Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Different applications of linear elasticity in structural geology are presented in this thesis through the development of three types of numerical computer codes. The first one uses forward modeling to study displacement and perturbed stress fields around complexly faulted regions. We show that incorporating inequality constraints, such as static Coulomb friction, enables one to explain the angle of initiation of jogs in extensional relays. Adding heterogeneous material properties and optimizations, such as parallelization on multicore architectures and complexity reduction, admits more complex models. The second type deals with inverse modeling, also called parameter estimation. Linear slip inversion on faults with complex geometry, as well as paleo-stress inversion using a geomechanical approach, are developed. The last type of numerical computer code is dedicated to restoration of complexly folded and faulted structures. It is shown that this technique enables one to check balanced cross-sections, and also to retrieve fault chronology. Finally, we show that this code allows one to smooth noisy 3D interpreted faulted and folded horizons using geomechanics.
Différentes applications de l'élasticité linéaire en géologie structurale sont présentées dans cette thèse à travers le développement de trois types de codes numériques. Le premier utilise la modélisation directe pour étudier les déplacements et champs de contraintes autour de zones faillées complexes. On montre que l'ajout de contraintes inégalitaires, telles que la friction de Coulomb, permet d'expliquer l'angle d'initiation des dominos dans les relais extensifs. L'ajout de matériaux hétérogènes et d'optimisations, telles la parallélisation sur processeurs multi-coeurs ainsi que la réduction de complexité des modèles, permettent l'étude de modèles beaucoup plus complexes. Le second type de code numérique utilise la modélisation inverse, aussi appelée estimation de paramètres. L'inversion linéaire de déplacements sur les failles ainsi que la détermination de paléo-contraintes utilisant une approche géomécanique sont développées. Le dernier type de code numérique concerne la restauration de structures complexes plissées et faillées. Il est notamment montré qu'une telle méthode permet de vérifier l'équilibre de coupes géologiques, ainsi que de retrouver la chronologie des failles. Finalement, nous montrons que ce même code permet de lisser des horizons 3D faillés, plissés et bruités en utilisant la géomécanique.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537899

tel-00537899
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537899
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537899/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537899/file/thesemaerten.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le présent document a pour objet d’évaluer les implications potentielles sur les économies des états de la Caraïbe et de celles des DFA (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane) du volet commercial de l’accord de partenariat économique (APE) signé en octobre 2008 entre les pays du CARIFORUM et l’Union européenne. Deux modèles ont été utilisés à cet effet : un modèle d’équilibre général calculable (le modèle GTAP), appliqué aux économies du CARIFORUM, et un modèle de gravité appliqué à celles des DFA. Les simulations issues du modèle d’équilibre général calculable montrent que dans l’hypothèse d’une pleine réciprocité (sans droits ou quotas entre les deux partenaires), les résultats dans le cas des pays du CARIFORUM seraient contrastés. Ils seraient positifs pour certains pays et secteurs de production, et modestes pour d’autres. Ils se traduiraient par une baisse sensible des recettes douanières pour la plupart des pays et par une dégradation de la balance commerciale pour les plus vulnérables. Enfin, la croissance et le bien-être des habitants de cette zone subiraient une très légère augmentation (0,04%). Concernant les DFA, les résultats issus de l’application du modèle de gravité révèlent que ces régions ultrapériphériques de l’Europe combinent, en raison de la structure de leur économie, de celle de leurs coûts de production et surtout à cause des liens institutionnels et économiques très étroits qu’elles entretiennent avec la France et donc avec l’Europe un certain nombre de facteurs pénalisants, susceptibles d’entraver le potentiel de commerce qu’elles pourraient développer avec les pays ACP voisins dans le cadre de cet APE.
The present paper seeks to provide an assessment of the likely implications of the CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) on economy of Caribbean states and French Caribbean Outermost Regions (FCORs). Two models are used for that a computable general equilibrium model (GTAP model), applied to CARIFORUM countries, and a gravity model framework applied to French Caribbean Outermost Regions. The main findings from application of the computable general equilibrium model can be outlined as follows in case of full reciprocity between the partners in merchandise trade, the results show that impacts are contrasted among the economies. The effects appear positive for some countries, sectors and negative for the others. Tariff reductions will translate into a decline in government revenue and a degradation of their balance of payments. The well-being of CARIFORUM households has improved very lightly (0.04%). On the other hands, the application of the gravity model framework reveals several barriers to regional trade between French Caribbean Outermost Regions and their neighbours, particularly their strong institutional and economic links with continental France, responsible for a high labour cost and a lack of autonomy with regard to international trade. The study also highlights that French language is an obstacle to trade across the Caribbean, due to the fact it is a minority in this region, as well as absence of FCORs in main economic and trade agreements of Caribbean. Finally the paper finds that there is high degree of similarity of exports among the countries and territories in the Caribbean.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6928
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6928

Éditeur(s) : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Résumé : During the " Jean Charcot " cruise Polymed II, 18 species of the 5 classes of Echinodermata have been collected in 15 samples from the bathyal zone of the Alboran sea. Most species are already known from the Mediterranean and the North East Atlantic. Some rare species (Odontaster mediterranea, Ophiactis balli) have been collected, and two others (Neocomatella europaea. Henricia abyssalis) are recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean. Endemic distributions of Ceramaster hystricis and Ophiocten abyssicolum are discussed. The Echinoderms population of the Alboran sea is noteworthy for its Atlantic characteristic, which is besides, dominating in the North part of this area. The atlantic biogeographical relationships of the Echinoderm fauna of the Alboran sea is especially perceptible in the northern part of the basin. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]
Lors de la campagne Polymède II du " Jean Charcot ", 18 espèces appartenant aux cinq classes d'Échinodermes ont été récoltées dans 15 prélèvements effectués dans l'étage bathyal de la mer d'Alboran. La plupart des espèces sont connues à la fois de la Méditerranée et des côtes européennes et africaines de l'Atlantique. On peut signaler la récolte d'espèces considérées comme rares en Méditerranée (Odontaster mediterranea, Ophiactis balli) et d'autres nouvelles pour cette mer (Neocomatella europaea, Henricia abyssalis). L'endémisme de deux espèces Ceramaster hystricis et Ophiocten abyssicolum est rediscuté. La faune échinologique de la mer d'Alboran se caractérise par sa dominance atlantique par ailleurs plus sensible au nord qu'au sud. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]
Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle), 1974-08 , Vol. 3 , N. 231 , P. 25-34

Droits : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1974/publication-4975.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4975/

Éditeur(s) : University of Tasmania, Université de Bretagne Occidentale
Résumé : Empirical evidence and the theoretical literature both point to stock sustainability and the protection of marine biodiversity as important fisheries management issues. Decision-support tools are increasingly required to operationalize the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. These tools need to integrate (i) ecological and socio-economic drivers of changes in fisheries and ecosystems; (ii) complex dynamics; (iii) deal with various sources of uncertainty; and (iv) incorporate multiple, rather than single objectives. The stochastic co-viability approach addresses the trade-offs associated with balancing ecological, economic and social objectives throughout time, and takes into account the complexity and uncertainty of the dynamic interactions which characterize exploited ecosystems and biodiversity. This thesis proposes an application of this co-viability approach to the sustainable management of mixed fisheries, using two contrasting case studies: the French Bay of Biscay (BoB) demersal mixed fishery and the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF). Both fisheries entail direct and indirect impacts on mixed species communities while also generating large economic returns. Their sustainability is therefore a major societal concern. A dynamic bio-economic modelling approach is used to capture the key biological and economic processes governing these fisheries, combining age- (BoB) or size- (NPF) structured models of multiple species with recruitment uncertainty, and multiple fleets (BoB) or fishing strategies (NPF). Economic uncertainties relating to input and output prices are also considered. The bioeconomic models are used to investigate how the fisheries can operate within a set of constraints relating to the preservation of Spawning Stock Biomasses (BoB) or Spawning Stock Size Indices (NPF) of a set of key target species, maintenance of the economic profitability of various fleets (BoB) or the fishery as a whole (NPF), and limitation of fishing impacts on the broader biodiversity (NPF), under a range of alternative scenarios and management strategies. Results suggest that under a status quo strategy both fisheries can be considered as biologically sustainable, while socio-economically (and ecologically in the NPF case) at risk. Despite very different management contexts and objectives, viable management strategies suggest a reduction in the number of vessels in both cases. The BoB simulations allow comparison of the trade-offs associated with different allocations of this decrease across fleets. Notably, co-viability management strategies entail a more equitable allocation of effort reductions compared to strategies aiming at maximizing economic yield. In the NPF, species catch diversification strategies are shown to perform well in controlling the levels of economic risk, by contrast with more specialized fishing strategies. Furthermore analyses emphasize the importance to the fishing industry of balancing global economic performance with inter-annual economic variability. Promising future developments based on this research involve the incorporation of a broader set of objectives including social dimensions, as well as the integration of ecological interactions, to better address the needs of ecosystem-based approaches to the sustainable harvesting of marine biodiversity.
L’objectif général de la thèse est de modéliser les principaux processus biologiques et économiques régissant des pêcheries multi-espèces et multi-flottilles afin de proposer des stratégies viables pour la gestion durable de ces pêcheries mixtes, dans un contexte stochastique et multiobjectif. Plus spécifiquement, cette thèse utilise des analyses de co-viabilité stochastique pour étudier les arbitrages entre des objectifs contradictoires de gestion (conservation, et viabilité économique et sociale) des pêcheries mixtes. Deux pêcheries mixtes sont analysées dans cette thèse: la pêcherie française mixte démersale du golfe de Gascogne et la pêcherie crevettière australienne du Nord (NPF). Ces deux pêcheries sont multi-espèces, et utilisent des stratégies multiples de pêche, induisant des impacts directs et indirects sur les écosystèmes. Cette thèse propose une application de la co-viabilité stochastique à ces deux cas, en prenant en compte leur histoire, leur contexte socio-politique et les différences dans les stratégies et objectifs de gestion. Les résultats suggèrent que le status quo peut être considéré comme une stratégie biologiquement durable mais socio économiquement à risque dans les deux pêcheries (ainsi qu’à risque écologique dans le cas de la pêcherie australienne). Les simulations réalisées pour le golfe de Gascogne permettent de comparer les arbitrages associés à différentes réductions de capacités par flottille et de montrer qu’il existe des solutions de gestion permettant la co-viabilité du système (viabilité biologique des différentes espèces considérées et viabilité socio-économique des flottilles) contrairement à des stratégies de gestion mono-spécifiques ou basées sur la maximisation de la rente. Dans la pêcherie crevettière australienne, l’analyse montre que les stratégies de diversification permettent de limiter le risque économique contrairement aux stratégies plus spécialisées.

Droits : UBO, Univ. Tasmania
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00206/31731/30134.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00206/31731/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé :  
Previous studies in lowland tropical rainforests of French Guiana showed that, among non-N2-fixing trees, two groups of late successional species contrasting in their leaf 15N natural abundance coexist, suggesting two different main ways of nitrogen acquisition. Two abundant late-successional species typically co-occurring in rainforests in French Guiana, namely Eperua falcata and Dicorynia guianensis, were chosen as representative of each group. Stable isotope techniques and measurements of potentials of microbial N transformation were performed to assess to what extent leaf 15N natural abundance of these species could be related to (i) d15N signatures of soil mineral N sources and (ii) the capacity of soil to express nitrification and denitrification (both processes being directly involved in the balance between NH4 + and NO3 - ). Soil d15N-NH4 + was roughly similar to leaf d15N of D. guianensis (around 3.5%), suggesting a preferential use of NH4 +, whereas in E. falcata, leaf d15N values were closer to root d15N-NO3 _ values (0.2 and _2.0%, respectively), suggesting a preferential use of NO3 _. These differences in N source utilization were not accompanied by differences in availability in soil NO3 _ or in intensity of microbial functions responsible for soil N mineral evolution. However, (i) under both tree species, these functions showed clear spatial partitioning, with denitrification occurring potentially in soil and nitrification in the litter layer, and (ii) E. falcata fine roots colonized the litter layer much more strongly than D. guianensis fine roots. This strongly suggests that (i) the contrasted leaf d15N values found in the two late-successional species reveal distinct N acquisition strategies and (ii) the ability of roots to predominantly exploit the litter layer (E. falcata) or the soil (D. guianensis) may constitute an important explanation of the observed differences. A complementarity between tree species, based on mineral N resource partitioning (itself resulting from a spatially structured location of the microbial functions responsible for the balance between NH4 + and NO3 - ), can thus be supposed.
ISSN: 0038-0717

hal-01032035
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032035
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.09.011

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD WB Saunders
Résumé : International audience
Objective: the effect of physical activity on food intake regulation may be moderated by environmental temperature. The aim of the study was to determine the single and combined effects of metabolic activity and temperature on energy intake and its hormonal regulation. Methods: A randomized crossover study was conducted in the laboratory. Ten healthy and physically active young Afro-Caribbean men participated in four experimental sessions (rest at 22°C and 31°C and cycling at 60% of their maximal oxygen uptake at 22°C and 31°C, all for 40 minutes). This test period was followed by a 30-minute recovery period and then an ad libitum meal. The main outcome measures were energy balance, subjective appetite, and plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP), cholecystokinin (CCK) and ghrelin concentrations. Results: Relative energy intake was significantly decreased whereas plasma PP was increased in the exercise conditions (p=0.004 and p=0.002, respectively). Postprandial levels of CCK were elevated only in the rest conditions. Exposure to heat induced a decrease in plasma ghrelin (p=0.031). Conclusions: Exercise induced a short-term energy deficit. However, modifications in the hormonal regulation of food intake in response to short-term heat or heat and exercise exposure seem to be minor and did not induce changes in energy intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02157233.
ISSN: 0026-0495

hal-01496661
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496661
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496661/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01496661/file/Faure%20et%20al%20june%202016.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.07.004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The growth of relief in active tectonic areas is mainly controlled by the interactions between tectonics and surface processes (erosion and sedimentation). The study of long-lived morphologic markers formed by these interactions can help in quantifying the competing effects of tectonics, erosion and sedimentation. In regions experiencing active extension, river-long profiles and faceted spurs (triangular facets) can help in un- derstanding the development of mountainous topography along normal fault scarps. In this study, we devel- oped analogue experiments that simulate the morphologic evolution of a mountain range bounded by a normal fault. This paper focuses on the effect of the fault slip rate on the morphologic evolution of the foot- wall by performing three analogue experiments with different fault slip rates under a constant rainfall rate. A morphometric analysis of the modelled catchments allows comparing with a natural case (Tunka half- graben, Siberia). After a certain amount of fault slip, the modelled footwall topographies of our models reaches a dynamic equilibrium (i.e., erosion balances tectonic uplift relative to the base level) close to the fault, whereas the topography farther from the fault is still being dissected due to regressive erosion. We show that the rates of vertical erosion in the area where dynamic equilibrium is reached and the rate of re- gressive erosion are linearly correlated with the fault throw rate. Facet morphology seems to depend on the fault slip rate except for the fastest experiment where faceted spurs are degraded due to mass wasting. A stream-power law is computed for the area wherein rivers reach a topographic equilibrium. We show that the erosional capacity of the system depends on the fault slip rate. Finally, our results demonstrate the pos- sibility of preserving convex river-long profiles on the long-term under steady external (tectonic uplift and rainfall) conditions.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00646966
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00646966
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00646966/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00646966/file/preprint_Strak_2011.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2011.10.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD SAGE Publications
Résumé : International audience
A multiproxy analysis of lacustrine sediments cored in Grand-Case Pond at Saint-Martin, north of the Lesser Antilles archipelago, reveals three distinct climatic periods for the last 3700 years. From 3700 to ~2500 yr cal. BP and from 1150 yr cal. BP to the present, carbonate mud deposition occurred in connection with pond lowstands. These periods were also punctuated by severe drought events, marked by gypsum laminae, and hurricane landfalls, leading to marine sand inputs into the pond. The intermediate time interval, from 2500 to 1150 yr cal. BP, is typified by black organic mud deposition, suggesting that hypoxic to anoxic conditions prevailed at the pond bottom. These were probably linked with a perennial pond highstand and reflect more uniform and wetter climatic conditions than today. The carbon isotopic composition of the ostracod Perissocytheridea bisulcata shows that the lowest δ13C values are recorded during the hypoxic periods, as a consequence of bacterial recycling of isotopically depleted organic matter. Such a climatic history agrees closely with that documented from other records in the Caribbean area, such as the Cariaco Basin, central coast of Belize or Barbados. By constrast, discrepancies seem to emerge from the comparison between hurricane activity recorded at Saint-Martin on the one hand and Vieques (Puerto Rico) on the other hand. We explain this apparent contradiction by a balance between two distinct storm paths in response to latitudinal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Stronger storm activity over the Gulf coast and the inner Caribbean Sea is favoured by a southern position of the ITCZ in connection with dry climatic conditions. Plausible links with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are also suggested.
ISSN: 0959-6836

halshs-00758748
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748/file/Malaize_et_al._2011_cor.pdf
DOI : 10.1177/0959683611400198

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecological Society of America
Résumé : International audience
The expansion of selective logging in tropical forests may be an important source of global carbon emissions. However, the effects of logging practices on the carbon cycle have never been quantified over long periods of time. We followed the fate of more than 60 000 tropical trees over 23 years to assess changes in aboveground carbon stocks in 48 1.56-ha plots in French Guiana that represent a gradient of timber harvest intensities, with and without intensive timber stand improvement (TSI) treatments to stimulate timber tree growth. Conventional selective logging led to emissions equivalent to more than a third of aboveground carbon stocks in plots without TSI (85 Mg C/ha), while plots with TSI lost more than one-half of aboveground carbon stocks (142 Mg C/ha). Within 20 years of logging, plots without TSI sequestered aboveground carbon equivalent to more than 80% of aboveground carbon lost to logging (-70.7 Mg C/ha), and our simulations predicted an equilibrium aboveground carbon balance within 45 years of logging. In contrast, plots with intensive TSI are predicted to require more than 100 years to sequester aboveground carbon lost to emissions. These results indicate that in some tropical forests aboveground carbon storage can be recovered within half a century after conventional logging at moderate harvest intensities.
ISSN: 1051-0761

hal-00598787
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00598787

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : International audience
Regarding nerves as simple cables and electrical conduits is a gross error that does not allow us to understand the anomalies and disorders observed postoperatively. Instead, nerves should be seen as a living tissue of which physiological regulation is as complex as that of the blood-brain barrier. This review describes the basic structure and functions of this blood-nerve barrier and highlights the mechanisms of its breakdown and the resultant disorders. For clinical practice, it is important to note that the diffusion of molecules from the perineurium or from the blood is very limited, and so the blood-nerve barrier is a major pharmacologic barrier. Any stress upon neural physiological balance, particularly the terminal vascular blood supply, will induce the classic inflammatory cascade. Due to the complexity of the vascular system, nerve ischaemia will occur more quickly when the terminal blood supply is compromised. This blood supply can adapt in a variety of ways but when these possibilities of adaptation are exceeded, tissue ischaemia may be more extensive. Also, even after the initial injury has subsided, inflammation can cause a secondary insult. This could be particularly important in some patients with subclinical neuropathy.
ISSN: 0265-0215

hal-01477207
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01477207
DOI : 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000590
PUBMED : 28146457

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les « printemps » arabo-africains se suivent et ne se ressemblent pas, aux  « printemps » doux et pacifiques succèdent des « printemps » chauds et sanguinaires. Un « printemps » en chasse un autre, mais le bilan est mitigé, l’avenir encore incertain et les acquis réversibles. Indéniablement, ils n’ont pas encore dit leur dernier mot. De nouvelles raisons de préoccupations voient le jour, de nature différente ; elles ont pour nom : instabilité, intolérance, chaos, paralysie de l’État et ses institutions, menace qui plane sur le droit des femmes, des minorités de tous ordres, sur la liberté de conscience et le droit à la différence. Mais aussi de nouvelles raisons d’espérer des lendemains meilleurs.L'Afrique n’en est pas à un « printemps » près, mais les retombées sont toujours restées en deçà des attentes. La mise en place laborieuse d'un système panafricain des droits de l’homme et des peuples fut saluée, à juste titre, comme un évènement majeur et un « printemps » avant  la  lettre.L'article retrace toutes les étapes et péripéties de cette mise en place, le contexte, les tenants  et  les aboutissants de l'élaboration de la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples qui en constitue le substratum. Il met en exergue ses spécificités, ses originalités, les mécanismes prévus et les organes érigés (Commission et Cour Africaine des Droits de l'Homme et des Peuples) pour assurer l'application et la promotion des  droits de l'homme et des peuples. À beaucoup d’égards, la Charte innove courageusement et originalement par  rapport à ses illustres devancières.Dans son intitulé d'abord : il s'agit d'une Charte et non d’une Déclaration. Ensuite, les droits de l’homme sont couplés aux droits des peuples et hissés au même niveau d'importance et d'impérativité, sinon plus. Enfin, la Charte ne reconnait pas seulement des droits mais elle édicte des devoirs (envers la famille, la communauté, l'État, l'Afrique, l’environnement, etc.) et fait de l'accomplissement de ceux-ci une condition de la jouissance de ceux-là. Deux décennies de recul et seulement 12 affaires traitées (sur seulement 24 qui lui sont parvenus), on peut dire que cette dernière est loin d'avoir atteint sa vitesse de croisière et mérité tant d'espoir placé en elle. De là à jeter le bébé avec l'eau du  bain, occulter tous les bienfaits d'un système qui est loin d'avoir démérité, il n'y a qu'un pas que ne franchirons guère.
The Arab-African springs follow one after the other but are not alike, soft and peaceful springs are succeeded by hot and bloodthirsty springs. One spring expels another one, but the situation s balance sheet is mixed, the future is still uncertain and the experiences are reversible. Undeniably, they didn't say their last word. New reasons of preoccupation are born, made of different nature : they are named : instability, intolerance, chaos, paralysis of the state and its institutions, threat to the women rights, minorities of all kinds, the conscience freedom and the rights to difference ; but also new reasons to hope for a better tomorrow. Africa is not at its last "spring" but the rewards remained always below expectations.The laborious Implementation of a Pan-African system of human rights and peoples was hailed, deservedly, as a major event and a "spring" far ahead of its time. The article in attached outlines all the steps and vicissitudes of this implementation rerelease the context, the end and results of the elaboration of human and people’s rights African charter which constitutes the substratum. It highlights its specificities, its originalities, the planed mechanisms and high instruments (Commission and the African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights) to ensure the application and the promotion of human and people’s rights.In many respects, the Charter innovates bravely and originally compared to its illustrious predecessors.At first in its title: it is matter of a charter and not a declaration. Then, human rights are closely connected to the people’s rights and hoisted at the same level of importance and imperativeness or more. Finally, the Charter does not only recognizes rights but it promulgates duties (to family, community, the state, Africa, the environment, etc.) and makes of the fulfillment of these a condition of enjoyment of those. Two decades backout, and only 12 cases treated (from only 24 have reached) later, in front of the Court, we can say that it is far from having reached its cruising speed and deserved so much hope placed in it.From there to throw the baby out with the bath water, hide all the benefits of a system which is far from being unworthy, there is only one step which shall exceed hardly.
Afrique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6735
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6735

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD PeerJ
Résumé : International audience
Background: Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are environmental and food contaminants that are potentially carcinogenic for humans. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) is one of the most abundant HAA formed in cooked meat. MeIQx is metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 in the human liver into detoxificated and bioactivated products. Once bioactivated, MeIQx metabolites can lead to DNA adduct formation responsible for further genome instability.Methods: Using a computational approach, we developed a numerical model for MeIQx metabolism in the liver that predicts the MeIQx biotransformation into detoxification or bioactivation pathways according to the concentration of MeIQx.Results: Our results demonstrate that 1) the detoxification pathway predominates, 2) the ratio between detoxification and bioactivation pathways is not linear and shows a maximum at 10µM of MeIQx in hepatocyte cell models, 3) CYP1A2 is a key enzyme in the system that regulates the balance between bioactivation and detoxification. Our analysis suggests that such a ratio could be considered as an indicator of MeIQx genotoxicity at a low concentration of MeIQx.Conclusions: Our model permits the investigation of the balance between bioactivation (i.e. DNA adduct formation pathway through the prediction of potential genotoxic compounds) and detoxification of MeIQx in order to predict the behaviour of this environmental contaminant in the human liver. It highlights the importance of complex regulations of enzyme competitions that should be taken into account in any further multi-organ models.
ISSN: 2167-8359

hal-01575579
https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01575579
PUBMED : 28879062
DOI : 10.7717/peerj.3703

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Ce numéro de la Revue Études Caribéennes s’intéresse aux liens qui unissent et opposent l’activité touristique et les ressources naturelles, particulièrement dans les pays du Sud. Dans un contexte de médiatisation accrue des enjeux liés à la biodiversité et aux menaces qui pèsent sur elle, le tourisme – et particulièrement l’écotourisme – est souvent présenté comme un moyen de concilier la conservation et le développement. Les autorités locales, malgré l’existence d’un cadre réglementaire propre à l’environnement, ne disposent souvent pas de moyens suffisants (humains, matériels et financiers) pour gérer la croissance de la fréquentation des aires protégées et ses effets potentiels sur l’environnement naturel et humain. En réponse à cette problématique, les institutions financières internationales et les organismes associés proposent aux pays du Sud de trouver un équilibre entre une fréquentation de masse et une fréquentation de bas volume afin de développer « un tourisme de haute qualité ». Même si cela était possible, quels critères peuvent être utilisés pour « cesser » le développement d’un pôle ou d’une région touristique ? L’évolution géographique « naturelle » du tourisme – c’est-à-dire essentiellement basée sur la mise en tourisme de la nature et sur l’accessibilité de ces ressources – pose déjà des problèmes politiques et économiques importants. Les gouvernements (central, régional ou local) sont difficilement en mesure de réaliser un arbitrage de long terme dans ce contexte qui permettrait l’adéquation entre le développement touristique et la préservation des espaces naturels. La relation entre le tourisme et les ressources naturelles s’articule souvent autour de deux objectifs spécifiques, soient : développer un produit à moindre impact, mais aux dépenses élevées et viser un volume de visiteurs qui contribue aux profits économiques, mais qui amène le moins de dégradation écologique/sociale possible. Cette position résume à elle seule à la fois la complexité et les multiples paradoxes dans lesquels s’insère la mise en tourisme de la nature. Les dynamiques sociales et l’extension de l’appropriation privative des espaces naturels et agricoles posent la problématique des modes de gestion des ressources communes et de leur pérennité, particulièrement dans les pays du Sud. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs, les ressources et les stratégies des principaux acteurs concernés sont difficilement conciliables et le système de relation qu’il induit n’est pas nécessairement en phase avec les finalités poursuivies. This edition of Revue Etudes Caribéennes focuses on the links that unite and oppose tourism and natural resources, specifically in southern countries. In a context of increased media coverage of issues related to biodiversity (including threats to it), tourism – particularly ecotourism – is often presented as a mean to reconcile conservation and development. Local authorities, despite the existence of a specific environmental regulatory framework, often have insufficient resources (human, material, financial) to manage the increase of visits to protected areas, and the potential impact of these visits on natural and human environments. In response to this problem, international financial institutions and associated organizations offer to try to find a balance between mass attendance and low volume attendance in order to develop "high quality tourism" in southern countries. Even if this were possible, what criteria can be used to "stop" the development of a tourist site or region for environmental reasons? The “natural” geographic evolution of tourism – in other words, essentially based on the development of nature tourism and accessibility of these resources – already causes huge political and economic problems. Governments (central, regional or local) are hardly able to arbitrate over the long term in a context that would allow finding a balance between tourism development and preservation of natural areas. The relationship between tourism and natural resources often revolves around two specific objectives: to develop a product with less impact, but at high cost and a target volume of visitors that contributes to economic profits, but that causes the least ecological / social degradation possible. This position epitomizes both the complexity and the many paradoxes of nature tourism development. Social interactions and the expansion of private appropriation of natural and agricultural areas highlight the challenges of managing common resources and their sustainability, especially in the southern countries. In this context, development objectives, natural resources and the strategies of key stakeholders are difficult to reconcile, and the relationship between leading actors do not always correspond with these objectives. Esta edición de “Revue Études Caribéennes” se interesa a los lazos que unen y separan la actividad turística y los recursos naturales, particularmente en los países del sur. En un contexto de mediatización en alza sobre los objetivos ligados a la biodiversidad y a las amenazas que pesan sobre ella, el turismo – y particularmente el ecoturismo – está a menudo presentado como un medio de conciliar la conservación y el desarrollo. Las autoridades locales, pese a la existencia de un cuadro propio de reglamentación al medio ambiente, no disponen habitualmente de suficientes medios (humanos, materiales y financieros) para controlar el aumento de visitas en las áreas protegidas y sus efectos potenciales sobre el ambiente natural y humano. En respuesta a esta problemática, las instituciones financieras internacionales y los organismos asociados proponen a los países del sur encontrar un equilibrio entre la frecuentación de masas y una frecuentación de bajo volumen con el objetivo de desarrollar “un turismo de alta calidad”. Incluso si fuese posible, ¿qué criterios podrían ser utilizados para “cesar” el desarrollo de un centro o una región turística? La evolución geográfica “natural” del turismo – esencialmente basada en el desarrollo del turismo de la naturaleza y el acceso de sus recursos – crean problemas políticos y económicos enormes. Los gobiernos (central, regional o local) tienen dificultades para realizar un arbitraje a largo plazo en este contexto que permitiría la adecuación entre el desarrollo turístico y la preservación de los espacios naturales. La relación entre el turismo y los recursos naturales se articula a menudo alrededor de dos objetivos específicos, sean: desarrollar un producto con mínimo impacto, pero con gastos elevados y aspirar a un volumen de visitantes que contribuya a las ganancias económicas, pero que traiga la menor degradación ecológica/social posible. Esta posición resume la complejidad y las múltiples paradojas en las cuales se encaja la puesta del turismo en la naturaleza. Las dinámicas sociales y la extensión de la apropiación privativa de los espacios naturales y agrícolas plantean una problemática en los modos de gestión de los recursos comunes y de su perennidad, particularmente en los países del sur. En este contexto, los objetivos, los recursos y las estrategias de los principales actores concernidos son difícilmente conciliables y el sistema de relación que induce no es necesariamente en la misma fase con los objetivos perseguidos.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7884
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7884

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Karstic aquifers represent the most important fresh water reservoirs in many regions of the world like the Mediterranean Basin. However, because of complex processes of karstification, those aquifers are highly heterogeneous at all spatial scales and vulnerable to contamination. In this dissertation, we studied the potential of gravimetry and ambient seismic noise for hydrological modeling in karstic areas.The dolomitic area surrounding the “GEK” observatory in the Durzon catchment on the Larzac plateau, in France, is the preferred site for these studies. Inside the observatory, a superconducting gravimeter dedicated to hydrology has continuously measured gravity changes since 2011 with high precision, undertaken for the first time on a karst. From this gravity monitoring, we made conceptual hydrological models which laid the foundation of 1-D flow physical models. Indeed, gravimetry is an integrative hydro-geophysical method which allows 1) to consider the epikarst, locally heterogeneous as an equivalent tabular medium and 2) to define the types of transfer (fast & slow) occurring at the site. Especially, the lack of fast transfer through the GEK epikarst was precisely quantified for the first time at the field scale (~100m). Gravity-driven water mass balance with local meteorological data (evapotranspiration from a flux tower and precipitation) allowed setting the bottom outlet of the model to 1 mm.day-1. This flow has proved to be representative of the low-flow discharge at the only spring which represents all groundwater outflows from the catchment. This result supposes the homogeneity of the dolomitic epikarst almost at the basin scale. Model parameters were next calibrated using one year of ambient seismic noise monitored at two stations. Phase velocity changes obtained by cross-correlating the noise between 6 and 8 Hz were used as a ”timer” to follow the water infiltration between a depth of 30 and 60 meters. Thus, monitoring seismic velocity changes using ambient seismic noise demonstrates great potential for the study of deep and complex critical zones and could fill the instrumental gap currently existing in hydrology.Time-lapse gravity measurements with a spring-based portable gravimeter have also demonstrated the different behavior of two epikarsts and their variability at the scale of a few hundred meters. Monthly measurements around the observatory revealed the spatial homogeneity of this dolomitic epikarst: all the stations showed the same water storage changes. On the contrary, seasonal surface to depth gravity measurements along the underground passage of the Saint-Ferréol sinkhole, in limestone, have shown fast transfer and strong spatial variability of water storage. Lithology is then expected to play a part in the epikarst capacity to retain water. The precision needed to measure the weak hydrological induced signals during those surveys required robust methodology and an ambient temperature effect on measurements with spring-based gravimeter was observed in the field and quantified in the laboratory.
Les aquifères karstiques représentent des ressources en eau essentielles dans de nombreuses régions du monde comme le bassin Méditerranéen. Cependant, de par les processus complexes de karstification, ces aquifères sont hétérogènes à de nombreuses échelles et vulnérables. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions le potentiel de la gravimétrie et du bruit sismique ambiant pour la modélisation hydrologique en milieu karstique.Le site dolomitique de l’observatoire « GEK », sur le bassin du Durzon dans le Larzac, est le site d’étude privilégié de ces travaux. Dans l’observatoire, un gravimètre supraconducteur dédié à l’hydrologie mesure depuis 2011 les variations de gravité en continu et à une très haute précision, pour la première fois sur un karst. Des modèles hydrologiques conceptuels ont été réalisés à partir de cette surveillance gravimétrique et ont permis de poser les bases de modèles physiques d’écoulements 1-D. En effet la gravimétrie, intégratrice, permet 1) de considérer l’épikarst localement hétérogène comme un milieu tabulaire équivalent et 2) de définir les types de transfert à l’œuvre sur le site. En particulier, l’absence de transfert rapide dans l’épikarst a été quantifiée avec précision pour la première fois à l’échelle du terrain (~100m). A l’aide de données météorologiques locales, un bilan de masse précis a permis de définir le flux en limite inférieure du modèle à 1 mm.jour-1. Ce flux s’est montré représentatif du débit de basses-eaux de la source drainant l’ensemble du bassin. Ce résultat suppose une homogénéité de l’épikarst dolomitique quasiment à l’échelle du bassin. Les paramètres des modèles physiques ont ensuite pu être calibrés à l’aide d’un an d’intercorrélation du bruit sismique ambiant entre deux stations. Les variations de vitesses de phase obtenues entre 6 et 8Hz nous ont servi de « chronomètre » pour suivre l’infiltration entre 30 et 60m de profondeur. La surveillance passive des variations de vitesses sismiques par intercorrélation du bruit sismique ambiant montre ainsi un fort potentiel pour l’étude des zones critiques profondes et complexes à l’échelle du terrain et peut combler la lacune instrumentale qui existe actuellement en hydrologie.Des campagnes répétées de mesures avec un gravimètre portable à ressort ont également mis en évidence le fonctionnement différent de deux épikarsts et leur variabilité à l’échelle de la centaine de mètres. Des mesures mensuelles autour de l’observatoire ont mis en évidence l’homogénéité spatiale de cet épikarst dolomitique : toutes les stations ont les mêmes variations temporelles de stock d’eau. Au contraire, des mesures saisonnières en surface et en profondeur le long de la galerie souterraine calcaire de l’abîme de Saint-Ferréol ont montré une variabilité spatiale forte du stockage ainsi que du transfert rapide. La lithologie de l’épikarst est donc suspectée de jouer un rôle dans sa capacité de stockage. Lors de ces campagnes, la faiblesse du signal recherché a nécessité une méthodologie précautionneuse et un effet de température sur les mesures des gravimètres relatifs à ressort a été observé sur le terrain et quantifié en laboratoire.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01649606

NNT : 2016MONTT128
tel-01649606
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01649606
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01649606/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01649606/file/2016_FORES_archivage.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Mont Briancon, French Massif Central, retain evidence for multiple episodes of melt depletion and melt/fluid infiltration (metasomatism). Evidence for primary melt depletion is still preserved in the co-variation of bulk-rock major elements (MgO 38.7-46.1 wt.%; CaO 0.9-3.6 wt.%), and many samples yield unradiogenic bulk-rock Os isotope ratios (Os-187/Os-188 = 0.11541-0.12626). However, many individual xenoliths contain interstitial glasses and melt inclusions that are not in equilibrium with the major primary minerals. Incompatible trace element mass balance calculations demonstrate that metasomatic components comprise a significant proportion of the bulk-rock budget for these elements in some rocks, ranging to as much as 25%, of Nd and 40% of Sr Critically, for Re-Os geochronology, melt/fluid infiltration is accompanied by the mobilisation of Sulfide. Consequently, bulk-rock isotope measurements, whether using lithophile (e.g. Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd) or siderophile (Re-Os) based isotope systems, may only yield a perturbed and/or homogenised average of these multiple events.;Osmium mass balance calculations demonstrate that bulk-rock Os in peridotite is dominated by contributions from two populations of sulfide grain: (i) interstitial, metasomatic Sulfide with low [Os] and radiogenic Os-187/Os-188, and (ii) primary sulfides with high [Os] and unradiogenic Os-187/Os-188, which have been preserved within host silicate grains and shielded from interaction with transient melts and fluid. The latter can account for >97% of bulk-rock Os and preserve geochronological information of the melt from which they originally precipitated as an immiscible liquid. The Re-depletion model ages of individual primary sulfide grains preserve evidence for melt depletion beneath the Massif Central from at least 1.8 Gyr ago despite the more recent metasomatic event(s). (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-00454537
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00454537
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2009.09.031

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Several studies, both theoretical and experimental, show that sedimentary rocks have fractal pore-grain interface. The real rocks are 3-d structures with highly tortuous and often fractal pore spaces. Before attempting simulation of this daunting geometry, we present here, as a preliminary study, a simpler 2-d version. In this paper, a computer simulated 2-d sedimentary rock structure is generated by the relaxed bidisperse ballistic deposition model. Grains of two different sizes are dropped ballistically on a linear substrate. By changing the fraction of the two types of particles, the porosity of the rock structure can be tuned. The structure undergoes compaction through the relaxation of possible unstable overhangs. The micro structure of the pore space is investigated. The pore mass and the rock-pore interface show a fractal behaviour with the same fractal dimension indicating that the pore volume is a fractal. Our simulation results indicate that the process of compaction of grains during the deposition process seems to erase the dependency of the fractal dimension on the grain size distribution. The two point density correlation is measured for the pore space. It shows anisotropy which is an outcome of the growth rule. X-ray tomography of two-dimensional sections of real sedimentary rocks obtained from Mallorca Island is subjected to the same study and the results compared with those obtained from simulation. The simulation results agree qualitatively with the real rock sample. We also study diffusion on the pore space. Diffusion is found to be anomalous as is expected in fractal spaces. It also bears the signature of anisotropy of the structure. Diffusion studies on the real rock sample could not yield conclusive results as the system size is not large enough.
ISSN: 0926-9851

hal-00761818
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00761818
DOI : 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.09.002

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : Preparative pyrolysis followed by liquid chromatographic separation and gas chromatography of hydrocarbons (Pyrolysis-LC-GC) were used to study the participation of terrestrial and/or aquatic compounds in the formation of humic substances in sediments. Analyses performed on humic substances from recent sediments sampled in the Elorn river estuary (France) show that these substances are similar in many respects to other lacustrine or marine humic substances, with regard, for instance, to their high nitrogen and sulphur content and their low aromaticity. Mass balances on pyrolysis products and group composition of the C-14+ fraction of the pyrolysates were performed. The distribution of the total alkane and alkene fraction, isocyclo alkanes and alkenes from these humic acid pyrolysates was compared to that of various reference humic acid pyrolysates. The biomarker study (distribution and hopanes/steranes ratios from humic acid pyrolysates) confirms the participation throughout the estuary of algal precursors in the formation of the studied compounds, irrespective of the location of the sampling zone (upstream, median or downstream part of the estuary).
Oceanologica Acta (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1994 , Vol. 17 , N. 1 , P. 43-53

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00099/21029/18655.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00099/21029/

Éditeur(s) : Springer
Résumé : Terrestrial and marine biodiversity provides the basis for both ecosystems functioning and numerous commodities or services that underpin human well-being. From several decades, alarming trends have been reported worldwide for both biodiversity and ecosystem services. Therefore the sustainable management of biodiversity requires a double viewpoint balancing ecological conservation with the welfare of human societies. Understanding the underlying trade-offs, synergies and interactions imposes the development of interdisciplinary researches and methods. In that respect, bio-economic or ecological economic modeling is likely to play a major role. The present paper intends to elicit the key features, strengths and challenges of bio-economic approaches especially in mathematical and computational terms. It first recall the main bio-economic methods, models and decisional instruments used in these types of analyses. Then the paper shows to what extent bio-economic sustainability lies between equilibrium, viability and optimality mathematical frameworks. It ends up by identifying new major challenges among which the operationalization of ecosystem based management, the precautionary principle and the implementation of governance are especially important. Computational Management Science Computational Management Science Look Inside
Computational Management Science (1619-697X) (Springer), 2013-12 , Vol. 10 , N. 4 , P. 353-364

Droits : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28208/26510.pdf
DOI:10.1007/s10287-013-0194-2
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00171/28208/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699
Background and Aims Plastic tree-shelters are increasingly used to protect tree seedlings against browsing animals and herbicide drifts. The biomass allocation in young seedlings of deciduous trees is highly disturbed by common plastic tree-shelters, resulting in poor root systems and reduced diameter growth of the trunk. The shelters have been improved by creating chimney-effect ventilation with holes drilled at the bottom, resulting in stimulated trunk diameter growth, but the root deficit has remained unchanged. An experiment was set up to elucidate the mechanisms behind the poor root growth of sheltered Prunus avium trees. Methods Tree seedlings were grown either in natural windy conditions or in tree-shelters. Mechanical wind stimuli were suppressed in ten unsheltered trees by staking. Mechanical stimuli (bending) of the stem were applied in ten sheltered trees using an original mechanical device. Key Results Sheltered trees suffered from poor root growth, but sheltered bent trees largely recovered, showing that mechano-sensing is an important mechanism governing C allocation and the shoot-root balance. The use of a few artificial mechanical stimuli increased the biomass allocation towards the roots, as did natural wind sway. It was demonstrated that there was an acclimation of plants to the imposed strain. Conclusions This study suggests that if mechanical stimuli are used to control plant growth, they should be applied at low frequency in order to be most effective. The impact on the functional equilibrium hypothesis that is used in many tree growth models is discussed. The consequence of the lack of mechanical stimuli should be incorporated in tree growth models when applied to environments protected from the wind (e.g. greenhouses, dense forests).
ISSN: 0305-7364

hal-01032056
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032056
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcn054

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article vise à mener une analyse juridique du concept de mondialisation. Alors que la mondialisation est souvent décriée comme anti-démocratique, nous démontrerons que d’un point de vue strictement juridique, il apparaît que la réalité est plus nuancée. Nous passerons en revue les critiques de la mondialisation liées à la perte de souveraineté de l’Etat, qui nous paraissent devoir être relativisées à la fois dans son étendue et dans son impact sur la démocratie. Nous montrerons comment le droit international surmonte ces difficultés en permettant un nouvel équilibre entre Etat et individu sur la scène internationale, et comment à un modèle de démocratie traditionnel fondé sur l’Etat est en train de succéder une démocratie fondée sur la société civile transnationale. Enfin, nous évoquerons le rôle essentiel du juge afin de préserver démocratie et état de droit dans l’ordre international, malgré les limites qui lui sont inhérentes.
This article aims to critically analyse the concept of globalization, from a legal standpoint. While globalization is often criticized as anti-democratic, we demonstrate that from a strictly legal point of view, the reality is subtler. We review the criticisms of globalization related to the loss of state sovereignty, which we believe need to be put into perspective in both their extent and their impact on democracy. We show how international law overcomes the new challenges due to globalization by allowing a new balance between the State and the Individual on the international plane. We then show that the classical model of democracy based on the State is being superseded by a democracy based on transnational civil society. Finally, we discuss the essential role of the judge to preserve democracy and rule of law in the international order, despite the limitations inherent to his competences.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5876
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5876