Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer
Résumé : International audience
We isolated and characterized 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci for Lytocarpia brevirostris (Aglaophe- niidae), a hydrozoan common in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Four to 34 alleles per locus were detected at the Indo-Pacific scale. At the population level, observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities ranged across 0.100–0.625 and 0.097–0.597, respectively. Three markers showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equi- librium, all of them presenting null alleles. Linkage dis- equilibrium was detected in three pairs of loci among 120. These primers provide powerful tools for studying popu- lation genetic diversity and the implication of life cycle strategies on population differentiation in tropical hydro- zoans. This will be valuable for the conservation of coral reefs biodiversity and the design of marine protected areas.
ISSN: 1877-7252

hal-01185722
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185722/file/Postaire%20et%20al.%20-%202015%20-%20Isolation%20and%20characterisation%20of%2016%20microsatellit_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s12686-014-0407-1

Résumé : Les méthodes classiques d'analyse d'images satellites sont inadaptées au volume actuel du flux de données. L'automatisation de l'interprétation de ces images devient donc cruciale pour l'analyse et la gestion des phénomènes observables par satellite et évoluant dans le temps et l'espace. Ce travail vise à automatiser la cartographie dynamique de l'occupation du sol à partir d'images satellites, par des mécanismes expressifs, facilement interprétables en prenant en compte les aspects structurels de l'information géographique. Il s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'analyse d'images basée objet. Ainsi, un paramétrage supervisé d'un algorithme de segmentation d'images est proposé. Dans un deuxième temps, une méthode de classification supervisée d'objets géographiques est présentée combinant apprentissage automatique par programmation logique inductive et classement par l'approche multi-class rule set intersection. Ces approches sont appliquées à la cartographie de la bande côtière Guyanaise. Les résultats démontrent la faisabilité du paramétrage de la segmentation, mais également sa variabilité en fonction des classes de la carte de référence et des données d'entrée. Les résultats de la classification supervisée montrent qu'il est possible d'induire des règles de classification expressives, véhiculant des informations cohérentes et structurelles dans un contexte applicatif donnée et conduisant à des valeurs satisfaisantes de précision et de KAPPA (respectivement 84,6% et 0,7). Ce travail de thèse contribue ainsi à l'automatisation de la cartographie dynamique à partir d'images de télédétection et propose des perspectives originales et prometteuses.
Classical methods for satellite image analysis are inadequate for the current bulky data flow. Thus, automate the interpretation of such images becomes crucial for the analysis and management of phenomena changing in time and space, observable by satellite. Thus, this work aims at automating land cover cartography from satellite images, by expressive and easily interpretable mechanism, and by explicitly taking into account structural aspects of geographic information. It is part of the object-based image analysis framework, and assumes that it is possible to extract useful contextual knowledge from maps. Thus, a supervised parameterization methods of a segmentation algorithm is proposed. Secondly, a supervised classification of geographical objects is presented. It combines machine learning by inductive logic programming and the multi-class rule set intersection approach. These approaches are applied to the French Guiana coastline cartography. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the segmentation parameterization, but also its variability as a function of the reference map classes and of the input data. Yet, methodological developments allow to consider an operational implementation of such an approach. The results of the object supervised classification show that it is possible to induce expressive classification rules that convey consistent and structural information in a given application context and lead to reliable predictions, with overall accuracy and Kappa values equal to, respectively, 84,6% and 0,7. In conclusion, this work contributes to the automation of the dynamic cartography from remotely sensed images and proposes original and promising perpectives

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0671/document

Résumé : Évoquer la place des libres de couleur en Martinique des origines à 1815, c'est évoqué un curieux paradoxe. Afin d'appréhender ce dernier et aborder la position des libres de couleur dans la société, il a fallu se pencher sur le processus de formation de ce groupe de 1635 à la veille de la Révolution française, en mettant en lumière l'origine de celui-ci, le statut, la condition des personnes, la répartition géographique, la situation socioéconomique et les réseaux de sociabilité qu'ils utilisent dans la société. L'abord de ce processus ne pouvait se faire sans la prise en compte de la politique menée par l'administration envers l'affranchissement. L'utilisation des registres paroissiaux (puis de l'état civil) et du notariat a permis la confrontation entre la théorie (le droit colonial), et, la pratique quotidienne. Il a fallu ensuite mettre en évidence dans un second temps comment, malgré la Révolution française et de ses idéaux, de son impact en Martinique, la ségrégation perdure à l'encontre du groupe des libres de couleur et confirme l'entre-deux de celui-ci dans la société, en dépit de son accroissement numérique (via l'affranchissement principalement) et économique, et ce, jusqu'au début de la Restauration. La politique coloniale menée par les différentes administrations qui se succèdent et les troubles qui perturbent l'ordre établi ont favorisé la compréhension du phénomène. Si, les libres de couleur furent assimilés dès 1685 aux sujets naturels du royaume de France, ils ne purent pourtant exercer comme les Blancs, certaines charges publiques, certaines professions libérales, certains emplois dans la milice (officiers). Cependant, certains d'entre eux réussirent à se hisser économiquement au niveau des négociants blancs avant 1815. Néanmoins, ils demeurèrent cantonnés dans une place mitoyenne entre Blancs et esclaves, une "zone tampon", un entre-deux discriminatoire et ségrégatif. Ces libres de couleur qui étaient aussi bien des noirs que des métis furent rejetés par les Blancs qu'ils souhaitaient égaler et méprisaient en général les esclaves alors qu'ils étaient souvent liés à eux par un ancêtre noir. Comme les Blancs, ils possédaient des esclaves, des terres et des maisons. Pourtant, leur situation dans la société fut très paradoxale.
To evoke the place of free coloureds in Martinic from the earliest times to 1815, it is evoked a curious paradox. In order to apprehend this last and to tackle free coloureds position in the society, it had to look into the process of development of this group from 1635 to the day before french revolution. The access of this process could not become without taking into consideration of the political controlled by the administration on emancipation. The utilization of parish registers (then registers of births, marriages and deaths) and deeds executed by a notary permitted confrontation between the theory (the colonial right) and the daily practical. It had to show how in spite of french revolution and these ideals, and this impact in Martinic, the segregation be continued against free coloureds group and confirmed space in between of this group in the society in spite of these numerical and economic growth (by way of emancipation principally), and those, as far as the beginning of the Restoration. The colonial political controlled by different administrations who followed one another and unrest who perturbed etablished order assisted the comprehension of this phenomenon. If free coloureds were assimilated since 1685 to natural subjects of french kingdom with the same rights, privileges and immunities, they did not exercise as whites some public responsabilities and offices, some liberal trades, some positions in militia (officers). Before the end of observation period (1815), some people were succeded to hoist themselves economically on a level with whites wholesalers. In spite of that, they were limited in a intermediate place between whites and slaves, a "buffer zone". Free coloureds who were as well as blacks than halfcastes have been rejected by whites that they would wish to equal and despised in general slaves even when they had common interests (a mother or a sister in slavery). As whites, they possessed slaves, estates and houses. However, their situation was so paradoxical in the colonial society.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0395/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD European Respiratory Society
Résumé : International audience
There are conflicting data regarding the magnitude and determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in farmers.In a cross-sectional study of 917 nonfarming working controls and 3787 farmers aged 40-75 years, we assessed respiratory symptoms, tobacco exposure, job history (without direct exposure measurement) and lung function. COPD was defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criterion (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) extless0.70) and by the Quanjer reference equation (post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC extlesslower limit of normal (LLN)).The prevalence (95% CI) of COPD according to the GOLD criterion was 5.1% (4.4-5.8%) and 2.9% (1.8-4.0%) in farmers and controls, respectively (p=0.005), and 3.1% (2.5-3.6%) and 1.5% (0.7-2.3%), respectively, for the LLN criterion (p extless0.01). For both COPD criteria after adjustment for age, sex and smoking status, COPD prevalence was similar in controls and crop farmers. Compared to controls, four job categories had a higher prevalence of COPD according to the GOLD criterion, namely, cattle breeders, swine breeders, poultry breeders and breeders of two or more livestock types. Among cattle breeders, only those from Franche-Comté had higher prevalence of COPD according to both GOLD and LLN criteria.The prevalence of COPD in farmers is higher than in nonfarming working controls, and depends on the farming activity, the region and the criterion used to define COPD
ISSN: 0903-1936

hal-01216204
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01216204
DOI : 10.1183/13993003.00153-2015
PUBMED : 26453630

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Numerical programs for simulating flow and reactive transport in porous media are essential tools for predicting reservoir properties changes triggered by CO2 underground injection. At reservoir scale, meshed models in which equations are solved assuming that constant macroscopic properties can be defined in each cells, are widely used. However, the parameterization of the dissolution-precipitation problem and of the feedback effects of these processes on the flow field is still challenging. The problem arises from the mismatch between the scales at which averaged parameters are defined in the meshed model and the scale at which chemical reactions occur and modify the pore network geometry. In this paper we investigate the links between the dissolution mechanisms that control the porosity changes and the related changes of the reactive surface area and of the permeability. First, the reactive surface area is computed from X-ray microtomography data obtained before and after a set of dissolution experiments of pure calcite rock samples using distinctly different brine-CO2 mixtures characterizing homogeneous to heterogeneous dissolution regimes. The results are used to validate the power law empirical model relating the reactive surface area to porosity proposed by Luquot and Gauze (2009). Second, we investigate the spatial distribution of the effective hydraulic radius and of the tortuosity, two structural parameters that control permeability, in order to explain the different porosity-permeability relationships observed for heterogeneous and homogeneous dissolution regimes. It is shown that the increase of permeability is due to the decrease of the tortuosity for homogeneous dissolution, whereas it is due to the combination of tortuosity decrease and hydraulic radius increase for heterogeneous dissolution. For the intermediate dissolution regime, identified to be the optimal regime for increasing permeability with small changes in porosity, the increase of permeability results from a large increase in the mean effective hydraulic radius of the sample.
ISSN: 0169-7722

hal-00617671
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617671
DOI : 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.07.004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
Résumé : International audience
A cross section of a human population (501 individuals) selected at random, and living in a Bolivian community, highly endemic for Chagas disease, was investigated combining together clinical, parasitological and molecular approaches. Conventional serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated an active transmission of the infection, a high seroprevalence (43.3%) ranging from around 12% in < 5 years to 94.7% in > 45 years, and a high sensitivity (83.8%) and specificity of PCR. Abnormal ECG tracing was predominant in chagasic patients and was already present among individuals younger than 13 years. SAPA (shed acute phase antigen) recombinant protein and the synthetic peptide R-13 were used as antigens in ELISA tests. The reactivity of SAPA was strongly associated to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and independent of the age of the patients but was not suitable neither for universal serodiagnosis nor for discrimination of specific phases of Chagas infection. Anti-R-13 response was observed in 27.5% only in chagasic patients. Moreover, anti-R13 reactivity was associated with early infection and not to cardiac pathology. This result questioned previous studies, which considered the anti-R-13 response as a marker of chronic Chagas heart disease. The major clonets 20 and 39 (belonging to Trypanosoma cruzi I and T. cruzi II respectively) which circulate in equal proportions in vectors of the studied area, were identified in patients' blood by PCR. Clonet 39 was selected over clonet 20 in the circulation whatever the age of the patient. The only factor related to strain detected in patients' blood, was the anti-R-13 reactivity: 37% of the patients infected by clonet 39 (94 cases) had anti-R13 antibodies contrasting with only 6% of the patients without clonet 39 (16 cases).
ISSN: 0074-0276

hal-01256421
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01256421
DOI : 10.1590/S0074-02762002000300002
IRD : fdi:010029219
PUBMED : 12048553

Résumé : Les risques naturels majeurs constituent une menace plus ou moins récurrente pour la plupart des populations de la planète. Les catastrophes naturelles sont à la fois sources et révélatrices d’inégalités sociales et environnementales, dans le monde, mais aussi sur le territoire de la République française. Les Antilles françaises sont très fréquemment, et très lourdement frappées par les aléas naturels. La réponse en matière de gestion des crises, et, en amont, en matière de prévention, ne nous semble pas à la hauteur des défis, et des besoins des populations. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous nous interrogeons, à travers la présente thèse, sur la place de la solidarité et de l’égalité, dans le régime juridique des risques naturels majeurs. C’est une préoccupation doctrinale majeure, inscrite dans la constitution. La recherche du lien entre droit des risques naturels majeurs et justice sociale et environnementale est l’objet de la présente étude, s’agissant de la réponse juridique à la préoccupation des populations et catégories défavorisées, qui s’avèrent a priori les plus atteintes par les catastrophes naturelles. Les limites des textes, l’insuffisance des moyens, ainsi que les pratiques locales, facteurs d’aggravation des vulnérabilités, le laxisme des pouvoirs publics nationaux et territoriaux, l’absence de culture de risque et l’esprit « kokagneur » des populations (avec des différences de comportement entre la Guadeloupe et la Martinique), toutes ces considérations rendent illusoire la détermination proclamée des pouvoirs publics de résoudre les problèmes de risques naturels majeurs. Des voies d’un renforcement de la solidarité sont proposées. Cette contribution à la recherche sur les risques ambitionne d’apporter aux acteurs, une vision transversale de la problématique des risques naturels, par l’analyse du régime juridique confronté à une exigence de justice sociale et environnementale. Les Antilles françaises servent de support à cette étude.
Major natural hazards are more or less recurring threat for most people in the world. Natural disasters are both sources and revealing social and environmental inequalities in the world, but also in the French Republic. The French West Indies are very frequently and strongly hit by natural hazards. The answer in terms of crisis management, and beforehand, in terms of prevention, doesn’t seem to be up to the population’s challenges and needs. This is why we wonder, in this thesis, about the place of solidarity and equality in the legal system of major natural hazards. This is a major doctrinal concern in the constitution. The research of the relationship between major natural hazards law and environmental and social justice is the subject of this study, concerning the legal answer to the concerns of the underprivileged people and categories, which prove to be a priori the most struck by natural disasters. The limits of the legislation, inadequate resources and local practices, vulnerabilities worsening factor, the laxity of the national and territorial public authorities, the lack of risk culture and the "kokagneur" spirit of the populations (with behavior differences between Guadeloupe and Martinique), all these considerations make unreal the government’s proclaimed determination to solve the major natural hazards issues. Ways to strengthen solidarity are proposed. This contribution to risks research aims to bring to the players an interdisciplinary view of natural hazards issues, through the analysis of the legal system confronted with the requirement of social and environmental justice. The French West Indies are used as research support.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0824/document

Résumé : Au XXIème siècle, en France, en Martinique, au Québec, le monde du travail se caractérise encore par des inégalités professionnelles persistantes. La non mixité dans la fonction de direction générale ou autrement dit, la ségrégation verticale professionnelle dans l’entreprise serait-elle un invariant quels que soient les contextes ? Les référentiels culturels du dirigeant et du décideur demeurent encore masculins. Les représentations qui se sont construites sur les rôles sociaux des femmes et des hommes dans le travail se sont vite et durablement condensées en stéréotypes négatifs à l’égard des femmes.A partir de la théorie du noyau central d’Abric il semblait opportun de chercher à identifier les principaux déterminants qui ont présidé à la construction de ces stéréotypes. Ce noyau dur serait constitué de déterminismes historiques symboliques et sociaux. S’intéresser à la « déconstruction » des stéréotypes sexués en défaveur des femmes constitue un moyen de repenser l’action collective pour agir plus efficacement en matière de mixité professionnelle. En effet, plusieurs travaux ont montré que, sous certaines conditions, les éléments centraux d’une représentation pouvaient être sensibles à des informations venant les contredire. Réussir la mixité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes dans la fonction de direction générale des entreprises requiert, tant de la part de la politique gouvernementale que de celle des ressources humaines, des actions fortes relevant des enjeux de l’élimination des stéréotypes et de déconstruction du rôle social assigné à la femme depuis des millénaires.
In the 20th Century, in France, Martinique and Québec, the world of Work is still characterized by persistent professional disparities. Should the not-mixing be an invariant whatever the contexts, in the general managerial function, or in other words, the professional vertical segregation in the company ?The Manager’s and decider’s cultural reference tables remain still male. The representations built by themselves on the women and men social roles in work area are quickly and durably condensed in negative stereotypes against the women.From the theory of the central core of Abric (abric’score), it seems appropriate to try to identify the main determinants which presided over the construction of these stereotypes. This hard core would be constituted by symbolic and social historic determinism. Be interested in the "demolition" of the sexual stereotypes against the women establishes a way to rethink the collective action to act more effectively in regards to professional mixing. Indeed, several works showed that under certain conditions, the central elements of a representation could be sensitive to information coming to contradict them.To make a success of the professional mixing between the women and men in the general managerial function of companies requires so much on behalf of the government policy, a that of the human resources, strong actions raising stakes in the elimination of stereotypes and demolition of the social role assigned to the woman since millenniums.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0846/document