Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Meteorological Society
Résumé : Global positioning system (GPS) data from a dense network have been used for the analysis of the diurnal cycle of water vapor over Marseille, France, during the second intensive observation period (IOP2; 21–26 June 2001) of the Expérience sur Sites pour Contraindre les Modèles de Pollution Atmosphérique et de Transport d'Emission (ESCOMPTE) field experiment. Both tomographic analyses and integrated water vapor (IWV) contents from GPS have been used, in addition to wind profiler data and surface observations. Tomographic analysis of data from the dense GPS network and radiosondes provided the continuous temporal evolution of the vertical distribution of water vapor over the city of Marseille. The city is located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in southeastern France and is often under the influence of sea-breeze effects. Two different layers of breeze circulation are identified: a shallow sea breeze, blowing perpendicular to the local coastline, and a deep sea breeze, induced by the regional temperature gradient between sea and land. The origin of water vapor is shown to be mainly due to the advection of marine moist air by these sea-breeze circulations. However, the diurnal cycle of water vapor over Marseille is strongly influenced by the synoptic situation, which changes during the IOP2 (between a northerly mistral in the early stage of the IOP and an easterly wind at the end). It is shown that vertical profiles from tomographic analyses (combined with wind profiler data) allow for a proper interpretation of the diurnal cycle observed in IWV. Two-dimensional maps of IWV are also shown to complement the description of the horizontal advection of moisture by the different circulation regimes.
ISSN: 1558-8424

hal-00273624
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00273624/file/drJAM_cycle_diurne_GPS_rev1.pdf
DOI : 10.1175/JAM2450.1

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Dans les Antilles françaises, l’utilisation des espaces et des territoires pose des questions et suscite des problèmes aussi nombreux que complexes. Les unes et les autres, dépendant des caractéristiques propres à l’environnement et au contexte des milieux insulaires, sont tributaires des paramètres propres au contexte local, et notamment de facteurs identitaires. Les données historiques et les pesanteurs socio-culturelles y sont en effet souvent déterminantes. Il en résulte des situations qui d’attitudes et de comportements qui aujourd’hui encore se situent dans le domaine d’un non-droit, qu’il soit délibéré ou subi, ou à l’inverse génèrent de telles attitudes ou comportements.Les besoins de toute nature (occupation, utilisation, exploitation, valorisation, etc.) envers les espaces fonciers, au profit d’intérêts privés très divers et fréquemment conflictuels, s’y heurtent en outre à de nombreux obstacles, en particulier lorsqu’ils font l’objet d’une mobilisation à des fins touristiques. Ils tiennent autant à la superficie limitée des territoires, qu’à la rareté croissante des terres disponibles. Les impacts négatifs en sont aggravés par les exigences de conservation environnementale, qui se heurtent aux exigences des politiques d’urbanisme et de tourisme, qui tendent à se superposer et s’opposer en matière d’urbanisation touristique du littoral, espace aussi convoité que fragile.
In the French West Indies, the use of spaces and territories raises numerous and complex questions and problems. Both depend on the particular characteristics of the environment and the context of islands, and on parameters specific to the local context, including identity factors. The historical and socio-cultural constraints are indeed often critical. This results in situations that proceed, or conversely generate, attitudes and behaviours that still lie in the field of non-law, whether will full or suffered.The needs of any kind (occupation, use, exploitation, valuation, etc.) for land areas for the benefit of different and often conflicting private interests, stumble also many obstacles, especially when they are mobilized for tourism. They are due as much to the limited size of the territories, as to the increasing scar-city of available land. The negative impacts are exacerbated by the demands of environmental conservation that face the requirements of planning policies and tourism, which tend to overlap and oppose in tourist urbanization of coastal areas, which are spaces as coveted as fragile .
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Guyane française
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint-Martin

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6770
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6770

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Comme dans d’autres régions du monde, la croissance démographique et l’accentuation des activités côtières au Canada entraînent une dégradation continue des écosystèmes et de la biodiversité. L’aménagement côtier contribue essentiellement à la vulnérabilité et à la détérioration des littoraux. Ce constat concerne le littoral acadien du Nouveau-Brunswick. Au-delà de ces pressions démographiques et de l’urbanisation sur les zones littorales, l'élévation du niveau marin et l'augmentation des températures (effets du changement et des variations climatiques) provoquent des impacts vérifiables : l’intensité des ondes de tempêtes, la dégradation des sols par l’érosion, etc. Ainsi, l’adaptation au changement climatique constitue un enjeu de taille pour la province du Nouveau-Brunswick. C’est pourquoi cet article propose d’étudier les impacts de ces changements auprès de deux régions côtières du littoral acadien et d’apprendre des expériences de chacun pour renforcer leur résilience. La recherche souhaite s’inscrire dans une nouvelle forme d’engagement communautaire qui prend en compte des aspects de la « gouvernance », de l’« aménagement du territoire » et de la « cohésion sociale ». L’article tente d’avoir une meilleure compréhension de l’enchâssement des aspects économiques et sociétaux dans les enjeux environnementaux.
As in other parts of the world, demographic growth and an increased use of coastal zones in Canada lead to a degradation of coastal ecosystems and a loss of biodiversity. Coastal development contributes in large part to the vulnerability and deterioration of coastal zones. This is very clearly seen in the case of the Acadian coast of New Brunswick. In addition to stresses from demographic growth and urbanization, the coastal zone is affected by sea level rise, temperature increases and other impacts of climate change such as increased climate variability, which lead to measurable effects such as an increase in storm intensity or increased coastal erosion. Thus, adaptation to climate change constitutes a major challenge for the province of New Brunswick. It is in this context that we propose to analyze the impacts of climate change in two sites on the Acadian coast and to profit from both experiences in order to increase the resilience of the communities through mutual learning. The research undertaken here aims at contributing to a new form of community engagement that takes “governance”, “land use planning” and “social cohesion” into account. The article aims at a better understanding of the interplay of social and economic aspects in this environmental problem.
Canada
Nouveau-Brunswick

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6970
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6970

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article s’intéresse aux nouveaux usages et usagers du littoral de la Petite Côte sénégalaise. Il vise à mettre en évidence la dynamique territoriale actuelle de la station balnéaire de Saly Portudal et à analyser les mutations socioéconomiques et environnementales qu’elle entraîne. Les limites des politiques actuelles en matière de gestion du littoral imposent des prises de décisions urgentes et plus complexes, sur la base d’un partenariat élargi en vue d’inscrire les effets de ces politiques dans la durée.L’étude s’appuie sur une enquête réalisée au niveau de trois communes littorales, à savoir Saly Portudal, Somone et Nianing. À partir d’une quinzaine d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de différents acteurs et usagers de cette portion du littoral, un questionnaire a été construit autour des caractéristiques sociodémographiques de ces derniers, de leurs pratiques et de leurs perceptions des risques côtiers. Il en ressort que les différents usages de l’espace littoral sont liés aux différentes expériences des populations concernées. Dès lors, la question centrale réside dans l’évaluation des conséquences de l’expansion de la station de Saly Portudal au détriment des quartiers traditionnels environnants, et dans la compréhension des multiples dimensions des conflits d’usage qui en découlent.
This article focuses on new uses and users of the coast of Senegal’s Petite Côte. It aims to show the current dynamics of the resort of Saly and analyse the socio-economic changes and environmental all-out occupation of the coastal space guided by new principles of seaside tourism development.The study is based on a survey conducted in three coastal towns like Saly Portudal, Somone and Nianing. From fifteen semi-structured interviews with various stakeholders and users of the coast, a questionnaire was built around the socio-demographic characteristics of users, practices and perceptions of coastal risks. It shows that the different coastal areas of the uses are related to the different experiences of the populations concerned. Therefore, the question arises as to assess the consequences of the expansion of Saly on the surrounding traditional neighbourhoods to understand the multiple dimensions of conflicts of use resulting therefrom in order to resolve them.
Petite-Côte

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10778
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10778

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La Patagonie a longtemps été considérée comme une Terra Australis res Nillius : les terres du sud sans maître. Depuis la Conquista espagnole cet espace a été l’objet de nombreuses utopies, collectives, celles des découvreurs, des militaires et des missionnaires, et individuelles, celles des marchands et des aventuriers et sportifs, avides de richesses et de gloires. Vers la fin des années 1980, une nouvelle idéalisation de la nature, le wilderness, fait de la Patagonie un « must » à découvrir puis à sauvegarder, face à la pression des usages industriels, agricoles, miniers, forestiers, hydroélectriques, et halieutiques. L’utopie éco-philanthropique du milliardaire étasunien Douglas Tompkins puise ses origines dans une expédition au Fitzroy en 1968, mais s’inscrit dans une tradition nord-américaine du xixe siècle. Convaincu de l’impérieuse nécessité de sauvegarder la biodiversité sud-américaine, il propose une Nouvelle Économie, basée sur les principes de la Deep Ecology. Il achète des terres pour « la valeur de la beauté et de l’harmonie » et façonne ses parcs pour « le bien de l’humanité » (Tompkins, 2012).Par une approche biogéographique, cet article montre comment un parcours individuel a instauré un nouvel imaginaire, culturel et touristique. Une œuvre dessine une nouvelle géographie, esthétique, utopique et individualiste qui fait débat, au-delà des enjeux territoriaux et politiques liés à la conservation et à la création de parcs privés. Écrits, films et affiches en faveur de l’écologie et contre l’industrialisation et la technologie changent le regard des acteurs sur ces terres de confins. Les activistes verts et acteurs écotouristiques louent son apport aux luttes socio-environnementales. Le monde rural, les entrepreneurs et les défenseurs de l’esprit des pionniers, défricheurs de terres vierges, critiquent son opposition au développement et son manque de respect pour leur mode de vie. Mais ils vendent leurs terres aux riches occidentaux et chiliens, qui veulent posséder leurs propres parcs du bout du monde et espèrent que le tourisme leur assurera leur futur.
Patagonia has long been considered a Terra Australis res Nillius: the lands of the south with no master. Since the Spanish Conquista this space has been the object of many collective utopias, those of discoverers, soldiers and missionaries, and individual ones, those of merchants and adventurers and sportsmen, eager for wealth and glory. Towards the end of the 1980’s a new idealization of nature, the wilderness, changed Patagonia into a “must” to discover and then to safeguard against the pressure of industrial, agricultural, mining, forestry, hydroelectric, and fisheries exploitation. The eco-philanthropic utopia of the American millionaire Douglas Tompkins finds draws its origins from an expedition to Mount Fitzroy in 1968 but is part of a North American tradition of the nineteenth century. Convinced of the imperious need to safeguard South American biodiversity, he proposes the “Next Economy”, based on the Deep Ecology ideals. He buys land for “the value of beauty and harmony” and shapes his parks for “the good of humanity” (Tompkins, 2012).Through a biogeographic approach, this article shows how an individual project has created a new imaginary, both cultural and touristic. The work of an artist defines a new geography, aesthetic, utopian and individualistic, that questions us, beyond the territorial and political issues associated with the conservation and creation of private parks. Books, films and graphic works in favor of ecology and against industrialization and technology, change views actors have on these remote lands. Eco activists and ecotourism actors praise his contribution to tackle socio-environmental issues. The rural world, entrepreneurs and defenders of the spirit of the pioneers, clearers of virgin lands, criticize his opposition to development and lack of respect for their way of life. Nevertheless they sell their land to rich westerners and Chileans who want to posses their own private parks at world’s end while hopping that tourism will ensure their future.
La Patagonia ha sido considerada por mucho tiempo como una Terra Australis res Nillius : las tierras austral de nadie. Desde la Conquista española este espacio ha sido objeto de numerosas utopías, colectivas e individuales, las de los descubridores, de los militares, misioneros, mercantes, aventureros y deportistas, en búsqueda de riquezas y glorias. Hacia el final de los años 80, una nueva idealización de la naturaleza, el wilderness, transforma la Patagonia en un lugar para conocer y preservar de las codicias industriales, agrícolas, mineras, forestales, hidroeléctricas o pesqueras. La utopía eco-filantrópica del millonario norte americano Douglas Tompkins nace en una expedición al Cerro Fitzroy en 1968, pero se enmarca en una tradición de los Estados Unidos del siglo xix. Convencido de la necesidad de salvaguardar la biodiversidad sur americana, el propone una Nueva Economia, basada en los principios de la Ecología Profunda. Compra tierras por el valor de su belleza y harmonía y planea sus parques por el bien de la humanidad.A través de una metodología llamada biogeográfica, esta comunicación muestra como un proceso personal ha instalado un nuevo imaginario cultural y turístico. Una obra moldea una nueva geografía, estética, utópica y personal, que genera debates, mas allá de los desafíos territoriales y políticos que conllevan la conservación y creación de parques privados. Escritos, películas y afiches a favor de la ecología y en contra de la industrialización y la tecnologización de la sociedad, cambian la mirada de los actores locales de estas zonas australes. Los activistas verdes y los emprendedores eco-turísticos alaban su contribución en las luchas socio-ambientales. El mundo rural, empresarios y defensores del espíritu de los colonos, critican sur oposición al desarrollo y su falta de afinidad con sus modos de vida. Pero ellos venden sus tierras a los ricos norte americanos, europeos y chilenos, deseosos de poseer sus propios parques del fin del mundo, esperando, sin embargo, que el turismo les asegure su futuro.
Patagonie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11150
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11150

Résumé : Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, OTEC, is a concentrated renewable source of energy available in the one third of the world's ocean lying in the tropics. An OTEC plant is a heat engine fed with warm surface water and cold water pumped up from the deep. The difference of temperature, 20°C, is small, it can be used to produce electricity as well as fresh water. Plants can be installed on land or at sea. The main problem is to build and deploy a large diameter pipe to pump the cold water from 600 to 1 000 m in depth. France, who discovered the idea realised some major demonstrations fifty years ago. More recently US and Japanese firms have spent more than dollars 200 millions to develop prototypes and research in this field. Several major OTEC pilot plants are presently discussed mainly hy US, Japanese and French teams. The main challenge is to prove the potential competitivness of OTEC electricity in the 10 to 100 MWe range, with diesel electricity in the 1990's. Production of OTEC desalination water and marine proteins are also under consideration. The present book give a unique overview of both technical and economical aspects of this promising source of energy. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]
L'Océan présente un potentiel considérable d'énergie renouvelable. Dans ce domaine, l'énergie thermique des mers (ETM) apparaît très riche de promesses. C'est une idée française: elle est due à d'Arsonval (1881). Les travaux de G. Claude et P. Boucherat (1928-1934), les projets d'Abidjan (1940-1956) et de la Guadeloupe (1958) essaieront de la matérialiser. Depuis les années 60, ce sont surtout les Américains et les Japonais qui développent les recherches. La France a repris ses projets à partir de 1978, de même que certains pays d'Europe, Cet ouvrage expose les caractéristiques de l'ETM et fixe les ordres de grandeur qui permettent de dimensionner les composants d'une centrale. Il rend compte des recherches menées dans différents pays pour maîtriser la technologie ETM :aux États-Unis, au Japon, en Grande-Bretagne, en Suède, en France et, plus récemment, en Inde ou à Taïwan. Il examine les potentialités réelles dans 98 pays et territoires qui ont accès au gisement ETM et dont les 2/3 sont dans la mouvance européenne. L'étude traite enfin du coût de cette énergie dans la perspective d'une compétitivité du KWG/ETM avec le KWG/fioul. L'examen porte ainsi sur d'autres actions possibles: production eau douce, aquaculture, froid. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1986/rapport-4310.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4310/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Reef positions record the interaction between eustasy and tectonics, and have been used worldwide to characterize vertical deformations of upper-plates at different time-scales and constrain the seismic behavior of megathrusts. Along the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, high-resolution marine geophysical data were collected on the 2–20 km wide eastern Martinique reef platform to reconstruct its stratigraphic and morphologic history, and understand the influence of local normal faulting, volcanism and plate-scale subduction processes on Holocene and Late Pleistocene reef development. The subsiding Martinique platform's stratigraphy is composed of multiple superimposed sea-level highstand deposits separated by subaerial exposure surfaces of sea-level low stands. The carbonate platform consists of two laterally-extensive carbonate units (unit U2 overlying unit U3) that extend to the platform edge to a depth of − 95 m MSL (mean sea level), and form two morphologic terraces, M2 and M3 respectively. The landward portion of unit U2 is partially overlain between 0 and − 60 m MSL by the living reef tract U1. The current reef is composed of a landward fringing reef, a lagoon and a seaward barrier reef, the latter forming a double-bank barrier around the Caravelle Peninsula. In near-shore multi-channel seismic profiles, a distinct reflector at ~− 35 m MSL, probably a subaerial exposure surface E1, separates the reef sequence formed during the last transgression from a Pleistocene fossil reef tract forming unit U2. Offshore of Mount Pelée volcano (Late Pleistocene), the Holocene reef did not develop above unit U2, whose upper surface is incised by channels and apparent sinkholes. During the Holocene transgression, the possibility of excessive turbidity due to volcanic activity may have inhibited reef development in this area. The un-dated unit U2 probably developed 120–130 ka ago during the last interglacial (MIS 5.5) + 6 m MSL highstand as thick, extensive reefs deposited all along the Lesser Antilles arc. Due to subsidence, MIS 5.5 reefs are not represented by onshore facies, except along the southern Sainte Anne Peninsula where normal faulting and uplift balances island-scale subsidence. Based on unit U2's present elevation and assuming an MIS 5.5 age and + 6 m MSL sea level, Martinique has subsided at maximum 0.3 m/ky, likely due to subduction processes that question the coupling state of the megathrust.
ISSN: 0025-3227

hal-01307036
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01307036
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2015.08.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
UNLABELLED: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major health problem in French Guiana, with a mean of 3800 cases each year. A previous study in Camopi, an Amerindian village on the Oyapock River, highlighted the major contribution of environmental features to the incidence of malaria attacks. We propose a method for the objective selection of the best multivariate peridomestic landscape characterisation that maximises the chances of identifying relationships between environmental features and malaria incidence, statistically significant and meaningful from an epidemiological point of view. METHODS: A land-cover map, the hydrological network and the geolocalised inhabited houses were used to characterise the peridomestic landscape in eleven discoid buffers with radii of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 metres. Buffer-based landscape characterisations were first compared in terms of their capacity to discriminate between sites within the geographic space and of their effective multidimensionality in variable space. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) was then used to select the landscape model best explaining the incidences of P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria. Finally, we calculated Pearson correlation coefficients for the relationships between environmental variables and malaria incidence, by species, for the more relevant buffers. RESULTS: The optimal buffers for environmental characterisation had radii of 100 m around houses for P. vivax and 400 m around houses for P. falciparum. The incidence of P. falciparum malaria seemed to be more strongly linked to environmental features than that of P. vivax malaria, within these buffers. The incidence of P. falciparum malaria in children was strongly correlated with proportions of bare soil (r = -0.69), land under high vegetation (r = 0.68) and primary forest (r = 0.54), landscape division (r = 0.48) and the number of inhabited houses (r = -0.60). The incidence of P. vivax malaria was associated only with landscape division (r = 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methodology provides a simple and general framework for objective characterisation of the landscape to account for field observations. The use of this method enabled us to identify different optimal observation horizons around houses, depending on the Plasmodium species considered, and to demonstrate significant correlations between environmental features and the incidence of malaria.
ISSN: 1476-072X

inserm-00674075
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00674075
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00674075/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00674075/file/1476-072X-10-65.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1476-072X-10-65

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Résumé : International audience
We investigated infection of rodents and shrews by Leptospira spp. in two localities of Cambodia (Veal Renh, Kaev Seima) and in four types of habitat (forests, non-flooded lands, lowland rain-fed paddy fields, houses) during the wet and the dry seasons. Habitat preference was common, and rodent and shrew species were found only in houses or in rain-fed paddy fields or in forests. Among 649 small mammals trapped belonging to 12 rodent species and 1 shrew species, 71 of 642 animals tested were carriers of Leptospira according to the 16S ribosomal RNA marker used. Rodent infection was higher in low-slope locations, corresponding to rain-fed paddy fields, especially in the rainy season and in Kaev Seima. Rodents (Rattus exulans) and shrews (Suncus murinus) inhabiting households showed significantly low levels of infections, whereas rodents living in and near to forests (shrubby wasteland, orchards) showed high levels of infection.
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

pasteur-00808144
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00808144
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0349
PUBMED : 22665613

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : 16 p.
National audience
The objective of this paper is to present an approach for experimenting territorial prospective analysis based on spatial modelling. This approach is carried out in the framework of the DESCARTES project which aims at developing a spatial simulation tool to support the design and analysis of different scenarios for land-use allocation in Reunion Island in terms of environmental services. The spatial modelling tool is composed of two complementary applications: (i) the Ocelet modelling language and its land dynamics simulation environment, and (ii) the Margouill@ platform. The first demonstrator, a model of farm land consumption by urbanization, was developed and presented during workshops in order to test the role of the spatial simulation tool in support of a collaborative innovation process among stakeholders, and to foster new research on social learning, spatial simulation of environmental services, and scale change issues.
L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une démarche de construction d'un exercice de prospective territoriale basé sur un outil de modélisation spatiale. Cette démarche est mise en œuvre dans le cadre du projet ANR DESCARTES dont l'objectif est de construire un outil de simulation cartographique pour analyser différents scénarios d'affectation de l'usage des sols à l'Ile de La Réunion, en termes de services environnementaux. La plateforme de simulation cartographique est composée de deux applications complémentaires (i) le langage de modélisation Ocelet et son environnement de simulation de paysages dynamiques, et (ii) la plateforme Margouill@. Le développement puis la présentation, en atelier, d'un premier démonstrateur sur la consommation des terres agricoles par l'urbanisation a permis de tester l'outil cartographique comme support d'un processus d'innovation collective entre les parties prenantes, et d'ouvrir de nouveaux champs de recherche sur l'analyse de la démarche par les apprentissages, la spatialisation et la simulation prospective des services écosystémiques, et la prise en compte du changement d'échelle.
Acte de la Conférence Internationale de Géomatique et d'Analyse Spatiale
Brest, France

cirad-00850243
http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00850243
http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00850243/document
http://hal.cirad.fr/cirad-00850243/file/SAGEO-Brest2013-version_finale.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Background: Comparative analysis, which aims at investigating ecological and evolutionary patterns among species, may help at targeting reservoirs of zoonotic diseases particularly in countries presenting high biodiversity. Here, we developed a simple method to target rodent reservoirs using published studies screening microparasite infections. Methods: We compiled surveys of microparasites investigated in rodents trapped in Thailand. The data comprise a total of 17,358 rodents from 18 species that have been investigated for a total of 10 microparasites (viruses, bacteria and protozoans). We used residual variation of microparasite richness controlled for both rodent sample size and pathogens' screening effort to identify major rodent reservoirs and potential risky habitats. Results: Microparasite species richness was positively related to rodent sample size and pathogens' screening effort. The investigation of the residual variations of microparasite species richness showed that several rodent species harboured more pathogens than expected by the regression model. Similarly, higher pathogen richness than expected was observed in rodents living in non-flooded lands, forests and paddy fields. Conclusion: Our results suggest to target some rodent species that are not commonly investigated for pathogen screening or surveillance such as R. andamanensis or B. savilei, and that non-flooded lands and forests should be more taken into caution, whereas much surveys focused on paddy rice fields and households.
Infection Ecology and Epidemiology

ird-00714369
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00714369
http://hal.ird.fr/ird-00714369v2/document
DOI : 10.3402/iee.v2iO.18637
IRD : fdi:010055557

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: The use of pesticides and the related environmental contaminations can lead to human exposure to various molecules. In early-life, such exposures could be responsible for adverse developmental effects. However, human health risks associated with exposure to complex mixtures are currently under-explored. OBJECTIVE: THIS PROJECT AIMS AT ANSWERING THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: What is the influence of exposures to multiple pesticides on the metabolome? What mechanistic pathways could be involved in the metabolic changes observed? METHODS: Based on the PELAGIE cohort (Brittany, France), 83 pregnant women who provided a urine sample in early pregnancy, were classified in 3 groups according to the surface of land dedicated to agricultural cereal activities in their town of residence. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics analyses were performed on urine samples. Partial Least Squares Regression-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and polytomous regressions were used to separate the urinary metabolic profiles from the 3 exposure groups after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: The 3 groups of exposure were correctly separated with a PLS-DA model after implementing an orthogonal signal correction with pareto standardizations (R2 = 90.7% and Q2 = 0.53). After adjusting for maternal age, parity, body mass index and smoking habits, the most statistically significant changes were observed for glycine, threonine, lactate and glycerophosphocholine (upward trend), and for citrate (downward trend). CONCLUSION: This work suggests that an exposure to complex pesticide mixtures induces modifications of metabolic fingerprints. It can be hypothesized from identified discriminating metabolites that the pesticide mixtures could increase oxidative stress and disturb energy metabolism.
ISSN: 1932-6203

inserm-00863407
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00863407
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00863407/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00863407/file/journal.pone.0064433.pdf
PUBMED : 23704985

Éditeur(s) : Edp Sciences S A
Résumé : This work aims to define a typology of trawler f1eet in Sète, the main fishing harbour along the French Mediterranean coast, using several multivariate analysis methods. The fishing ships taken to account are represented by annual profiles of landing specific compositions. Five fishing strategies have been identified. A segmentation method using symbolic objects allows a formaI characterisation of the different strategies. These strategies are studied according to several general characteristics usually used for management rules elaboration (power, length, ship age). The typological analysis allows to characterise two main exploitation ways, one directed to the catch of a few species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Sardina pilchardus), the other characterised by the exploitation of a great diversity of species. By this way, it is possible to estimate how the catch of low represented species can significantly contribute to the exploitation of a resource.
Cette étude s'appuie sur l'utilisation successive de plusieurs méthodes d'analyses multivariées pour réaliser une typologie de la flottille chalutière du port de Sète, principal port de pêche français de la Méditerranée. Les unités de pêche étudiées sont représentées à l'aide d'un profil annuel de la composition spécifique de leurs débarquements. Cinq stratégies de pêche ont ainsi pu être identifiées. La mise en oeuvre d'une méthode de segmentation permet une caractérisation formelle de ces différentes stratégies à l'aide d'objets symboliques. Les stratégies sont étudiées en référence à plusieurs caractéristiques générales couramment utilisées en gestion des flottilles de pêche (puissance, longueur, âge du bateau, etc.). L'analyse typologique mise en oeuvre au cours de l'étude permet de caractériser nettement deux grandes logiques d'exploitation, l'une orientée vers la recherche d'un très petit nombre d'espèces (Engraulis encrasicolus, Sardina pilchardus), l'autre déterminée par une grande diversité des captures. Elle permet également d'apprécier comment les captures d'espèces peu représentées dans certaines stratégies peuvent contribuer significativement à l'exploitation d'une ressource
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (Edp Sciences S A), 1997 , Vol. 10 , N. 3 , P. 137-148

Droits : IFREMER-Gauthier-Villars
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00113/22404/20101.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr:1997015
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00113/22404/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : This paper examines the fishing of blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) around Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in Martinique (French West Indies). It is based on the compared analysis of catches from monthly experimental fishing surveys and sampling of commercial landings. The data collected in these two different ways allowed comparison of blackfin tuna length frequencies. A large part of the commercial landings were made up of young immature tuna with a fork length of less than 40 cm, whereas the experimental longline catches were mainly made up of fish with a fork length ranging between 55 and 75 cm. We give evidence that these discrepancies were mostly due to the fishing technique used. Indeed, contrarily to the experimental surveys, Martinican fishermen only fish during daytime and usually on the surface by trolling. This way, fishermen do not have access to the largest fish, which are found deeper. Out results suggested that a new fishing technique such as vertical longlining, could improve commercial catches of big blackfin tuna under FADs. (C) 2000 Ifremer/CNRS/INRA/IRD/Cemagerf/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (Elsevier), 2000-07 , Vol. 13 , N. 4 , P. 259-262

Droits : 2000 Ifremer/CNRS/INRA/IRD/Cemagref/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2000/publication-1392.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S0990-7440(00)01056-1
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1392/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Frontiers Media
Résumé : International audience
Coral reef fisheries support the development of local and national economies and are the basis of important cultural practices and worldviews. Transitioning economies, human development, and environmental stress can harm this livelihood. Here we focus on a transitioning social-ecological system as a case study (Moorea, French Polynesia). We review fishing practices and three decades of effort and landing estimates with the broader goal of informing management. Fishery activities in Moorea are quite challenging to quantify because of the diversity of gears used, the lack of centralized access points or markets, the high participation rates of the population in the fishery, and the overlapping cultural and economic motivations to catch fish. Compounding this challenging diversity, we lack a basic understanding of the complex interplay between the cultural, subsistence, and commercial use of Moorea's reefs. In Moorea, we found an order of magnitude gap between estimates of fishery yield produced by catch monitoring methods (2 t km −2 ∼ year −1) and estimates produced using consumption or participatory socioeconomic consumer surveys (∼24 t km −2 year −1). Several lines of evidence suggest reef resources may be overexploited and stakeholders have a diversity of opinions as to whether trends in the stocks are a cause for concern. The reefs, however, remain ecologically resilient. The relative health of the reef is striking given the socioeconomic context. Moorea has a relatively high population density, a modern economic system linked into global flows of trade and travel, and the fishery has little remaining traditional or customary management. Other islands in the Pacific in similar contexts in Polynesia such as Hawaii, that continue to develop economically, may have small-scale fisheries that increasingly resemble Moorea. Therefore, understanding Moorea's reef fisheries may provide insight into their future.
ISSN: 2296-7745

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01325804
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804/file/fmars-03-00070.pdf
DOI : 10.3389/fmars.2016.00070

Résumé : Les stocks des éléments dans les sols, et en particulier ceux du carbone, sont en constante évolution sous l’effet de facteurs naturels (climat, végétation, teneurs en argiles, etc.) et anthropiques (usages des sols, etc.). Notre objectif est donc, (i) de mieux comprendre les relations entre type de sol, système de culture et quantité de carbone stockée, (ii) d’étudier les conséquences des changements d’usage et de gestion des terres sur les formes de matière organique dans les sols et (iii) de préciser le rôle de la matière organique sur les propriétés physiques des sols.Des situations agro-pédologiques représentatives des trois grands modèles minéralogiques des sols tropicaux (Sols à allophanes (argiles non cristallisées), Sols à argiles 1/1 et Sols à argiles 2/1) et présentant des systèmes culturaux de différents niveaux d’intensification (monocultures intensives destinées à l’exportation, systèmes paysans faiblement intensifiés, etc.) ont ainsi été sélectionnées sur les sols de Martinique. Par ailleurs, afin de limiter les effets des usages antérieurs des parcelles, nous avons généralement choisi des situations culturales âgées au minimum de 3 ans.L’analyse des stocks de carbone des différentes parcelles fait apparaître des comportements différents : dans les sols à allophanes, il y a un effet de la minéralogie sur la stabilisation des matières organiques ; dans les sols à argiles cristallisées, il existe une corrélation entre la teneur en carbone (ou le stock organique) et la texture (ou teneur en éléments fins), aussi bien pour les situations non cultivées que pour les situations sous cultures. L’amplitude des variations (diminution) des stocks en carbone observées sous l’effet de différents modes de gestion des sols, dépend elle aussi de la texture : dans les sols sableux, la potentialité de séquestration du carbone est faible ou nulle, en revanche, les potentialités de stockage du carbone sont plus fortes dans les sols argileux.L’estimation des stocks totaux de carbone à l’échelle de la Martinique, pour un mètre de profondeur et pour une situation moyenne entre les cartes d’usage des terres de 1969/1970 et 1979/1980, s’élèvent à 11,859 Mt de C calculés pour 95,8% de la surface.La distribution de la matière organique du sol varie avec la texture du sol : dans les sols sableux, à faibles teneurs en matière organique, les matières organiques sont principalement associées aux fractions sableuses ; dans les sols argileux, plus riches en matières organiques, 50 à 60 % de la matière organique sont associées à la fraction argileuse. De même, la dynamique de la matière organique dépend également de la texture du sol : dans les sols sableux, les variations des stocks organiques sont essentiellement dues à la perte ou à l’accumulation en carbone de la fraction sableuse ; dans les sols argileux, la fraction argileuse participe de manière prépondérante aux variations des stocks organiques de ces sols lors de leur mise en culture ou en prairie ; les sols sablo-argileux ont un comportement intermédiaire entre ces deux pôles.La stabilité structurale varie avec la minéralogie. Les andosols (ou ALL) présentent un haut degré d’agrégation et de stabilité, du à la présence d’allophanes et à leur association particulière avec les composés organiques. Dans les sols à argiles cristallisées, la stabilité de l’agrégation est plus élevée dans les sols à argiles 1/1 (ou LAC) ; les valeurs les plus faibles sont généralement observées dans les parcelles sur sols à argiles 2/1 (ou HAC). En outre, la mise en culture se traduit généralement par une diminution de la stabilité de l’agrégation.L’intensification des cultures (labours fréquents, faibles restitutions de matière organique au sol, etc.) accentue la perte de la stabilité de l’agrégation provoquée par la mise en culture, en particulier dans les parcelles sur sols à argiles 2/1 (ou HAC).
Soils elements stocks, and particularly those of carbon, are in constant evolution under natural factors effect (climate, vegetation, clays content, etc) and anthropic factors effect (soils uses, etc). Our objective is thus, (i) to better understand the relations between soil, farming system and stored carbon quantity, (ii) to study the consequences of soils uses changes and of soils managements changes on organic matter shapes in soil and (iii) to specify organic matter role on soil properties physics.Representative agri-pedological situations of the three great mineralogical models of tropical soils (allophonic soils (not crystallized clays), 1:1 clay soils and 2:1 clay soils) and presenting agricultural systems of various levels of intensification (intensive monocultures intended for export, slightly intensified farming systems, etc) were thus selected in the soils of Martinique. In addition, to limit the effects of their former uses, we generally chose to the minimum 3 years old farming situations.The analysis of the various lands carbon stocks reveals different behaviors: in allophonic soils, a correlation exists between carbon content (or organic stock) and texture (or fine elements content), as well for not cultivated as for cultivated situations. Variations ranges (reduction) of carbon stocks observed under various management soils systems effect, also depends on texture: in sandy soils, carbon sequestration potentiality is low or null, on the other hand, carbon storage potentialities are higher in clay soils.The estimation of total carbon stocks on the scale of Martinique, for one meter of depth and for and average situation between the use soils charts of 1969/70 and 1979/80, rises to 11,859 Mt of C calculated for 95,8% of the surface.Soil organic matter distribution varies with soil texture: in sandy soils, with low contents of organic matter, organics matters are mainly associated with the sandy fractions; in clay soils, richer in organic matters, 50 to 60% of the organic matters are associated with the argillaceous fraction. In the same way, the organic matter dynamics also depends on soil texture: in sandy soils, organic stocks variations are primarily due to carbon loss or accumulation of the sandy fraction; in clay soils, the argillaceous fraction takes part in a dominating way in organic stocks variations of these soils at the time of their setting in culture or meadow; the sand-clay soils have an intermediate behavior between these two poles.Structural stability varies with mineralogy. Andosols (or ALL) present a high degree of aggregation and stability, due to the presence of allophones and their particular association with the organics compounds. In crystallized clay soils, aggregation stability is higher in 1:1 clay soils (or LAC); the lowest values are generally observed in the lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC). Moreover, culture setting generally results in aggregation stability reduction.Cultures intensification (frequent ploughings, low organic matter restitutions to the soil, etc) accentuates aggregation stability loss caused by culture setting, particularly in lands on 2:1 clay soils (or HAC).

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0513/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Arachnological Society
Résumé : To obtain a reliable description of spider communities, robust sampling protocols are crucial. However, it remains unclear if descriptions of spider communities in tropical habitats require both day and night sampling. Here we tested whether sampling both day and night in high and low vegetation strata would lead to better diversity estimates of spider communities than sampling at only one period of the day. We determined spider taxonomic diversity in a network of 12 plots in French Guiana along a vegetation gradient. We found high alpha diversity of spiders as expected for a tropical area at every site. We showed strong differences in spider alpha and beta diversity between high and low vegetation strata, while they were similar between day and night sampling. Our results suggest that collecting spiders at only one period is sufficient to describe the diversity of spider communities across land use types in the neotropics.
ISSN: 0161-8202

hal-01535342
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01535342
PRODINRA : 346667

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Société nationale de protection de la nature
Résumé : International audience
The island of Moorea in French Polynesia is representative of a relatively well preserved small tropical oceanic island but both its terrestrial and marine ecosystems are currently under strong anthropogenic pressures. The terrestrial ecosystems are facing an increasing urbanization, and the destruction and modification of their natural habitats by cultivation and forestry plantations, accidental or intentional fires, and particularly by the invasion of alien plant and animal species. Coastal areas and reef ecosystems are threatened by shoreline artificialization, sedimentation due to soil erosion, increasing uses of marine and lagoon resources and frequency of coral bleaching events. A significant erosion of terrestrial and marine biodiversity is observed on the island since the last decades. In the context of the Land Management Plan (PGA) and Marine Area Management Plan (PGEM) recently set up in the island by local authorities, scientific surveys and inventories were made in 2006 in order to assess the status of terrestrial biodiversity (vascular plants) and marine biodiversity (reef fishes) and compare areas with different anthropogenic pressures. Studies conducted on the flora and the vegetation at low and middle elevation along altitudinal transects show that the plant invasion process is related to climatic and topographic factors, and species autoecology. The marine study aims to compare the protected areas with control areas in order to test the effectiveness of protection measures and to propose a streamlined monitoring protocol. A methodological study in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems was conducted in order to propose biodiversity indicators which are crucial for decision making in conservation and sustainable development of island biodiversity. We used Geographic Information System (GIS) as a fast and intuitive tool for mapping indicators and their variability. This methodological approach developed on the island of Moorea could be used as a model for other tropical islands
Moorea est une petite île océanique tropicale de la Polynésie française relativement bien préservée, mais dont les écosystèmes terrestres et marins sont actuellement soumis à de fortes pressions anthropiques. Le milieu terrestre est confronté à une urbanisation croissante, à la destruction ou à la modification des habitats naturels pour l’extension des cultures ou des plantations forestières, aux incendies volontaires ou accidentels, et particulièrement à l’invasion d’espèces végétales et animales introduites. Les zones côtières et les récifs coralliens sont menacés par de multiples perturbations telles que l’artificialisation des lignes de rivage, l’apport de sédiments dus à l’érosion des sols, l’augmentation des usages des ressources marines et lagonaires et de la fréquence des phénomènes de blanchissement du corail. Une érosion sensible de la biodiversité terrestre et marine de l’île est observée depuis les dernières décennies. Dans le cadre du Plan Général d’Aménagement (PGA) et du Plan de Gestion de l’Espace Maritime (PGEM) mis en place par les autorités locales, des inventaires scientifiques ont été réalisés en 2006 dans le but d’évaluer l’état de la biodiversité terrestre (plantes vasculaires) et marine (poissons récifaux) et de comparer des zones soumises à différentes perturbations. Les études réalisées sur la flore et la végétation de basse et moyenne altitude le long de transects altitudinaux montrent des processus d’invasion végétale différents en relation avec les facteurs climatiques, topographiques et autoécologiques des espèces. Les études en milieu marin visent à comparer des aires protégées à des aires témoins afin de suivre l’efficacité des mesures de gestion. La réflexion méthodologique menée parallèlement sur les deux écosystèmes a pour but d’illustrer différents indices de biodiversité nécessaires à la prise de décision en matière de conservation ou de développement durable de la biodiversité insulaire et de réaliser un état de référence pour établir un diagnostic sur l’état de la biodiversité. La représentation cartographique des indices à l’aide d’un SIG, illustrée dans cette étude avec la richesse spécifique terrestre et marine, permet une lecture intuitive et rapide de la variabilité de cet indice dont la restitution est basée sur une standardisation du nombre d’espèces. Cette approche méthodologique développée sur l’île de Moorea pourrait servir de modèle pour d’autres îles tropicales
EISSN: 2429-6422

hal-01306285
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01306285

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley Open Access
Résumé : Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project - and avert - future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups - including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems - ). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
ISSN: 2045-7758

hal-01204216
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204216
DOI : 10.1002/ece3.1303
PRODINRA : 280886

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Many emerging infectious diseases are caused by generalist pathogens that infect and transmit via multiple host species with multiple dissemination routes, thus confounding the understanding of pathogen transmission pathways from wildlife reservoirs to humans. The emergence of these pathogens in human populations has frequently been associated with global changes, such as socio-economic, climate or biodiversity modifications, by allowing generalist pathogens to invade and persist in new ecological niches, infect new host species, and thus change the nature of transmission pathways. Using the case of Buruli ulcer disease, we review how land-use changes, climatic patterns and biodiversity alterations contribute to disease emergence in many parts of the world. Here we clearly show that Mycobacterium ulcerans is an environmental pathogen characterized by multi-host transmission dynamics and that its infectious pathways to humans rely on the local effects of global environmental changes. We show that the interplay between habitat changes (for example, deforestation and agricultural land-use changes) and climatic patterns (for example, rainfall events), applied in a local context, can lead to abiotic environmental changes and functional changes in local biodiversity that favor the pathogen’s prevalence in the environment and may explain disease emergence.
ISSN: 2222-1751

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01528488
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01528488
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01528488/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01528488/file/emi20177a.pdf
DOI : 10.1038/emi.2017.7