Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The relation between primary and secondary growth has been traditionally studied in terms of growth units and has always being assumed as closely correlated. Pluviometric variation directly affects growth patterns in the neotropical pioneer species Jacaranda copaia. In French Guiana this species produces annual growth rings in the dry season that can be seen with the naked eye.The morphological and anatomical description of three monocaulous individuals was made node by node. The trees where felled at a roadside locality close to the city of Kourou, French Guiana. The comparison of intermodal distance, pith transversal area and wood ring area variation within an individual elucidates the origin of well-known problems in dendrochronological analysis of tropical trees.The wood found close to the pith, known as young wood, always has false wood rings; the production of these rings is correlated with short intermodal distances and small pith transversal area. This phenomenon seems to be caused by minor intrannual pluviometric variation that affects both primary and secondary growth. This new methodological approach helps morphologists and anatomists interpret growth patterns in tropical trees in a more holistic way.
Botany 2010
Rhode Island, United States

hal-01032389
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032389

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cette contribution aborde différents aspects relatifs à l’évaluation de la qualité des plages. Elle propose d’abord une mise au point conceptuelle sur la notion de qualité et un état des lieux des approches méthodologiques utilisées. L’auteur applique ensuite le protocole méthodologique qu’il a élaboré aux plages des Iles Vierges Britanniques. Sur base des résultats obtenus, il met en débat les relations qui existent entre tourisme et qualité des plages dans les petites îles tropicales.
This paper deals with beach quality assessment. At first, the author presents the state of the art through a conceptual and a methodological approach. Then, she applies the methodological framework she has elaborated to the beaches of the British Virgin Islands. On the basis of the results of the assessment, she discusses the environmental impacts of tourism in small tropical island.
Caraïbe
Îles Vierges britanniques

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4000
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4000

Éditeur(s) : Oxford university press
Résumé : Fish-aggregating devices (FADs) are increasingly used worldwide to enhance tuna catches. Meanwhile, ecosystem-based management of this fishery is constrained by a paucity of information regarding the interaction of FAD-associated tuna aggregations with their local environment. This paper reports the results of a nine-month study around a FAD moored near Martinique Island, aimed at assessing the effects of the local environment on the variability of monthly estimates of proximate tuna biomass. Dual-frequency, active acoustics provided highresolution quantitative data on the pelagic community around the FAD, from fish to micronekton forage. Geostatistics were used to compute biomass estimates of the tuna aggregation comprising most of the FADassociated fish biomass, with a sampling error of 27%. Environmental variability was summarized by a small set of principal components (PCs) derived from profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen vs. depth; and maps of chlorophyll a derived from remotely sensed, sea-surface colour. A generalized linear model was used to relate tuna biomass to environmental PCs and revealed a positive correlation between tuna abundance and: i) a micronekton layer sensed at 38 kHz and potentially consisting of preferred prey at about 180 m depth; and ii) low subsurface salinity (60–80 m). These favourable environmental conditions may be related to thepresence of North Brazilian Current eddies that migrating tuna follow when not temporally associated with the FADs.
ICES Journal of Marine Science (1054-3139) (Oxford university press), 2009-07 , Vol. 66 , N. 6 , P. 1410-1416

Droits : 2009 Oxford university press
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-6162.pdf
DOI:10.1093/icesjms/fsp039
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6162/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les crises environnementales ont de profondes répercussions sur les économies et les sociétés insulaires, et ceci de manière exacerbée en Haïti, après le terrible tremblement de terre du 12 janvier 2010. Les petites îles de la Caraïbe et de l’Océan Indien sont confrontées à de nombreuses crises qui ont des origines locales, mais le plus souvent exogènes. Par delà le marasme mondial actuel, l’insularité et l’exiguïté sont autant de facteurs qui aggravent la crise économique et accroissent les tensions dans ces territoires. Dans les DROM (Département et Région d’Outre-mer), les mouvements sociaux ont été très importants.
Environmental crises have a profound impact on island economies and societies, and this so exacerbated in Haiti after the devastating earthquake of January 12, 2010. Small islands in the Caribbean and in the Indian Ocean endured numerous crises sometimes of local origin but more often due to external factors. Beyond the current global downturn, insularity and small size are factors that aggravate the economic crisis and increasing tensions in these areas. In DROM (Department Region Overseas), social movements have been very important.
Caraïbes
Guadeloupe
Guyane française
Martinique
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5013
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5013

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Pb, Hf, Nd and Sr isotopes of basaltic lavas from the two Reunion Island volcanoes are reported in order to examine the origin of the sources feeding these volcanoes and to detect possible changes through time. Samples, chosen to cover the whole lifetime of the two volcanoes (from 2 Ma to present), yield a chemically restricted (compared to 0113 lavas) but complex distribution. Reunion plume isotopic characteristics have been defined on the basis of the composition of uncontaminated shield-building lavas from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano. The average epsilon(Nd), epsilon(Hf), Sr-87/Sr-86 and Pb-206/Pb-204, Pb-207/Pb-204, and Pb-208/Pb-204 isotope ratios calculated for this component are +4.4, +9.1, 0.70411, 18.97, 15.59 and 39.03, respectively. In Pb-Pb isotope space, each volcano defines a distinct linear trend but slight variation are also detected within the various volcanic sequences. The Piton des Neiges volcano yields a distinct and significantly more scattered isotopic distribution than Piton de la Fournaise for both Pb, Hf and Nd isotope tracers. A principal component analysis of the Pb isotope data from Piton de la Fournaise reveals a major contribution of the C and EM-1 components (with a clear Dupal flavor) as main components for the modem Reunion plume. The same components have been identified for Piton des Neiges but with a stronger participation of a depleted mantle component and a weaker EM-1 contribution. The compositional change of the lavas erupted by the Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise volcanoes is attributed to the impingement of two small-scale blobs of plume material at the base of the Reunion lithosphere. Compared to other hot-spots worldwide, in particular Hawaii and Kerguelen, magmas beneath Reunion are generated from a considerably more homogeneous, compositionally more primitive plume higher in Pb-206. Although shallow-level contamination processes have been locally detected they did not alter significantly the composition of the plume magmas. This is tentatively attributed to mantle dynamics producing small, high-velocity blobs that ascend rapidly through the lithosphere, and to the lack of a well-developed magma chamber at depth in the lithosphere.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00412196
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412196
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.018

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : In the area served by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), which includes 22 Pacific Island countries and territories, anchored FADs have been used since the late 1970s. First introduced from the Philippines, via Hawaii, they were quickly adopted by both industrial and artisanal fisheries sectors : in 1984 more than 600 anchored FADs had been deployed in the region. Since these early days, the development of the technique by the industrial and the artisanal sectors have followed parallel paths with little interaction. In the industrial private sector, companies are funding, deploying and monitoring their own FADs. For some fishing companies, using purse seiners and pole-and-line vessels, from the Solomon Islands or Papua-New-Guinea, these FADs have become a necessity. FAD programmes for small-scale fisheries have been almost exclusively run by the public sector, with technical support from regional and international development agencies and financial assistance from overseas funding agencies. These programmes have had mixed successes : becoming an on-going and essential tool in some places like French Polynesia or Guam; or being momentarily suspended, like in Vanuatu or Tonga, because of the lack of funds, partly due to the scarcity of proven economic return to the fishing communities. This document is an attempt to synthesise the current information on these very diverse situations, including technical, economical and social considerations.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15283/12669.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15283/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : The current interpretation of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) involves the deposition of the so-called “peripheral or marginal” evaporites in onshore basins, as well as the erosion of the margins and the formation of thick evaporites in the deep parts of the basins. The present study focuses on intermediate depth basins, i.e. located between the onshore outcrops and the deep basins. Indeed, the Balearic Promontory shows small stepped basins filled with MSC deposits between its western extremity on the Alicante shelf and its eastern end around the Menorca block. New and already available seismic reflection profiles and onshore data allow us to investigate the nature and geometrical relationships of these deposits in the area between the islands of Ibiza and Mallorca.Our observations suggest the existence of three MSC-related units in this area. The lowermost transparent seismic unit can be interpreted as a 100 to 200-m-thick salt layer deposited in the deepest part of the Central Mallorca Depression. These evaporites pass laterally and upward into a thin-bedded seismic unit, which could be lithologically equivalent to the Upper Evaporites of the deep basins. All around the borders of the Central Mallorca Depression, this bedded seismic unit onlaps a Slope Unit which shows bedded to chaotic and rafted facies. The Messinian continental shelf is eroded and incised by a valley extending from the Palma onshore area to the Mallorca downslope domain.Our results suggest the presence offshore of at least two generations of diachronous MSC deposits. The observation of salt on a continental high and the widespread MSC deposits on the margins of the Central Mallorca Depression call into question the location of halite preferentially in the deep abyssal basins and the significance of the deep basin MSC units that onlap onto the Margin Erosional Surface (MES), as observed all around the passive margins of the Northwest-Mediterranean Basin. The dual terminology used for peripheral/deep MSC evaporites cannot be applied to any of the MSC units found in the study area.
ISSN: 0025-3227

hal-01115656
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01115656
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2014.10.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We report chlorine (Cl) and fluorine (F) abundances in minerals, interstitial glasses, and melt inclusions in 12 andesite-hosted, spinel harzburgite xenoliths and crosscutting pyroxenite veins exhumed from the sub-arc lithospheric mantle beneath Avacha volcano in the Kamchatka Arc (NE Russia). The data are used to calculate equilibrium mineral-melt partition coefficients (Dmineral/meltDmineral/melt) for Cl and F relevant to subduction-zone processes and unravel the history of volatile depletion and enrichment mechanisms in an arc setting.Chlorine is ∼100 times more incompatible in pyroxenes (View the MathML sourceDClmineral/melt = 0.005–0.008 [±0.002–0.003]) than F (View the MathML sourceDFmineral/melt = 0.50–0.57 [±0.21–0.24]), which indicates that partial melting of mantle sources leads to strong depletions in Cl relative to F in the residues. The data set in this study suggests a strong control of melt composition on View the MathML sourceDCl,Fpyroxene/melt, in particular H2O contents and Al/(Al + Si), which is in line with recent experiments. Fluorine is compatible in Ca-amphibole in the ‘wet’ sub-arc mantle (View the MathML sourceDFamphibole/melt = 3.5–3.7 [±1.5]) but not Cl (View the MathML sourceDClamphibole/melt = 0.03–0.05 [±0.01–0.03]), indicating that amphibole may fractionate F from Cl in the mantle wedge. The inter-mineral partition coefficients for Cl and F in this study are consistent amongst different harzburgite samples, whether they contain glass or not. In particular, disseminated amphibole hosts much of the Cl and F bulk rock budgets of spinel harzburgites (View the MathML sourceDClamphibole/pyroxene up to 14 and View the MathML sourceDFamphibole/pyroxene up to 40). Chlorine and fluorine are variably enriched (up to 1500 ppm Cl and 750 ppm F) in the parental arc picrite and boninite melts of primitive pyroxenite veins (and related melt inclusions) crosscutting spinel harzburgites.Based on the data in this study, the main inferences on the behaviour of Cl and F during melting and metasomatic processes in the sub-arc mantle are as follow:(i) Melting models show that most depleted mantle protoliths of intra-oceanic arc sources can have extremely low Cl/F (0.002–0.007) before being overprinted by subduction-derived components.(ii) Chlorine has a higher percolation distance in the mantle than F. Even for small fluid or melt volumes, Cl and F signatures of partial melting are overprinted by those of pervasive percolation, which increases Cl/F in percolating agents and bulk peridotites during chromatographic interaction and/or amphibole-forming metasomatic reactions. These processes ultimately control the bulk Cl and F compositions of the residual mantle lithosphere beneath arcs, and likely in other tectonic settings.(iii) Fluxed melting models suggest that Cl enrichment in arc picrite and boninite melts in this study, and in many arc melt inclusions reported in the literature, could be related to the infiltration of high Cl/F fluids derived from subducted serpentinite or altered crust in mantle wedge sources. However, these high Cl/F signatures should be re-evaluated with new models in light of the possible overprint of pervasive percolation effects in the mantle. The breakdown of amphibole (and/or mica) in the deep metasomatised mantle at higher pressure and temperature conditions than in the slab may explain, at least in part, the positive correlations between F abundances and Cl/F in primitive arc melt inclusions and slab depth.
ISSN: 0016-7037

hal-01553610
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01553610
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.035

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’image idyllique du tourisme de luxe dans certains territoires de la Caraïbe, de l’océan Indien et du Pacifique fait souvent rêver et attire depuis longtemps une clientèle fortunée. Pour autant, les dépenses effectuées sur place par cette clientèle induisent-elles véritablement des retombées positives sur la croissance et le développement économique de ces territoires, sur le niveau de vie de la population, contribue-t-il à combattre le chômage et à réduire la pauvreté ? Quels en sont les impacts au plan environnemental et humain ? En deux mots, les principes du développement durable trouvent-ils sur place un terrain d’application favorable et conforme à ce concept ? Pour y répondre, Anguilla, petite destination touristique de luxe de la Caraïbe, fréquentée majoritairement par une clientèle de séjour en provenance des États-Unis est utilisée comme étude de cas. Aussi, cette étude a pour but d’analyser les relations complexes entre le tourisme et la problématique du développement local dans ce microterritoire, en se fixant deux objectifs : en premier lieu, voir si l’hypothèse de la croissance tirée par le tourisme est une option concevable dans cette petite destination touristique. En second lieu, vérifier si l’activité touristique exerce un impact positif sur le développement économique inclusif d’Anguilla, par sa capacité ou non à stimuler les autres secteurs d’activité. À cet effet, deux modèles de régression employés dans un cadre de cointégration sont utilisés successivement. D’une part, les résultats montrent qu’un accroissement de 1 % de la recette touristique à Anguilla se traduit à long terme par une augmentation de 0,6 % de son PIB, confirmant ainsi l’hypothèse de la croissance tirée par le tourisme. De plus, les tests de causalité de Granger révèlent l’existence d’une causalité bidirectionnelle entre activité touristique et croissance économique. D’autre part, ces résultats montrent que la croissance du secteur touristique s’accompagne par une contraction de l’activité agricole à Anguilla, engendrant de ce fait une perte de ressources pour le pays, ainsi qu’un accroissement de « fuites » liées aux importations dérivées. En conséquence, le potentiel du tourisme en tant que facteur de développement inclusif devient une hypothèse irrecevable dans ce petit territoire, et ce, en raison des effets multiplicateurs et de liaison limités sur les producteurs locaux.
The romantic image of luxury tourism in Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and pacific islands make you often dream and attracts for many years a high profile customer. Would the expenses incurred by the visitors lead to a positive impacts on economic growth? What are the impacts on environment and human aspects? Briefly, does the principles of sustainable and inclusive development a concept applicable in these islands? Anguilla, a small luxury island in the Caribbean area is used as case study. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of tourism in the economy of Anguilla. More specifically, this investigation attempts to verify the presence of the tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLGH) in the case of Anguilla, also to explore the nature of the linkage between the tourism sector and the agriculture, manufacturing and other service industries in the long-run and the short-run. In so doing, two regression models are used in a cointegration framework. The long-run relation indicates that a 1% change in tourism revenues in Anguilla would lead to a 0.6% increase in real GDP in the long-run, ceteris paribus. Our findings have also empirically verified the presence of the tourism-led growth hypothesis. However, the application of the error-correction methodology, produced results which suggested that the agriculture sector has contracted as the tourism sector expanded. In conclusion, the economic growth in Anguilla is positively affected by growth in the tourism sector as the latter sector loses resources to the expanding sector.
Anguilla
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7409
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7409

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Résumé : International audience
This study provides a baseline describing natural small scale variability of Symbiodinium density in the sentinel coral Acropora globiceps during the summer, under non-bleaching conditions. Spatial scales investigated range from the colony scale (1-10 cm, i.e. among branches of the same colony) to the reef scale (1-10 km, i.e. among stations distributed over several locations and depths), at Moorea Island, French Polynesia. The coral-Symbiodinium symbiosis is a key process in scleractinian coral physiology, and Symbiodinium density provides an easy-to-measure and inexpensive biomarker of this symbiosis health. Spatial variability of three major environmental factors: light intensity, sedimentation and water motion was also assessed to evaluate their potential link with Symbiodinium density. Density of Symbiodinium did not significantly differ within colonies or among colonies within a station. However, a marked depth gradient was observed, showing increasing density with increasing depth and decreasing light intensity. These observations provide an interesting reference for forthcoming comparisons with disturbed conditions, such as bleaching events.
ISSN: 0025-3154

hal-00905942
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00905942
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00905942/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00905942/file/Ladriereetal2014.pdf
DOI : 10.1017/S0025315413001252

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : This summary tackles the development of fisheries in the Caribbean using fads. It highlights the principal causes which explain why, in spite of more than thirty years of experimenting, fishing on fads has not developed as much as had been hoped. Whereas the deep-sea production of pelagic fish by the continental countries of the region has considerably increased since the early eighties, that of the Lesser Antilles has grown more slowly. Anchored fads have given the boats of the small-scale fisheries from three islands (Guadeloupe, Martinique and Curacao) access to these pelagic resources. The various modes of development and management of the fads observed in each island are described. The first available data are used to provide some indications of the effects of the various strategies implemented and the changes induced by this new fishing technique.Original Abstract: Cette synthese concerne la region Atlantique Centre-Ouest (FAO 31) mais elle aborde principalement le developpement des DCP ancres de la zone Caraibe. Trois sites principaux font l'objet d'un developpement particulier ; il s'agit des iles pour lesquelles l'activite de peche professionnelle est actuellement effective autour des DCP : la Guadeloupe, la Martinique et Curacao. L'introduction de DCP dans l'Atlantique Centre-Ouest est signalee pour la premiere fois en 1969, a Panama City (Floride). Il s'agit alors de dispositifs cotiers. Les especes ciblees sont des petits poissons pelagiques. Au debut des annees quatre-vingt, l'implantation de DCP ancres autour des petits etats insulaires de la Caraibe pour la peche des grands poissons pelagiques est consideree comme une priorite par les scientifiques reunis lors du 36e congres du Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute (GCFI). Beaucoup d'experiences DCP conduites dans la region ont permis de conclure a une bonne efficacite agregative quels que soient les choix technologiques operes (DCP lourds ou legers). Malgre cela, tres peu d'iles tirent actuellement benefice de l'avantage que procurent les DCP pour l'exploitation des ressources en grands pelagiques frequentant leurs eaux. Les problemes de transfert et les difficultes a passer de la phase experimentale a la phase operationnelle sont probablement a l'origine de ce paradoxe. Le developpement d'une reelle cooperation regionale sur le theme devrait permettre, aux petits etats insulaires notamment, de mieux profiter des migrations des grands poissons pelagiques dans leurs eaux.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15279/12665.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15279/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : In this study, we propose to analyze the limits of mass tourism in the French Antilles, specifically the decline of tourism, economic limits, and ecological degradation). The recognition of these limits is overdue, and signals a need to define another model for tourism development.The popular coastal sector in the south of Martinique has been subject new regulations to protect marine resources. These regulations require the development of new practices and a greater level of awareness for tourists, for example, around coral reefs and mangroves. Ecotourism programs aim to demonstrate to visitors the forests rich natural resources and biodiversity in general. It also features the inclusion of small rural businesses that benefit from additional sources of revenue as a result of ecotourism.The situation in the French Antilles is complex: Urbanization is fraught with serious consequences for the coastline. Tourism products currently being marketed on the island are not competitive (particularly against the political dynamics of the neighbouring island of Dominica). Ecotourism and sustainable tourism are just beginning to develop in such destinations, where tourism has been declining in the last ten years. The situation of the French Antilles is paradoxical in a region that generally has a very favourable tourism. Assessing these limits through the scope of ecotourism helps to highlight the causes of these difficulties and to adapting to new tourism practices.
Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’accent est mis sur les limites du tourisme de masse dans les Antilles françaises (dépréciation du tourisme, les contraintes économiques et les nuisances écologiques). La reconnaissance de ces limites est à l'origine de la prise de conscience tardive de la nécessité de définir un autre modèle de développement touristique.Dans le sud de la Martinique, le secteur le plus populaire du littoral, de nouvelles règlementations sont mises en place pour protéger les ressources marines. Cela nécessite le développement de nouvelles pratiques et de sensibilisation des touristes notamment autour des récifs coralliens et les mangroves. Les programmes autour de l'écotourisme visent également à montrer aux visiteurs la richesse des ressources forestières et de la biodiversité en général. Il comprend également les petites entreprises rurales qui reçoivent de nouveaux revenus grâce au tourisme.La situation est complexe dans les Antilles françaises: l'urbanisation est lourde de conséquences importantes sur la côte. Les produits touristiques commercialisés actuellement ne sont pas compétitifs (notamment contre la dynamique politique de l'île voisine de la Dominique). L'écotourisme et le tourisme durable commencent tout juste à se développer dans ces destinations où le tourisme classique est en difficulté depuis une dizaine d’années ; situation assez paradoxale au regard du dynamisme de ce secteur d’activité dans la région.
En el contexto de este estudio, nos proponemos analizar los límites del turismo de masas en las Antillas Francesas (depreciación del turismo, las limitaciones económicas, ecológicas y las molestias). Este reconocimiento de esos límites está en el origen de la conciencia tardía de la necesidad de definir otro modelo de desarrollo turístico.En el sector costero de la más popular, como en el sur de Martinica, se pone en la normativa nuevo lugar para proteger los recursos marinos. Esto requiere el desarrollo de nuevas prácticas y la sensibilización de los turistas, por ejemplo, alrededor de los arrecifes de coral y los manglares.Programas en torno al ecoturismo también tienen como objetivo dar al visitante la riqueza de los recursos forestales y la biodiversidad en general. También incluye las pequeñas empresas rurales que reciben los nuevos ingresos a través del turismo.Pero la situación es compleja en las Antillas francesas: la urbanización está llena de importantes consecuencias para la costa. Productos turísticos que se comercializan actualmente no son competitivos (en particular, contra la dinámica política de la cercana isla de Dominica). Ecoturismo y desarrollo sostenible están empezando a desarrollar en este destino turístico, donde el turismo está en problemas en los últimos diez años.Esta situación es bastante paradójico en un turismo regional muy favorable. Sin lugar a dudas, pensando en el ecoturismo contribuye a identificar los destinos de estos retrasos y dificultades para adaptarse a nuevas prácticas de turismo.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5262
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5262

Éditeur(s) : John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Résumé : 1. The development of macroalgae to the detriment of corals is now one of the major threats to coral reefs. Herbivorous fishes are partly responsible for algal regulation on coral reefs and their overexploitation favours the shift from scleractinian coral-dominated systems towards macroalgae-dominated systems. 2. Marine protected areas (MPAs) that have been established worldwide may benefit coral reefs through the maintenance of high densities of herbivorous fishes which regulate algal growth. 3. The paper assesses whether small MPAs in the Caribbean are able to enhance herbivorous fish stock and by controlling macroalgae help to maintain reef ecosystems. A visual census using band-transects was undertaken around Guadeloupe island where marine reserves have been in place since 1979. The effects of MPAs on both benthic communities and herbivorous fishes are examined. 4. Inside MPAs, herbivorous fish biomass was almost twice as high as outside MPAs and macroalgal cover was significantly lower. Fish size class distributions revealed that large individuals occurred mainly inside MPAs and that few male individuals were found outside MPAs. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aquatic Conservation-marine And Freshwater Ecosystems (1052-7613) (John Wiley & Sons Ltd), 2010-07 , Vol. 20 , N. 5 , P. 516-524

Droits : 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00011/12214/9551.pdf
DOI:10.1002/aqc.1118
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00011/12214/

Éditeur(s) : PSIC 11 - 11th Pacific Science Inter-Congress : Pacific Countries and their Ocean: Facing Local and Global Changes / 2nd Symposium on French Research in the Pacific. March 2 - 6, 2009 Tahiti, French Polynesia
Résumé : Shrimp farming in New Caledonia relies on the culture of a domesticated strain of Litopenaeus stylirostris introduced from Mexico at a time when genetic principles were of little or no consideration. Since then, advances in agriculture and for some aquatic species of importance led caledonian shrimp farmers to reconsider the appropriateness of a genetic improvement strategy adapted to local biotechnical and economical constraints. This questioning involves many different and interrelated aspects: scientific and technologic (genetics, biosecurity, quarantine, ), economic and organizational (financing, diffusion of genetic improvement) and pedagogic (awareness of farmers). Local institutions, producers associations, research centre and sanitary services associated to carry on the test of a first improvement strategy based on the crossing of different strains of L. stylirostris. This conceptually simple approach aimed at eliminating inbreeding, the first genetic limitating factor of improvement in captive populations. A second domesticated strain was obtained from Hawaii by the caledonian farmers, imported through a quarantine under the control of the zoosanitary local authorities, and reproduced and tested as pure or crossbred stocks by Ifremer within the framework of an interdisciplinary research project financed by caledonian institutions. Present results for hybrids (better growth and survival in the absence of virus) demonstrate the validity of this approach. They also bring out the importance to simultaneously integrate in a development scheme, a breeding centre to maintain and reproduce disease free breeders. This strategy and organization, tested in New Caledonia, could possibly be of benefit to other small scale aquaculture activities in the pacific islands.
La filière crevetticole de Nouvelle-Calédonie s’est développée jusqu’à aujourd’hui à partir d’un stock domestiqué de Litopenaeus stylirostris introduit d’Amérique à une époque où les principes de base en génétique n’étaient pas ou peu appliqués en aquaculture. Les avancées récentes en agriculture et chez quelques espèces aquacoles d’importance mondiale ont conduit les acteurs de cette filière à se poser la question de la mise en place d’une stratégie d’amélioration génétique adaptée aux contraintes biotechniques et économiques locales. Cette réflexion comportait à la fois des aspects scientifiques et technologiques (génétique, biosécurité, quarantaine, conservatoire), économiques et organisationnels (coût de l’opération, modalité de diffusion du progrès attendu), pédagogiques (sensibilisation des fermiers). Des acteurs d’horizons différents (institutions locales, association de producteurs, centre de recherche, police zoosanitaire) se sont associés pour monter une opération de testage d’une première stratégie d’amélioration par croisement de souches de la même espèce. Cette stratégie conceptuellement simple visait l’élimination du premier facteur génétique de limitation des performances d’élevage d’une population captive, à savoir une consanguinité d’autant plus élevée que le nombre de géniteurs fondateurs était faible. Une seconde souche domestiquée a ainsi été acquise à Hawaii par les producteurs calédoniens, contrôlée en quarantaine par les services vétérinaires calédoniens en charge de la réglementation sanitaire, reproduite et testée pure et en croisement par l’Ifremer dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche pluridisciplinaire plus large financé par les institutions du Pays. Les résultats obtenus démontrent l’intérêt de la démarche (meilleure croissance, meilleure survie en l’absence de virus). Mais ils montrent aussi l’utilité d’intégrer simultanément dans le plan de développement de la filière une stratégie de conservation des souches parentales afin de disposer de géniteurs exempts de pathogènes. Cette stratégie et cette organisation testées en Nouvelle-Calédonie pourraient vraisemblablement être profitables à d’autres filières aquacoles modestes, en particulier dans les pays insulaires du Pacifique.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30879/29247.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30879/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’article propose une réflexion sur le positionnement touristique de la Martinique confrontée à une rude concurrence régionale. L’analyse porte sur les potentialités de cette petite île montagneuse (1128 km2) en matière d’écotourisme forestier. Cette nouvelle orientation touristique doit permettre d’enrichir une offre touristique qui se limite encore aux simples pratiques balnéaires. L’écotourisme peut aussi être un outil de gestion des ressources forestière et plus généralement il est susceptible de soutenir des activités dans les secteurs montagneux les moins développés de la Martinique.
The article is an evaluation of the tourist situation in Martinique now facing stiff regional competition. The analysis focuses on the potential of this small mountainous island (1128 km2) in the area of forest ecotourism. This new focus is meant to enhance a tourist potential which is still largely limited to the seaside and its attractions. Ecotourism can also be a tool not only for forest resource management but also a means for promoting development initiatives in the less developed mountainous regions of Martinique.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.440
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/440

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We report concentrations of hydrogen (H) in upper mantle minerals of peridotites (olivine and pyroxenes) transported by alnöitic lavas, which erupted on the southwestern border of the Ontong Java Plateau (Malaita, Solomon Islands, West Pacific). Unpolarized FTIR analyses show that olivine, orthopyroxene, and diopside contain 2–32 ppm, 162–362 ppm and 159–459 ppm wt H2O, respectively. In the studied lherzolites, garnets are anhydrous. The concentration of hydrogen within individual olivine and pyroxene grains is almost homogeneous, indicating no evidence of dehydration or hydration by ionic diffusion. In the lherzolite, the concentration of hydrogen in olivine tends to increase weakly with depth (based on geothermobarometry), consistent with the increase of water solubility with increasing water fugacity as a function of pressure, but concentrations remain well below water-saturation values determined experimentally. The highest concentration of H in olivine (32 ppm wt H2O) is, however, found in refractory spinel harzburgites, which equilibrated at depths of 85 km., while deeper specimens as the high-temperature spinel harzburgites, and some of the garnet lherzolites, contain less hydrogen in olivine. Olivines from pyroxene- or pargasite-rich peridotites have also lower hydrogen concentrations. We interpret the high hydrogen concentrations in olivine from the refractory spinel harzburgites as due to (1) simultaneous hydration and metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle by a water-rich silicate melt/fluid, during which hydrogen follows MREE and where spinel harzburgite have experienced ‘stealth’ metasomatism, and/or (2) to a late ‘fleeting’ hydrogen metasomatism, which would hydrate the rock after this first ‘stealth’ metasomatism event. In the second case, the composition of the ‘fleeting’ percolating fluid (small volume fraction of very evolved fluids, with high volatiles concentration and transient properties) is likely to be linked to the decrease of the plume activity and resulting in the downwelling of the lithosphere asthenosphere boundary. The difference in hydrogen concentration between harzburgites and lherzolites could be linked to variation in trace elements in olivine induced by the first ‘stealth’ metasomatism alone or associated to the late ‘fleeting’ hydrogen metasomatism, triggered by the lack of secondary crystallization of clinopyroxenes in the harzburgite. To conclude, H concentrations in upper mantle minerals may thus be correlated to metasomatic events, with the later yielding variation of the mineral assemblage and trace element composition that constitute the peridotites.
ISSN: 0024-4937

hal-01143385
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01143385
DOI : 10.1016/j.lithos.2014.11.005

Résumé : L’historiographie antillaise n’a donné jusqu’ici qu’une vision tronquée de la société martiniquaise. L’appréhension de l’ère coloniale s’est très tôt autocentrée sur l’économie plantationnaire sucrière à moteur externe, mais cette dernière n’a guère occupée plus de la moitié de la population de l’île au XVIIIe et dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Pour une grande majorité, la masse laborieuse libre ou esclave se répartit entre les villes et les exploitations de type « secondaire ». A mesure de l’appréhension de l’univers caféier, un monde à part se profile dessinant une nouvelle catégorie sociale divergente de l’élite sucrière qui apparaissait jusqu’ici comme le modèle représentatif de la population blanche propriétaire terrienne. Une catégorie intermédiaire est mise en place mettant en relief un groupe caféier économiquement faible au mode de vie difficile, présentant des comportements matrimoniaux endogames aussi bien spatialement que socialement. Cette analyse révèle un corps social pluriel dans lequel les femmes, les libres de couleur, et avec l’abolition de l’esclavage les nouveaux libres tiennent une place de choix. Ce travail a l’avantage de combler un important vide historiographique en matière d’histoire sociale de la Martinique, ainsi que de renouveler le concept de société d’habitation à travers la mise en perspective d’une catégorie sociale jusque-là restée inaperçue.
The historiography of the Antilles to date has yielded only a limited vision of society in Martinique. The scientific works of the Colonial Era were egocentrically focused on the economy of sugar plantations, but this only covered a little over half of the population of the island in the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century. The other half of the working population, whether they were free or slaves, was divided between cities and secondary enterprises. As the coffee industry took root, a separate world emerged, diverging from the elite sugar plantation owners that represented the land-owning white population. This parallel society of economically disadvantaged small farmers and coffee growers, living a hard-working, difficult lifestyle, exhibited endogamous marriage behavior. This analysis highlights a multi-faceted social body in which women, free people of color, and, with the abolition of slavery, the new free hold a special role. On the other side of the barrier, the slaves also have a unique profile, they operate in small plantations on which opportunities for advancement are greater than in the large sugarcane plantations. This work fills an important gap in the social history of Martinique, as it reexamines the perception of the elite sugar plantation society via the perspective of a social class hitherto unnoticed.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0724

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : While ever facing risks and vulnerabilities, small island states continue impress with a wily and adroit commercialisation of imaginative ‘resources’: these include discrete tax shelters, citizenship, internet domains, philately, generic drugs, place-branded goods and geostrategic services (including tourism). However, the option to migrate is increasingly fraught by the regulations of the receiving countries, wary of heightened security concerns, stagnating economies and rising xenophobia. Comparisons with subnational island jurisdictions, which treasure their autonomy but are not interested in full sovereignty, are instructive.
Plus que jamais exposés aux risques et vulnérabilités, les petits États insulaires continuent d'impressionner par leur commercialisation rusée et habile de « ressources » imaginatives: il s'agit notamment de discrets abris fiscaux, de citoyenneté, de domaines Internet, de médicaments génériques, de produits de marque et services géostratégiques (incluant le tourisme). Toutefois, la possibilité de migrer de plus en plus difficile face aux réglementations des pays d'accueil d’une méfiance accrue en matière de sécurité, de stagnation économique et de montée de la xénophobie. Les comparaisons avec les provinces et territoires insulaires infranationales, qui chérissent leur autonomie mais ne sont pas intéressés par une pleine souveraineté, sont instructifs.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6984
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6984

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer-Verlag
Résumé : International audience
High-resolution borehole strainmeters are usually installed in tectonically active regions in order to detect slow-slip events, and to estimate slow transients related to earthquake swarms. However, they are also sensitive to other numerous influences, internal or external. Furthermore, the quality of their coupling to the rock through cementation, and the mechanical properties of the rock mass around them, have a critical influence on their records. Many of the existing strainmeters present such problems, and the correction for these effects often remains a challenge. In this paper, we present the analysis of the records of a high-resolution borehole dilatometer (Sacks–Evertson), located in the seismically active rift of Corinth (Greece) (station TRZ in the Trizonia island). We show that the instrument suffers from an only partial-solid coupling, and that the nearby sea tides have a direct (through elastic response) and indirect (through pore-pressure diffusion) effect on the dilatation signal, which adds up to the solid tidal strain source. We propose a methodology that allows, in a first step, to better separate the internal (solid tide) from the external (air pressure, sea level) influences, by calculating a frequency-dependent transfer function outside the range of the tidal periods. We then extrapolate this function, in particular at the tidal periods. In a second step, the resulting variation with frequency of the coupling coefficients with sea level led us to estimate the proportion of instrument not solidly cemented to rock (thus in contact with water pore pressure), which is about 90 % of the total height. Despite the small proportion of solid coupling, the sensor resolution remains very good up to a few tens of hours of a time period, thanks to the confining effects of the rocks on the local pore pressure. These results allow us to correct for the external effects, and reduce the associated variance by 80–90 % (in the period range of minutes to days). The empirical correction of the sea level effect could be explained using a simple Boussinesq’s approximation and 1D pore-pressure diffusion model, which contributed to better constraint of some of the poro-elastic parameters in the vicinity of the instrument. After correction, the solid tidal signal at the 24-h period is almost anti-correlated with those of the theoretical solid tide. This surprising result is consistent with a similar anti-correlation observed for the longest period surface waves (200 s) comparing the TRZ dilatometer signals to the strain measured by a nearby borehole strainmeter (MOK, 15 km). This could be related to the presence of a shallow fault close to the instrument, which would creep in response to seismic wave-related stress.
ISSN: 0033-4533

hal-01122853
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122853
DOI : 10.1007/s00024-013-0742-2

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La République des Seychelles constitue un archipel formé de quelque 115 petites îles situées dans l’océan Indien, totalisant 455 km² et s’étendant sur 1 200 km. Les trois plus grandes îles intérieures sont Mahé, Praslin et La Digue qui regroupent 95 % de la population. Les îles des Seychelles offrent en raison de leur situation géographique, de leurs particularités climatiques et de l’attractivité de leurs images de destinations touristiques, la possibilité de pratiquer dans des conditions optimales une grande diversité d’activités de tourisme et de sports de nature tout au long de l’année. Les randonnées pédestre et équestre, le VTT, l’escalade, le surf, la plongée, la voile et le canoë-kayak marquent de leurs empreintes cet archipel. L’objectif de cette réflexion est d'identifier la place des activités de sports de nature dans l’offre touristique des Seychelles et de voir dans quelle mesure elles peuvent contribuer au développement durable de l’île, notamment en tissant des relations avec l’activité économique, la structuration du territoire et la construction identitaire. L’enjeu de développement durable est-il pris en compte par les acteurs seychellois dans le domaine touristique ?
The Republic of Seychelles is made of more than 115 small islands in the Indian Ocean, with 455 km2 of land in a stretch of about 1200 km. The three biggest inner islands are Mahe, Praslin, and La Digue, which include about 95% of the population. The Seychelles islands give the possibility in optimal conditions a vast variety of tourism activities and nature sports all year long, due to their geographical situations, their geomorphological configurations, their climate particularities, and their attractive images of touristic destinations. Walking and equestrian trekking, mountain bike, climbing, surfing, diving, yachting, and canoe-kayaking are some activities available in this insular territory. Because of this exceptional potential, the development of “nature” sports is in the (universe) field of leisure and tourism. The objective of this study is to identify what place “nature” sport activities play in the tourism offer in the Seychelles. Don’t they contribute, in the long-term development of the islands by having relations more interactive with the economic activity, the territorial structure, and the identity construction? Is the outcome of long-term development taken seriously by the actors of Seychelles in tourism field?
Seychelles

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5642
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5642