Résumé : F
Guyane
58
ménagère
habitation Pointe-Liberté (Pierre Franchi)
Macouria

http://www.manioc.org/esclaves/individu2577

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union (AGU)
Résumé : International audience
Observations from deep boreholes at several locations worldwide, laboratory measurements of frictional strength on quartzo-feldspathic materials, and earthquake focal mechanisms indicate that crustal faults are strong (apparent friction μ ≥ 0.6). However, friction experiments on phyllosilicate-rich rocks and some geophysical data have demonstrated that some major faults are considerably weaker. This weakness is commonly considered to be characteristic of mature faults in which rocks are altered by prolonged deformation and fluid-rock interaction (i.e., San Andreas, Zuccale, and Nankai Faults). In contrast, in this study we document fault weakening occurring along a marly shear zone in its infancy (<30 m displacement). Geochemical mass balance calculation and microstructural data show that a massive calcite departure (up to 50 vol %) from the fault rocks facilitated the concentration and reorganization of weak phyllosilicate minerals along the shear surfaces. Friction experiments carried out on intact foliated samples of host marls and fault rocks demonstrated that this structural reorganization lead to a significant fault weakening and that the incipient structure has strength and slip behavior comparable to that of the major weak faults previously documented. These results indicate that some faults, especially those nucleating in lithologies rich of both clays and high-solubility minerals (such as calcite), might experience rapid mineralogical and structural alteration and become weak even in the early stages of their activity.
ISSN: 0278-7407

hal-01211481
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211481
DOI : 10.1002/2014TC003716

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 0140-6736

hal-01632370
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01632370
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32419-4
PUBMED : 29082874

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Microalgae in the division Haptophyta play key roles in the marine ecosystem and in global biogeochemical processes. Despite their ecological importance, knowledge on seasonal dynamics, community composition and abundance at the species level is limited due to their small cell size and few morphological features visible under the light microscope. Here, we present unique data on haptophyte seasonal diversity and dynamics from two annual cycles, with the taxonomic resolution and sampling depth obtained with high-throughput sequencing. From outer Oslofjorden, S Norway, nano- and picoplanktonic samples were collected monthly for 2years, and the haptophytes targeted by amplification of RNA/cDNA with Haptophyta-specific 18S rDNA V4 primers. We obtained 156 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), from c. 400.000 454 pyrosequencing reads, after rigorous bioinformatic filtering and clustering at 99.5%. Most OTUs represented uncultured and/or not yet 18S rDNA-sequenced species. Haptophyte OTU richness and community composition exhibited high temporal variation and significant yearly periodicity. Richness was highest in September-October (autumn) and lowest in April-May (spring). Some taxa were detected all year, such as Chrysochromulina simplex, Emiliania huxleyi and Phaeocystis cordata, whereas most calcifying coccolithophores only appeared from summer to early winter. We also revealed the seasonal dynamics of OTUs representing putative novel classes (clades HAP-3-5) or orders (clades D, E, F). Season, light and temperature accounted for 29% of the variation in OTU composition. Residual variation may be related to biotic factors, such as competition and viral infection. This study provides new, in-depth knowledge on seasonal diversity and dynamics of haptophytes in North Atlantic coastal waters. See also the Perspective by Massana
ISSN: 0962-1083

hal-01545321
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545321
DOI : 10.1111/mec.13160

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The 40Ar/39Ar geochronological technique has significantly contributed to the study of crustal deformation. However, the frequent occurrence of extraneous argon in high-pressure terrains can make the interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar ages problematic. This contribution attempts to: i) characterize the distribution and origin of extraneous argon in the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU, Greece) by applying the 40Ar/39Ar dating technique on three Cycladic islands, Syros, Tinos and Ios, which span a complete transect of the CBU and ii) discuss regional implications for the tectonometamorphic evolution of the CBU. Our results, combined with ages available in the literature, show that periods of peak-burial conditions (55–49 Ma) and syn- (45–38 Ma) to post-orogenic exhumation (37–21 Ma) are well constrained in the CBU by the 40Ar/39Ar method. Moreover, Variscan apparent ages are preserved in the Cycladic basement of Ios, indicating that the 40Ar/39Ar system was not completely reset during the Eocene metamorphic episode. Additionally, our 40Ar/39Ar data show that the occurrence of extraneous argon is heterogeneously distributed in the CBU. While high-pressure rocks of Syros and Tinos are only locally affected, extraneous argon is clearly evidenced in the CBU of Ios, yielding geologically meaningless ages up to 900 Ma. On each island, the most affected ages were obtained in microstructures where fluid circulation is enhanced such as shear bands or strain shadows around garnets. We suggest that the Cycladic Basement, a polymetamorphic continental unit, behaved as an argon reservoir that has been mobilized by fluid circulation at the Eocene. These argon-enriched fluids have then heterogeneously contaminated metamorphic rocks when percolating through the CBU. Finally, we claim that a minimum closure temperature of 550 °C must be accepted for the phengites of the CBU and conclude that volume diffusion is not the main process resetting the argon isotopic system in high-pressure rocks compare to recrystallization enhanced by fluid circulation and deformation.
ISSN: 0024-4937

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
insu-01424268
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01424268
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01424268/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01424268/file/Valentin-Lithos-Accepted-2016.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.013

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Transmission electron microscopy observations on olivine crystals deformed at moderate (≤1273 K) temperature evidenced dislocations interactions explaining the hardening observed in the experiments, but also recovery mechanisms by the absorption or emission of point defects. Thus we investigate the possibility that, at geological strain-rates, these recovery processes allow steady-state deformation by dislocation creep at low to moderate temperatures in the lithospheric mantle. We test this hypothesis using a 2.5-D dislocation dynamics (DD) model, which combines dislocation glide and recovery by climb. This model shows that diffusion-controlled recovery processes allow for steady-state deformation by dislocation creep in the lithospheric mantle at stresses <500 MPa. For stresses of 50–200 MPa, steady-state strain-rates of 10−15 s−110−15 s−1 may be attained at temperatures as low as 900 K. Fitting of the DD model produces a flow law, which represents a lower bound for the lithospheric mantle strength, since the models describe the deformation of an olivine single crystal in an easy slip orientation. Comparison of strain-rates and Moho temperatures inferred for different geodynamic environments and the predictions of this model-based flow law implies, nevertheless, that, except in incipient rifts, most of the observed deformation may be produced by stress levels ≤200 MPa, consistent with those inferred to be produced by convection. This convergence suggests that the present models, which explicitly calculate the time-dependent dislocation dynamics, may provide a correct first order estimate of the mechanical behaviour of the lithospheric mantle, which cannot be derived directly from any existing data.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/file/Boioli.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.012

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Rhyme patterns in Old Chinese poems are important for the reconstruction of Old Chinese pronunciation, as they provide evidence for groups of words which formerly had similar pronunciation. Rhyme patterns can also be used to test Old Chinese reconstruction systems for consistency and plausibility, as reconstruction systems should minimize the conflict with attested rhyme patterns. Here, we build on the idea that rhyming in Old Chinese followed the principle of vowel purity, a tendency to disallow rhymes of words with different vowels, to develop a quantitative test for reconstruction systems of Old Chinese. The test is illustrated by comparing seven different Old Chinese reconstruction systems and by showing that, although the systems differ regarding their degree of vowel purity, the principle seems to hold for Old Chinese rhyme data.
Lingua Sinica

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01555483
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01555483
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01555483/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01555483/file/10.1186_s40655-017-0021-8.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s40655-017-0021-8

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The Oisans Massif, located in the external zones of the western Alps, experienced significant shortening during the Alpine collision. While a series of major top-to-the west shear zones was recently described, the general low grade of the metamorphism has not attracted much petrological and geochronological studies. This paper provides combined temperature and age constraints on the evolution of the Oisans Massif. Temperature was estimated with the Raman Spectrometry of Carbonaceous Material (RSCM) method and chlorite geothermometry. Maximum temperature reached by the Mesozoic cover (Tmax) from Grenoble to the Galibier pass (E-W) and from Saint Jean de Maurienne to Embrun (N-S) yielded almost constant ca. 330 °C temperatures all through the Massif. Temperatures however strongly decrease either westward towards the top of the Vercors sedimentary sequence or eastward towards the Penninic Frontal Thrust. Age constraints were retrieved using 40Ar/39Ar in situ analyses performed on variously strained samples from Alpine shear zones. Over strain gradients, incipient Alpine recrystallizations progressively develop at the expense of former Variscan parageneses. A combined textural and EPMA approach permitted to identify newly formed chlorite and phengite that unequivocally grew in response to deformation or to low grade metamorphism. Chlorites recorded temperatures from ca. 350–150 °C during the activity of shear zones. In parallel, 40Ar/39Ar in situ experiments enabled dating deformation using both synkinematic phengites crystallized below the closure temperature of white-micas and former Variscan muscovite whose isotopic system have been, at least partially re-opened. Activity of top-to-the-west shear zones responsible for the shortening and thickening of the Oisans massif thus occurred between 34 and 33 and 25 Ma. Integrating these new age-constraints, Tmax estimates, and published geological data on the Oisans Massif and neighbouring areas allow proposing a new shortening scenario for the external zones. From ca. 34–33 Ma, the Oisans Massif was buried as a rigid block below more internal units and reached a temperature of ca. 330 °C. Shearing progressively localized along a series of top-to-the-W shear zones in the basement until 25 Ma. Deformation then localized along a major thrust at the base of the ECM massif and propagated along the basement-cover interface below the Vercors massif after 16 Ma.
ISSN: 0264-3707

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
insu-01093878
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01093878
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01093878/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01093878/file/GEOD1326RA.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.jog.2014.09.004

Éditeur(s) : Paris : A. Lahure
Description : Le Contesté franco-brésilien est un différend soulevé entre les gouvernements français et brésilien, sur la question de la délimitation de la frontière entre la Guyane et le Brésil. Le protocole du 10 avril 1897, signé entre la France le Brésil détermine que la rivière Japoc ou Vincent Pinçon est l'Oyapoc et que la limite intérieure se forme à partir de la source principale de cette rivière jusqu'à la frontière hollandaise par la ligne de partage des eaux du bassin des Amazones qui, dans cette région est constituée dans sa presque totalité par la ligne de faîte des monts Tamuc-Humac.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 16
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Collectivité territoriale de Guyane. Bibliothèque Alexandre-Franconie
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/HASHf99819f44e44d03cb2844a
HASHf99819f44e44d03cb2844a

Éditeur(s) : Paris : A. Challamel
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 20
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Ville de Pointe-à-Pitre. Réseau des bibliothèques
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/PAP11119
PAP11119

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Sodium, an element which is needed by animals but often toxic in high concentrations to plants, may be deficient and limit animal abundance in inland continental regions, but may be overabundant and limit plant productivity in coastal regions. Here we present data from 50 independent plots (including leaf data from more than 2480 individual trees) showing that leaves in the Amazon basin uptake high amounts of sodium (Na) in a manner more similar to the essential cation potassium (K) than to the toxic cation aluminium (Al). Leaf Na increases linearly with soil Na concentrations, and there is no apparent mechanism for selective exclusion of Na in comparison to K, a key attribute of halophytes. This indicates that the Amazon basin is broadly non-halophytic and increased sodium concentrations in non-halophyte plants often decrease plant productivity. Total Na concentrations are approximate to 10 times higher in coastal regions than inland regions. Such concentration gradients in nutrients may have been reduced in the past because large animals that were abundant in the Pleistocene have been hypothesized to play a large role in reducing nutrient concentration gradients at continental scales. We use a diffusion model and a Na loss rate based on empirical data to estimate that large animals may have moved significant quantities of Na inland away from coastal regions in the Amazon Basin. Therefore, our simple model suggests that large animals may play an important, yet diminishing, role in maintaining the sodium balance of the planet.
ISSN: 0906-7590

hal-01531615
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531615
PRODINRA : 349612
DOI : 10.1111/ecog.01589

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : 1. This study focuses on the importance in hyperdiverse regions, such as the Amazonian forest, of accelerating and optimising the census of invertebrate communities.2. We carried out low-intensity sampling of tropical moth (Lepidoptera) assemblages in disturbed forest fragments in Brazil.3. We combined DNA barcoding and taxonomists' expertise to produce fast and accurate surveys of local diversity, including the recognition and census of undescribed and endemic species.4. Integrating expert knowledge of species distributions, we show that despite limited sampling effort, our approach revealed an unexpectedly high number of new and endemic species in severely threatened tropical forest fragments.5. These results highlight the risk of silent centinelan extinctions and emphasise the urgent need for accelerated invertebrate surveys in high-endemism and human-impacted tropical forests.
EISSN: 1752-458X

hal-01602363
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01602363
DOI : 10.1111/icad.12187
PRODINRA : 389851

Éditeur(s) : Avignon : F.B. Merande, Imprimeur Libraire
Résumé : Ouvrage enrichi de cartes géographiques et de figures en taille-douce
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 18
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Fondation Clément
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/FCL18016
FCL18016

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Women of reproductive age can be exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) at work, and exposure to EDCs in pregnancy may affect fetal growth. OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether maternal occupational exposure to EDCs during pregnancy as classified by application of a job exposure matrix was associated with birth weight, term low birth weight (LBW), length of gestation, and preterm delivery. METHODS: Using individual participant data from 133,957 mother-child pairs in 13 European cohorts spanning births from 1994 through 2011, we linked maternal job titles with exposure to 10 EDC groups as assessed through a job exposure matrix. For each group, we combined the two levels of exposure categories (possible and probable) and compared birth outcomes with the unexposed group (exposure unlikely). We performed meta-analyses of cohort-specific estimates. RESULTS: Eleven percent of pregnant women were classified as exposed to EDCs at work during pregnancy, based on job title. Classification of exposure to one or more EDC group was associated with an increased risk of term LBW [odds ratio (OR) = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.49], as were most specific EDC groups; this association was consistent across cohorts. Further, the risk increased with increasing number of EDC groups (OR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.10, 4.06 for exposure to four or more EDC groups). There were few associations (p < 0.05) with the other outcomes; women holding job titles classified as exposed to bisphenol A or brominated flame retardants were at higher risk for longer length of gestation. CONCLUSION: Results from our large population-based birth cohort design indicate that employment during pregnancy in occupations classified as possibly or probably exposed to EDCs was associated with an increased risk of term LBW.
ISSN: 0091-6765

hal-01405823
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01405823
DOI : 10.1289/EHP208
PUBMED : 27152464

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences
Résumé : Key messageWe review the recent findings on the influence of drought on tree mortality, growth or ecosystem functioning in tropical rainforests. Drought plays a major role in shaping tropical rainforests and the response mechanisms are highly diverse and complex. The numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical rainforests on the three continents. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance.[br/]ContextTropical rainforest ecosystems are characterized by high annual rainfall. Nevertheless, rainfall regularly fluctuates during the year and seasonal soil droughts do occur. Over the past decades, a number of extreme droughts have hit tropical rainforests, not only in Amazonia but also in Asia and Africa. The influence of drought events on tree mortality and growth or on ecosystem functioning (carbon and water fluxes) in tropical rainforest ecosystems has been studied intensively, but the response mechanisms are complex.[br/]AimsHerein, we review the recent findings related to the response of tropical forest ecosystems to seasonal and extreme droughts and the current knowledge about the future of these ecosystems.[br/]ResultsThis review emphasizes the progress made over recent years and the importance of the studies conducted under extreme drought conditions or in through-fall exclusion experiments in understanding the response of these ecosystems. It also points to the great diversity and complexity of the response of tropical rainforest ecosystems to drought.[br/]ConclusionThe numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical forest regions. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance.
ISSN: 1286-4560

hal-01269438
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269438
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-015-0522-5
PRODINRA : 338568

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
The nature of factors governing the tempo and mode of protein evolution is a fundamental issue in evolutionary biology. Specifically, whether or not interactions between different sites, or epistasis, are important in directing the course of evolution became one of the central questions. Several recent reports have scrutinized patterns of long-term protein evolution claiming them to be compatible only with an epistatic fitness landscape. However, these claims have not yet been substantiated with a formal model of protein evolution. Here, we formulate a simple covarion-like model of protein evolution focusing on the rate at which the fitness impact of amino acids at a site changes with time. We then apply the model to the data on convergent and divergent protein evolution to test whether or not the incorporation of epistatic interactions is necessary to explain the data. We find that convergent evolution cannot be explained without the incorporation of epistasis and the rate at which an amino acid state switches from being acceptable at a site to being deleterious is faster than the rate of amino acid substitution. Specifically, for proteins that have persisted in modern prokaryotic organisms since the last universal common ancestor for one amino acid substitution approximately ten amino acid states switch from being accessible to being deleterious, or vice versa. Thus, molecular evolution can only be perceived in the context of rapid turnover of which amino acids are available for evolution.
ISSN: 0737-4038

hal-01544755
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544755
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msu318

Éditeur(s) : Paris : F. Buisson
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Archives départementales de Guadeloupe
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/ADG18229
ADG18229

Éditeur(s) : Londres ; Paris : P.-F. Didot jeune
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 18
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Collectivité territoriale de Guyane. Bibliothèque Alexandre-Franconie
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/FRA11055
FRA11055

Éditeur(s) : Paris : F. Buisson
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Archives départementales de Guadeloupe
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/ADG18224
ADG18224

Éditeur(s) : Paris : Pagnerre
Résumé : Rapport d'un abolitionniste sur la nomination des magistrats et l'incidence sur le sort des esclaves en matière de justice. Contient un tableau récapitulatif des magistrats avec leurs origines géographiques, leurs positions sociales, et des observations sur leurs orientations politiques. Livret a part d'une lettre aux députés
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Fondation Clément
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/FCL15017
FCL15017