Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
Within thirty years, the small island of Saint-Barthelemy (25 km²) is out of its secular isolation to be among major luxury tourism destinations in the world. In this study, the idea is to identify structural element and different cyclical factors that help to understand Saint-Barthelemy tourism situation. The small size of the territory itself can be seen as a fundamental handicap or, conversely, as a considerable asset. Everything depends on development project. It is necessary to know how to take advantage of specific characteristics of this type of territory. In Saint-Barthelemy case, scarcity is coveted; this coveted rarity is accessible only for rich people. The coveted rarity leads to luxury. Isolation is relative: this destination is not accessible to the jumbo jets. The airline market is controlled essentially by two small local companies and the airspace is open to charter flies and private aircrafts. Some other companies provide more or less regular flights from nearby airports of San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sint-Maarten and Guadeloupe. Luxury cannot be decreed, it is not planned. Luxury tourism is the election of a territory by elites who gather there to enjoy away from the rest of the world.
En l’espace de trente ans, la petite île de Saint-Barthélemy (25 km²) est sortie de son isolement séculaire pour s’imposer parmi les grandes destinations du tourisme de luxe dans le monde. Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’idée est d’identifier les éléments structurels et les différents facteurs conjoncturels qui permettent de comprendre la situation touristique de Saint-Barthélemy. L’exiguïté du territoire en lui-même peut être perçue comme un handicap fondamental ou, inversement, comme un atout considérable. Tout dépend du projet de développement. Il faut savoir tirer profit des spécificités du territoire considéré. Dans le cas de Saint-Barthélemy, l’exiguïté favorise la rareté et cette rareté convoitée n’est accessible qu’aux personnes les plus argentées. La rareté convoitée conduit au luxe. L’isolement est relatif : cette destination n’est pas accessible aux avions gros porteurs, l’essentiel du marché aérien est contrôlé par deux petites compagnies locales et l’espace aérien est ouvert aux petits avions privés. Le luxe ne se décrète pas, il ne se planifie pas. Le tourisme de luxe, c’est l’élection d’un territoire par des élites qui s’y retrouvent pour jouir de leur fortune à l’écart du monde.
ISSN: 1779-0980

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
hal-01364775
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01364775
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01364775/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01364775/file/L%27%C3%AEle%20de%20Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy%20une%20destination%20du%20tourisme%20de%20luxe.pdf
DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6831

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé :  
A closed depression is defined as a geomorphologic element where a sediment depository is encircled by hillslopes. Despite the fact that closed depressions are often the only stagnant water points in many European landscapes, few ecological researches on their plant assemblages have been done. The main goal of this study was to give first results of the environmental factors responsible for the vegetation composition, richness and rarity in the closed depressions of the Lorraine biogeographical district (Belgium, France and grand-duche de Luxembourg). We surveyed for plant presence 85 forest and 77 grassland closed depressions. For each site, wetland area, local environmental factors and regional connectivities registered. For each species, the Ellenberg values were compiled. To investigate the main source of variation in species composition and in species richness (including richness in rare species), Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analyses and Generalized Linear Models were respectively used. Species pools in forest (forest and preforest species) and in grassland (bog plants, pioneers, helophytes) were quite different. In both landscapes, a gradient from plants typical of basic high-productive soils to plants typical of acid low-productive soils reflects a shared successional gradient. The accumulation of organic matter allowed the establishment of Sphagnum spp., which slowly acidified the soil and thus acted as ecosystem engineers for the arrival of bog plants. Moreover, the species composition was additionally driven by the plant light tolerance in forests and by the plant water requirements in grasslands. Mechanisms of species accumulation (increase in species richness) were different in forests and in grasslands: respectively related to the plant light tolerance and to the wetland area. At the regional level, the averaged soil productivity was negatively related to the richness in rare species. Indeed, perennial highly-competitive plants such as Glyceria spp., Iris pseudacorus or Urtica dioica impeded the establishment of smaller and rarer species. At the habitat level, isolated closed depressions (due to either low connectivity or low grazing pressure) have more habitat rare species, giving evidences of dispersal limitation in plant assemblages of closed depressions.
ISSN: 0960-3115

hal-01032125
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032125
DOI : 10.1007/s10531-007-9227-x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Avec 130 espèces identifiées, l’Amazonie est la région du monde qui abrite le plus grand nombre d’espèces d’abeilles sans dard. Cette diversité reste assez peu exploitée par les communautés locales, même si certaines pratiques, comme la recherche de nids ou l’extraction de miel sauvage, sont sans doute très anciennes. La diversification des usages du miel et l’utilisation récente du pollen à des fins médicinales, pourraient les modifier durablement, et les essaims devenir l’objet de toutes les attentions.Dans la Réserve d’Amanã, les dix-huit agriculteurs, que nous avons interrogés et parfois filmés lors de mises en situation, ont conscience de cette évolution et la plupart s’en réjouissent. En tant qu’éleveurs d’abeilles, ils savent aujourd’hui que pour récolter du miel, ils ne sont plus contraints de chercher des colonies sauvages, de les déloger pour finalement les détruire. Mais on aurait tort de croire que ces pratiques anciennes constituent, dans le cas étudié, une menace pour l’entomofaune ; d’une part parce que la pression sur les nids reste très limitée, d’autre part parce que les extractions ne concernent qu’un nombre réduit d’espèces. C’est pourquoi il est indispensable de mieux décrire ces techniques et de les valoriser comme des savoir-faire ancestraux.
With 130 identified species, the Amazon is one region of the world which shelters the largest number of species of bees without a sting. This diversity is rarely exploited by the local communities even if certain practices like the search of honeycombs or the extraction of wild honey are very ancient. The diversification of the uses of honey and the recent use of the pollen for medicinal purposes could modify these sustainable practices and the bee swarms could become a major center of attention.In the Amanã Reserve, the eighteen farmers that were questioned and sometimes filmed while they were in work situations, are conscious of this revolution and most of them rare pleased with this new trend. As working beekeepers, they know that to collect some honey, they are no longer compelled to look for wild colonies, to dislodge them from their natural habitat, which would finally destroy them. Correspondingly it would be wrong to believe that these ancient practices, extraction of wild honey, represent in the studied case, a threat for the entomofauna. On one hand, the importance on honeycombs remains very limited, also on the other hand, the extractions concern just a few number of bee species. That is why it is essential to better specify these techniques and to value them as an ancestral knowledge.
Brésil

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10279
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10279

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : We present whole-rock major- and trace-element and Nd–Sr–Pb radiogenic isotope data for Cretaceous igneous suites from eastern Cuba. These rocks are related to the Greater Antilles paleo-island arc magmatism and have three different igneous styles. Group 1 consists of tholeiitic basalts and rare basaltic andesites that have normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB)-like compositions similar to those found in back-arc basin basalts (TiO2 = 1·2–2·9 wt%; La/Yb(N) = 0·7–0·9, Th/Nb = 0·06–0·08, and initial 208Pb/ 204Pb = 37·65–37·74). Group 2 comprises basaltic and rare basaltic andesitic subvolcanic dykes with major- and trace-element and isotopic compositions similar to those of island arc tholeiites (TiO2 = 0·7–1·4 wt%; La/Yb(N) = 0·6–0·9, Th/Nb = 0·06–0·68, and initial 208Pb/ 204Pb = 37·74–38·25). Group 3 is composed of low-Ti (TiO2 = 0·3–0·9 wt%) calcalkaline igneous rocks that have an unambiguous subduction-related character (La/Yb(N) = 1·1–5·0, Th/Nb = 0·35–1·55, and initial 208Pb/ 204Pb = 37·94–38·39). The parental magmas of the three groups formed by variable melting degrees (< 5–25%) of spinel lherzolite, with more depleted mantle sources for Groups 2 and 3 than Group 1. The trace-element and radiogenic isotope compositions of primitive Group 3 samples are strongly bimodal. One subgroup of samples is characterized by low Ta/Yb (0·02–0·03) and Th/La (0·10–0·13), slightly subchondritic Nb/Ta (13·3–17·3), and relatively high initial 206Pb/204Pb (18·57–18·62) and {varepsilon}Nd (7·6–9·4). The remaining primitive Group 3 samples have higher Ta/Yb (0·06–0·11) and Th/La (0·24–0·32), and highly subchondritic Nb/Ta (7·6–9·1), coupled with lower initial 206Pb/204Pb (18·24–18·29) and {varepsilon}Nd (3·4–5·5). These signatures were induced by two distinct slab components that mainly reflect the contributions of Cretaceous Atlantic marine and North American continental sediments, respectively. Nb/Ta in the first subgroup was influenced by melting of rutile-bearing subducted crust, whereas in the second it was inherited from recycled continental sediments. The involvement of Atlantic and North American sediments in Cuban Cretaceous magmatism indicates that the Proto-Caribbean (North American-Proto Atlantic) lithosphere subducted beneath the Greater Antilles arc during the Late Cretaceous (pre-Campanian), consistent with geotectonic models involving onset of SW-dipping subduction beneath the Greater Antilles paleo-arc during the Aptian. The variable mantle source depletion and magnitude of the subduction component probably reflect different settings across the arc, from the arc front to a back-arc spreading ridge.
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-00406373
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406373
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egm040

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
Résumé : International audience
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that show remarkable diversity, as revealed by the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis,which can range from mild skin lesions to severe metastatic cutaneous/mucosal lesions. The exact nature andextent of Leishmania phenotypic diversity in establishing infection is not fully understood. In order to try to understandsome aspects of this diversity, we subcutaneously infected BALB/c mice with first and second generation subclones of aL. amazonensis strain isolated from a patient (BA125) and examined in vivo lesion growth rate and antimony susceptibility.In vivo fast-, medium- and slow-growing subclones were obtained; moreover, fast-growing subclones could generateslow-growing subclones and inversely, revealing the continuous generation of diversity after passage into mice. Noantimony-resistant subclone appeared, probably a rare occurrence. By tagging subclone cells with a L. amazonensisgenomic cosmid library, we found that only a very small number of founding cells could produce lesions. Leishmaniaclones transfected with in vivo selected individual cosmids were also diverse in terms of lesion growth rate, revealing thecosmid-independent intrinsic characteristics of each clone. Our results suggest that only a few of the infecting parasitesare able to grow and produce lesions; later, within the cell mixture of each lesion, there coexist several parasite populationswith different potentialities to grow lesions during the next infection round. This may reflect a sort of programmedheterogeneity of individual parasites, favoring the survival of some individuals in various environmental conditions.
ISSN: 0074-0276

hal-01557855
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01557855
DOI : 10.1590/0074-02760160280

Éditeur(s) : Sage Publications
Résumé : It is becoming increasingly clear that humans impact marine ecosystems and their biodiversity to a very considerate degree, and evidence of the scale of impact is growing. An enabling factor for this has been a change in focus from local-level studies to increased emphasis on meta-analysis of global or regional-level analysis of fisheries' impact, Results include the facts that the world's total fish catches have been decreasing over the last decade or more; that larger, predatory fishes (table fish) are becoming increasingly scarcer; and that we are appropriating the ocean shelves' primary productivity to the same level as we are for terrestrial ecosystems. Ecosystems are being eroded in countries throughout the world, and though one might get the impression from the IUCN Red List that it is mainly a developed-country problem, it is alarming that the impact of severe overfishing may be on an even larger scale for developing countries. We describe aspects of the risks overfishing poses to marine ecosystems, and point out how ecosystem approaches to fisheries can be used to evaluate the potential impact of alternative fishing policy scenarios.
Il devient de plus en plus clair que les activités humaines altèrent les écosystèmes marins et leur biodiversité à un degré considérable, et les preures de l'échelle des impacts anthropiques s'accumulent. Un des facteurs déterminants de cette prise de conscience réside dans le changement d'échelle des études de l'impact des pêches qui sont passées d'un niveau local à un niveau global ou régional au travers d'études de type méta-analyse. Les résultats obtenus les plus évocateurs incluent le fait que la totalité des captures mondiales de poissons a diminué pendant la dernière décennie ou plus; que les grands prédateurs (l'essentiel des poissons "de table") deviennent de plus en plus rares; et que nous nous approprions la productivité primaire des plateaux continentaux au même titre que nous nous sommes appropriés celle des écosystèmes terrestres. Les écosystèmes sont érodés dans les pays du monde entier, et bien que la liste rouge de l'IUCN laisse penser que c'est principalement le problème des pays développés, il est alarmant de constater que l'impact de la surpêche excessive pourrait être une échelle bien plus grande encore pour les pays en voie de développement. Nous décrivons certains aspects des risques que pose la surpêche pour les écosystèmes marins, et mettons en exergue comment l'approche écosystémique des pêches peut être employée pour évaluer l'impact potentiel de scénarios alternatifs de règlementation des pêches.
Social Science Information (0539-0184) (Sage Publications), 2007-03 , Vol. 46 , N. 1 , P. 67-86

Droits : 2007 Sage Publications
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-6123.pdf
DOI:10.1177/0539018407073656
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6123/

Éditeur(s) : Port-au-Prince : de l'Imprimerie du gouvernement, 1836. Port-au-Prince : de l'Imprimerie du gouvernement, 1836.
Résumé : 3-jud-1836
LAW , Rare books

LLMC31907

Éditeur(s) : [Port-au-Prince, Imprimerie H. Amblard, 1905?] [Port-au-Prince, Imprimerie H. Amblard, 1905?]
Résumé : 2a-L/E- 1905
LAW , Rare books

LLMC31312

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : The Caribean Sea ichthyofauna, like that of all tropical and subtropical seas, contains venomous fishes some of which can cause certain forms of ichthyosarcotoxism.The first people to notice, at their expense, the existence of these dangerous animals in the waters of the West Indies were the conquistadores who settled in Haïti and Cuba after Christopher COLOMBUS. As these men were not well provided by fresh supplies from their far away home-as related by many chroniclers-they had to live on local food resources. Originally, terrestrial fauna, in these islands, was very lacking as far as big mammals go, and birds bigger than a pigeon were rare. As a consequence, Spanish sailors and soldiers ate mostly seafood, fish, crustaceans and molluscs that abounded in the clear waters of the Caribean shores. (The introduction of European mammals: bovines, ovines, caprines and porcines, but also poultry, only happened many years later-cattle raising only developed when the conquistadores were well settled and land had been divided-initial protid production was not sufficient to cover the Spaniards' needs....
La faune ichthyologique de la Mer des Antilles, comme celle de toutes les mers des regions tropicales et subtropicales, contient des poissons vénéneux, causes de certaines formes d'ichthyosarcotoxisme. Les premiers qui s'aperçurent, à leurs dépens, de l'existence de ces animaux dangereux dans les eaux des Indes occidentales furent les conquistadores qui s'installèrent en Haïti et à Cuba après les découvertes de Christophe COLOMB et de ses lieutenants. Ces hommes, souvent fort mal ravitaillés par leur trop lointaine métropole -tous les chroniqueurs de l'époque en font foi -furent obligés d'utiliser les ressources alimentaires locales. Comme à l'origine, la faune terrestre des îles était très pauvre en grands mammifères et que les oiseaux plus volumineux qu'un ramier étaient rares, les soldats et les marins espagnols consommèrent surtout les fruits de la mer : poissons, crustacés et mollusques qui abondaient dans les eaux claires des rivages antillais. (L'introduction des mammifères européens: bovins, ovins, caprins et porcins, comme des oiseaux de basse-cour, fut relativement tardive; l'élevage ne se développa que lorsque les conquérants de l'Eldorado furent installés et que la terre fut partagée; la production initiale de protides était très nettement insuffisante pour couvrir les besoins des Espagnols.) L'un des animaux les plus faciles à capturer était -et l'est encore -le-« burgo », Linona pica L., gros gastéropode de la famille des Trochidés qu'il suffisait de récolter à la main sur les récifs coralliens ou les rochers qui bordaient les plages; l'abondance de la distribution de ce gros bigorneau est encore telle à l'heure actuelle qu'il forme une ressource permanente appréciée; dans certaines petites îles très mal ravitaillées: Los Hermanos et La Blanquilla dans les Antilles vénézuéliennes; Saint-Barthélémy, La Désirade, dans les Antilles françaises, etc., où le « burgo » constitue une partie importante de la ration alimentaire. Il arrivait à Cuba, que sa consommation soit la cause d'accidents gastro-intestinaux et neuraux qui furent groupés par les Espagnols sous le nom de "ciguatera", le mollusque lui-même étant appelé "cigua", (II faut noter que les « burgos » récoltés sur certains îlots et récifs de la côte méridionale de Saint-Barthélemy sont la cause de troubles analogues à ceux qui furent décrits par les chroniqueurs des XVe et XVIe siècles) Le vocable s'est étendu ensuite, dans le langage populaire, aux troubles digestifs et aux troubles neuraux ressentis après l'ingestion de différentes espèces de poissons vénéneux, espèces qui se révélèrent malheureusement relativement nombreuses dans les eaux des Grandes Antilles, Le auteurs anciens, repris par COUTIÈRE dans sa thèse (1899) décrivent également des cas d'intoxications graves depuis le début de l'occupation des Petites Antilles par les Européens, intoxications attribuées pour la plupart aux barracudas, aux balistes, aux murènes, à certains clupes, aux carangues comme à un certain nombre d'espèces de « poissons rouges ». Les naturalistes modernes, d'ARCISZ (1950) à RANDALL (1958), donnent la liste scientifique des espèces incriminables dans la Mer des Antilles. Il n'existe actuellement aucun manuel en langue française permettant la détermination des poissons marins et des espèces dulçaquicoles des Petites Antilles, Le naturaliste est obligé, pour identifier les poissons, de recourir à des ouvrages américains ou hollandais, ou encore à des monographies toutes rédigées en langue anglaise. Ces livres, à de très rares exceptions près, sont anciens et difficiles à trouver en librairie étant presque tous épuisés ou rares. La publication que nous présentons ici n'a pas la prétention de pallier l'inexistence de documents en langue française sur l'ensemble de la faune ichthyologique antillaise; elle n'a pour but que de fournir au personnel chargé du contrôle du conditionnement et des marchés, aux armateurs à la pêche désireux de se renseigner sur les possibilités locales, comme à quelques esprits curieux, une documentation suffisante et illustrée, pour permettre une identification sûre et rapide des espèces dangereuses. Cette étude est née d'un besoin précis : les pêcheurs des Antilles françaises, maintenant guidés par une assistance technique qui reprend élémentairement les bases de la profession, se sont heurtés très rapidement au fait suivant : il était nécessaire de créer un conditionnement des produits de la pêche car quelques espèces de poissons commerciaux, saines dans certaines régions, sont vénéneuses dans d'autres, géographiquement toutes voisines, et doivent être éliminées du marché. Pour cela il fallait établir avec précision quelles espèces pouvaient être dangereuses, et donner aux pêcheurs, aux marchands et au public l'image exacte des formes incriminables. Si une espèce donnée peut contenir des individus vénéneux, tous les individus de cette espèce ne sont pas dangereux et des spécimens de la même espèce incriminables en un point ne le seront pas dans d'autres lieux de pêche. POEY (1866) a écrit: « ... il n'y a pas un poisson suspect sur dix mille... » Cela est sans doute vrai si l'on envisage le stock constitué par une espèce, mais ne l'est plus si l'on considère les concentrations géographiques. A travers l'expérience que nous avons acquise à Saint-Barthélemy, nous pouvons affirmer avec certitude que les poissons vénéneux sont bien groupés en isolats cernés par des frontières géographiques précises. De plus il apparaît très nettement que les poissons âgés, donc ayant atteint un certain poids, sont seuls responsables des accidents ciguatériques les plus graves. Le fait que l'ichthyologiste cubain POEY, 1866, ait imposé l'interdiction des poissons pesant plus de trois livres dans les espèces suspectes sur le marché de La Havane est très significatif. Un fait statistique observé à Saint-Barthélemy vient corroborer les notions précédemment énoncées. Un certain nombre de canots de pêche à la ligne à main, travaillant à l'accore méridional du banc de Saint-Martin, capturait surtout des « oreilles noires » (Lufianus buccanella (c. et V.), 1828) et des « vivaneaux » (L. vivanus (c. et V.), 1828) ; le poids des poissons vidés acceptés par le service de contrôle de la coopérative des pêcheurs de Gustavia avait été fixé à 1 500 g; des poissons de poids bien supérieurs à ce plafond ayant été acceptés par le conditionnement en janvier et février 1963, toute une série d'intoxications graves de type ciguatérique se produisit à Basse-Terre et à Pointe-à-Pitre de La Guadeloupe, lieux principaux de consommation du poisson capturé sur le banc de Saint-Martin. Le poids des poissons vidés exportables ayant été ramené à 1 500 g. les intoxications cessèrent. Il reste à étudier l'étiologie de la «ciguatera », forme la plus commune d'ichthyosarcotoxisme notée aux Antilles. L'accumulation des observations et des notes prises à propos des cas observés à Saint-Barthélemy, à La Guadeloupe, comme à La Martinique (1950) ainsi que les dissections effectuées sur les poissons capturés par les pêcheurs de Saint-Barthélemy nous permettront peut-être de conclure bientôt à ce sujet. Enfin. il faudra trouver le test biochimique simple et précis permettant de déterminer rapidement si un poisson considéré comme « redouteux» est vénéneux ou non. (Les poissons incriminables sont désignés sous le nom de poissons «redouteux» dans le patois de Saint-Barthélemy; la « ciguatera » est nommée « mal poisson ».) Les appellations vernaculaires créoles des espèces vénéneuses ont été établies à partir des notes prises depuis 1950. Cette liste est loin d'être exhaustive car il n'y a pas de domaine plus ingrat que la synonymie vernaculaire. Les appellations américaines, britanniques et hollandaises ont été prises dans les ouvrages publiés d'une part par le Fish and Wildlife Service (laboratoire de Biologie marine de Miami), et d'autre part par la Commission des Caraïbes. Kent House, à La Trinidad. 1959. relayée ensuite par le Secrétariat central de l'Organisation des Caraïbes, 1961. Hato Rey. Porto-Rico. Enfin. nous avons pu établir l'équivalence vernaculaire des noms de poissons utilisés à Saint-Barthélemy et à Saint-Martin grâce à l'aimable collaboration du Dr PETIT, chef de l'hôpital de Marigot à Saint-Martin. Les bases de la systématique que nous avons utilisées, pour replacer les espèces décrites dans un cadre cohérent. sont celles qui sont exposées par BERTIN et ARAMBOURG (1958) dans le troisième fascicule du tome treize du Traité de Zoologie publié sous la direction du Pr P. GRASSÉ: nous y avons fait de larges emprunts. (OCR non contrôlé)
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1965-03 , Vol. 29 , N. 1 , P. 1-130

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1965/publication-4004.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4004/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Tso Morari serpentinites in the Ladakh area, northwest Himalaya, originated from the forearc mantle overlying the northward subducting Neo-Tethys lithosphere and the margin of the Indian continent. The serpentinites are characterized by high concentration of fluid-mobile elements (FME: As, Sb, B, Li, and U) compared to ophiolitic or abyssal serpentinites. The Pb isotopic compositions of serpentinites show influence of the subducted Indian continental lithosphere. Trace element concentrations of antigorite determined in situ with Laser Ablation High Resolution Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometer (LA-HR-ICP-MS) show high contents of FME including Pb, in contrast to the spatially associated iron oxides. Rare earth elements (REE) and compatible elements, such as Sc and Co, remained immobile during the hydration, allowing the identification of the primary minerals (olivine or orthopyroxene) from which serpentine formed. Serpentinized olivine displays higher Sb and As concentrations (up to 1000 x PM) than serpentinized orthopyroxenes that are enriched in Pb, Cs and Li (2 to up to 10 x PM).;We propose that the observed FME distribution in two types of serpentine reflect the differential incorporation of FME during the downward movement of the serpentinite along the subduction plane. At temperature lower than 400 degrees C, at shallow depths, olivine is preferentially serpentinized and incorporates elements that are fluid soluble at low temperatures, such as Sb and As. Above 400 degrees C, orthopyroxene is hydrated and incorporates Pb, Cs, Li and possibly Ba. Boron and U are incorporated in both types of serpentine suggesting that they are released from slabs at temperatures around 300-400 degrees C. The serpentine acts as a sink for water, but also for FME and transports them to deeper and hotter levels in the mantle, down to the isotherm 600-650 degrees C where dehydration occurs.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-00475565
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00475565
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.10.002

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
Résumé : International audience
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that show remarkable diversity, as revealed by the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis, which can range from mild skin lesions to severe metastatic cutaneous/mucosal lesions. The exact nature and extent of Leishmania phenotypic diversity in establishing infection is not fully understood. In order to try to understand some aspects of this diversity, we subcutaneously infected BALB/c mice with first and second generation subclones of a L. amazonensis strain isolated from a patient (BA125) and examined in vivo lesion growth rate and antimony susceptibility. In vivo fast-, medium- and slow-growing subclones were obtained; moreover, fast-growing subclones could generate slow-growing subclones and inversely, revealing the continuous generation of diversity after passage into mice. No antimony-resistant subclone appeared, probably a rare occurrence. By tagging subclone cells with a L. amazonensis genomic cosmid library, we found that only a very small number of founding cells could produce lesions. Leishmania clones transfected with in vivo selected individual cosmids were also diverse in terms of lesion growth rate, revealing the cosmid-independent intrinsic characteristics of each clone. Our results suggest that only a few of the infecting parasites are able to grow and produce lesions; later, within the cell mixture of each lesion, there coexist several parasite populations with different potentialities to grow lesions during the next infection round. This may reflect a sort of programmed heterogeneity of individual parasites, favoring the survival of some individuals in various environmental conditions.
ISSN: 0074-0276

hal-01489008
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01489008

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : En l’espace de trente ans, la petite île de Saint-Barthélemy (25 km²) est sortie de son isolement séculaire pour s’imposer parmi les grandes destinations du tourisme de luxe dans le monde. Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’idée est d’identifier les éléments structurels et les différents facteurs conjoncturels qui permettent de comprendre la situation touristique de Saint-Barthélemy. L’exiguïté du territoire en lui-même peut être perçue comme un handicap fondamental ou, inversement, comme un atout considérable. Tout dépend du projet de développement. Il faut savoir tirer profit des spécificités du territoire considéré. Dans le cas de Saint-Barthélemy, l’exiguïté favorise la rareté et cette rareté convoitée n’est accessible qu’aux personnes les plus argentées. La rareté convoitée conduit au luxe. L’isolement est relatif : cette destination n’est pas accessible aux avions gros porteurs, l’essentiel du marché aérien est contrôlé par deux petites compagnies locales et l’espace aérien est ouvert aux petits avions privés. Le luxe ne se décrète pas, il ne se planifie pas. Le tourisme de luxe, c’est l’élection d’un territoire par des élites qui s’y retrouvent pour jouir de leur fortune à l’écart du monde.
Within thirty years, the small island of Saint-Barthelemy (25 km²) is out of its secular isolation to be among major luxury tourism destinations in the world. In this study, the idea is to identify structural element and different cyclical factors that help to understand Saint-Barthelemy tourism situation. The small size of the territory itself can be seen as a fundamental handicap or, conversely, as a considerable asset. Everything depends on development project. It is necessary to know how to take advantage of specific characteristics of this type of territory. In Saint-Barthelemy case, scarcity is coveted; this coveted rarity is accessible only for rich people. The coveted rarity leads to luxury. Isolation is relative: this destination is not accessible to the jumbo jets. The airline market is controlled essentially by two small local companies and the airspace is open to charter flies and private aircrafts. Some other companies provide more or less regular flights from nearby airports of San Juan (Puerto Rico), Sint-Maarten and Guadeloupe. Luxury cannot be decreed, it is not planned. Luxury tourism is the election of a territory by elites who gather there to enjoy away from the rest of the world.
Saint-Barthélemy

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6831
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6831

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Siberian cratonic mantle
International audience
The processes that control water distribution in nominally anhydrous minerals from peridotites are twofold. Melt depletion will remove water while metasomatism can potentially add water to these minerals. These processes can lead to a wide range of outcomes in water contents, which in turn could play a role in mantle rheology and long-term cratonic root stability. To examine these complexities, water concentrations in minerals from well-characterized peridotites from the Udachnaya kimberlite in the central Siberian craton were analyzed by FTIR. The peridotites span a complete top to bottom cross-section of typical cratonic lithospheric mantle (2-7 GPa and 700-1400 °C). Diffusion modeling of water content profiles across olivine grains shows that water loss during decompression is limited to the 100 μm rims of olivines; the cores preserved their mantle water contents. Water contents range from 6 to 323 ppm wt H2O in olivine, 28-301 ppm H2O in orthopyroxene (opx), 100-272 ppm H2O in clinopyroxene (cpx) and 0-23 ppm H2O in garnet. Melting modeling cannot reproduce the high water contents of cratonic mantle peridotites and any potential partial melting trend must have been erased by later events. The water contents of minerals, however, are correlated with modal abundances of clinopyroxene and garnet, bulk rock FeO, TiO2 and SiO2 as well as with light and middle rare earth elements in clinopyroxene and garnet. These relationships are best interpreted as interaction of residual, melt-depleted peridotites with silicate melt, which produced modal and cryptic metasomatism. Importantly, the water enrichment in the Siberian cratonic mantle took place prior to kimberlite magmatism and eruption. Water addition by metasomatism occurred from pressures >4 GPa all the way to the base of the cratonic root below central Siberia, but was limited to shallower levels (<5 GPa) in the Kaapvaal cratonic lithosphere. The difference in olivine water contents at the deepest levels of the Kaapvaal (<5 ppm H2O) and Siberian (6-323 ppm H2O) cratonic roots may be linked to oxygen fugacity and resulting fluid speciation or, alternatively, to reaction with different metasomatic agents. Calculated viscosities for the deepest Udachnaya samples are similar to those inferred for the asthenosphere. If these xenoliths are representative of the deep cratonic lithosphere, water is not as important a parameter as previously thought in the strength of cratonic lithosphere, otherwise the cratonic root beneath Udachnaya would have been delaminated. Alternatively, the metasomatic xenoliths may not be representative of the Siberian cratonic root and kimberlites preferentially sample cratonic mantle lithosphere material located near, and metasomatized by, melt conduits, which served as channels for upward migration of water-rich melts and fluids including kimberlites. In that case, the cratonic root overall still may have relatively low water contents, which in addition to its less metasomatized (more refractory) and thereby buoyant nature, still play a role in making it strong enough to resist delamination by the surrounding asthenosphere.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-01053920
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01053920
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.011

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Questions: Several studies have described aggregated spatial patterns in tropical tree species. This study investigates aggregate dynamics of Vouacapoua americana (Aublet), a climax species whose spatial pattern is not simply related to light and soil conditions or to its short seed dispersal range. Location: Two rain forest sites: Nouragues and Paracou, in the Guiana Shield. Methods: We described the spatial pattern of tree locations and spatial autocorrelation of tree diameters, using statistics derived from Ripley's K. We particularly used methods to define analysis subplots according to local density or local mean diameter. We investigated relationships between spatial distributions of adults and saplings. Results: At both sites, populations of Vouacapoua demonstrated several nested levels of aggregation. Tree diameters were spatially autocorrelated, revealing the existence of clusters with similar diameters. In the largest aggregates, tree diameters declined from the centre to the edge. Regeneration was aggregated and occurred mainly at cluster edges and around rare isolated trees, and sapling densities and basal area of adults were negatively correlated. We show that long-distance dispersal events are rare. Conclusions: Environmental factors and seed dispersal only explain part of the observed spatial patterns. We provide two main hypotheses about Vouacapoua population dynamics. First, the lack of regeneration in aggregate centres results in the ageing of existing aggregates. We suggest that this lack of recruitment close to mature trees is due to a Janzen-Connell effect. However, aggregates can continue to grow along colonization fronts. Second, long-distance dispersal events allow the formation of new clusters and play a crucial role in the colonization process. We investigate aggregate dynamics of Vouacapoua americana (Aublet) whose spatial pattern is not simply related to environmental conditions or to its seed dispersal. Regeneration does not occur in centers of aggregate of adults. We suggest that rare long-distance dispersal events and density-dependence predation of seeds and seedlings play a crucial role in formation of new clusters and structuration of larger aggregates.
ISSN: 1100-9233

hal-01502642
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01502642
DOI : 10.1111/jvs.12080

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is the active form of vitamin A, known to activate retinoid receptors, especially the heterodimer retinoid X receptor (RXR):retinoic acid receptor (RAR) that otherwise may play a role in regulation of some drug transporters. The present study was designed to characterize the nature of human hepatic transporters that may be targeted by atRA and the heterodimer RXR:RAR. Exposure of human hepatoma HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes to 5μM atRA down-regulated mRNA levels of various sinusoidal solute carrier (SLC) influx transporters, including organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1, OATP1B1, organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and organic anion transporter (OAT) 2, and induced those of the canalicular breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The retinoid concomitantly reduced protein expression of OATP2B1 and OATP1B1 and activity of OATPs and OCT1 and induced BCRP protein expression in HepaRG cells. Some transporters such as OATP1B3 and the bile salt export pump (BSEP) were however down-regulated by atRA in primary human hepatocytes, but induced in HepaRG cells, thus pointing out discrepancies between these two liver cell models in terms of detoxifying protein regulation. atRA-mediated repressions of OATP2B1, OATP1B1, OAT2 and OCT1 mRNA expression were finally shown to be counteracted by knocking-down expression of RARα and RXRα through siRNA transfection in HepaRG cells. atRA thus differentially regulated human hepatic drug transporters, mainly in a RXR:RAR-dependent manner, therefore establishing retinoids and retinoid receptors as modulators of liver drug transporter expression.
ISSN: 0928-0987

inserm-00804935
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00804935
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.01.005
PUBMED : 23352986

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Philodendron acutatum (Araceae) is a hemiepiphyte common to the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. In two localities, we studied the species’ breeding system and associations with flower-visiting insects, along with an analysis of its floral scent composition. The fruit set of self-incompatible P. acutatum was high, more than 90%, and inflorescences were exclusively pollinated by one species of scarab beetle, Cyclocephala celata (Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Pollinators are drawn toward the inflorescences at dusk by strong floral fragrancesgiven off during the female phase of anthesis, along with endogenous heating of the spadix, whose temperatures were recorded at more than 11C above ambient air. Two other species of flower-visiting Cyclocephala were also consistently recovered in blacklight trappings during the flowering period of P. acutatum. The fact that only C. celata was found in association with P. acutatum suggests a local reproductivedependence of the plant to this scarab beetle species. Dihydro-b-ionone and 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-hexanone, a rare volatile molecule so far unreported as a floral compound, together accounted for more than 97% of the unique scent composition of P. acutatum and might be involved in specific attraction of C. celata.
International Journal of Plant Sciences

hal-01094225
https://hal-agroparistech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01094225
DOI : 10.1086/654846

Éditeur(s) : INRA : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation Caribbean Food Crops Society (CFCS)
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : Farmers are very inventive, but their innovations often remain confined to their farm, or to small local networks. And the interest they might have for farmers other than their inventors is seldom analyzed. Tracking on-farm innovations aims at finding technical or organizational innovations designed by farmers, to characterize their agronomic, economic and environmental performance and analyze the conditions in which this performance is expressed. The talk presents the various stages of this tracking approach, applied to innovative cropping systems, basing on a variety of recent works, in France, Argentine, Burkina Faso and China: (1) Defining what we are looking for; (2) Identifying innovative systems; (3) Describing and characterizing innovative systems; (4) Assessing innovative systems; (5) Specifying the conditions for the success of innovative systems. The results of the tracking are aimed not only at the farmers, but at their advisors and researchers too: (i) Innovative and effective cropping systems, which can be a source of inspiration for farmers; (ii) Confirmation of the interest of a principle for reasoning cropping systems; (iii) Innovative practices, analyzed within a systemic framework, which can serve as bricks for the design of new systems; (iv) Questions to be looked into more thoroughly by experimentation. Compared to traditional approaches in agronomy, tracking innovative cropping systems provides a double break: break with a top-down approach, where agricultural R & D is regarded as the only source of innovation: by mobilizing the innovative capacities of farmers, tracking increases our collective capacity to invent new practices or new cropping systems, by using not only technical and scientific knowledge, but also the empirical knowledge, that is so rich in agriculture. And break with the primacy given to experimentation, as a source for the production of knowledge and the assessment of innovations. Les agriculteurs sont très inventifs, mais leurs innovations demeurent souvent confinées à leur ferme, ou à de petits réseaux locaux. Et l'intérêt qu'elles pourraient avoir pour des agriculteurs autres que leurs inventeurs est rarement analysé. Le cheminement des innovations à la ferme vise à trouver les innovations techniques ou organisationnelles conçues par des agriculteurs, pour caractériser leur agronomique, économique et la performance environnementale et pour analyser les conditions en lesquelles ces résultats sont exprimés. L'entretien présente les diverses étapes de cette approche de cheminement, appliquées aux systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs, basant sur un grand choix de travaux récents, les Frances, l'Argentin, au Burkina Faso et en Chine : (1) définissant ce que nous recherchons ; (2) identification des systèmes innovateurs ; (3) description et caractérisation des systèmes innovateurs ; (4) l'évaluation des systèmes innovateurs ; (5) spécification des conditions pour le succès des systèmes innovateurs. Les résultats du cheminement sont visés non seulement les agriculteurs, mais leurs conseillers et chercheurs trop : (i) systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs et efficaces, qui peuvent être une source d'inspiration pour des agriculteurs ; (ii) confirmation d'intérêt d'un principe pour les systèmes d'emblavage de motif ; (iii) pratiques innovatrices, analysées dans un cadre systémique, qui peut servir de briques à la conception de nouveaux systèmes ; (iv) questions à regarder dans plus complètement par expérimentation. Comparé aux approches traditionnelles en agronomie, le cheminement des systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs fournit une double coupure : cassez avec une approche hiérarchisée, où la R&D agricole est considérée comme la seule source d'innovation : en mobilisant les capacités innovatrices d'agriculteurs, le cheminement augmente notre capacité collective d'inventer de nouvelles pratiques ou nouveaux systèmes d'emblavage, à l'aide non seulement de technique et de la connaissance scientifique, mais également la connaissance empirique, qui est si riche en agriculture. Et coupure avec la primauté donnée à l'expérimentation, comme source pour la production de la connaissance et de l'évaluation des innovations.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16242
V16242

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier Masson
Résumé : International audience
Alveolar proteinosis (AP) is a rare disease characterized by alveolar accumulation of surfactant components, which impairs gas exchange. AP is classified into three groups: auto-immune AP defined by the presence of plasma autoantibodies anti-GM-CSF, the most frequent form (90 % of all AP); secondary AP, mainly occurring as a consequence of haematological diseases, or following on from toxic inhalation or infections, and genetic AP, which affects almost exclusively children. AP diagnosis is suspected where chest CT-scan demonstrates interstitial lung disease with a crazy paving aspect; and confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage, which has a milky appearance and contains periodic acid Schiff positive proteinaceous alveolar deposits. The use of surgical lung biopsy to confirm AP is less frequent nowadays. In this context, positive antibodies against GM-CSF indicates an auto-immune etiology of the AP. Concerning management, whole lung lavage is the gold standard therapy. In refractory AP, new treatments are available such as subcutaneous or inhaled GM-CSF supplementation, or rituximab infusions. The clinical course is unpredictable. Spontaneous improvement or even cure can occur, and the 5-year actuarial survival is 95 %. The most frequent complications are infectious etiology.
La protéinose alvéolaire pulmonaire (PAP) est une maladie rare caractérisée par l’accumulation alvéolaire de composants du surfactant qui gêne les échanges gazeux. Les PAP sont séparées en trois groupes : les PAP auto-immunes caractérisées par la présence d’anticorps sériques anti-GM-CSF qui sont les plus fréquentes ; les PAP secondaires à une maladie sous-jacente, le plus souvent hématologique, mais aussi à l’inhalation de toxiques et à des infections ; enfin, les PAP d’origine génétique. Le diagnostic de PAP est évoqué sur le scanner thoracique avec une pneumopathie infiltrante diffuse ayant un aspect classique de crazy paving, puis confirmé par l’aspect laiteux du lavage bronchoalvéolaire, et la présence de matériel lipoprotéinacé PAS positif. La confirmation du diagnostic de PAP par biopsie pulmonaire chirurgicale est désormais rarement nécessaire. La positivité des anticorps sériques anti-GM-CSF signe le caractère auto-immun de la maladie. Le traitement de référence des PAP auto-immunes est le « grand lavage pulmonaire thérapeutique ». En cas de maladie réfractaire, d’autres traitements sont disponibles, tels que le GM-CSF en injection sous-cutanée ou en aérosol et le rituximab. L’évolution de la maladie est imprévisible. Une évolution spontanément favorable ou même une guérison spontanée peuvent survenir et la survie actuarielle à 5 ans est de 95 %. Les principales complications sont infectieuses.
ISSN: 0761-8425

hal-01085907
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01085907
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01085907/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01085907/file/Prot%C3%A9inose%20alv%C3%A9olaire%20pulmonaire_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2014.08.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : The intensive farming practices that have been developed over the past 60 years are based mainly on the use of chemical inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides, mechanical tillage and monoculture. The limitations of these methods are now clear: long-term degradation of soil fertility, impacts on the environment and human health, high consumption of fossil fuels, low efficiency of inputs and threats to food security in a context of climate change. Would farming practices that rely on the activation of ecological processes be an alternative to achieve a balance between high productivity and environmental preservation? While many studies suggest a positive relationship between soil biodiversity and ecosystem services, there is considerable debate on the form such agricultural systems should take. This study reviewed the state of current knowledge and identified aspects requiring further research to achieve the aim of sustainable intensification of agriculture. The following major points emerged: 1) Most studies focused on the evaluation of individual practices. However, changes in farmers’ cropping practices to take advantage of soil biodiversity services would need to manage not only the interactions between various practices but also the trade-off between the technical and socio economic constraints of cropping systems. Advances in agricultural system design approaches may help to ensure appropriate trade-offs. 2) More attention should be given to drawing on knowledge from different sources: laboratory studies focusing on the ecological functions of soil biodiversity, experimental surveys on farmers’ fields to rank the farming practices and processes to be included in site-specific models, and on- station experiments to test hypotheses and acquire additional reference material. 3) Whereas advances in technical and scientific knowledge provide an increasing number of relevant indicators for characterizing biodiversity and ecological functions, studies are rarely targeted at the development of indicators that are accessible to farmers or their technical advisors. The lack of indicators accessible to grassroots players for evaluating the impacts of their decisions on soil biodiversity remains a serious obstacle to the development of innovative agro-ecological systems.
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 14

ISBN : 978-3-319-06015-6
hal-01268743
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268743
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-06016-3_5
PRODINRA : 270786

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :  
A closed depression is defined as a geomorphologic element where a sediment depository is encircled by hillslopes. Despite the fact that closed depressions are often the only stagnant water points in many European landscapes, few ecological researches on their plant assemblages have been done. The main goal of this study was to give first results of the environmental factors responsible for the vegetation composition, richness and rarity in the closed depressions of the Lorraine biogeographical district (Belgium, France and grand-duche de Luxembourg). We surveyed for plant presence 85 forest and 77 grassland closed depressions. For each site, wetland area, local environmental factors and regional connectivities registered. For each species, the Ellenberg values were compiled. To investigate the main source of variation in species composition and in species richness (including richness in rare species), Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analyses and Generalized Linear Models were respectively used. Species pools in forest (forest and preforest species) and in grassland (bog plants, pioneers, helophytes) were quite different. In both landscapes, a gradient from plants typical of basic high-productive soils to plants typical of acid low-productive soils reflects a shared successional gradient. The accumulation of organic matter allowed the establishment of Sphagnum spp., which slowly acidified the soil and thus acted as ecosystem engineers for the arrival of bog plants. Moreover, the species composition was additionally driven by the plant light tolerance in forests and by the plant water requirements in grasslands. Mechanisms of species accumulation (increase in species richness) were different in forests and in grasslands: respectively related to the plant light tolerance and to the wetland area. At the regional level, the averaged soil productivity was negatively related to the richness in rare species. Indeed, perennial highly-competitive plants such as Glyceria spp., Iris pseudacorus or Urtica dioica impeded the establishment of smaller and rarer species. At the habitat level, isolated closed depressions (due to either low connectivity or low grazing pressure) have more habitat rare species, giving evidences of dispersal limitation in plant assemblages of closed depressions.
7th INTECOL International Wetland Conference
Utrecht, Netherlands

hal-01032381
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032381