Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : The EUNIS (European Union Nature Information System) habitat classification system aims to provide a common European reference set of habitat types within a hierarchical classification, and to cover all terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats of Europe. The classification facilitates reporting of habitat data in a comparable manner, for use in nature conservation (e.g. inventories, monitoring and assessments), habitat mapping and environmental management. For the marine environment the importance of a univocal habitat classification system is confirmed by the fact that many European initiatives, aimed at marine mapping, assessment and reporting, are increasingly using EUNIS habitat categories and respective codes. For this reason substantial efforts have been made to include information on marine benthic habitats from different regions, aiming to provide a comprehensive geographical coverage of European seas. However, there still remain many concerns on its applicability as only a small fraction of Europe's seas are fully mapped and increasing knowledge and application raise further issues to be resolved. This paper presents an overview of the main discussion and conclusions of a workshop, organised by the MeshAtlantic project, focusing upon the experience in using the EUNIS habitats classification across different countries and seas, together with case studies. The aims of the meeting were to: (i) bring together scientists with exper_ience_in the use of the EUNIS marine classification and representatives from the European Environment Agency (EEA); (ii) agree on enhancements to EUNIS that ensure an improved representation of the European marine habitats; and (iii) establish practices that make marine habitat maps produced by scientists more consistent with the needs of managers and decision-makers. During the workshop challenges for the future development of EUNIS were identified, which have been classified into five categories: (1) structure and hierarchy; (2) biology; (3) terminology; (4) mapping; and (5) future development. The workshop ended with a declaration from the attendees, with recommendations to the EEA and European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity, to take into account the outputs of the workshop, which identify weaknesses in the current classification and include proposals for its modification, and to devise a process to further develop the marine component of the EUNIS habitat classification. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Marine Pollution Bulletin (0025-326X) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2012-12 , Vol. 64 , N. 12 , P. 2630-2638

Droits : 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00125/23663/22686.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.010
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00125/23663/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Si la production d'énergie renouvelable solaire, éolienne et géothermique est bien développée en Guadeloupe, il n'en est pas de même de l'éducation au développement durable dont la mise en place est très récente. Issu de travaux portant sur les mécanismes de contextualisation des savoirs scientifiques, l'enquête exposée ici vise à caractériser les conceptions d'élèves de CM2 sur la géothermie en fonction du contexte géologique dans lequel ils vivent. L'impact de l'opinion de l'enseignant sur celles de ses élèves est également mis en question par le fait que les élèves ayant un enseignant impliqué de manière critique ou positive ont une opinion plus positive de l'usine géothermique voisine. La détermination de l'opinion des élèves sur cet exemple semble donc soit être plus influencée par le contexte familial que par le scolaire, soit ne se construire plus nettement, par accord ou par opposition, face à l'implication de l'enseignant. Abstract If the production of solar, wind and geothermal energy is important in Guadeloupe, it is not the same for sustainable development education. Deriving from work on the mechanisms of contextualization of scientific knowledge, the investigation presented here aims to characterize the concepts of 10 years pupils about geothermal energy as a function of geological setting in which they live. The impact of the views of the teachers on those students is also questioned. Pupils with one teacher involved in citizen group critical or positive about geothermal plant, have a more positive view of the nearby geothermal plant. The determination of students' opinions on this example seems to be more influenced by family background than by the school or not to build more significantly, by agreement or opposition, given the involvement of the teacher.
19th Caribbean Geological conference
Gosier, Guadeloupe

hal-01539490
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01539490
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01539490/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01539490/file/FORMACOR.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The evolution of mountain belt piedmont is controlled by interactions between tectonics, erosion and sedimentation. To study coupling between these processes, we analyze morphometric data collected in the eastern Tian Shan piedmont (NW China) and develop a new analogue modelling technique. The modeling approach uses an experimental set-up and analog material specifically designed to study simultaneously tectonic structures (faults, folds), detailed morphology (drainage basins, channels, alluvial fans, etc.) and stratified sedimentation. Measurement techniques based on laser interferometry and image correlation are also developed to quantify the topographic and kinematic evolution of models.
Our experiments allow a new approach for the study of piedmont morphotectonic evolution. Our results indicate that tectonics mainly controls this evolution. The propagation of deformation and the formation of relief both significantly influence the development of drainage networks, the evolution of drainage basins and the formation of morphotectonic markers. Particularly, a study of alluvial fans and watershed metrics suggests that there is a dynamical equilibrium between uplift, erosion and morphology. In addition, our results show that terrace nucleation is controlled by thrust activity and hydrography adjustments. Folding of terraces responds to a homothetic deformation pattern.
This new methodology brings promising perspectives in the fields of geomorphology, seismotectonics and sedimentology.
L'évolution d'un piémont de chaîne de montagnes est contrôlée par les interactions entre la tectonique, l'érosion et la sédimentation. Pour étudier ces processus, nous avons analysé des données morphométriques issues des piémonts orientaux du Tian Shan (NW Chine) et développé un nouveau type de modélisation analogique. Cette approche utilise un dispositif et un matériau expérimental spécialement conçus pour modéliser simultanément des structures tectoniques (failles, plis), une morphologie détaillée (bassins versants, rivières, cônes alluviaux, etc.) et une sédimentation stratifiée. Des techniques de mesure optique ont été également mises en oeuvre afin de quantifier l'évolution topographique et cinématique des modèles.
Les expériences réalisées offrent une opportunité inédite d'étudier l'évolution morphotectonique d'un piémont. Nos résultats montrent que la tectonique exerce un contrôle de premier ordre sur cette évolution. La propagation de la déformation et la formation des reliefs influencent en effet significativement le développement du réseau de drainage, l'évolution des bassins versants et la formation des marqueurs morphotectoniques. En particulier, l'analyse de la morphométrie des cônes alluviaux et de leurs bassins versants suggère qu'un équilibre dynamique s'installe entre la surrection, l'érosion et la morphologie. Nos résultats montrent également que l'apparition des terrasses est guidée par l'activité des chevauchements et les adaptations de l'hydrographie. Leur modèle de plissement répond à une déformation homothétique.
Cette nouvelle approche ouvre des perspectives d'étude prometteuses en géomorphologie, sismotectonique et stratigraphie.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339145

tel-00339145
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339145
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339145v2/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339145/file/These_Graveleau08.pdf

Éditeur(s) : XXXIII International Symposium on New Species for Mediterranean Aquaculture, Alghero, 22-24 Avril 1998
Résumé : Mediterranean aquaculture development is now at a crossroads. The production of seabass and seabream has been increasing at a smart and constant pace for the last ten years. Nevertheless, it is still far behind the Northern European salmonid industry in terms of level of production, reduction of production costs and market internationalisation. Meanwhile, an in depth transformation of market conditions is ongoing in Europe which remains the main target market for Mediterranean aquaculture products. The most important issues are the soaring role of supermarkets in the distribution chain, the development of new processing techniques like pre-packed fresh fish, the growing importance of catering and the evolution of the consumer behaviour. Seafood consumer behaviour results from contradictory attitudes such as scrutiny of products' origin and farming process, research of the best value for money, desire of social image and need for easy to store and ready to cook fish. As in any other seafood industry, product differentiation has become a pre-requisite to fit consumer's demand and reach new consumers thanks to market segmentation. From a theoretical point of view, two kinds of differentiation have to be taken into account: horizontal differentiation basedon the diversity of presentations of the same quality and vertical differentiation based on a hierarchy of quality. Examining precedents in the poultry industry and salmonid industry make it possible to assess the potential role new species may play in product differentiation. In the case of Mediterranean aquaculture, an analysis of the market structure for fresh fish in France, Italy and Greece reveals two different ways of product differentiation: new well known species with a good image for connoisseur markets and standard quality fish provided by species with high growth potential for the mass market. In any case, particular attention has to be given to reputation, long term production costs and capacity to provide a large range of products. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1998/acte-4008.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4008/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The forests of French Guiana occupy a central part of the region’s potential resource base, but as yet remain almost completely unexploited. This stems from the forestry industry struggling to valorize wood stocks of a high diversity with an extremely heterogeneous distribution. Indeed, identifying essences for future propagation is an issue of both environmental and socio-economic importance for the region. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. and Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. go against conventional models, in that they display the life history characteristics of rapid growth and wood of high quality, and thus are species of high potential for future plantations. Firstly, our study of growth characteristics reveals a defined strategy half way between long-lived species and pioneer species. It is the variability of basic density of wood which is a key trait allowing for such a development, favoring rapid growth in initial years whilst allowing for tree longevity. Secondly, the analysis of a range of wood properties (shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, durability) in relation to tree growth confirms the technologic quality of the two species. It also enables the emergence of new results like the effect of extractives on wood stability, the control of growth as a result of basic density variation, the evolution of leaf traits throughout tree development or the improvement of trunk maintenance thanks to interlocked grain. The knowledge gained in relation to the developmental traits of these two species, and to the quality of their wood allows for the elaboration of plantation projects and what will be required for their success. The results of this study can orientate future studies on novel species for commercialization in French Guiana.
La ressource forestière en Guyane occupe une place maîtresse au sein de la région et est encore majoritairement préservée, mais la filière bois parvient difficilement à valoriser la biodiversité locale en raison de l’hétérogénéité de la ressource. Identifier les essences à planter demain représente aujourd’hui un enjeu à la fois environnemental, économique et social pour la Guyane. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. et Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. vont à l’encontre des modèles usuels en associant vitesse de croissance et qualité du bois et sont identifiées comme prometteuses pour la plantation. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la dynamique de croissance des deux espèces révèle un modèle écologique singulier, à la fois pionnières et longévives. La variabilité de l’infradensité dans l’arbre est l’élément clé qui permet un tel développement, favorisant une croissance rapide dans les premières années tout en assurant la longévité de l’individu. Dans une seconde partie, l’analyse d’un large panel de propriétés du bois (retrait, module, durabilité) en lien avec le développement de l’arbre confirme les qualités technologiques des deux espèces et permet l’émergence de résultats novateurs tels que le rôle des extractibles sur le retrait, le contrôle de la croissance grâce aux variations d’infradensité, l’évolution des traits foliaires au cours de l’ontogénie ou encore la mise en place de contrefil dans l’arbre pour assurer son maintien. La connaissance acquise vis-à-vis du mode de développement de ces deux espèces et des facteurs influençant la qualité de leur bois permet aujourd’hui de définir avec plus de précision le cadre d’un projet de plantation et les conditions de son succès. Les résultats de cette étude permettent finalement d’orienter la recherche de nouvelles espèces d’avenir pour la plantation en Guyane.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 2015YANE0002
tel-01430243
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01430243/file/julie-bossu.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The purpose of this thesis is to improve the knowledge about and apply data mining techniques and some Bayesian model in the field of social and environmental health inequalities. On the neighborhood scale on the Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Lille metropolitan areas, the health event studied is infant mortality. We try to explain its risk with socio-economic data retrieved from the national census and environmental exposures such as air pollution, noise, proximity to traffic, green spaces and industries. The thesis is composed of two parts. The data mining part details the development of a procedure of creation of multidimensional socio-economic indices and of an R package that implements it, followed by the creation of a cumulative exposure index. In this part, data mining techniques are used to synthesize information and provide composite indicators amenable for direct usage by stakeholders or in the framework of epidemiological studies. The second part is about Bayesian models. It explains the "BYM" model. This model allows to take into account the spatial dimension of the data when estimating mortality risks. In both cases, the methods are exposed and several results of their usage in the above-mentioned context are presented. We also show the value of the socio-economic index procedure, as well as the existence of social inequalities of infant mortality in the studied metropolitan areas.
Cette thèse a pour but d'améliorer les connaissances concernant les techniques d'analyse de données et certains modèles bayésiens dans le domaine de l'étude des inégalités sociales et environnementales de santé. À l'échelle géographique de l'IRIS sur les agglomérations de Paris, Marseille, Lyon et Lille, l'événement sanitaire étudié est la mortalité infantile dont on cherchera à expliquer le risque avec des données socio-économiques issues du recensement et des expositions environnementales comme la pollution de l'air, les niveaux de bruit et la proximité aux industries polluantes, au trafic automobile ou aux espaces verts. Deux volets principaux composent cette thèse. Le volet analyse de données détaille la mise au point d'une procédure de création d'indices socio-économiques multidimensionnels et la conception d'un package R l'implémentant, puis la création d'un indice de multi-expositions environnementales. Pour cela, on utilise des techniques d'analyse de données pour synthétiser l'information et fournir des indicateurs composites utilisables directement par les décideurs publics ou dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques. Le second volet concerne les modèles bayésiens et explique le modèle " BYM ". Celui-ci permet de prendre en compte les aspects spatiaux des données et est mis en œuvre pour estimer le risque de mortalité infantile. Dans les deux cas, les méthodes sont présentées et différents résultats de leur utilisation dans le contexte ci-dessus exposés. On montre notamment l'intérêt de la procédure de création d'indices socio-économiques et de multi-expositions, ainsi que l'existence d'inégalités sociales de mortalité infantile dans les agglomérations étudiées.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943004

tel-00943004
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943004
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943004/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943004/file/Manuscrit_LallouA_final.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
Nucleation mechanisms occurring during dynamic recrystallization play a crucial role in the evolution of microstructures and textures during high temperature deformation. In polycrystalline ice, the strong viscoplastic anisotropy induces high strain heterogeneities between grains which control the recrystallization mechanisms. Here, we study the nucleation mechanisms occurring during creep tests performed on polycrystalline columnar ice at high temperature and stress (T=−5°C;σ=0.5 MPa) by post-mortem analyses of deformation microstructures using cryogenic electron backscatter diffraction. The columnar geometry of the samples enables discrimination of the nuclei from the initial grains. Various nucleation mechanisms are deduced from the analysis of the nuclei relations with the dislocation sub-structures within grains and at grain boundaries. Tilt sub-grain boundaries and kink bands are the main structures responsible for development of polygonization and mosaic sub-structures. Nucleation by bulging at serrated grain boundaries is also an efficient nucleation mechanism near the grain boundaries where strain incompatibilities are high. Observation of nuclei with orientations not related to the ‘parent’ ones suggests the possibility of ‘spontaneous’ nucleation driven by the relaxation of the dislocation-related internal stress field. The complexity of the nucleation mechanisms observed here emphasizes the impact of stress and strain heterogeneities on dynamic recrystallization mechanisms.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Microdynamics of ice’.
ISSN: 1364-503X

hal-01467152
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467152
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2015.0345

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The ovary is not solely the unique source of oocytes necessary for fertilization but also a crucial conductor of endocrine regulations of the reproductive system. In the fetal ovary, oocytes grouped in clusters are surrounded by somatic pre-granulosa cells, altogether delineated by a basement membrane and constituting ovarian cords. The formation of the definitive ovarian functional units requires their fragmentation into follicles formed by a single oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells and delineated by a basement membrane. This partitioning occurs within a tiny period and is dependent on the correct timing of the meiotic process, on an apoptotic wave that specifically targets oocytes and the remodelling of the basement membrane. Follicle formation is a crucial event of ovarian development because the follicle stock formed at the end of this process is non-renewable. Therefore, any disturbance of this process can lead to reproductive abnormalities in adulthood. Recent data on endocrine disruptors displaying estrogenic activity have involved the fragile estrogenic homeostasis in the process. We aimed at better understanding how the endogen estrogen 17b-estradiol (E2) contributes to follicle formation. To assess it, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with E2 at different doses during follicle formation, /i.e./ in the 3 days following birth. We show that although this treatment impairs the development of the hepatic and ovarian detoxification systems, the female neonate is able to increase its estrogen clearance capabilities. Nevertheless, E2 treatment within this critical period triggers a dose-dependent decrease of oocyte number per ovary. Regardless of the E2 dose, puberty is advanced. All treated females are at least transiently fertile, yet these reproductive capabilities rapidly decline. A high (10 µg/day) dose of E2 leads to a secondary infertility characterized by anovulation that probably result from a dysfunction of the whole reproductive tract. By contrast, a lower (0.1 µg/day) dose of E2, that does not significantly modify neonatal oocyte survival, leads to a progressive reproductive senescence likely due to ovarian failure. Long-term troubles may originate from precocious E2 impact on the ovary since it disturbs ovarian transcriptome and produces many lesions on ovarian cell DNA.
L'ovaire est au cœur de la physiologie de la reproduction féminine. Il est à la fois à l'origine des ovocytes nécessaires à la fécondation et acteur des régulations endocrines du système reproducteur. Les ovocytes de l'ovaire fœtal sont groupés en amas bordés de cellules somatiques et d'une membrane basale, formant les cordons ovariens. Ces cordons ovariens se fragmentent pour former les follicules ovariens: un ovocyte bordé de cellules somatiques et d'une membrane basale. Cette fragmentation se déroule sur une courte période (/in utero/ chez la femme et juste après la naissance chez les rongeurs) et fait intervenir une vague de mort cellulaire programmée touchant les ovocytes pendant leur méiose et un remodelage de la membrane basale. La formation des follicules est une période cruciale du développement ovarien puisque le stock de follicules formés à l'issue de ce processus est non renouvelable. Son altération peut donc être à l'origine de troubles de la fonction de reproduction chez le futur adulte. Il existe une fragile homéostasie œstrogénique en place au moment de la formation folliculaire: chez la femme, l'ovaire se développe /in utero/, sous l'influence des œstrogènes circulants maternels et la production ovarienne fœtale. Chez les rongeurs, les follicules se forment lors de la levée de l'imprégnation hormonale maternelle au moment de la naissance. Nous avons souhaité comprendre comment le 17b-œstradiol (E2), œstrogène endogène, pouvait contribuer à la mise en place des follicules. Pour cela, des rattes Sprague-Dawley ont été traitées pendant la période de formation des follicules avec de l'E2 à différentes doses entre 0.01 et 10 µg/jour. Nos travaux démontrent que le traitement de rattes par des œstrogènes entre leur naissance et 3 jours induit une réduction dose-dépendante de leur nombre d'ovocytes. Bien que le traitement entrave le développement normal du système de détoxication hépatique et ovarien, l'animal est capable d'accroître ses capacités d'élimination des œstrogènes. Ces capacités sont toutefois insuffisantes pour bloquer les effets du traitement. Quelle que soit la dose d'E2 utilisée (0.1 ou 10 µg/jour), la puberté est plus précoce chez les femelles exposées mais toutes sont fertiles, au moins transitoirement. Cependant le traitement induit une dégradation rapide des capacités reproductives. L'E2 modifie la dynamique folliculaire chez l'adulte, longtemps après l'arrêt du traitement. Si une forte dose d'E2 réduit la survie des ovocytes lors de la formation des follicules et conduit à une infertilité secondaire due à un dysfonctionnement général du tractus reproducteur, une dose faible n'affecte pas la survie des ovocytes à court terme mais conduit à une sénescence reproductive précoce vraisemblablement d'origine ovarienne. L'origine de ces troubles pourrait résider dans les effets précoces de l'exposition à E2 : cette molécule altère le transcriptome ovarien et induit de nombreuses lésions de l'ADN des cellules ovariennes.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953657

NNT : 2013REN1S107
tel-00953657
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953657
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953657/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953657/file/CHALMEY_Clementine.pdf

Éditeur(s) : The Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology
Résumé : Prior to this study, two species of ophiuroid had been described from hydrothermal vent sites, and another from methane cold seeps, all from the Atlantic Ocean. Although ophiuroids have occasionally been reported from vents in the Pacific Ocean as well, none has been described before. This study presents two new species, Spinophiura jolliveti gen. et sp. nov., family Ophiuridae, and Ophiolamina eprae gen. et sp. nov., family Ophiacanthidae, which are most likely endemic to reducing environments in the East Pacific. We also include detailed descriptions of the post-metamorphic development of these species. Spinophiura jolliveti is characterized by up to five rather long, semi-erect arm spines and a relatively small oral shield. Its postlarva is unusual in lacking a buccal scale and in that the tooth forms later in development than in all other species the postlarvae of which have been examined. The most characteristic features of O. eprae are the attitude of the three proximal laminar mouth papillae, standing almost vertically on the oral plate, and the presence of two oval, scale-like, distal papillae. Additional migrant (non-vent-endemic) species found at Pacific vent sites are tabularized, but not identified below genus level due to the poor taxonomic state of the Pacific ophiuroid fauna. Biogeographic and ecological issues are discussed.
Species Diversity (1342-1670) (The Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology), 2006-02 , Vol. 11 , N. 1 , P. 7-32

Droits : 2006 The Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-6475.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6475/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Las Islas Canarias, situadas en la región macaronésica, acogen ecosistemas terrestres y marinos de valiosa riqueza ecológica y paisajística, representativos de las áreas culturales y biogeográficas de su entorno; hasta el punto de albergar tres Reservas de la Biosfera reconocidas por la UNESCO. La diversidad y riqueza de este marco insular ya fue elogiada por grandes científicos como Alexander von Humboldt o Charles Darwin. Sin embargo, actualmente la presión ejercida sobre el medio por parte del desarrollo urbanístico y la industria turística, motor económico del archipiélago, pone en peligro estos frágiles ecosistemas; lo que ha generado un profundo debate entre crecimiento económico y turístico, y desarrollo sostenible y conservación. El presente artículo trata, desde una óptica divulgativa, de acercar al lector al medio que caracteriza las Islas Canarias e introducirlo en el marco donde se desarrolla parte importante de la actividad turística en España, uno de los países que más turistas recibe año a año.
Les îles Canaries, situées dans la région de la ‘Macaronésica’ (l’Est de l’Océan Atlantique), abritent des écosystèmes marins et terrestres très précieux, tant du point de vue écologique que paysager. Ils sont représentatifs de les zones biogéographiques de sa région et comptent trois Réserves da Biosphère reconnues par l’UNESCO. De grands scientifiques comme Alexander Von Humboldt et Charles Darwin ont fait l’éloge de la richesse de la biodiversité de cet archipel. Cependant, actuellement, la pression anthropique, notamment en liaison avec le développement touristique et tous les enjeux économiques qui l’accompagnent, mettent en danger les écosystèmes des Canaries ; ce constat a ouvert un large débat sur les enjeux autour des développements économique et touristiques et leurs dérives. Notre article propose de mettre l’accent sur les caractéristiques des îles Canaries et de replacer les processus de développements touristiques dans leur contexte pour ouvrir la réflexion sur les conditions nécessaires pour d’un développement durable.
The Canary Islands, located in the region of 'Macaronésica' (Este of Atlantic Ocean), are home to marine and terrestrial ecosystems very valuable, both ecological and landscape. They are representative of the bio-geographic zones of the region and there are three Biosphere Reserves da recognized by UNESCO. Great scientists such as Alexander Von Humboldt and Charles Darwin have praised the richness of the biodiversity of this archipelago. However, at present, anthropogenic pressure, including in relation to tourism development and all economic issues that accompany it, endanger ecosystems Canary Islands. This has opened a broad debate on the issues surrounding economic development and tourism and their excesses. Our article proposes to focus on the characteristics of the Canary Islands and put the process of tourist developments in their context to open reflection on the necessary conditions for sustainable development.
Canaries

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.1302
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/1302

Résumé : By looking at the common thread between 4 programs* in which the IFREMER Palavas (34, Languedoc-Roussillon region in France) station took part, this report show the evolution over 20 years in the perception of the pathology of farmed fish, and of the sea bass in particular (Dicentrarchus labrax). During the 1990’s farming techniques became sufficiently reliable to enable to distinguish between problems of a zootechnical nature and those with a pathological origin. In anticipation of future illnesses, the necessary tools and monitoring were implemented in order to study the immune system of the sea bass. These methods arose from the recent creation of anti-immunoglobin monoclonal probes in the sea bass. These techniques, together with others, served to search for a solution to the nodavirus epidemic which struck in1996. In the absence of a cure for this virus, the research focused on knowledge of the virus, its epidemiology and vaccine development. Despite interesting scientific results, the solution withheld to curb the Nodavirus epidemic was zootechnical. This pragmatic outcome catalysed reflections on the role of pathology, leading to notions of health, animal well-being and image. Management choices in the health of farmed fish stocks became a parameter, amongst others, included in a global commercial and farming policy. * Définition des critères d’évaluation de l’immunocompétente chez le loup et le turbot. UMR1 Université Montpellier II IFREMER ; Nodavirus disease of cultured marine fish in Europe. FAIR PL98 4036 EU; Recherche de moyens de dépistage et prévention de la nodavirose du bar. ANVAR 9804041J ; Welfare and Health in Sustainable Aquaculture WEALTH. E.U N°501984.
En prenant comme fil conducteur les travaux de 4 programmes* auxquels a participé la station IFREMER de Palavas (34), ce rapport montre l’évolution sur 20 ans de la perception de la pathologie des poissons d’élevages et du loup en particulier (Dicentrarchus labrax). Dans les années 1990 les techniques d’élevages devinrent suffisamment fiables pour permettre de distinguer les problèmes d’origines zootechniques de ceux d’origines pathologiques. En prévision des futures maladies potentielles, les outils d’étude et de suivi du système immunitaire spécifique du loup furent mis en place. Ils découlaient de la création récente de sondes monoclonales anti-immunoglobulines de loup. Ces techniques, couplées à d’autres, servirent à chercher une solution à l’épidémie de nodavirose des années 1996. En l’absence de traitement pour un virus l’accent fut mis sur la connaissance du virus, de son épidémiologie et de la vaccination. Bien que les résultats scientifiques furent très satisfaisants la solution trouvée pour juguler l’épidémie de Nodavirose fut zootechnique. Cette issue pragmatique catalysa une réflexion sur le rôle de la pathologie qui maturait depuis plusieurs années et qui déboucha sur la notion de santé, de bien être des animaux et d’image. Les choix de gestion de la santé des cheptels devinrent un paramètre, parmi d’autres, s’incluant dans d’une politique globale d’élevage et commerciale * Définition des critères d’évaluation de l’immunocompétente chez le loup et le turbot. UMR1 Université Montpellier II IFREMER ; Nodavirus disease of cultured marine fish in Europe. FAIR PL98 4036 EU; Recherche de moyens de dépistage et prévention de la nodavirose du bar. ANVAR 9804041J ; Welfare and Health in Sustainable Aquaculture WEALTH. E.U N°501984.

Droits : 2013 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26103.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26105.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/26106.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00167/27866/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The increasing development of world trade has promoted the spread of diseases. Recent events, like the H1N1 outbreak and spread, have confirmed this tendency. Everyone could observe that this kind of infectious disease often has the ability to cross countries borders and spread rapidly. Preventing, monitoring and controlling the outbreak of these diseases have appeared to be a public health problem of primary importance for years. However, although numerous works have been conducted in order to understand and study epidemics, this subject remains a topical issue because of the complexity of the phenomena. In this paper, we present new opportunities offered by the field of social networks for understanding the spread of infectious diseases. This work focuses both on techniques already used in epidemiology, and very recent works in social network analysis that open new perspectives. We give an overview of methods currently used to model and study the spread of diseases and future directions that the social network approach allows to glimpse.
2011 Fifth International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (RCIS)
Gosier, Guadeloupe

hal-00624364
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00624364
DOI : 10.1109/RCIS.2011.6006866

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The main political concern in the southern areas of Madagascar is poverty alleviation. To alleviate poverty in the area, the government has chosen to enforce adjustment policies of the World Bank Group. According to the World Bank Group's argument, while artisanal mining is supposed to create significant economic, social and environmental problems, large-scale mining investment results in economic and social prosperity. This paper focuses principally on a re-analysis of the debates regarding the relationship between artisanal and large-scale mining and poverty alleviation in developing countries. Further, the paper offers an alternative viewpoint on these issues based on the example of Madagascar. In the last decade, Madagascar has experienced a significant increase in mining activity. Towards the end of the 90s, informal and artisanal mining emerged as one of the most important economic activities of the area with the development of the Ilakaka frontier. At the same time, foreign investments began to benefit from adjustment policies implemented by the government, and large-scale mining operations also commenced. As the local socio-economic system was deeply affected by these developments, it is wise to monitor the effects of each type of mining operation on poverty alleviation. On the one hand, it appears that governance insufficiency has hampered possibilities for broader economic prosperity through large-scale mining investments. On the other hand, while artisanal mining is frequently condemned by scholars, the negative comments seem to be overly pessimistic, as this activity can be demonstrated to provide considerable economic opportunities for both the native and migrant populations.
ISSN: 0264-8377

hal-01303896
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01303896
DOI : 10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.08.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis (Routledge)
Résumé : International audience
This article presents the institutional implications and ideologies in the organisation of a Sports Movement for the disabled, whether a physical or sensory handicap, and focusing particular attention on its development in France, linked with international structures. The emergence and development in France of sports organisations for the disabled is based on a different model from that introduced in England by Guttmann through the Stoke Mandeville Games. From the 1960s, both trends, one supported by physicians and the other by individuals concerned with disabilities, structured the International Movement as a contest of negotiations and competition. The objective of rehabilitating paraplegics put in place at Stoke Mandeville gradually gave way to a sport rational and the integration of all types of disability within the Movement. The desire to unite in a single organisation was the driving force of the Movement in its search for dual recognition, on the one hand, as the representative of all physical and sensory deficiencies and, on the other, by the able-bodied sports councils and, in particular, the International Olympic Committee. However, this raised a number of issues inherent to any deficiency when taking into account its specific peculiarities.
ISSN: 0952-3367

hal-01681857
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681857
DOI : 10.1080/09523367.2014.931842

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BMJ Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVE:To identify local meteorological drivers of dengue fever in French Guiana, we applied an original data mining method to the available epidemiological and climatic data. Through this work, we also assessed the contribution of the data mining method to the understanding of factors associated with the dissemination of infectious diseases and their spatiotemporal spread.METHODS:We applied contextual sequential pattern extraction techniques to epidemiological and meteorological data to identify the most significant climatic factors for dengue fever, and we investigated the relevance of the extracted patterns for the early warning of dengue outbreaks in French Guiana.RESULTS:The maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, global brilliance, and cumulative rainfall were identified as determinants of dengue outbreaks, and the precise intervals of their values and variations were quantified according to the epidemiologic context. The strongest significant correlations were observed between dengue incidence and meteorological drivers after a 4-6-week lag.DISCUSSION:We demonstrated the use of contextual sequential patterns to better understand the determinants of the spatiotemporal spread of dengue fever in French Guiana. Future work should integrate additional variables and explore the notion of neighborhood for extracting sequential patterns.CONCLUSIONS:Dengue fever remains a major public health issue in French Guiana. The development of new methods to identify such specific characteristics becomes crucial in order to better understand and control spatiotemporal transmission.Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
ISSN: 1067-5027

lirmm-01379072
https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-01379072
DOI : 10.1136/amiajnl-2013-002348
PUBMED : 24549761

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins have been more and more studied during the last decades with regard to environment and health issues. More recently the consequences of climate change reinforced the need for research in view of a better management of cyanobacteria blooms. In this context the exploitation of the water quality survey of 26 recreational lakes in Brittany (north western France) between 2004 and 2011 is reported in this paper in order to encompass spatial and interannual patterns of cyanobacteria development at a regional scale. Starting from weekly data principally acquired during summertime, the links between cyanobacteria cell densities, toxin occurrences and interannual meteorological factors can give insights on the potential evolution of cyanobacterial crisis in the future. This study is part of a project aiming at a better understanding of potentially toxic cyanobacteria crisis occurrences in recreational waters, in order to improve predictive monitoring routines.
Environment International

hal-00877892
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877892
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877892/document
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union (AGU) American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Environmental magnetism of speleothems is still in its early stage of development. Here we report on our investigation of the environmental and paleomagnetic information that has been recorded in speleothems, and what are the factors that control its preservation and reliability. To address these issues, we used a multidisciplinary approach, including rock magnetism, petrography, scanning electron microscopy, stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions, and major and trace element concentrations. We applied this to a set of samples from different stages of speleothem evolution: present-day dripwater (glass plates), a weathered stalactite, a fresh stalagmite, cave sediments, and terra rossa soils. These samples come from the Penico and Excentricas caves, located in two distinct aquifers of the Algarve region, South Portugal. Our results show that the main magnetic carriers of the speleothems under study are primary (detrital) and consist of maghemite (and magnetite?). Similarities in coercivity and temperature dependence of the studied set of samples suggest that iron oxides are inherited from the terra rossa soils that cap the cave and were transported to the speleothems by dripwater. Hence, they represent a regional environmental signature. Interestingly, a stable and probably detrital remanent magnetization could be isolated in the fresh stalagmite, whereas the weathered stalactite yielded chaotic magnetic directions and very low remanent intensities. We propose that these low intensities can be the result from (i) different remanence acquisition mechanisms between stalagmite and stalactite and/or (ii) iron dissolution by fungal activity. We also suggest that magnetic properties and color and the content in detrital elements in the fresh speleothem inform about environmental processes acting on the interface of rock (soil)-atmosphere, while oxygen isotope composition and alkaline-earth element concentrations inform about calcite-water interaction processes. These results provide a better understanding of how environmental information is recorded in speleothems and what the factors are that control the reliability of the paleomagnetic and paleo-environmental signal.
ISSN: 0148-0227

hal-01114953
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01114953
DOI : 10.1002/2014JB011381

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : Payao is a traditional concept, which has been successfully commercialized to increase the landings of several species valuable to the country's export and local industries. It has become one of the most important developments in pelagic fishing that significantly contributed to increased tuna production and expansion of purse seine and other fishing gears. The introduction of the payao in tuna fishing in 1975 triggered the rapid development of the tuna and small pelagic fishery. With limited management schemes and strategies, however, unstable tuna and tuna-like species production was experienced in the 1980s and 1990s. In this paper, the evolution and development of the payao with emphasis on the technological aspect are reviewed. The present practices and techniques of payao in various parts of the country, including its structure, ownership, distribution, and fishing operations are discussed. Monitoring results of purse seine/ringnet operations including handline using payao in Celebes Sea and Western Luzon are presented to compare fishing styles and techniques, payao designs and species caught. The fishing gears in various regions of the country for harvesting payao are enumerated and discussed. The inshore and offshore payaos in terms of sea depth, location, designs, fishing methods and catch composition are also compared. Fishing companies and fisherfolk associations involved in payao operation are presented to determine extent of utilization and involvement in the municipal and commercial sectors of the fishing industry. The issues and problems concerning the use of payao, and its biological, economic impact as well as management aspect are presented. Recommendations are given for future research and actions.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15284/12670.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15284/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Geodetic data support a short-term continental deformation localized in faults bounding lithospheric blocks. Whether major "faults" observed at the surface affect the lithospheric mantle and, if so, how strain is distributed are major issues for understanding the mechanical behavior of lithospheric plates. A variety of evidence, from direct observations of deformed peridotites in orogenic massifs, ophiolites, and mantle xenoliths to seismic reflectors and seismic anisotropy beneath major fault zones, consistently supports prolongation of major faults into the lithospheric mantle. This review highlights that many aspects of the lithospheric mantle deformation remain however poorly understood. Coupling between deformation in frictional faults in the uppermost crust and localized shearing in the ductile crust and mantle is required to explain the post-seismic deformation, but mantle viscosities deduced from geodetic data and extrapolated from laboratory experiments are only reconciled if temperatures in the shallow lithospheric mantle are high (> 800 °C at the Moho). Seismic anisotropy, especially shear wave splitting, provides strong evidence for coherent deformation over domains several tens of km wide in the lithospheric mantle beneath major transcurrent faults. Yet it cannot detect narrow strain localization zones or shallowly dipping faults. Seismic profiling images shallow-dipping seismic reflectors in the lithospheric mantle interpreted as the continuation of normal or, less frequently, inverse faults in the mantle. However the nature of these reflectors is poorly understood. There is a large discrepancy between the scale at which deformation processes are studied (a few kilometers, at most, due to the limited size of continuous mantle exposures at the Earth's surface) and the scale inferred for strain localization in the mantle from geophysical observations (tens of kilometers). Combining data on deformation microstructures and crystal preferred orientations in naturally deformed peridotites and seismologic observations allows nevertheless discussing strain localization processes that may play a role on the development of mantle shear zones.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00750314
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00750314
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.006

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La lutte contre la pauvreté constitue un enjeu majeur pour lequel le tourisme est susceptible d’apporter une contribution significative. Dès lors, il convient d’analyser les concepts qui serviront de base à la mise en place de politiques et d’actions spécifiques de lutte contre la pauvreté par le tourisme.Le rôle de l’environnement dans le développement touristique est devenu aujourd’hui un des enjeux majeurs de toutes politiques et initiatives dans le secteur du tourisme international.Dans ces conditions, le but est d’apporter les éléments de connaissance permettant de préciser le concept du développement durable et des actions visant à conforter les bases du développement touristique avec comme objectif majeur la lutte contre la pauvreté.
The fight against poverty is a major issue for which tourism is likely to make a significant contribution. Therefore, it is appropriate to analyze the concepts which will serve as a basis for the establishment of policies and specific actions to fight against poverty by tourism.The role of the environment in the development of tourism has become today one of the major issues for all policies and initiatives in the sector of international tourism.In these conditions, the aim is to bring the knowledge elements to clarify the concept of sustainable development and of actions which aim to strengthen the bases of tourism development with as a major goal the fight against poverty.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6568
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6568