Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : This chapter seeks to contribute to a greater understanding of tourism on small tropical islands and to tourism planning in this context by outlining aspects of the methodology used in the preparation of the Samoa Tourism Development Plan 2002-2006 and by discussing some of the issues that arose from this process. In particular, the chapter presents a ‘question-asking’ approach that involves wide-ranging stakeholder consultation to identify and then address key issues, namely: - How much tourism does Samoa want and at what rate should it be developed over the next five years? - What will the growth of tourism in Samoa over the period 2002-2006 depend on? - What forms of tourism should be developed and where? - What are the most appropriate processes of tourism development for Samoa? The strategies formulated in the plan are then outlined. The paper concludes that local participation, while invaluable, is by itself insufficient for the preparation of an effective tourism development plan.
En présentant la méthodologie utilisée dans la présentation du Plan d’Aménagement Touristique de Samoa 2002-2006, ce chapitre cherche à éclaircir certains aspects de l’aménagement touristique dans les petites îles tropicales, ainsi que ceux de la planification touristique en ces lieux. Plus spécifiquement, cette étude présente une approche basée sur la formulation de questions destinées aux diverses parties intéressées afin d’identifier et puis d’adresser les points-clés de l’aménagement touristique dans le pays. Quatre questions principales résultent de ce processus, à savoir : Combien de tourisme veut le pays et à quel rythme doit-il se développer pendant les cinq années à venir ? De quels facteurs dépend la croissance du tourisme pendant la période 2002-2006 ? Quelles formes de tourisme faut-il développer et à quels endroits ? Quels sont les processus d’aménagement touristique les plus appropriés pour Samoa? On présente ensuite les stratégies formulées dans le plan. Pour conclure, il semble que la participation locale, bien qu’inappréciable, soit insuffisante par elle-même pour préparer un plan d’aménagement touristique efficace.
Este capítulo presenta la metodología utilizada en la preparación del Plan de Desarrollo Turístico de Samoa 2002-2006 y traza sus líneas generales. De esta manera, el plan pone de manifiesto los puntos claves del desarrollo turístico en las pequeñas islas tropicales y los aspectos metodológicos de la planificación turística en ese contexto. En particular, el trabajo presenta un enfoque basado en la formulación de preguntas destinadas a distintos participes con el fin de identificar los puntos claves del desarrollo turístico del país y de formular algunas estrategias en función de ellos. Cuatro preguntas principales resultan de este proceso:- Cómo quiere Samoa dimensionar su turismo? A qué ritmo debe desarrollarse durante los cinco próximos años? - De qué dependerá el mencionado desarrollo durante el periodo 2002-2006? - Qué tipologías de turismo deben desarrollarse y dónde? - Cuáles son los procesos de desarrollo más apropiados para Samoa? Posteriormente presentamos las estrategias del plan. Concluimos que la participación local es imprescindible pero, sola, no permite la preparación de un plan de desarrollo turístico eficaz.
Samoa

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.1393
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/1393

Éditeur(s) : Blackwell science
Résumé : The trophic level mean and variance, and the degree of omnivory for five Celtic Sea fish predators were estimated using a database of stomach content records characterized by a high level of taxonomic resolution. The predators occupied a high position in the food web, i.e. 4.75 for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, 444 for haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, 4.88 for European hake Merluccius merluccius, 5.00 for megrim Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis and 5.27 for whiting Merlangius merlangus. The level of taxonomic resolution of the prey did not greatly affect mean T-L predator values; an effect on variance was evident, low resolution masking intra-population variability in T-L. Generalized additive models (GAM) were used to explain the variability of predator T-L caused by environmental variables (international Council for the Exploration of the Sea, ICES, division and season) and predator characteristics (total length, L-T). Significant year, location season and interaction effects were found for some species and with L-T, at the scale of ICES subdivision. The species-specific variability of T-L could be due to spatio-temporal variations in prey availability and in predator selectivity following ontogenetic changes. Omnivorous fish T-L. was less affected by spatio-temporal variations. In addition, results showed that the omnivory index and T-L variability provide dissimilar information on predator feeding strategy. Combining information on T-L. variability and omnivory allowed between within individual and between-individual components contributing to trophic niche width to be separated and the type of generalization of fish predators to be identified. (c) 2008 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2008 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
Journal of Fish Biology (0022-1112) (Blackwell science), 2008-09 , Vol. 73 , N. 4 , P. 763-781

Droits : 2008 Wiley Blackwell Publishing, Inc. The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4699.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01938.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4699/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Understanding the pattern in spatial distribution of soil microbial processes is critical to understand the environmental factors that regulate them as well as to scale up these processes to ecosystem. Soil samples from a I ha tropical rainforest plot (Paracou, French Guiana) were analyzed according a nested sampling approach using different separation distances ranging from 0.4 to 40 m. The variability of substrate induced respiration (SIR) and of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was characterized in relation to various soil properties (total C and N contents, NIRS related index of soil organic matter quality, SOMQ and index of tree influence potential, IP). The variability of SIR and DEA was higher than that of environmental properties. The patterns of accumulated variance as a function of distance varied among the soil properties. The variability of SIR and DEA mainly occurred at small (1 m) scale (and at the 10-40 m-scales for SIR), probably reflecting the quality of litter input that results of the influence of local assemblage of different tree species, though changes in the soil N and C contents. Indeed, total soil C and N contents explained the microbial properties at every scale. Coefficients of codispersion showed that neither SOMQ nor IP did correlate with SIR and DEA, and confirmed that total C and N contents explained microbial properties in a scale dependent and complex manner. Such spatial dependency underlines the importance of soil heterogeneity in this tropical forest with implications for sampling strategies when studying the microbial processes and their response to disturbances. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0016-7061

hal-01032409
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032409
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.12.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Semantic web standards, tools, ontologies and related technologies have considerably matured in the recent years. Nowadays, accessing a wide catalogue of biological, social, environmental, and ecological data sources helps stakeholders working on biodiversity to answer their complex questions. Will the real time access to web resources effectively support the definition of strategies to conserve and manage biodiversity? How might semantic web technologies help us to handle the complex and heterogeneous big data related to biodiversity? The workshop aims to identify the key challenges faced by the bioinformatics community, discuss potential solutions and identify the opportunities emerging from the trans-disciplinary interactions between Plant Science and Informatics experts. Therefore, we expect the bioinformatics experts to explain how they apply semantic web standards and tools to their scientific topic, from biology, agriculture, agro-ecology, genomics, environmental studies, to social sciences, citizen sciences. Research papers presenting various aspects of semantic web technologies applied to biodiversity data, ranging from position papers to implemented systems descriptions and their evaluation, will be selected. We are particularly interested in the use of the semantic technologies to design and develop systems that supports research on agricultural and wild biodiversity conservation and management for food security. Examples may include strategies for resilience to climate change pressures, sustainability of productive ecosystems, ecosystems services monitoring or territories management, rather than systems supporting only research on climate patterns or soil erosion.
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757

lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Since its apparition at the end of the second world word, the practice of sport for people suffering with motor deficiency has known numerous and quick evolutions. Initially conceived in the science of rehabilitation therapy, it now integrates more and more the principle of performance by getting closer to “ordinary” sport movements. However, this process of sportivisation is variable depending on the social and cultural context in which it is taking place. Initiated at the start of the 1970’s, Guadeloupe’s Movement for Sport for People with motor impairments has been meeting recurring difficulties in how to organise and federate itself. During this work, we have conducted a survey directly with the local disabled sport associations. Meetings with the principal actors of this movement had been taking place, archives had been gathered and both direct and participative observations had been carried out in order to retrace the collective history and to identify the individual theories utilised in the formation of Guadeloupe’s Movement for Sport for Disabled People. For this we have used the tools of the socio-history and of the organizational analysis and handled the speeches with an analyse of the relationship by opposition (ARO). The main results bring to light that the associative dynamics which structure the sport practices of Guadeloupe’s disabled people are impregnated by a sport logic combined with social, cultural and identity stakes. Therefore the principal thesis defended in the process of the research is that the organisation of Guadeloupe’s Movement for Sport for Disabled People is impregnated by the highly contextual strategies where the identities -sport, Caribbean, disabled- produces some very particular adjustments.
Depuis son apparition à la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, la pratique sportive des personnes atteintes de déficiences motrices a connu de nombreuses et rapides évolutions. Conçue initialement dans une logique rééducative, elle intègre de plus en plus le principe de performance en se rapprochant du mouvement sportif « ordinaire ». Toutefois, ce processus de sportivisation est variable selon l’espace social et culturel dans lequel il se réalise. Initié dans les années 1970, le mouvement handisportif guadeloupéen rencontre des difficultés récurrentes à s’organiser et à se fédérer. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons réalisé une enquête de terrain auprès des associations handisportives locales. Des entretiens avec les acteurs principaux de ce mouvement ont été conduits, des archives recueillies et des observations directes et participantes effectuées afin de retracer l’histoire collective et de repérer les logiques individuelles mobilisées dans la structuration du mouvement handisport en Guadeloupe. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des outils de la socio-histoire et de l’analyse organisationnelle et traité les discours au travers d’une analyse des relations par opposition (ARO). Les principaux résultats mettent en évidence que les dynamiques associatives structurant la pratique sportive des personnes handicapées motrices en Guadeloupe sont imprégnées par une logique sportive doublée d’enjeux sociaux, culturels et identitaires. Ainsi, la thèse principale défendue au terme de cette recherche est que l’organisation du mouvement handisport en Guadeloupe est marquée par des stratégies fortement contextualisées où la conjugaison des identités – sportive, antillaise, de personne handicapée - produit des ajustements singuliers.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01682717

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
tel-01682717
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01682717
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01682717/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01682717/file/Approche%20socio-historique%20du%20mouvement%20handisport%20en%20Guadeloupe.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
The aim of this study is to bring new information on water storage dynamics in karst systems from tiltmeter measurements. Newly developed long-base hydrostatic tiltmeters are installed at two sites on the Larzac plateau (France) in a karst aquifer of similar to 100 km(2) recharge area. Each site is located within a karst cave where two tilt directions are monitored. Significant reversible tilt deformation reaching amplitudes of 10(-6) to 10(-5) rad was observed at both sites following heavy precipitation. Elastic parameters were determined with an experiment in which a tiltmeter site was loaded by up to 25 t of weight at strategic locations at the ground surface. Mechanisms responsible for the observed tilt were then examined by means of finite element modeling. Deformation induced by water pressure changes in fractures is our preferred interpretation as the most plausible mechanism. Within this scope, we used the tiltmeter responses to extract time constants using lumped parameter modeling. Time constants are interpreted to be associated with the filling and emptying of fractures nearby the tiltmeters. These instruments therefore appear as useful tools to study the local dynamics of water infiltration in karst systems.
ISSN: 0043-1397

hal-00534461
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00534461
DOI : 10.1029/2009WR008082

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Estrogens affect brain development of vertebrates, not only by impacting activity and morphology of existing circuits, but also by modulating embryonic and adult neurogenesis. The issue is complex as estrogens can not only originate from peripheral tissues, but also be locally produced within the brain itself due to local aromatization of androgens. In this respect, teleost fishes are quite unique because aromatase is expressed exclusively in radial glial cells, which represent pluripotent cells in the brain of all vertebrates. Expression of aromatase in the brain of fish is also strongly stimulated by estrogens and some androgens. This creates a very intriguing positive auto-regulatory loop leading to dramatic aromatase expression in sexually mature fish with elevated levels of circulating steroids. Looking at the effects of estrogens or anti-estrogens in the brain of adult zebrafish showed that estrogens inhibit rather than stimulate cell proliferation and newborn cell migration. The functional meaning of these observations is still unclear, but these data suggest that the brain of fish is experiencing constant remodeling under the influence of circulating steroids and brain-derived neurosteroids, possibly permitting a diversification of sexual strategies, notably hermaphroditism. Recent data in frogs indicate that aromatase expression is limited to neurons and do not concern radial glial cells. Thus, until now, there is no other example of vertebrates in which radial progenitors express aromatase. This raises the question of when and why these new features were gained and what are their adaptive benefits. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01102449
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102449
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102449/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102449/file/Coumailleau%20et%20al%20final%20manuscript.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.002

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In this paper, we present a novel method for recognition of handwritten sketches. Unlike previous approaches, we focus on online retrieval and ability to build our model incrementally, thus we do not need to know all the data in advance and we can achieve very good recognition results after as few as 15 samples. The method is composed of two main parts: feature representation and learning and recognition. In feature representation part, we utilize SIFT-like feature descriptors in combination with soft response Bag-of-Words techniques. Descriptors are extracted locally using our novel sketch-specific sampling strategy and for support regions we follow patch-based approach. For learning and recognition, we use a novel technique based on fuzzy-neural networks, which has shown good performance in incremental learning. The experiments on state-of-the-art benchmarks have shown promising results.
17th Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society
Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe

hal-01166497
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01166497
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01166497/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01166497/file/IGS_2015_submission_37.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Existen condiciones de competencia internacional que han afectado negativamente el comportamiento del flujo turístico norteamericano al Caribe Mexicano, ello ha puesto en evidencia la vulnerabilidad del modelo tradicional basado en la oferta de “sol y playa”, que se ha agrava en la cuenca del Caribe porque todos los destinos de ella compiten con el mismo modelo. Por dicha razón es necesario replantear nuevas formas de sustentar el desarrollo del turismo, a partir de descentralizar políticas, funciones y gestión administrativa de los tres niveles de gobierno, para buscar con ello, sinergias de fortalecimiento regional, que permitan potenciar la diversificación de oportunidades de desarrollo con nuevos atractivos y ofertas generadas desde los mercados locales. Con esta estrategia será posible ganar la sostenibilidad de la economía regional y estatal a corto y mediano plazo y, con ello consolidar el desarrollo de una sustentabilidad plena en el largo plazo.
La concurrence internationale sur le marché touristique a des effets négatifs sur le comportement des flux touristiques américains sur les rivages caribéens du Mexique. La massification des flux a mis en évidence les limites du modèle traditionnel basé sur l'offre « soleil et plage » commune à l’ensemble de l’espace caribéen. Pour cette raison, il est nécessaire de repenser de nouvelles façons de soutenir le développement du tourisme, de la décentralisation des fonctions politiques et administratives des trois paliers de gouvernement, et de chercher à renforcer les synergies régionales pour renforcer les possibilités de diversification du développement autour de nouvelles attractions et offres provenant des marchés locaux.Cette stratégie permettra de promouvoir la durabilité de l'économie régionale et d'État et de consolider un projet de développement viable à long terme.
The competition on the international tourism market has negative effects on the behavior of American’ tourist flows on the Caribbean coast of Mexico. The mass flows has highlighted the limitations of traditional model based on the offer "sun and beach" common throughout the Caribbean area. For this reason, we need to rethink new ways to support development tourism, the decentralization of political and administrative functions of the three levels of government, and seek to strengthen regional synergies to enhance diversification opportunities around the development of new attractions and offers from local markets.This strategy will promote the sustainability of the regional economy and state and consolidate a sustainable development project in the long term.
Mexique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4208
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4208

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Résumé : Les mutations continues de l’environnement culturel des habitants de Guyane favorisent une prise de conscience des attentes des populations locales et de leur demande sociale en matière de lecture publique. Cela devrait à terme susciter l’émergence d’un public « avisé » malgré l’influence de la tradition orale. Par conséquent, face à la complexité du terrain sociologique, il est nécessaire de modifier les stratégies des acteurs et de les adapter aux réalités sociales et à la vie quotidienne des populations concernées. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, sur quelles représentations sociales peuvent reposer les interventions des acteurs ? Cette question trouvera sa réponse dans une perception objective de la réalité sociale des populations locales.
The ongoing evolutions of the cultural environment of Guianese people promote awareness of the expectations of local people and their social demand for public reading. This should eventually lead to the emergence of a public informed despite the influence of oral tradition. Therefore, given the complexity of the sociological field, it is necessary to change the players' strategies and adapt to social realities and daily lives of the people concerned. What social representations should the performances of actors be based on in order to reach these objectives? The answer to that question will be found thanks to an objective look at the social reality of the local populations.

urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4460
http://etudescaribeennes.revues.org/4460

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : Payao is a traditional concept, which has been successfully commercialized to increase the landings of several species valuable to the country's export and local industries. It has become one of the most important developments in pelagic fishing that significantly contributed to increased tuna production and expansion of purse seine and other fishing gears. The introduction of the payao in tuna fishing in 1975 triggered the rapid development of the tuna and small pelagic fishery. With limited management schemes and strategies, however, unstable tuna and tuna-like species production was experienced in the 1980s and 1990s. In this paper, the evolution and development of the payao with emphasis on the technological aspect are reviewed. The present practices and techniques of payao in various parts of the country, including its structure, ownership, distribution, and fishing operations are discussed. Monitoring results of purse seine/ringnet operations including handline using payao in Celebes Sea and Western Luzon are presented to compare fishing styles and techniques, payao designs and species caught. The fishing gears in various regions of the country for harvesting payao are enumerated and discussed. The inshore and offshore payaos in terms of sea depth, location, designs, fishing methods and catch composition are also compared. Fishing companies and fisherfolk associations involved in payao operation are presented to determine extent of utilization and involvement in the municipal and commercial sectors of the fishing industry. The issues and problems concerning the use of payao, and its biological, economic impact as well as management aspect are presented. Recommendations are given for future research and actions.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15284/12670.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15284/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : Species engaged in multiple, simultaneous mutualisms are subject to trade-offs in their mutualistic investment if the traits involved in each interaction are overlapping, which can lead to conflicts and affect the longevity of these associations. We investigate this issue via a tripartite mutualism involving an ant plant, two competing ant species and a fungus the ants cultivate to build galleries under the stems of their host plant to capture insect prey. The use of the galleries represents an innovative prey capture strategy compared with the more typical strategy of foraging on leaves. However, because of a limited worker force in their colonies, the prey capture behaviour of the ants results in a trade-off between plant protection (i.e. the ants patrol the foliage and attack intruders including herbivores) and ambushing prey in the galleries, which has a cascading effect on the fitness of all of the partners. The quantification of partners' traits and effects showed that the two ant species differed in their mutualistic investment. Less investment in the galleries (i.e. in fungal cultivation) translated into more benefits for the plant in terms of less herbivory and higher growth rates and vice versa. However, the greater vegetative growth of the plants did not produce a positive fitness effect for the better mutualistic ant species in terms of colony size and production of sexuals nor was the mutualist compensated by the wider dispersal of its queens. As a consequence, although the better ant mutualist is the one that provides more benefits to its host plant, its lower host–plant exploitation does not give this ant species a competitive advantage. The local coexistence of the ant species is thus fleeting and should eventually lead to the exclusion of the less competitive species.
ISSN: 0962-8452

hal-01608641
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608641
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2016.1679
PRODINRA : 405078

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
After the 2009 Morakot typhoon, which triggered numerous large landslides in Taiwan, Mouyen et al. (2013)showed for the first time the potential of time-lapse gravity survey to infer the mass of sediments transferringby landsliding or through rivers. By providing an integrated measurement of masses, gravimetry might thus becomplementary to common methods used to assess the sediments discharge of rivers. But the masses of rocksdisplaced by Morakot were exceptionally large as a result of the record-breaking rainfalls brought by this typhoonand one might wonder to what extent time-lapse gravimetry could record such sediment transfers. In order tobetter assess the capabilities of this method, we set a time-lapse gravity network dedicated to the monitoring ofsuch sediments transfers in Paolai village (south-central Taiwan). Paolai is located near the large Laonong riverwhere temporary alluvial deposits of sediments exist and face steep mountain slopes likely to experience landslides.Both features are considered as potential source of mass transfers, and in turn of temporal gravity changes. Thefirst base gravity measurements were done in November 2015, using absolute and relative gravimeters, and will berepeated every year, before and after the typhoon season. In the same time, we also use a terrestrial lidar to scan thegeometry of both the river and the mountain slopes, hence providing a detailed topographical survey of the studiedarea. Adding Lidar measurements is an efficient strategy to solve for the non-uniqueness of gravity solutions.Meanwhile, we use the Eros morphodynamic model, that combine landsliding and flooding models, to investigatevarious scenarios of landsliding and subsequent sediment transport and compute the gravity changes on a virtualnetwork of gravimeters. This gives us insights on the expected order of magnitudes for these surface sedimenttransfers, which are useful to unravel the induced gravity signal from others sources such as local hydrology orvertical ground displacements. The modeling results also enable us to set network location that are best defined todetect mass changes associated with sediment transfer. The main objective of this study is to test whether timelapsegravity brings a new and reliable information compared to present methods monitoring sediments transfersand landscape evolution.
European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2016
Vienne, Austria

insu-01308554
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01308554

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Our knowledge and understanding of the 3-D lithospheric structure of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau is still challenging although numerous geophysical studies have been performed in the region. The GOCE satellite mission has the ambitious goal of mapping Earth's gravity field with unprecedented precision (i.e. an accuracy of 1-2 mGal for a spatial resolution of 100 km) to observe the lithosphere and upper-mantle structure. Consequently, it gives new insights in the lithospheric structure beneath the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. Indeed, the GOCE gravity data now allow us to develop a new strategy for joint gravimetry-seismology inversion. Combined with teleseismic data over a large region in a joint inversion scheme, they will lead to lithospheric velocity-density models constrained in two complementary ways. We apply this joint inversion scheme to the Hi-CLIMB (Himalayan-Tibetan Continental Lithosphere during Mountain Building) seismological network which was deployed in South Tibet and the Himalayas for a 3-yr period. The large size of the network, the high quality of the seismological data and the new GOCE gravity data set allow us to image the entire lithosphere of this active area in an innovative way. We image 3-D low velocity and density structures in the middle crust that fit the location of discontinuous low S-velocity zones revealed by receiver functions in previous geophysical studies. In the deeper parts of our velocity model we image a positive anomaly interpreted to be the heterogenous Indian lithosphere vertically descending beneath the centre of the Tibetan Plateau.
ISSN: 0956-540X

hal-00858024
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00858024
DOI : 10.1093/gji/ggs110

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Las Rutas Alimentarias son itinerarios turísticos que ofrecen servicios y productos que permiten recorrer y explorar lúdicamente la cultura y la historia de aquellos alimentos embebidos de la identidad de la región que representan; conllevan sin embargo un propósito más profundo; exponer en primer plano el significado simbólico de los alimentos y mudarlos de facilitadores de la experiencia turística a recursos culturales de carácter focal.Desde una perspectiva menor las rutas alimentarias pueden categorizarse como un producto turístico pero su mayor potencial se localiza en el ámbito de las políticas agrarias; circunstancia que suele ser dejada de lado en el diseño de las políticas regionales debido a que turismo y agro transitan por carriles separados en la rutina intelectual que predomina en ambos sectores.Consideramos a las rutas alimentarias como un instrumento, con apariencia turística, que promueve el desarrollo rural a través del posicionamiento de los alimentos con identidad territorial.En América Latina, especialmente a partir del año 2000, han comenzado a promocionarse como rutas alimentarias (ó gastronómicas) productos turísticos con pretensiones de novedosos pero que sólo cumplen un rol turístico. En Europa y especialmente en Francia, la finalidad más importante de las rutas alimentarias –aunque sin formalizar- se relaciona más con la industria de la alimentación y con el desarrollo de marcas que con el turismo. En éste artículo se realiza un análisis comparado de las diversas estrategias de desarrollo de las rutas alimentarias; tanto las seguidas en América Latina como en Europa, confrontándose también para ambas regiones la fisiología de agregación de valor a través del vínculo Turismo - Denominaciones de Origen Protegido.
Les routes alimentaires sont des itinéraires touristiques qui offrent des services et produits touristiques qui permettent de découvrir de manière ludique la culture et l'histoire alimentaire des territoires en accordant une attention particulière à la signification symbolique des aliments et aux ressources culturels locales.Ces itinéraires sont le support d’une offre touristique construite autour des ressources du terroir. Bien conçus, ils peuvent participer au développement rural. Nous considérons les routes alimentaires (ou gastronomiques) comme un instrument au service du développement rural; les productions alimentaires, les ressources vernaculaires, la culturel sont au cœur du projet territorial.En Amérique latine, ces initiatives associant développement rural et tourisme, dans le cadre de routes alimentaires, se développement depuis le début des années 2000. Cet article propose une analyse comparative des diverses stratégies de développement pour les routes alimentaire, autour d’expérience sud-américaines, nord-américaines et européennes.
Food Routes are routes that offer tourist services and tourist products that reveal the culture and history of food in areas with special attention to the symbolic meaning of foods and local cultural resources.These routes are the support of a tourism built around local resources. Properly designed, they can participate in rural development. We consider the road food (or gourmet) as an instrument for rural development, food production, resources vernacular culture are at the heart of the territorial project.In Latin America, these initiatives involving rural development and tourism in the context of road maintenance to development since the early 2000s. This article offers a comparative analysis of various development strategies for road food experience around South America, North American and European
Argentine
Mexique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3828
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3828

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les mutations continues de l’environnement culturel des habitants de Guyane favorisent une prise de conscience des attentes des populations locales et de leur demande sociale en matière de lecture publique. Cela devrait à terme susciter l’émergence d’un public « avisé » malgré l’influence de la tradition orale. Par conséquent, face à la complexité du terrain sociologique, il est nécessaire de modifier les stratégies des acteurs et de les adapter aux réalités sociales et à la vie quotidienne des populations concernées. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, sur quelles représentations sociales peuvent reposer les interventions des acteurs ? Cette question trouvera sa réponse dans une perception objective de la réalité sociale des populations locales.
The ongoing evolutions of the cultural environment of Guianese people promote awareness of the expectations of local people and their social demand for public reading. This should eventually lead to the emergence of a public informed despite the influence of oral tradition. Therefore, given the complexity of the sociological field, it is necessary to change the players' strategies and adapt to social realities and daily lives of the people concerned. What social representations should the performances of actors be based on in order to reach these objectives? The answer to that question will be found thanks to an objective look at the social reality of the local populations.
Guyane française

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7870
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7870

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article présente une évaluation des bénéfices de la protection par le Conservatoire du littoral et ses partenaires des mangroves de Guyane, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte et Saint-Martin. Il détaille l’évaluation des services écosystémiques des mangroves sur ces territoires, puis développe des projections pour l’évolution de leurs surfaces en présence ou en absence de protection par le Conservatoire du littoral et ses partenaires. Évaluation et projections ont permis d’estimer les conséquences économiques de cette protection sur 25 ans. Les bénéfices calculés de cette protection sont compris entre 33 000 €/ha et 51 000 €/ha pour les mangroves soumises à des pressions anthropiques importantes. Le maintien des services de régulation correspond à 90 % de cette valeur, surtout pour la capacité des mangroves à épurer les eaux continentales, à protéger et stabiliser la côte et à participer à la régulation du climat global en séquestrant du carbone. Ces résultats objectivent la place des mangroves dans l’économie locale du littoral outre-mer et offrent un plaidoyer pour l’acquisition et la protection des espaces les plus vulnérables par le Conservatoire du littoral et ses partenaires. Les limites inhérentes aux méthodologies utilisées s’appliquent ici : ces évaluations permettent de capter les valeurs d’usage des écosystèmes, mais ne prennent pas en compte la totalité des valeurs de biodiversité, telles que les valeurs de non-usage ou les aspects liés aux espèces remarquables des mangroves. Toutefois, les résultats de ce travail permettent de donner des estimations réalistes à considérer comme des bornes inférieures de la valeur totale des écosystèmes et de leur protection.
This article presents a valuation of the benefits brought by the protection of mangroves from the Conservatoire du littoral and its partners in French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Saint Martin. We detail a contextualized mangroves’ ecosystem services valuation, then develop projections regarding the evolution of their surfaces whether they are protected or not. It was then possible to estimate the economic impacts of 25 years of mangroves protection. When human pressure is high, those benefits range from 33 000 €/ha to 51 000 €/ha. About 90% of this value is due to the conservation of regulating services, such as water treatment capacity, coastal protection and global climate mitigation through carbon sequestration. Our results objectify the importance of mangrove ecosystems in oversea coastal territories’ local economy, and provide advocacy and guidance for the protection strategy of the Conservatoire du littoral and its partners. The methodology we used has inherent limitations one should consider: the ecosystem services valuation focuses on use values and excludes most non-use or intrinsic values, which could also be important for mangroves regarding their remarkable biodiversity. However, our results supply a realistic valuation to be understood as a lower boundary for the total value of oversea mangroves and for the benefits of their protection.
Guadeloupe
Guyane française
Martinique
Mayotte
Saint-Martin

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10485
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10485

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La notion du tourisme moteur de développement n’a pas survécu à la chute du communisme. Cette chute a rendu caduc, le rôle idéologique de ce secteur, symbole et acteur du libéralisme au temps de la guerre froide. De fait, le tourisme retrouve sa place « normale » parmi les vocations nationales des pays en développement : aide au développement et/ou lutte contre la pauvreté !Le Maroc, l’un des pionniers du libéralisme en Afrique, n’a pas échappé aux conséquences du suivisme économique propre aux pays d’Afrique, socialistes et libéraux confondus. Du tourisme moteur de développement (1964), il a récemment procédé au réajustement de sa stratégie en matière du développement touristique, en en faisant un secteur d’appoint pour l’économie nationale. « Le miracle économique du tourisme n’a donc pas eu lieu ! » (Hillali, 2007). Constat d’échec ou réajustement stratégique normal, la question est posée. À ce propos, deux initiatives méritent d’être citées :- Le tourisme représente un secteur d’activité qui procure emplois et revenus aux citadins démunis (artisanat, emplois peu qualifiés...) et aux populations rurales (gites, auberges, accompagnement...) dans le cadre de la nouvelle stratégie des Pays d’accueil touristiques (2003), du tourisme de niches et de l’aide aux jeunes entrepreneurs. - L’initiative nationale du développement humain (INDH), lancée en 2004, est censée épauler les nécessiteux dans cette politique sociale et économique de grande envergure.Or, en dépit des programmes bien planifiés, les résultats sont mitigés. Peut-être, est-il que la mise en pratique de ces nouvelles approches de développement local et ciblé (actions opérationnelles) et les méthodes d’évaluation qui en assurent le suivi (mesure des impacts) ne sont pas encore assez rôdées.
The concept of tourism as a driving force for development has not survived the fall of communism. The end of the Cold War rendered the ideological role of the tourism sector, as a main tool of liberalism, obsolete. Today, the most common setting for the tourism sector is in developing countries, as a tool for development and/or poverty reduction.Morocco, one of the pioneers of liberalism in Africa, has not escaped the consequences of the economic band wagonning among African states, socialists and liberals alike. A driving force for tourism development in the last century (1964), Morocco has recently readjusted its strategy to create an extra sector to contribute to the national economy. "The economic miracle of tourism has not taken place!"(Hillali, 2007). The question is posed: What is more appropriate, identifying failures or engaging in strategic readjustment? In this regard, two initiatives are worth mentioning: - Tourism is an industry that provides jobs and income for the urban (crafts, low-skilled jobs) and rural (cottages, inns, coaching) poor as part of the new strategy of the country’s tourist reception (2003), tourism niches and helping young entrepreneurs. - The National Initiative for Human Development (NIHD), launched in 2004, aims to support those in need in major social and economic policies.However, despite well-planned programs, the results have been mixed. Perhaps it is that the implementation of these new approaches to local development and targeted (operational activities) and evaluation methods that ensure monitoring (measurement of impacts) do not overlap enough.
Afrique
Maroc

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6563
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6563

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IODP
Résumé : Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 335 (14 April–4 June 2011) will be the fourth ocean cruise of the "Superfast" campaign to drill a deep hole into intact oceanic basement and will return to Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 1256D to deepen this scientific reference penetration a significant distance into cumulate gabbros. Cores and data recovered during the Superfast 4 expedition will provide hitherto unavailable observations that will test models of the accretion and evolution of the oceanic crust. Site 1256 was specifically located on oceanic crust that formed at a superfast spreading rate (>200 mm/y) to exploit the observed relationship between spreading rate and depth to axial low velocity zones, thought to be magma chambers, seismically imaged at active mid-ocean ridges. This was a deliberate strategy to reduce the drilling distance to gabbroic rocks because thick sequences of lavas and dikes have proved difficult to penetrate in past. ODP Leg 206 (2002) initiated operations at Site 1256, including the installation in Hole 1256D of a reentry cone with 16 inch casing inserted through the 250 m thick sedimentary cover and cemented into basement to facilitate deep drilling. The hole was then cored ~500 m into basement. IODP Expeditions 309 and 312 (2005) successfully completed the first sampling of an intact section of upper oceanic crust from lavas, through the sheeted dikes, and into the upper gabbros. Hole 1256D now penetrates >1500 meters below seafloor (mbsf) and >1250 m subbasement and currently resides in the dike–gabbro transition zone. The first gabbroic rocks were encountered at 1407 mbsf. Below this lies a ~100 m complex zone of fractionated gabbros intruded into contact metamorphosed dikes. Although previous cruises achieved the benchmark objective of reaching gabbro in intact ocean crust, critical scientific questions remain. These include the following: 1. Does the lower crust form by the recrystallization and subsidence of a high-level magma chamber (gabbro glacier), crustal accretion by intrusion of sills throughout the lower crust, or some other mechanism? 2. Is the plutonic crust cooled by conduction or hydrothermal circulation? 3. What is the geological nature of Layer 3 and the Layer 2/3 boundary at Site 1256? 4. What is the magnetic contribution of the lower crust to marine magnetic anomalies? Hole 1256D is poised at a depth where samples that should conclusively address these questions can be obtained, possibly with only a few hundred meters of drilling. Importantly, as of the end of Expedition 312, the hole was clear of debris and open to its full depth. Increased rates of penetration (1.2 m/h) and enhanced core recovery (>35%) in the gabbros indicate that this return to Hole 1256D could deepen the hole >300 m into plutonic rocks, past the transition from dikes to gabbro, and into a region of solely cumulate gabbroic rocks.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00564953

hal-00564953
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00564953
DOI : 10.2204/iodp.sp.335.2010

Éditeur(s) : Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : Catch data of large pelagic fish such as tuna, swordfish and billfish are highly variable ranging from short to long term. Based on fisheries data, these time series are noisy and reflect mixed information on exploitation (targeting, strategy, fishing power), population dynamics (recruitment, growth, mortality, migration, etc.), and environmental forcing (local conditions or dominant climate patterns). In this work, we investigated patterns of variation of large pelagic fish (i.e. yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, swordfish and blue marlin) in Japanese longliners catch data from 1960 to 2004. We performed wavelet analyses on the yearly time series of each fish species in each biogeographic province of the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans. In addition, we carried out cross-wavelet analyses between these biological time series and a large-scale climatic index, i.e. the Southern Oscillation Index (Sol). Results showed that the biogeographic province was the most important factor structuring the patterns of variability of Japanese catch time series. Relationships between the SOI and the fish catches in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans also pointed out the role of climatic variability for structuring patterns of variation of catch time series. This work finally confirmed that Japanese longline CPUE data poorly reflect the underlying population dynamics of tunas. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Progress In Oceanography (0079-6611) (Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd), 2010-07 , Vol. 86 , N. 1-2 , P. 276-282

Droits : 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00011/12231/9029.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.019
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00011/12231/