described by leaf mass per unit leaf area (LMA), density and thickness, as well as area- and mass-based nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) concentrations, were recorded on the same leaves. Large interspecific variability was detected in photosynthetic capacity as well as in leaf structure and leaf N and C concentrations. No correlation was found between leaf thickness and density. The correlations between area- and massbased leaf N concentration and photosynthetic capacity were poor. Conversely, the species differed greatly in relativeNallocation to carboxylation and bioenergetics. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that, of the recorded traits, only the computed fraction of total leafNinvested in photosynthesis was tightly correlated to photosynthetic capacity.We also used PCAto test to what extent species with similar shade tolerances displayed converging leaf traits related to photosynthesis. No clear-cut ranking could be detected among the shade-tolerant groups, as confirmed by a one-way ANOVA.We conclude that the large interspecific diversity in photosynthetic capacity was mostly explained by differences in the relative allocation of N to photosynthesis and not by leafNconcentration, and that leaf traits related to photosynthetic capacity did not discriminate shade-tolerance ranking of these tropical tree species.
ISSN: 0829-318X

hal-01031522
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01031522