Éditeur(s) : The Oceanography Society
Résumé : Submarine hydrocarbon seeps are geologically driven "hotspots" of increased biological activity on the seabed. As part of the HERMES project, several sites of natural hydrocarbon seepage in the European seas were investigated in detail, including mud volcanoes and pockmarks, in study areas extending from the Nordic margin, to the Gulf of Cadiz, to the Mediterranean and Black seas. High-resolution seabed maps and the main properties of key seep sites are presented here. Individual seeps show ecosystem zonation related to the strength of the methane flux and distinct biogeochemical processes in surface sediments. A feature common to many seeps is the formation of authigenic carbonate constructions. These constructions exhibit various morphologies ranging from large pavements and fragmented slabs to chimneys and mushroom-shaped mounds, and they form hard substrates colonized by fixed fauna. Gas hydrate dissociation could contribute to sustain seep chemosynthetic communities over several thousand years following large gas-release events.
Oceanography (1042-8275) (The Oceanography Society), 2009-03 , Vol. 22 , N. 1 , P. 92-109

Droits : 2009 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systemmatic reproduction, or collective redistirbution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: info@tos.org or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6387.pdf
DOI:10.5670/oceanog.2009.11
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6387/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : This paper examines the changing fortunes of Durban as a tourist city from the apartheid to the post apartheid eras. Durban has long earned its prime position as one of South Africa’s most popular year‑round tourist destination. In keeping with the dictates of apartheid, the city catered largely for the needs of the white minority, while that of the black majority was largely ignored. With political changes and shifts in both the international and domestic markets, an effort had to be made to reposition tourism in the city. In order to successfully promote its tourism opportunities, Durban attempted to enhance its image and appeal by promoting its sports, convention and cultural attractions. The democratic transition of the 1990s provided many challenges, the most enduring of which was the need to cater for the emerging black tourist market. There was also an urgency to address problems of crime and grime, disparities in the distribution of labour market opportunities, especially in terms of race and gender within the tourism sector. A serious threat to tourism in Durban is unemployment and alienation of the majority of African people from the industry.
Ce document examine l'évolution des dynamiques touristiques de la ville de Durban dans un contexte post-apartheided. La ville de Durban s’est imposée comme l'une des destinations touristiques les plus populaires d’'Afrique du Sud. En accord avec les diktats de l'apartheid, pour satisfaire les souhaits d’une minorité blanche, l’organisation de la ville avait ignoré les besoin de la majorité noire. Aujourd’hui la ville de Durban se repositionne sur l’échiquier touristique, portée par les changements politiques intérieurs et les opportunités des marchés touristiques internationaux et nationaux. Afin de se positionner avec succèssur ce marché, la ville de Durban renforce son image autour de la promotion son front de mer, des sports nautiques, du tourisme de congrés, et des animations culturelles. La transition démocratique des années 1990 a fourni de nombreux défis et oppportunités dans la première sur le plan touristique fut de se positionner sur le nouveau marché touristique noir. Cal passe aussi par les urgence à résoudre sur le plan de la criminalité, de l’hygiène et de la résorption des disparités sur le marché du travail, en particulier en termes de race et de l'égalité des sexes dans le secteur du tourisme. Les plus sérieuses limites pour le tourisme à Durban sont le chômage et la marginalisation de la majorité des African people.
Afrique du Sud
Durban

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.1192
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/1192

Éditeur(s) : Diana Paton Diana Paton ( United Kingdom )
Résumé : From: http://obeahhistories.org/project/ The website is part of the project ‘Spiritual Politics in Caribbean History’, led by Diana Paton and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, which ran from January 2012 to January 2013. Diana Paton is Reader in Caribbean History at the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at Newcastle University. She is the author of No Bond but the Law: Punishment, Race, and Gender in Jamaican State Formation, 1780-1870 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), and co-editor, with Pamela Scully, of Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World (Durham: Duke University Press 2005). For her publications on obeah and Caribbean religion, please see the publications page. Gemma Romain specialises in researching Caribbean and Black British history. She currently works as a Research Associate for The Equiano Centre, Department of Geography, UCL and also undertakes freelance historical research and public engagement. She was Vera Douie Fellow at the Women’s Library during 2011, documenting interwar Black histories within the collections of the Women’s Library and was previously Leverhulme Early Career fellowship at Newcastle University. Her publications include Connecting Histories: A Comparative Exploration of African-Caribbean and Jewish History and Memory in Modern Britain (Kegan Paul, 2006) and co-edited with David Cesarani, Jews and Ports Cities, 1590-1990: Commerce, Community and Cosmopolitanism (Vallentine Mitchell, 2006). Gemma wrote the initial drafts of most of the text on the website. Maarit Forde worked with Diana on an earlier phase of this project, funded by the Leverhulme Trust. She researched obeah prosecutions and prosecutions under the Shouters Prohibition Ordinance in the Port of Spain Gazette, co-organized the conference that led to the publication of Obeah and Other Powers, and co-edited the book. Previous research on this project has also been funded by Newcastle University and the British Academy.

Droits : Applicable rights reserved.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00013897/00001

Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location.
This image shows a road winding through the mountains of Antigua. The highest mountain peak in Antigua is Boggy Peak at 1,319 feet (402 meters) above sea level. In August 2009, the peak was renamed Mount Obama in honor of the first black American President. The ceremony also coincided with President Barack Obama’s 48th birthday.
Antigua and Barbuda -- Caribbean region -- Antigua

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
Sheet 1:8
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00027438/00001

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-villars
Résumé : 69 new hydrothermal sites were discovered during the Naudur diving cruise. Dives were conducted between 17 degrees 5 and 18 degrees 40'5 on four segments showing marked contrast in morphology, volcanic, tectonic and hydrothermal activity. At 17 degrees 10'5, 17 degrees 25'5 and 18 degrees 37'5 the ridge has a dome shaped cross-section and is dominated by very active volcanic activity. Early widespread low temperature (<50 degrees C) diffuse hydrothermal discharge is followed by focused high temperature black smokers. At 18 degrees 15'S tectonic activity is dominant, no recent lava was observed, and only two of the 20 hydrothermal sites are active. At 18 degrees 32'5 recent lava representing a new volcanic episode partly covers the bottom of the graben. Deep hydrothermal convection is reactivated with new black smokers along the graben wall. Also, there is low temperature shimmering water from cooling lava flows. These three segments can be considered as successive volcanic/tectonic episodes typical of a fast spreading ridge. Further, the observations support a new model for the temporal evolution of episodic hydrothermal activity. Hydrothermal convection is unstable and superficial during the volcanic stage (dykes injection). At the beginning of the teaonic stage (graben formation) faults allow deep circulation and hot fluid to reach the surface. As the graben widens hydrothermal activity is less important and may cease. The heat of a new volcanic episode reactivates the deep hot water circulation along the graben faults completing a cycle.
69 nouveaux sites hydrothermaux ont été découverts entre 17'5 et 18'40'5 sur quatre segments présentant des activités volcaniques et tectoniques contrastées. A 17°10'S,17025'S et 18'37'5, la ride forme un dôme et l'activité volcanique est dominante. Les émissions hydrothermales sont d'abord diffuses et de basse température, puis focalisées et de haute température. A 18°15'S la majorité des sites hydrothermaux sont inactifs dans un graben axial dépourvu de laves récentes. A 18'32'5, des laves récentes s'épanchent au fond du graben. Les circuits hydrothermaux réactivés par le nouvel épisode volcanique se traduisent par des diffusions sur les laves récentes et par une reprise des émissions de haute température le long des murs du graben. Ces quatre segments traduisent des épisodes volcanoltectoniques successifs, caractéristiques de I'évolution temporelle des dorsales rapides. Les observations permettent de proposer un nouveau modèle de l'activité hydrothermale. Les circuits hydrothermaux sont diffus, peu structurés, instables et superficiels durant les épisodes volcaniques. Au début des épisodes tectoniques, les failles du graben drainent les fluides chauds en profondeur, puis lorsque le graben s'élargit, l'activité s'interrompt. La reprise de l'activité volcanique réamorce les circulations profondes le long des failles du graben.
Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie II (1251-8069) (Gauthier-villars), 1994-12 , Vol. 319 , N. 11 , P. 1399-1406

Droits : Académie des Sciences
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00183/29455/27889.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00183/29455/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Analysis of new high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, chirp profiles and previously published sidescan data, together with piston cores on the Danube Fan provide new insight into the recent sedimentation processes in the deep northwestern Black Sea.The latest channel-levee system on the Danube Fan developed probably during the Neoeuxinian lowstand (oxygene isotope stage 2) in a semi-freshwater basin with a water level about 100 m lower than today. Sediment supplied by the Danube was transported to the deep basin through the Viteaz Canyon, which was directly connected to the leveed channel of this system on the middle slope. Channel avulsion was common in the middle fan, as indicated by four main phases of bifurcation. Each phase developed after the same pattern: breaching of the lower and narrower left levee by turbidity currents, building of a unit of High Amplitude Reflection Packets (HARP) by the unchannelized flow while the former channel was abandoned, followed by initiation of a new meandering leveed channel. The northward migration through successive bifurcations is influenced by the asymmetry between levees, hence by the Coriolis effect. In the lower fan where the levees became too low to maintain a stable pathway for the turbiditic flows, channel migration occurred. Locations of HARPs and channels after bifurcation are controlled by the pre-existing bathymetry. Sedimentary deposits are confined between the high levees of unit 0 (the initial phase of the youngest channel-levee system) to the south, and the steep relief of the Dniepr Fan to the north.The HARPs of the most recent phase of avulsion are the most severely constrained by local topography and form a very narrow elongate structure that is at most half as thick as the previous HARPs. Their distal part is not covered by channel-levee systems and is visible both on sidescan mosaics and on chirp profiles and was sampled in core BLKS 98-20.Sea level controlled fan activity but the evolution of the last channel-levee system with several bifurcations during a single sea level lowstand suggests that the primary control of channel avulsion and sand delivery is probably autocyclic.The presence of important HARP sand bodies in the mud-rich Danube Fan is presumed by analogy with a similar seismic facies on the Amazon Fan and indicated by the sands cored in BLKS98-20. However, only drilling of the HARP units could verify this interpretation.
Marine Geology (0025-3227) (Elsevier), 2001-09 , Vol. 179 , N. 1-2 , P. 25-37

Droits : 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2001/publication-474.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00197-9
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/474/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société Géologique de France
Résumé : Pages 72, 1 CD
International audience
Mémoire de la Société Géologique n.s.

hal-00593502
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00593502

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD International Phycological Society
Résumé : International audience
We studied a group of monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyceae, Achnanthidiaceae) found in the marine coastal environment of tropical islands of the Caribbean Sea, western Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Based on light and electron microscope examination, Madinithidium was formally described as a genus new to science with the generitype defined as Madinithidium undulatum. The characteristic features of the valve structure are a strongly developed sternum and raphe sternum, transapical striae formed by a single areola (macroareolae) positioned in small depressions, elevated virgae and coaxial internal central raphe endings. Furthermore, the striae of both raphe and sternum valves are closed by finely perforated hymenes. Madinithidium and Achnanthidium species are difficult to identify correctly with light microscopy since their valves are small and finely structured. Four species recently described from the western Indian Ocean and assigned to Achnanthidium sensu lato – Achnanthidium capitatum, A. flexuistriatum, A. pseudodelicatissimum and A. scalariforme – possessed morphological features permitting their placement into Madinithidium gen. nov. The above-mentioned species were formally transferred to the new genus.
ISSN: 2330-2968

hal-01333391
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01333391
DOI : 10.2216/14-21R2

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD SAGE Publications
Résumé : International audience
A multiproxy analysis of lacustrine sediments cored in Grand-Case Pond at Saint-Martin, north of the Lesser Antilles archipelago, reveals three distinct climatic periods for the last 3700 years. From 3700 to ~2500 yr cal. BP and from 1150 yr cal. BP to the present, carbonate mud deposition occurred in connection with pond lowstands. These periods were also punctuated by severe drought events, marked by gypsum laminae, and hurricane landfalls, leading to marine sand inputs into the pond. The intermediate time interval, from 2500 to 1150 yr cal. BP, is typified by black organic mud deposition, suggesting that hypoxic to anoxic conditions prevailed at the pond bottom. These were probably linked with a perennial pond highstand and reflect more uniform and wetter climatic conditions than today. The carbon isotopic composition of the ostracod Perissocytheridea bisulcata shows that the lowest δ13C values are recorded during the hypoxic periods, as a consequence of bacterial recycling of isotopically depleted organic matter. Such a climatic history agrees closely with that documented from other records in the Caribbean area, such as the Cariaco Basin, central coast of Belize or Barbados. By constrast, discrepancies seem to emerge from the comparison between hurricane activity recorded at Saint-Martin on the one hand and Vieques (Puerto Rico) on the other hand. We explain this apparent contradiction by a balance between two distinct storm paths in response to latitudinal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Stronger storm activity over the Gulf coast and the inner Caribbean Sea is favoured by a southern position of the ITCZ in connection with dry climatic conditions. Plausible links with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are also suggested.
ISSN: 0959-6836

halshs-00758748
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748/file/Malaize_et_al._2011_cor.pdf
DOI : 10.1177/0959683611400198

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : In Martinique in the eighteenth century, the "free people of color", both those free by birth and freedmen, black or mixed race, form a legal category, which was distinct from those of whites and slaves. Comparative studies with Spanish or English territories show that no legal regulation formalized a shift - from the category of free colored people to that of White - in the French colonies between the late seventeenth century and the French Revolution. Also, this thesis proposes to show the informal process that enabled some people - the "assimilated" - to cross the color barrier. I analysed the color prejudice, a racist system, whose ideology, supported by local regulations, legitimized the collective construction of a public and social order. In a second step, I examined the development of the color bar. The free colored people were the first to bear the brunt of the impermeability of the demarcation line and of the problems posed by the purity of blood; but some whites, through interracial unions, and Native Americans have also been targeted. Finally I thought about what made the whiteness, and the strategies to achieve whiteness, change in status. Notarial acts and 33,000 acts of parish registers treaties led to the reconstitution of genealogies, in order to examine individuals and families over generations; I observed the importance of the phenotype, whitening, legitimacy relations, privileged partners, choice of networks, wealth levels and the use of space.
À la Martinique au XVIIIe siècle, les « libres de couleur », qu’ils soient nés libres ou affranchis, noirs ou métis, forment une catégorie juridique distincte des Blancs et des esclaves. L’étude comparée, avec les territoires espagnols ou anglais, montre qu’aucune réglementation légale n’a officialisé un passage de la catégorie Libre de couleur à celle de Blanc dans les colonies françaises de la fin du XVIIe siècle à la Révolution française. Aussi, cette thèse se propose de montrer les processus officieux qui ont permis à certaines personnes – les « assimilés » – de franchir la barrière de couleur. Une réflexion a été menée sur le préjugé de couleur, système raciste dont l’idéologie, soutenue par la réglementation locale, a légitimé la construction collective d’un ordre public et social. Puis, on a examiné l’élaboration de la barrière de couleur. Les libres de couleur ont été les premiers à faire les frais de l’imperméabilisation de la ligne de démarcation et des problèmes posés par la pureté de sang ; mais les Blancs mésalliés, dans le cadre d’unions interraciales, et les Amérindiens ont aussi été visés. Enfin nous avons réfléchi à ce qui faisait la blancheur et aux stratégies adoptées pour réussir ce changement de statut. Le notariat et les 33 000 actes des registres paroissiaux traités ont donné lieu à la reconstitution de généalogies pour examiner des individus et des familles sur plusieurs générations ; on a ainsi observé l’importance du phénotype, le blanchiment, la légitimité des relations, les conjoints privilégiés, le choix des réseaux, les niveaux de fortune et l’usage de l’espace.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01221063

NNT : 2015AGUY0847
tel-01221063
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01221063
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01221063/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01221063/file/These_Pierre-Louis.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Société Française d’Ichtyologie
Résumé : Following the volcanic eruption of April 2007 at Reunion Island, 12 specimens of the pomacentrid genus Chromis were collected at sea surface. One of these fishes was a C. chrysura known from the reef Island fauna. The others have enlarged eyes. Among them were one C. axillaris (Bennett, 1831), new for the Island fauna, and ten specimens of a new Chromis species, described here under the name C. durvillei. This new species of deep dwelling Chromis is distinguishable by large sized eyes 1.9 to 2.4 in the head length, D. XIII, 12-13, 25 to 26 gill-rakers on the first gill arch, three spiniform procurrent caudal rays, without black or dark brown spot or band on the body, pectorals or caudal peduncle. C. axillaris, C. woodsi, C. unipa, C. okamurai, C. struhsakeri and generally C. mirationis have 14 spinous dorsal rays. C. abyssicola and rarely C. mirationis have 13 spinous dorsal rays but two spiniform procurrent caudal rays and a dark axillary spot on pectorals.
Parmi les poissons récoltés en surface à l’île de la Réunion (océan Indien sud-ouest), après l’éruption volcanique d’avril 2007, se trouvaient 12 exemplaires du genre Chromis. Un C. chrysura connu de la faune récifale de l’île et 11 exemplaires présentant des yeux de grande taille : un C. axillaris (Bennett, 1831), nouveau pour la faune de l’île de La Réunion et 10 Chromis distinguables des autres espèces du genre par des yeux de grande taille (1,9 à 2,4 fois dans la longueur de la tête), D. XIII , 12-13, 25 à 26 branchicténies sur le premier arc branchial, trois rayons caudaux procurrents épineux et l’absence de tache ou de bande de couleur foncée sur le corps, les pectorales ou le pédoncule caudal. C. axillaris, C. woodsi, C. unipa, C. okamurai, C. struhsakeri et C. mirationis ont 14 rayons épineux à la dorsale, alors que C. abyssicola et rarement C. mirationis n’en ont que 13, mais deux rayons caudaux procurrents et une tache axillaire noire sur les pectorales. Cette espèce nouvelle de Chromis est décrite sous le nom de C. durvillei.
Cybium (0399-0974) (Société Française d’Ichtyologie), 2009-12 , Vol. 33 , N. 4 , P. 321-326

Droits : 2009 Société Française d’Ichtyologie
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00003/11382/8006.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00003/11382/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
From the moment the first Africans were brought to the Americas, religious life has become a way to transcend a humiliating and desperate life. Their lives were made of long days of forced work, inhuman living conditions, punishments and ill treatments of all sorts. Religious practice gave them a window onto another world. Over the years, it has slowly become a space of freedom and unique expression. The Black Church acted as a social movement on behalf of the African-american community. It has become a place of freedom which gradually has supported the foundations of their political expression and their demand of social justice. Understandably, as religion has always played a central role in North America, it is no wonder that it would play a central function in the liberation of slaves. Between the ideals of a divided nation and those of a marginalized community, the article analyzes the birth of the African-american church during slavery. Then, it examines the impact of African-american protestantism in the Caribbean through the life of George Leile, the first African-american missionary in Jamaica.
Dès l’arrivée des premiers Africains déportés sur le sol américain, la vie religieuse est devenue un moyen de transcender un quotidien mortifère. Leur chemin est parsemé de longues journées de travail forcé, de conditions de vie inhumaines, de châtiments et de sévices en tous genres. La pratique religieuse leur donne une fenêtre sur un autre monde. D’année en année, le culte religieux deviendra un espace de relâchement, de liberté et d’expression unique. L’église chrétienne s’est comportée comme un mouvement social pour la communauté africaine-américaine. Elle est devenue un lieu de liberté qui, progressivement, supportera les fondations de l’expression politique et de la demande de justice sociale. Sa fonction pivotale s’explique également par le rôle de la religion dans la fondation de la société et la vie politique étasuniennes. Entre les idéaux d’une nation divisée, ivre de liberté et ceux d’une communauté poussée dans ses retranchements, cette contribution se propose d’analyser la naissance de l’église africaine-américaine durant l’esclavage. Ensuite, je me pencherai sur l’impact de cette dynamique dans la Caraïbe à travers la vie de George Leile, premier missionnaire africain-américain en Jamaïque.
ISSN: 1779-0980

hal-01379483
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01379483
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01379483/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01379483/file/etudescaribeennes-7229.pdf
DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7229

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’écrivain africain-américain John Edgar Wideman publie en 2003 un récit de voyage commandité par la National Geographic Society. L’écrivain choisit pour destination la Martinique. Etranger dans cette île de la Caraïbe francophone, mais lui-même héritier d’une Histoire coloniale transatlantique douloureuse, il retranscrit son expérience sensible d’un espace insulaire revisité, guidant ses lecteurs dans un périple touristique et scriptural qui se transforme en un questionnement sur soi et son rapport à l’Autre. Notre analyse de l’écriture viatique de Wideman vise à interroger le regard que l’auteur porte sur l’île, dans sa dimension touristique, historique et culturelle.
The African American writer John Edgar Wideman published in 2003 a travel memoir commissioned by the National Geographic Society. As an heir to a painful transatlantic History of colonialism, the writer chooses Martinique as his destination. Unfamiliar with this French-speaking Caribbean Island, Wideman transcribes his intimate experience of Martinique and guides his readers through a touristic and literary journey that becomes a reflection on the self in relation to others. Our analysis of Wideman’s travel writing aims to explore the author’s perception of the island as a touristic, historical, and cultural site.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6898
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6898

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
The Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) is characterized by gigantic erosion that remodels the margins while a thick, essentially evaporitic and detrital, sedimentary sequence forms in the deep basins. Based on recent (MAURESC, 2003) and earlier (MESEA 1, 1990; MAGIRAA, 1996; GEOBREST, 2002) seismic reflection data, this work brings to light the record of the MSC on the Provençal margin, which has until now been rarely explored from this perspective. Beyond its strictly regional interest, this study fits into a larger synthesis of MSC seismic markers in the Mediterranean and Black Sea marine domain [Lofi et al., 2011] and employs the new nomenclature established on this occasion. The results obtained reveal a Messinian detrital body (CU unit) of 625 metres maximum thickness at the foot of the margin, accumulating at the mouths of the principal canyons. Its form, facies and extension assimilate it to clastic fans, fed by subaerial erosion linked to the MSC. The relative geometry of CU and the Messinian units MU and UU deposited in the deep basin give indications to their chronostratigraphic relations. The deposition of the CU unit is posterior to the basal part of the mobile unit consisting of halite (MU), but contemporary to its top. These results agree with the recent scenarii, which propose that the precipitation of MU in the basin began early, during the lowering of the sea level, and ended at a low level during the MSC [Blanc, 2000; Martin et al., 2001; Sage et al., 2005; Ryan, 2009]. The UU unit surmounts MU and is subdivided into two sub-units with perceptibly different seismic facies : UU1 at the base and UU2 at the summit. UU1 could correspond to a unit containing more halite and/or more clastic material than UU2. The UU1 sub-unit could be partially contemporary to the CU unit. Concerning salt tectonics and its markers, three structural provinces have been evidenced in the sector of study, respectively : an upslope domain in extension (normal faults), an intermediary domain in translation (tabular MU) and a downslope domain in contraction (salt diapirs). These domains are directly linked to the gravity spreading and/or gliding of the brittle sedimentary cover formed by the CU, UU and Plio-Quatenary units and of the mobile level, MU. In the study area, a close relation between the distribution and thickness of CU and salt tectonics has additionally been evidenced at the mouths of the large Messinian canyons, being best expressed where CU is thick.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00622998
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00622998
DOI : 10.2113/gssgfbull.182.2.181

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société géologique de France
Résumé : International audience
The Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) is characterized by gigantic erosion that remodels the margins while a thick, essentially evaporitic and detrital, sedimentary sequence forms in the deep basins. Based on recent (MAURESC, 2003) and earlier (MESEA 1, 1990; MAGIRAA, 1996; GEOBREST, 2002) seismic reflection data, this work brings to light the record of the MSC on the Provençal margin, which has until now been rarely explored from this perspective. Beyond its strictly regional interest, this study fits into a larger synthesis of MSC seismic markers in the Mediterranean and Black Sea marine domain [Lofi et al., 2011] and employs the new nomenclature established on this occasion. The results obtained reveal a Messinian detrital body (CU unit) of 625 metres maximum thickness at the foot of the margin, accumulating at the mouths of the principal canyons. Its form, facies and extension assimilate it to clastic fans, fed by subaerial erosion linked to the MSC. The relative geometry of CU and the Messinian units MU and UU deposited in the deep basin give indications to their chronostratigraphic relations. The deposition of the CU unit is posterior to the basal part of the mobile unit consisting of halite (MU), but contemporary to its top. These results agree with the recent scenarii, which propose that the precipitation of MU in the basin began early, during the lowering of the sea level, and ended at a low level during the MSC [Blanc, 2000; Martin et al., 2001; Sage et al., 2005; Ryan, 2009]. The UU unit surmounts MU and is subdivided into two sub-units with perceptibly different seismic facies : UU1 at the base and UU2 at the summit. UU1 could correspond to a unit containing more halite and/or more clastic material than UU2. The UU1 sub-unit could be partially contemporary to the CU unit. Concerning salt tectonics and its markers, three structural provinces have been evidenced in the sector of study, respectively : an upslope domain in extension (normal faults), an intermediary domain in translation (tabular MU) and a downslope domain in contraction (salt diapirs). These domains are directly linked to the gravity spreading and/or gliding of the brittle sedimentary cover formed by the CU, UU and Plio-Quatenary units and of the mobile level, MU. In the study area, a close relation between the distribution and thickness of CU and salt tectonics has additionally been evidenced at the mouths of the large Messinian canyons, being best expressed where CU is thick.
EISSN: 1777-5817

hal-00498286
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00498286

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
The article deals with the intercultural exchanges between two cultural movements rooted in the African Diasporas. In Guadeloupe, a French island in the Caribbean, Gwo-ka was born on the plantation in the 17th century. Blues appeared in the southern United-States by the end of the 19th century. In order to illustrate the similarities between these two afro-diasporic cultural phenomena, the article first examines the economic and social factors that prompted their emergence. Second, it compares their socio-cultural functions within their respective communities. Using Paul Gilroy’s theory of the Black Atlantic, the article concludes with a questioning of his thesis within the framework of the present study.
L’article s’intéresse à l’interculturalité entre deux phénomènes culturels que sont le Gwo-ka et le Blues issus de la diaspora africaine aux Amériques. Le Gwo-ka est une expression culturelle née en Guadeloupe, île française située dans la mer des Caraïbes. Le Blues est également une expression culturelle née dans le Sud des États-Unis. À partir de l’analyse de leur « matrice » sociohistorique, il s’agira de mettre en évidence les rapprochements entre les différentes fonctions socioculturelles. Nous tenterons de comprendre si la théorie de l’Atlantique Noir de Paul Gilroy, reliant les communautés afro-diasporiques du Nouveau Monde, est valable dans le cadre de notre sujet d’étude.
ISSN: 1779-0980

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
hal-01379568
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01379568
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01379568/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01379568/file/etudescaribeennes-4675.pdf
DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4675

Résumé : Until 1960, the Black scallop Chlamys varia was relatively abundant along the French Atlantic coasts. Today most of these natural beds have disappeared. Because mollusc hatchery and nursery techniques have been mastered, the reintroduction of this species, under control, was carried out in several areas and particularly in the bay of Arcachon, from 1989 to 1992. Good results were obtained in hatchery and nursery but the development of the juveniles in the natural fields was poor. The growth of Chlamys varia was satisfactory but heavy mortalities were rapidly recorded which could not be related to the hydrobiological conditions. This species seems to be very sensitive to short emersion and removal operations which are incompatible with aquaculture processes.
Jusqu'en 1960, le pétoncle noir Chlamys varia était largement distribué sur les côtes atlantiques françaises. Actuellement, la plupart de ces gisements se sont raréfiés. Les techniques de reproduction contrôlée de mollusques étant maintenant relativement maîtrisées, des essais de réimplantation de cette espèce ont pu être tentés dans plusieurs sites ostréicoles, dont le Bassin d'Arcachon, de 1989 à 1992. Les essais de grossissement se sont soldés par un échec. Si de bonnes croissances ont été enregistrées dans le Bassin d'Arcachon au cours de ces trois années, ces performances ont été contrariées par de très fortes mortalités apparaissant peu de temps après la mise en place des élevages. Bien que l'espèce soit considérée comme relativement sensible aux facteurs du milieu, les conditions hydrobiologiques régnant sur la baie à cette période ne peuvent expliquer ces résultats. Chlamys varia semble mal supporter les diverses manipulations (emersion de courte durée, dégrappage) difficilement contournables au cours d'un cycle aquacole.

Droits : 1994 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1994/rapport-1567.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1567/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Dès l’arrivée des premiers Africains déportés sur le sol américain, la vie religieuse est devenue un moyen de transcender un quotidien mortifère. Leur chemin est parsemé de longues journées de travail forcé, de conditions de vie inhumaines, de châtiments et de sévices en tous genres. La pratique religieuse leur donne une fenêtre sur un autre monde. D’année en année, le culte religieux deviendra un espace de relâchement, de liberté et d’expression unique. L’église chrétienne s’est comportée comme un mouvement social pour la communauté africaine-américaine. Elle est devenue un lieu de liberté qui, progressivement, supportera les fondations de l’expression politique et de la demande de justice sociale. Sa fonction pivotale s’explique également par le rôle de la religion dans la fondation de la société et la vie politique étasuniennes. Entre les idéaux d’une nation divisée, ivre de liberté et ceux d’une communauté poussée dans ses retranchements, cette contribution se propose d’analyser la naissance de l’église africaine-américaine durant l’esclavage. Ensuite, je me pencherai sur l’impact de cette dynamique dans la Caraïbe à travers la vie de George Leile, premier missionnaire africain-américain en Jamaïque.
From the moment the first Africans were brought to the Americas, religious life has become a way to transcend a humiliating and desperate life. Their lives were made of long days of forced work, inhuman living conditions, punishments and ill treatments of all sorts. Religious practice gave them a window onto another world. Over the years, it has slowly become a space of freedom and unique expression. The Black Church acted as a social movement on behalf of the African-american community. It has become a place of freedom which gradually has supported the foundations of their political expression and their demand of social justice. Understandably, as religion has always played a central role in North America, it is no wonder that it would play a central function in the liberation of slaves. Between the ideals of a divided nation and those of a marginalized community, the article analyzes the birth of the African-american church during slavery. Then, it examines the impact of African-american protestantism in the Caribbean through the life of George Leile, the first African-american missionary in Jamaica.
États-Unis
Jamaïque

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7229
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7229

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’article s’intéresse à la migration des Caribéens vers l’Éthiopie, et notamment celle des Rastafariens qui se définissent comme de « vrais Éthiopiens » et se disent « rapatriés » en Éthiopie. En dépit de leur nombre limité, ils n’en sont pas moins importants, car ils illustrent la persistance et les transformations des imaginaires et idéologies liant les Noirs du monde à l’Éthiopie ainsi qu’un pan méconnu des mobilités caribéennes qui, se dirigeant vers l’Afrique, se découvrent complètement à contre-courant.
The article deals with Caribbean migration towards Ethiopia, and especially the one of Rastafarians who define themselves as ‘true Ethiopians’ and ‘repatriates’ in Ethiopia. Despite their limited number, their experience is nonetheless important as it reveals the persistence and change in imaginaries and ideologies linking black all over the world to Ethiopia as well as unknown Caribbean mobility towards Africa, a mobility which is driven against the current.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.942
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/942

Résumé : Mondialisation et cultures populaires à Barbade et Trinidad (musique, Carnaval et danse) La culture caribéenne subit de plus en plus les assauts de la mondialisation. Et la question qui se pose concerne l'impact de la mondialisation sur la culture dans la région, c'est-à- dire le passage de la culture ethnique à la mondialisation. Au cours des siècles, le Caribéen, ce métis culturel, cet individu s'est façonné au contact d'influences diverses . Il faut attendre les années 1970 pour que la Barbade et Trinidad se forgent une nouvelle identité sous l'influence du Black Power venu des Etats - Unis et du mouvement Rastafari issu de la Jamaïque. Par ailleurs, l'influence de la télévision et de la musique américaine combinée aux migrations et aux effets de la mondialisation constitue des éléments majeurs à la formation de cette nouvelle identité. Aujourd 'hui après plus de cinquante ans d'indépendance, il y a une timide appréciation de la culture locale. Timide , parce qu'à radio, on entend plus de la musique internationale (américaine, anglais) que de musique locale (calypso, soca) saufpendant le Carnaval de Trinidad et le Crop Over de Barbade. Ce que regrettent les calypsoniens qui reprochent aux radios locales de ne diffuser cette musique que pendant cette période. De la musique caribéenne, les . jeunes de Barbade et de Trinidad plébiscitentures le reggae, la dancehall, le raggasoca, la musique soca. En fait, le calypso correspond à un moment de la vie. A Trinidad, la musique indienne joue un rôle important qui correspond à la population du pays. La musique de Rihanna, l'icône du moment n'a rien de caribéen. Mais son succès phénoménal à Barbade et ailleurs permet de mieux appréhender les facettes de l'identité caribéenne, en général et en particulier, celle de Barbadien et du Trinidadien. De nos jours, les nouvelles technologies accentuent les effets de la mondialisation et contribuent à l'émergence d'une « décréolisation » pour reprendre les termes de G. Létang et d'une nouvelle identité..
Globalization and popular cultures in Barbados and Trinidad Caribbean culture is under the influence ofglobalization. The question is here the impact ofglobalization on the culture in the region . Through centuries the Caribbean man has been made through different cultures. We must wait for the years 1970 to see Barbados and Trinidad which have been made a new identity under the influence of Black Power and the Rastafari movement coming from Jamaica. After more than 50 years ofindependence, there is a shy appreciation oflocal culture . There is more international music than calypso. In Trinidad the Indian music plays an important role corresponding ta the population of the country The new technologies increase the effect of the globalization. It constitutes the rise of the "decreolisation movement".

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0681/document