Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Sur fond de crise du tourisme au Nord, de la globalisation de l’économie et de l’accélération des mobilités, une évolution des formes de développement touristiques semble à l’œuvre dans les confins géographiques. Dans certains territoires touristiques du fait de conflits dans l’usage des ressources naturelles, des pratiques récréatives alternatives émergent qui combinent une logique économique avec des préoccupations socio-environnementales.Notre article analyse l’apparition du tourisme scientifique dans la région « non-touristique » de Aysén, en Patagonie chilienne. Des acteurs d’un territoire se mobilisent selon des pôles culturels et des axes thématiques autour de projets pilotes, de recherche expérientielle et de médiations scientifiques innovantes. Sur ce front pionnier, un réseau informel d’acteurs coordonne ses actions pour aborder les problématiques sociales et environnementales de leur territoire. Opérateurs et prestataires pour le tourisme scientifique créent de manière participative une offre originale. Un système touristique alternatif, axé sur la protection de l’environnement, de la culture et des dynamiques sociales de la communauté d’accueil, favorise l’acquisition et le partage de savoirs entre scientifiques, acteurs locaux et visiteurs.Le tourisme scientifique s’inscrit-il dans une évolution globale des pratiques touristiques ? En proposant de dépasser les frontières, entre activités récréatives et le travail, de lieux de vie et de loisir, il apparaît comme l’expression d’un « après-tourisme ». L’hybridation des pratiques, une approche scientifique associée à l’esprit de la découverte inhérent au voyage, semble pouvoir relever des défis sociétaux liés à l’essor d’un tourisme globalisé. Alors que le tourisme est pensé depuis longtemps en termes de transfert de compétences, de modèles et d’ingénierie du Nord vers le Sud, une périphérie propose de nouveaux cadres de pensée, d’action et de participation qui renouvellent le sens du voyage.
In the context of a tourism crisis in the north, a globalized economy and an increase of mobility, a change in the forms of tourism development seems to occur in peripheral areas. In some tourism areas and due to conflicts over the use of natural resources, alternative recreational practices arise that combine economic needs and socio-environmental concerns.Our article analyzes the appearance of scientific tourism in the "non-tourist" region of Aysén, in Chilean Patagonia. Actors of a territory unite according to specific cultural poles and thematic axes through experiential research and innovative scientific mediation pilot projects. On this pioneer front, an informal network of stakeholders coordinates its actions to address the social and environmental issues of their territory. Operators and service providers for scientific tourism create an innovative offer in a participatory process. An alternative tourism system, focused on protecting the environment, the culture and social dynamics of the host community, promotes the acquisition and sharing of knowledge between scientists, local actors and visitors.Is scientific tourism part of a global evolution of tourism practices? By proposing to go beyond established boundaries, of recreational activities and work, everyday places and leisure areas, it appears as the expression of an “After-Tourism”. The hybridization of practices, a scientific approach associated with the spirit of the discovery inherent of the travel experience, seems to respond to the challenges of the community confronted to the rise of a globalized tourism. While tourism has always been thought of in terms of transfer of skills, models and engineering from the North to the South, a periphery offers new frameworks of thought, action and participation that renew the meaning of travel.
En un escenario de crisis del turismo en los países desarrollados, de la globalización de la economía y del incremento de las movilidades, una evolución de las formas de desarrollo del turismo parece estar en marcha en los confines geográficos. En ciertos territorios turísticos, debido a los conflictos de uso de los recursos naturales, prácticas recreativas alternativas surgen que combinan una lógica económica con preocupaciones socio-ambientales.El presente artículo analiza el surgimiento del turismo científico en la región “no-turística” de Aysén en la Patagonia chilena. Actores del territorio se unen según polos y temáticas científicas, a través de proyectos pilotos, de investigación experiencial y mediaciones científicas innovadoras. En este frente pionero, una red informal se organiza para abordar las problemáticas sociales y ambientales de su territorio. Operadores y proveedores de servicios para el turismo científico crean de manera participativa una oferta novedosa. Un sistema turístico alternativo, basado en el cuidado del medio ambiente, de la cultura y de las dinámicas sociales del comunidad de acogida, favorece la adquisición y el intercambio de conocimientos entre científicos, actores locales y visitantes. ¿Será la aparición del turismo científico la expresión de una evolución global de las practicas turísticas? Al invitar a que sean sobrepasadas las fronteras, entre actividades recreativas y el trabajo, lugares de vida y sitios de esparcimiento, este se presenta como un “Pos-Turismo”. La hibridación de las prácticas, una aproximación científica asociada al espíritu de descubrimiento inherente del viaje, parece poder resolver los desafíos de nuestras sociedades vinculados al auge de un turismo globalizado. Cuando el turismo suele ser pensado desde hace mucho, como un proceso de transferencia de capacidades, de modelos y de ingenierías, del Norte hacia el Sur, una periferia propone nuevos marcos conceptuales, de acción y de participación, que renuevan el sentido del viaje.
Patagonie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.11169
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/11169

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Predicting the impact of underground engineering on the environment requires the knowledge of natural media at different scales. In particular, understanding basic phenomena controlling the properties of rocks in the presence of complex fluids necessitates a detailed atomic description of the solid/fluid/solid contacts, the subject of Part I of the present study. First, building the solid interspace between two different crystals in a non-periodic situation is achieved using the ab initio and molecular mechanics code GenMol (TM). A description of the fluid confined within the interspace is then derived from the original genetic iterative multi-species (GIMS) algorithm implemented in the same code. This approach consists of equilibrating chemical potentials, cycle after cycle and species after species, between the confined fluid and the free natural fluid. An elementary iteration for a species k consists of different steps incrementing the number N-k of particles k, with other numbers N-k remaining constant. At each step, an optimum fluid composition is obtained by a genetic process distributing the fluid particles on a grid by stochastic shots, followed in fine by a refining process. The effectiveness of the GIMS approach is demonstrated in the case study of a fluid confined between two (0 0 1) kaolinite faces, with apertures h varying between 4 and 10 A. connected to a 9-species external solution [H2O, Cl-, Na+ CO2(aq), NaCl(aq), Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, H3O+] where concentrations are ranging from 55 to 10(-4) mol/L. The results show a drastic variation in the solute/solvent and cations/ions ratios in the confined fluid when aperture h is lowered to less than 1 nm. These results obtained with a very rapid convergence of the iterative algorithm combined with a very competitive genetic optimizer are validated with high precision on a free solution. This description of contacts between crystals is original and unattainable by standard crystal interface approaches. It opens the way to understanding and/or predicting phenomena between crystals in a complex natural environment, such as adhesion or repulsion investigated in the Part II of this study.
ISSN: 0022-0248

hal-00544569
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00544569
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.08.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The published literature related to distributed parameter systems theory is quite large, and it is not feasible in a single book to give a detailed review on the wide historical development of all of it. Our choice of what to cover was motivated by the following consideration. Since distributed parameter systems evolve in time and space, the research investigations on their analysis and control focus on considering the whole system domain for any study. We feel strongly that within this research field, animportant consideration was missing; that of considering that the system may give raise to prescribed subdomains (regions) where one has to achieve an objective. This is the case of so many applications ranging from engineering to life sciences. For that reason, covering classical prerequisite in analysis and control areas, we have devoted the book to the extension of the classical distributed parameter results to regional ones.Students of mathematics do not come into contacts with distributed parameter systems during their classes. They are introduced to them when they start research and often they are influenced by the knowledge and the advice of experimented scientists. This was our case at the very beginning of these research investigations in the mid 70’s. We would liketo express our special thanks to many of them and mainly late Professor Anthony J. Pritchard (University of Warwick, GB) and late Professor J.L. Lions (College de France) who were so encouraging in front of our determination in driving an academic carrier. We also express our thanks to our co-workers and research students. We wish to acknowledge the feedback from all those who took courses based on various parts of this book.This book may be used by graduate students in mathematics, engineering, physics, and even by students from other fields such as life or environmental sciences. This book may also be used as an information source for researchers and education professionals. We assume that the readers already know the basic concepts of analysis and control of distributedparameter systems.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01297188

ISBN : 978-2-35412-140-2
hal-01297188
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01297188

Résumé : L’ingénierie agroécologique vise à produire des savoirs actionnables, pour concevoir des systèmes de cultures économiquement et écologiquement performants, par la valorisation de régulations naturelles. Notre problématique est centrée sur la santé des cultures, et plus particulièrement sur la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum, agent du flétrissement bactérien alors qu’une souche extrêmement agressive menace la production de tomates en plein champ en Martinique. La nécessité d’explorer et de développer des alternatives aux méthodes conventionnelles de protection des plantes (variétés résistantes, pesticides), actuellement inefficaces, invite à la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de conception innovante. Nos travaux montrent que la mobilisation d’une barrière rhizosphérique est une stratégie de régulation biologique alternative. Différents processus y contribuent, telle que la mycorhization, symbiose entre racines et champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules, présents dans la plupart des sols. Nous montrons que la mobilisation de réseaux de mycorhizes indigènes à partir d’un sol agricole permet une mycorhization précoce de la tomate. De plus, l’association de plantes aux propriétés mycorhizotrophes et assainissantes en conditions contrôlées montre des effets bioprotecteurs partiels et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de combinaisons entre processus. Ces combinaisons sont mobilisables par des leviers d’actions multi-scalaires. Nous avons produit une grille d’analyse générique de ces leviers d’action pour la conception, par des trajectoires d’innovation multidirectionnelles, de « systèmes de culture bioprotégés ». Dans le contexte agricole martiniquais, une démarche d’apprentissage permet en effet l’émergence d’une dynamique de co-conception de systèmes de cultures recourant aux plantes mycorhizotrophes. Nos travaux proposent des outils pour une exploration collective de nouvelles stratégies de gestion durable de la santé des cultures.
Agroecological engineering aims to produce actionable knowledge to design economically and environmentally efficient cropping systems, based on the exploitation of natural regulation mechanisms. Our issue is centered on crop health, especially on the plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt agent), of which an extremely aggressive strain threatens field tomato production in Martinique. The need to explore and develop alternatives to conventional methods of plant protection (resistant varieties, pesticides), ineffective in our case, calls for the implementation of an innovative design approach. Our work shows that the protection of the roots via the formation of a self-sustaining rhizospheric barrier may be an alternative biological control strategy. Different processes contribute, such as mycorrhizal symbiosis between roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which are present in most soils. We show that the mobilization of indigenous mycorrhizal networks from an agricultural soil allows early mycorrhization of tomatoes. In addition, the association of plants with mycorrhizal and sanitizing properties in controlled conditions showed partial bioprotective effects and opens up new prospects for combinations between processes. These combinations may be exploited in various ways. We produced a generic analysis grid of key levers to design "healthy cropping systems " through multi-directional innovation trajectories. In Martinique's agricultural context, a learning process allows the emergence of a dynamic co-design of cropping systems using mycorrhizal plants. Our work thus provides tools for collective exploration of new sustainable management strategies for crop health.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0828/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society
Résumé : International audience
Trees control their posture by generating asymmetric mechanical stress around the periphery of the trunk or branches. This stress is produced in wood during the maturation of the cell wall. When the need for reaction is high, it is accompanied by strong changes in cell organization and composition called reaction wood, namely compression wood in gymnosperms and tension wood in angiosperms. The process by which stress is generated in the cell wall during its formation is not yet known, and various hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. Here we aim at discriminating between these models. First, we summarize current knowledge about reaction wood structure, state and behaviour relevant to the understanding of maturation stress generation. Then, the mechanisms proposed in the literature are listed and discussed in order to identify which can be rejected based on their inconsistency with current knowledge at the frontier between plant science and mechanical engineering.
Journal of the Royal Society Interface

hal-01392832
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392832
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392832/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392832/file/AlmerasClair2016_JRSInterface_Critical%20review%20on%20the%20mechanisms%20of%20maturation%20stress%20generation%20in%20trees_HAL.pdf
DOI : 10.1098/rsif.2016.0550

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer
Résumé : International audience
The aim of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the main ecological aspects of Anthozoan-Symbiodinium mutualisms in the Mediterranean Sea. There are reports of at least twelve species of symbiotic anthozans in the basin. These anthozoans establish symbiotic relations with Symbiodinium Temperate A and B2 (Symbiodinium psygmophilum), corresponding to the only two species of Symbiodinium described in the region. A synthesis of the trophic and biochemical aspects of the interaction between Symbiodinum and their cnidarian hosts is given to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that maintain this special association. Finally, current knowledge about the ecological importance of this interaction in engineering species is examined. This review is framed to highlight the ecological importance of this symbiotic relationship in ecosystem construction and maintenance on an enclosed, temperate marine basin.
The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future

ISBN : 978-3-319-31303-0
hal-01546929
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01546929
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-31305-4_24

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD De Gruyter
Résumé : International audience
The data available in the literature concerning wood cutting forces permit to build models or to simulate the main wood machining processes (milling, sawing, peeling etc.). This approach contributes to a better understanding of formation of wood surfaces and chips and the data may be helpful to optimize cutting geometry, reduce tool wear, improve tool material, and to size tool-machines. The models may also be useful for industrial application in two ways: (1) providing data to optimise the settings for a given operation (batch approach) and (2) building predictive models that could be the basis of an online control systems for the machining processes (interactive approach). A prerequisite for this is that numerous machining tests on different wood materials are performed based on experiences with different kind of tools and experimental devices. With potential industrial applications in focus, the emphasis of this review was on the wood peeling process, which is a very demanding special case of wood cutting. Though not so many industrial machines are equipped with expensive force sensors, there is a lot of high quality information available about cutting forces which may be useful to improve the scientific or technologic knowledge in wood machining. Alternative parameters, such as vibration or sound measurements, appear to be promising substitutes in the praxis, particularly to feed online control systems of any wood cutting process.
ISSN: 0018-3830

hal-00876003
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876003
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876003/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876003/file/LABOMAP_Holzforschung_2009_denaud.pdf
ENSAM : http://hdl.handle.net/10985/7419

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Intech
Résumé : International audience
The massive integration of sustainable energies into electrical grids (non-interconnectedor connected) is a major problem due to their stochastic character revealed by strongfluctuations at all scales. In this paper, the scaling behaviour or power law correlationsand the nature of scaling behaviour of sustainable resource data such as flow velocity,atmospheric wind speed, solar global solar radiation and sustainable energy such as,wind power output, are highlighted. For the first time, Fourier power spectral densitiesare estimated for each dataset. We show that the power spectrum densities obtained areclose to the 5/3 Kolmogorov spectrum. Furthermore, the multifractal and intermittentproperties of sustainable resource and energy data have been revealed by the concavityof the scaling exponent function. The proposed analysis frame allows a full descriptionof fluctuations of processes considered. A good knowledge of the dynamic of fluctua-tions is crucial to management of the integration of sustainable energies into a grid.
Sustainable Energy - Technological Issues, Applications and Case Studies

hal-01528087
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01528087
DOI : 10.5772/106341

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Data integration and knowledge capitalization combine data and information coming from different data sources designed by different experts having different purposes. In this paper, we propose to assist the underlying model merging activity. For close models made by experts of various specialities on the same system, we partially automate the identification of a Greatest Common Model (GCM) which is composed of the common concepts (core-concepts) of the different models. Our methodology is based on Formal Concept Analysis which is a method of data analysis based on lattice theory. A decision tree allows to semiautomatically classify concepts from the concept lattices and assist the GCM extraction. We apply our approach on the EIS-Pesticide project, an environmental information system which aims at centralizing knowledge and information produced by different research teams.
14th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS 2012)
Wroclaw, Poland

lirmm-01319858
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-01319858
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-40654-6_5

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Semantic web standards, tools, ontologies and related technologies have considerably matured in the recent years. Nowadays, accessing a wide catalogue of biological, social, environmental, and ecological data sources helps stakeholders working on biodiversity to answer their complex questions. Will the real time access to web resources effectively support the definition of strategies to conserve and manage biodiversity? How might semantic web technologies help us to handle the complex and heterogeneous big data related to biodiversity? The workshop aims to identify the key challenges faced by the bioinformatics community, discuss potential solutions and identify the opportunities emerging from the trans-disciplinary interactions between Plant Science and Informatics experts. Therefore, we expect the bioinformatics experts to explain how they apply semantic web standards and tools to their scientific topic, from biology, agriculture, agro-ecology, genomics, environmental studies, to social sciences, citizen sciences. Research papers presenting various aspects of semantic web technologies applied to biodiversity data, ranging from position papers to implemented systems descriptions and their evaluation, will be selected. We are particularly interested in the use of the semantic technologies to design and develop systems that supports research on agricultural and wild biodiversity conservation and management for food security. Examples may include strategies for resilience to climate change pressures, sustainability of productive ecosystems, ecosystems services monitoring or territories management, rather than systems supporting only research on climate patterns or soil erosion.
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757

lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757
http://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00831757/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Cumulative human impacts have led to the degradation of marine ecosystems and thedecline of biodiversity in the European and contiguous seas. Effective conservationmeasures are urgently needed to reverse these trends. Conservation must entail societalchoices, underpinned by human values and worldviews that differ between the countriesbordering these seas. Social, economic and political heterogeneity adds to the challenge ofbalancing conservation with sustainable use of the seas. Comprehensive macro-regionalcoordination is needed to ensure effective conservation of marine ecosystems andbiodiversity of this region. Under the European Union Horizon 2020 framework programme,the MarCons COST action aims to promote collaborative research to support marinemanagement, conservation planning and policy development. This will be achieved bydeveloping novel methods and tools to close knowledge gaps and advance marineconservation science. This action will provide support for the development of macro-regional and national policies through six key actions: to develop tools to analysecumulative human impacts; to identify critical scientific and technical gaps in conservationefforts; to improve the resilience of the marine environment to global change and biologicalinvasions; to develop frameworks for integrated conservation planning across terrestrial,freshwater, and marine environments; to coordinate marine conservation policy acrossnational boundaries; and to identify effective governance approaches for marine protectedarea management. Achieving the objectives of these actions will facilitate the integration ofmarine conservation policy into macro-regional maritime spatial planning agendas for theEuropean and contiguous seas, thereby offsetting the loss of biodiversity and ecosystemservices in this region.
Research Ideas and Outcomes

hal-01474085
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01474085
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01474085/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01474085/file/RIO_article_11884.pdf
DOI : 10.3897/rio.3.e11884

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany)
Résumé : International audience
*Context Increased knowledge on diversity in wood properties would have implications both for fundamental research and for promoting a diversification of uses as material. *Aims The objective is to contribute to overcoming the critical lack of data on the diversity of wood dynamic mechanical/viscoelastic vibrational properties, by testing lesser-known species and categorizing sources of variability. *Methods Air-dry axial specific dynamic modulus of elasticity (E'/γ) and damping coefficient (tanδ) were measured on a wide sampling (1792 specimens) of 98 wood types from 79 species. An experimental device and protocol was designed for conducting systematic (i.e. rapid and reproducible) characterizations. *Results Diversity at the specimens' level corroborates the "standard" relationship between tanδ and E'/γ, which is discussed in terms of orientation of wood elements and of chemical composition. Diversity at the species level is expressed on the basis of results for normal heartwood, with specific gravity (γ) ranging from 0.2 to 1.3. Axial E'/γ ranges from 9 to 32 GPa and tanδ from 4×10-3 to 19×10-3. Properties distribution follows a continuum, but with group characteristics. The lowest values of tanδ are only found in certain tropical hardwoods. Results can also suggest alternative species for musical instruments making.
Annals of Forest Science

hal-00808242
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00808242
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00808242/document
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-011-0166-z

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD SciTePress
Résumé : International audience
Data integration and knowledge capitalization combine data and information coming from different data sources designed by different experts having different purposes. In this paper, we propose to assist the underlying model merging activity. For close models made by experts of various specialities, we partially automate the identification of a Greatest Common Model (GCM) which is composed of the common concepts (core concepts) of the different models. Our methodology is based on Formal Concept Analysis which is a method of data analysis based on lattice theory. A decision tree allows to semi-automatically classify concepts from the concept lattices and assist the GCM extraction. We apply our approach on the EIS-Pesticide project, an environmental information system which aims at centralizing knowledge and information produced by different specialized teams.
ICEIS 2012: 14th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems
Wroclaw, Poland

lirmm-00727009
https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00727009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : International audience
Context: Woodcutting is a very old technology but scientific research is scarce on the subject. In the last 50 years much work on basic mechanisms as well as industrial processes has been done in France. Aims: The specific nature of wood introduces strong differences between wood and metal cutting processes. The paper focuses on French teams' contributions. Results: The basic aspects of the tool–material interaction for different basic modes in woodcutting are highlighted. In primary conversion such as sawing, veneer cutting or green wood chipping, huge progress comes from automation and the possibility of linking the process to log and product quality through new sensors. In secondary processing much has been done on the links between the cutting process, surface qualification and the properties of these surfaces for further processing, such as gluing or coating. Tool wear depends on the cutting process, timber quality, and species. Trade-offs are required in tool technology and coating technologies may improve tool life. Conclusion: A large amount of knowledge and innovation has come from 50 years of worldwide research effort, with France being particularly active in this period. The transfer of skills from metals cutting industry was often a key, but much is needed to move closer to both metal cutting sector and woodcutting skills among craftsmen.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-01135156
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01135156
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01135156/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01135156/file/Wood_machining_focus_French_research_Thibaut_al_2015.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-015-0460-2

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
This paper presents a synthesis of a multidisciplinary study carried out along the Nîmes Roman aqueduct, located in the southeast part of France. The study was motivated by archaeologists attempting to explain the partial destructions of only one aerial bridge of the aqueduct (Pont de la Lône). Given its close proximity to the Nîmes seismically active fault, a possible seismic origin for the destructions was invoked. Seismologists and structural engineers thus carried out a variety of field and numerical investigations to test the seismic hypothesis. Supporting field evidence was found first along the aerial bridge section of the aqueduct: broken stalactites, arch warping, cracks and destruction of the bridge just above a breast wall shortly after its construction. Secondly, the underground part of the canal was analysed: irregularity in the thickness of calcite deposits of the canal walls, presence of numerous cracks, horizontal shift of the otherwise linear structure of the canal and presence of calcite twins in the deposits, found only where the canal crosses the Nîmes fault system. Numerical modelling and experimental results show that (1) only the Pont de la Lône would have suffered serious damage under seismic solicitation (assuming an M6 earthquake at 10 km distance). The second aerial bridge, the three levels arches Pont du Gard, an historical monument still standing today, would have suffered less damage, due to its very different fundamental frequency of around 0.4 Hz, far from the amplified seismic near-field spectrum; (2) the numerical models also show that a fall of the canal wall would require a higher magnitude event (M > 6); (3) the presence of calcite twinning requires a differential static stress of 4 MPa or greater, which can only be achieved very close to the fault rupture of a M > 6 earthquake; (4) finally, local surface rupturing of such a fault would also corroborate the hypothesis that the observed offset of the canal may be partly seismically induced. Although other possible origins for each individual evidence may not be excluded, the observed spatiotemporal concentration of architectural/geological anomalies together with the numerical results allow us to support a possible co-seismic origin for these disorders, indirectly attesting to the potential seismic activity (M > 6) of the nearby Nîmes fault. Furthermore, following the conclusions of archaeological studies, the disorders occurred between 250 and 350 year AD, thus providing timing for this possible seismic event, an essential parameter in seismic hazard analysis. These results validate the archaeo-seismological approach as a tool that may help improve the knowledge of major infrequent earthquakes in areas of moderate seismic activity.
ISSN: 0921-030X

hal-00379064
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00379064
DOI : 10.1007/s11069-008-9276-9

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Tension wood, a tissue developed by angiosperm trees to actively recover their verticality, has long been defined by the presence of an unlignified cellulosic inner layer in the cell wall of fibres, called the G-layer. Although it was known that some species have no G-layer, the definition was appropriate since it enabled easy detection of tension wood zones using various staining techniques for either cellulose or lignin. For several years now, irrespective of its anatomical structure, tension wood has been defined by its high mechanical internal tensile stress. This definition enables screening of the diversity of cell walls in tension wood fibres. Recent results obtained in tropical species with tension wood with a delay in the lignification of the G-layer opened our eyes to the effective presence of large amounts of lignin in the G-layer of some species. This led us to review older literature mentioning the presence of lignin deposits in the G-layer and give them credit. Advances in the knowledge of tension wood fibres allow us to reconsider some previous classifications of the diversity in the organisation of the fibre walls of the tension wood.
ISSN: 0928-1541

hal-01636686
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01636686
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01636686/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01636686/file/2017_Ghislain-Clair_IAWAJ_DiversityOrganisationLignificationTensionWoodFibreWalls-AReview.pdf
DOI : 10.1163/22941932-20170170

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A good knowledge of the intermittency of global solar radiation is crucial for selecting the location of a solar power plant and predicting the generation of electricity. This paper presents a multifractal analysis study of 367 daily global solar radiation sequences measured with a sampling rate of 1 Hz over one year at Guadeloupean Archipelago (French West Indies) located at 16°15'N latitude and 60°30'W longitude. The mean power spectrum computed follows a power law behaviour close to the Kolmogorov spectrum. The intermittent and multifractal properties of global solar radiation data are investigated using several methods. Under this basis, a characterization for each day using three multifractal parameters is proposed
ISSN: 0038-092X

hal-01527892
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01527892
DOI : 10.1016/j.solener.2013.09.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis: STM, Behavioural Science and Public Health Titles
Résumé : International audience
Measurements of daily means of surface solar irradiance made at four ground stations in French Guiana are compared to estimates from the HelioClim-3 database produced by the Heliosat-2 method applied to Meteosat satellite images. The bias ranges from 12 W m−2 (6% of the mean of measurements) to 23 W m−2 (12%), depending on the stations. The root mean square difference ranges between 23 W m−2 (11%) and 35 W m−2 (18%). The correlation coefficient (r) is close to 0.9. Better results are observed during the rainy season than during the dry season. Uncertainties are mainly due to the presence of clouds, large viewing angles of the Meteosat satellite, and limitations of the atmospheric transmittance model under the tropical atmospheric conditions. It is concluded that the Heliosat-2 method provides new knowledge about solar radiation in French Guiana.
International Journal of Remote Sensing

hal-00779675
https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00779675
https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00779675/document
DOI : 10.1080/01431161.2012.756598

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Risk assessment related to the exposure of humans to chemicals released into the environment is a major concern of our modern societies. In this context, toxicology plays a crucial role to characterize the effects of this exposure on health and identify the targets of these molecules. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is an enabling technology for biodistribution studies of chemicals. Although the majority of published studies are presented in a pharmacological context, the concepts discussed in this review can be applied to the toxicological evaluation of chemicals released into the environment. The major asset of IMS is the simultaneous localization and identification of a parent molecule and its metabolites without labeling and without any prior knowledge. Quantification methods developed in IMS are presented with application to an environmental pollutant. IMS is effective in the localization of chemicals and endogenous species. This opens unique perspectives for the discovery of molecular alterations in metabolites and protein biomarkers that could help for a better understanding of toxicity mechanisms. Distribution studies of agrochemicals in plants by IMS can contribute to a better understanding of their mode of action and to a more effective use of these chemicals, avoiding the current concern of environmental damage.
ISSN: 1874-3919

hal-01367141
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367141
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367141/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367141/file/Potential%20of%20MALDI%20imaging.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.008