Résumé : Written on recto: "Interior of ideal house for Colonists early home (ou_____.) Written on verso: "Herradura. This house is actually a series of single room cabins, open above, with one high roof over all, if is consequently dry, light, and cool, as the air circulates freely on every side and overhead." Stamp on verso: "Art Dept. Blanchard Press, 268-270 Canal St, New York. Wm. Bengough, Illustrator." This image appeared in Munson Steamship Line's "The Cuba Bulletin" on page 23 in Nov. 1904 with the following caption: "Arrangement of rooms in a comfortable temporary log house. The open space under the roof makes the house very cool."
1900-1910
CHC5017
Pinar del Río (Cuba)

Droits : http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html
chc50170004600001001
1405

Éditeur(s) : Talleres Tipográficos J. Martínez Talleres Tipográficos J. Martínez ( Santander [Spain] )
Résumé : (Bibliography) Includes bibliographical references.
(Statement of Responsibility) José Ma. Chacón y Calvo.
"Del 'Boletín de la Biblioteca Menéndez y Pelayo'."
"Esta conferencia dada en la Habana, en la Institución hispano-cubana de cultura, el 6 de agosto de este año, y, con algunas modificaciones, en la cátedra de Menéndez y Pelayo, en Santander, el 11 de septiembre del año actual, ha visto la luz, casi simultáneamente que en este Boletín, en la 'Revista de la Habana'..."--P. [3].

002785274
50450536
ANR3440

Éditeur(s) : Imprensa de Alfrdo Augusto Silva Imprensa de Alfrdo Augusto Silva ( Para, Brazil )
Résumé : Pará (Brazil : State) History Sources,Periodicals. Biblioteca e Arquivo Públicos do Pará, Periodicals .Brazil History, Periodicals.
Pages 119-132 are skipped in numbering. Page 133 is actually 119. Then after page 133 it's continual.

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
25722895
07545799

Résumé : Emilio Pons, declared that he is doing an excellent business. "'The required condition of the climate of Tampa for good cigars is said to be fully equal to that of Key West or Havana,' 'This has been proven by an actual and thorough test. Another advantage comes from the superior transportation facilities of the South Florida Railroad, which gets freight quickly to New York.'
(Funding) Digitized with funding from the Institute of Museum and Library Services as part of the Ephemeral Cities grant project.

Droits : All rights reserved. 2005.
C24-05722

Éditeur(s) : Fundación Global Democracia y Desarrollo (FUNGLODE) Fundación Global Democracia y Desarrollo (FUNGLODE)
Résumé : Certain pages have been digitezed or bound out of order: "Front Matter" (actually the inside cover flap) falls between p. 130 and 131; p. 1 and 2 fall between p. 138 and 139; p. 3, the title page, including the remainder of the 28 authors, falls between p. 152 and 153; and p. 4 with publication information is at the end.
(Funding) Support for the development of the technical infrastructure and partner training provided by the United States Department of Education TICFIA program.
South America -- Dominican Republic

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
99934-0-363-6

Éditeur(s) : Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Agricolas, ICTA, Sector PuÌlico Agricola, ICTA Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia Agricolas, ICTA, Sector PuÌlico Agricola, ICTA ( Guatemala, C.A )
Résumé : (Internal Comments) Peter E. Hildebrand collection Item archived was a map; actual item needs to be scanned as of 8/12/2010
(Bibliography) Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-56).
"Informe final (Mayo/76 - Abril/80)"--Cover.
"Proyecto USAID-Gob. de Guatemala, No.75-15 PIO/T 520-232-2-50028, 76-3 PIO/T 520-232-3-560019."
Guatemala
Guatemala

74459345

Résumé : At the outbreak of war with Spain in 1898, the U.S. Army was very small in numbers. This situation necessitated an immediate call for volunteers. President McKinley's appeal was overwhelmingly answered by a generation that had grown up in the shadow of their elders' Civil War glory. One group answering the call was the First Regiment of the U.S. Cavalry Volunteers, headed by Colonel Leonard Wood, a distinguished army doctor and Medal of Honor recipient. The regiment was actually the brainchild of Theodore Roosevelt, assistant secretary of the navy and Wood's friend. Roosevelt, realizing his own lack of military experience, suggested Wood for the command. The Rough Riders, as the regiment was soon known, comprised 1,250 men, including cowboys, Native Americans and eastern college athletes. Despite their dissimilarities, they were in excellent physical condition'a stark contrast to most of the other volunteer contingents. The Rough Riders departed from Tampa in mid-June without their horses. They landed at Daiquiri on June 22 and two days later served with distinction in a battle at Las Guásimas. Immediately prior to the conflict at San Juan, Colonel Wood was promoted to another field command, enabling Roosevelt as a full colonel to take command of the Rough Riders. On July 1, Roosevelt, having secured a horse, led his forces in a charge up Kettle Hill outside of Santiago. They achieved their goal and later in the day participated in the victory at San Juan Hill. By seizing these heights, American guns commanded the harbor at Santiago. The Spanish position was imperiled and an abortive attempt by the Spanish navy to escape from the harbor was halted with devastating results. Spanish land forces surrendered shortly thereafter. Roosevelt urged the Rough Riders' swift evacuation, fearing the continuing spread of disease. They returned to Montauk, Long Island, where they were held in quarantine before being mustered out in September. More than one-third of the Rough Riders were casualties in the Spanish-American War, a fact that has led some observers to criticize Roosevelt for unnecessary risk-taking. Nevertheless, the Rough Riders became heroes to the American public and Roosevelt emerged as a major national figure.
(Funding) Funded in part by the Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS), Ephemeral Cities Project.
Tampa |z 1271000 |2 ceeus
Hillsborough County |z 12057 |2 ceeus
United States of America -- Florida -- Hillsborough County -- Tampa
United States

Droits : All rights reserved. 2005.
D20-012

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Experimentally Assisted Molecular Modelling (EAMM) is an original approach for predicting the structure of organic micro-crystals and deducing their habit in the presence of various solvents and additives. It is applied here in the case of n-octylamino-nitrobenzoxadiazole (nOA-NBD), a fluorescent compound. This general approach is first of all described and validated by its blind application to three known and closely-related crystals. Then, the whole process is applied to predict the molecular crystal generated by n-octylamino-NBD, including the molecule conformation, its structure (cell parameters, molecular packing, X-ray powder diagrams) and its theoretical plus actual habits in the presence of a solvent (p-xylene) and two additives (acetic acid and n-dodecane). The conformation of the predicted molecule is validated by comparison with two similar molecules embedded in observable crystals. Then, the choice between two proposed structures (with the same energy and two equiprobable packings) is based on the comparison between experimental and re-computed X-ray powder diffraction diagrams, and also on the interpretation of an actual TEM image in the light of the proposed cell parameters. This choice is confirmed by the comparison between the vapour-grown face development (proposed by the BFDH or the attachment energy models) and the actual face development in a pure solvent. Finally, the actual habit deduced from comparing the crystal attachment energy with the adsorption energy of solvent or additive molecules is validated by SEM images of NBD micro-crystals in presence of the solvent alone or in presence of both additives. In conclusion, the EAMM approach appears to be a decisive tool for quickly simulating structural and habit properties of the molecular crystals, accessible or not by experimentation. Thus, a numerical selection of molecules becomes possible in view of deriving organic materials with predetermined properties, such as the fluorescence properties of the compound considered in the present study.
ISSN: 0022-0248

hal-00857894
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00857894
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.07.035

Éditeur(s) : Caribbean Development Research Services Inc Caribbean Development Research Services Inc ( Barbados )
Résumé : The actually stated legislative preferences of Guyanese at this time are noteworthy since these speak to the activities that Guyanese wish to prevent. In this regard it is clear that Guyanese desire most to prevent “public sex” of any sort, but are especially concerned about relations between two or three men. Although there is a stated preference for the retention of the buggery law, there is little interest in having the state prevent private sex between adults (of any sex) if that were possible. This peculiarity suggests that Guyanese are perhaps really concerned about public manifestations of sexual orientation, as distinct from private manifestations and appear to believe that the changing of the laws would help to encourage these public manifestations. The juxtaposition of Guyanese support for decriminalisation (of homosexual acts) with their opinion on other major social issues does lend support to the suggestion that Guyanese are less committed to the retention of these laws than they are to issues like corporal punishment which also have a religious justification. This distance is significant, as is the finding in the survey that the position of a political party is not likely to affect its chances at the polls.

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00016151/00001

Éditeur(s) : [s.n.] [s.n.] ( La Habana )
Résumé : At head of title: Miguel Angel Campa.
On cover: Publicaciones de la Unión interamericana del Caribe.
"Seis artículos que [han aparecido] ... en la revista 'Carteles' de la Habana, en ... los meses de febrero y marzo del año actual [estos artículos] coincidieron con la declaración de la Comisión anglo americana, encaragada de estudia la situación de las colonias inglesas y estadounidenses en el área antillana, asegurando que estos problemas del Caribe son fundamentalmente regionales."--p. [5]-6.
Caribbean Sea

000138099
24685430
AAQ4179

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We performed torsional deformation experiments on pre-hydrated fine-grained olivine aggregates using an innovative experimental assembly to investigate water weakening in mantle rocks at high shear strains. San Carlos olivine powder was cold-pressed and then hot-pressed under hydrous conditions, producing aggregates with average grain sizes of 7 or 15 μm. Deformation experiments were performed in a high-resolution gas-medium apparatus equipped with a torsional actuator, under a confining pressure of 300 MPa, a temperature of 1200 °C, and constant shear strain rates ranging from 8 × 10−5 to 1.4 × 10−4 s−1. Maximum shear stresses range from 150 to 195 MPa. These values are 30% lower relative to those determined in previous torsion experiments on dry, fined-grained dunites under similar conditions. Textures and microstructures of the starting and deformed specimens were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All deformed aggregates exhibit a shape-preferred orientation marking a foliation and lineation, as well as a reduction in mean grain size from 15 μm down to 3-4 μm due to dynamic recrystallization. Olivine crystallographic fabrics developed rapidly (γ < 0.1), but their strength, characterized by the J-index, is low compared to naturally deformed peridotites or to polycrystalline olivine deformed at similar finite shear strains under dry conditions. The crystallographic fabrics are consistent with deformation by a dislocation accommodated creep mechanism with activation of multiple {0 k l}[1 0 0] systems, among which the (0 1 0)[1 0 0] slip system is dominant, and minor participation of the (0 1 0)[0 0 1] slip system. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the occurrence of dislocations with [1 0 0] and [0 0 1] Burgers vectors in most grains. Analysis of unpolarized infrared spectra indicates that hydrogen concentration in the olivine lattice is below the saturation level of 18 ppm wt H2O, which is similar to those typically observed in spinel-bearing peridotite xenoliths, and also provide evidence for water-rich inter-granular material trapped in pores and grain boundaries. Seismic properties computed from the CPO observations correspond to those most commonly observed in naturally deformed mantle peridotites with fast P-wave propagation and S-wave polarization subparallel to the shear direction. These torsion experiments on fine-grained olivine polycrystals under hydrous conditions indicate that water weakening under lithospheric conditions is linked to various defects with hydrogen in the olivine structure, as well as with water-derived species in grain boundaries or pores.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00745170
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00745170
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2012.05.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A series of two-stage torsion experiments on Carrara marble were conducted to constrain the influence of known prior deformation on rheological response and microstructural evolution. Comparison with previous experimental data on Carrara marble flow and fabric evolution during single-stage torsion deformation experiments provided direct insights into the significance of initial deformation at various conditions. Our experiments were conducted at 727 degrees C temperature and 300 MPa confining pressure, while maintaining a constant strain rate of 3 x 10(-4) s(-1) on the periphery of the cylindrical samples. Under these conditions, the marble is known to deform in power-law (n = 6-10) ductile flow. All torsion experiments were performed with a Paterson type gas-medium testing machine equipped with a torsion actuator module.;Prior (D1) and subsequent (D2) deformation are accomplished by two torsion experiments in sequence on same sample segments. The effect of D1 strain history is investigated during D2 by applying counter-clockwise torsion to a sandwich sample consisting of three segments with different D1 rotation sense. D2 samples experienced continued, first and reversed shearing deformation in top, centre and bottom segments, respectively. D2 bulk strain was chosen equal to D1 strain in top and bottom segments.;D1 experiments followed the typical single-stage deformation behaviour of Carrara marble under the applied experimental conditions. Yielding was followed by strain hardening until a peak stress was reached at a shear strain around 1, after which work softening occurred. Weakening gradually evolved into a constant stress regime. During hardening, a shear microstructure and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) developed. Afterwards the volume fraction of smaller dynamic recrystallised grains increased continuously, resulting in a recrystallisation microstructure and CPO at shear strains of 5 and higher. The new D2 experiments displayed a strain variation between homogeneously deformed sample segments that increased with increasing D1 strain. The stress-strain behaviour of the D2 bulk sandwich samples showed less pronounced work-hardening and -softening when compared with single-stage deformation experiments. Furthermore, constant flow stress was attained at increasingly lower strain with increasing D1 strain. In most D2 segments, fabric development is equivalent to single-stage experiments at corresponding absolute strain. The fabrics differed markedly from those in single-stage experiments in the case of reversed two-stage deformation at moderate strain (D1 shear strain 1 and 2.6). Experiments show that grain shape by shearing of relict grains is defined by finite strain and thus affected by strain reversal. Recrystallisation is controlled by absolute strain and not influenced by strain reversal.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00617686
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617686
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.029

Éditeur(s) : Université de la Méditerranée
Résumé : This study was supported by the Atlantic working site of the « Programme National d’Océanographie Côtière » (PNOC, PNEC since 1999). The objectives were (1) to check the existence and to understand the mechanisms of winter phytoplankton blooms in the bay of Biscay influenced by the Gironde waters (2) to determine the limiting nutrient of the primary production associated to these blooms and to follow the seasonal evolution of the limiting nutrient, (3) to understand the consequences of this early limitation on the structuration of algal populations in spring. Since phosphorus was supposed to be the major limiting nutrient of algal growth in the Gironde plume, the different forms of the phosphorus cycle as well as the bacterial compartment, central in this cycle, were also studied in term of stocks and fluxes. The sampling strategy consisted in three cruises in 1998, BIOMET 2 (January), BIOMET 3 (beginning of March), PEGASE (June) and six cruises in 1999, PLAGIA 1 to 6 (late February, late April, late May, late June, the middle of July and the beginning of October). Winter algal blooms, essentially diatoms, were actually observed both in the typical waters of the plume (S < 34.5) and at the limit of the plume and adjacent atlantic oceanic waters (S > 34.5) in the successives years 1998 and 1999. These blooms were initiated by the occurrence of short anticyclonic windows in winter, acting on physical processes which dominate the evolution and characteristics of the Gironde plume (runoff, wind direction and speed) and, ultimately, on the evolution of the depth of the mixed layer (haline stratification) and available light (decrease of turbidity). The algal growth was actually phosphorus limited in the typical waters of the plume at the end of the winter bloom, in spring and became nitrogen and phosphorus limited in summer until the first autumn gales restored the nutritive balance. More oceanic waters (S > 34.5) were probably N+P limited from the end of the winter-the beginning of spring to autumn. Phosphorus limitation of winter blooms, associated with girondine unbalanced nutritive supplies (high NO3/PO4 ratios) favoured the development of small cells at the beginning of spring and the later presence of spring blooms (June 1998, late May 1999) composed of pico and nanophytoplankton (nanoflagellates), instead of typical diatom spring blooms for temperate waters. This size reduction of algal communities is strongthened by the competition between phytoplankton and bacteria for the phosphate uptake, bacteria being more competitives at low concentrations and being phosphorus limited sometimes in spring. The decreasing size of algal cells probably acted on the structuration of the whole food web. The study of the different forms of phosphorus displayed the importance of the Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (DOP) pool. The potential biological lability and the capacity of algae and bacteria to use the DOP in spring when phosphate are undetectable was shown by the very high specific activities of alkaline phosphatases and the very rapid cycling of phosphate monoesters. According to the few estimations of actual phosphatasic activity and phosphate assimilation fluxes, the hydrolysis of DOP associated with the coupled assimilation of liberated phosphate would represent 91 to 99 % of the phosphorus fluxes into algal and bacterial cells when phosphate were exhausted. In such conditions DOP could satisfy most of microorganisms phosphorus needs.
Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du Chantier Atlantique du Programme National d’Océanographie Côtière (PNOC, PNEC depuis 1999). Les objectifs de ce travail étaient (1) de vérifier l’existence et comprendre le déterminisme de blooms phytoplanctoniques hivernaux dans les eaux du Golfe de Gascogne influencées par la Gironde, (2) de préciser le facteur limitant de la production primaire associée à ces blooms et de suivre l’évolution saisonnière de ce facteur et (3) de comprendre les conséquences de cette limitation précoce sur la structuration des populations algales au printemps. Le phosphore étant supposé être le principal élément limitant de la croissance algale dans le panache de la Gironde, les différentes composantes du cycle du phosphore ainsi que le compartiment bactérien, central dans ce cycle, ont été étudiés en terme de stock et de flux. La stratégie d’échantillonnage a consisté en trois campagnes en 1998, BIOMET 2 (janvier), BIOMET 3 (début mars), PEGASE (juin) et six campagnes en 1999, PLAGIA 1 à 6 (fin février, fin avril, fin mai, fin juin, mi-juillet et début octobre). Des efflorescences algales hivernales, constituées essentiellement de diatomées, ont effectivement été observées de façon récurrente dans les eaux typiques du panache (S < 34,5) et à la limite du panache et des eaux océaniques atlantiques adjacentes (S > 34,5) au cours des deux années successives 1998 et 1999. Ces blooms ont été engendrés par l’apparition de courtes fenêtres anticycloniques en période hivernale, ces fenêtres interférant sur les processus physiques qui prévalent sur l’évolution et les caractéristiques du panache de la Gironde (régime des débits, orientation et force du vent) et, de façon ultime, sur l’évolution de la profondeur de la couche de mélange (halostratification) et la disponibilité en lumière (diminution de la turbidité). La croissance algale était limitée par le phosphore dans les eaux typiques du panache à la fin du bloom hivernal, au printemps et devint limitée en azote et en phosphore en période estivale et ceci jusqu’à ce que les premières tempêtes automnales rétablissent l’équilibre nutritif des eaux. Les eaux à caractère plus océanique (S > 34,5) étaient plus probablement limitées par N+P dès la fin de l’hiverdébut du printemps et ce jusqu’à l’automne. La limitation des blooms hivernaux par le phosphore, associée à des apports nutritifs girondins déséquilibrés en phosphate (rapports NO3/PO4 élevés) a favorisé le développement de cellules de petite taille au début du printemps et la présence ultérieure de blooms printaniers (juin 1998, fin mai 1999) composés de pico- et de nanophytoplancton (nanoflagellés), blooms « atypiques » pour des eaux tempérées à cette saison. Cette structuration des communautés algales est renforcée par la compétition entre le phytoplancton et les bactéries pour l’acquisition du phosphate, les bactéries étant plus compétitives aux faibles teneurs en phosphate et pouvant être elles-mêmes limitées par le phosphore à certains moments du printemps. La diminution de taille des cellules algales a probablement une incidence sur la structure de taille de l’ensemble du réseau trophique. L’étude des différentes composantes du phosphore montre l’importance du pool de Phosphore Organique Dissous (POD), sa labilité biologique potentielle et la capacité des communautés algales et bactériennes à utiliser ce pool au printemps quand les phosphates sont indétectables (activités spécifiques des phosphatases alcalines très élevées, recyclage très rapide des monoesters de phosphate). Au vu des quelques estimations de l’activité phosphatasique réelle et des flux d’assimilation de phosphate, l’hydrolyse du POD associée à l’assimilation couplée du phosphate libéré représenterait 91 à 99 % des flux de phosphore vers les cellules algales et bactériennes, quand les phosphates du milieu sont déficients. Dans de telles conditions, le POD pourrait satisfaire l’essentiel des besoins des microorganismes en phosphore.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00013/12463/9298.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00013/12463/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
High Pressure - Low Temperature (HP-LT) rocks testify for burying and exhumation of crustal material in subduction zones. The question of their exhumation is nevertheless still unclear. The Aegean domain offers several HP-LT belts. Especially, the Attic-Cycladic Blueschist unit (ACBU) is an example of a HP-LT unit exhumed in a convergent and then in a divergent context. It actually appears in metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) formed in the back-arc of the subduction. The syn-convergence "message" is however difficult to read because of the post-convergence structural and thermal overprint that accompanied the formation of the MCCs. Particularly, the geometry, the timing and the amount of the syn-orogenic exhumation remain unclear. We investigate theses questions with metamorphic petrology (Andros and Ios islands) and phengite population, single grain and in situ 40Ar-39Ar geochronology (Andros, Tinos, Syros and Ios islands). Based on these new constraints and a synthesis of published data, we are able to refine the geometry, the timing and the modes of the exhumation of the ACBU. Data from the whole Cyclades exhibit little differences in the age and P-T conditions at the successive stages of syn-orogenic exhumation. The peak of pressure (500±50 °C-18±1 kbar) has been reached at 50-55 Ma. The onset of the exhumation occurred at 40-45 Ma in blueschist facies conditions, between a basal thrust and a summital detachment. The following decompression was accompanied by cooling until 30-35 Ma (400±50 °C-8±1 kbar). At that time, the boundary conditions switched to extension. The change in boundary conditions is recorded by slowing of the exhumation and isobare heating. The conditions of post-orogenic exhumation differ from an island to another. The onset of post-orogenic exhumation is dated around 30 Ma in the northern Cyclades and 25 Ma in the southern Cyclades. It is related to top-to-the-North deformation in all the studied domain. The end of ductile deformation below the detachments is also diachronous (21 Ma in the North and 18 Ma in the South). Finally, we propose a model for the final steps of the exhumation related to the intrusion of granitic bodies around 14 Ma.
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
San Francisco, United States

insu-00860510
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00860510
BIBCODE : 2010AGUFM.T23C2301L

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé :  
The symbiotic interactions between Frankia strains and their associated plants from the Casuarinaceae under controlled conditions are well documented but little is known about these interactions under natural conditions. We explored the symbiotic interactions between eight genotypically characterized Frankia strains and five Casuarinaceae species in long-term field trials. Characterization of strains was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) for the nifD-nifK intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) and 16S-23S ITS. Assessments of the symbiotic interactions were based on nodulation patterns using nodule dry weight and viability, and on actual N-2 fixation using the delta N-15 method. The PCR-RFLP patterns showed that the analyzed strains belonged to the same genotypic group (CeD group), regardless of the host species and environment of origin. The nodule viability index is introduced as a new tool to measure the viability of perennial nodules and to predict their effectiveness. The host Casuarinaceae species was a key factor influencing both the actual N-2-fixing activity of the associated Frankia strain and the viability of nodules within a location. This is the first study providing information on the symbiotic interactions between genotypically characterized Frankia strains and actinorhizal plants under natural conditions. The results revealed a way to improve a long-term management of the Casuarinaceae symbiosis.
ISSN: 0031-9317

hal-01032134
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032134
DOI : 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00856.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Understanding of the mechanisms driving diversification of species is a significant way to improve the management of ecosystems, predict the impacts of climate change and understand the actual and past biodiversity level. The aim of this thesis is to understand and comprehend genetic mechanisms behind the diversification of species in the presence of gene flow. This thesis is focused on the biological model Symphonia globulifera, which presents two ecotypes: the S.globulifera, specialist of seasonally flooded lowlands and S.sp1, specialist of terra firme. These two ecotypes show low genetic differentiation, despite the presence of two apparent phenotypes. A first part of this thesis was to test the presence of local adaptation of this using reciprocal transplant experiment gardens, allowing the understanding of the ecotypes distributions in their natural habitats. Then, this local adaptation in the presence of gene flow, directed me to the regulation of gene methylation in order to see the role this brand of epigenetics can have in the divergence of the ecotypes. In a third part of the thesis, new generation sequencing of the transcriptome ecotypes in reciprocal gardens transplantations allowed me to show the evidence of gene regulation to differentiate the ecotypes. This work thesis is based on phenotype records data, AFLP genotyping and high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptome, in order to show the important value of gene regulation in the divergence of the locally adapted ecotypes, and a weak role of DNA methylation in the establishment of local adaptation.
Connaitre et appréhender les mécanismes de la diversification des espèces est important pour la gestion des écosystèmes, la prévision des impacts des changements climatiques et la compréhension de la biodiversité actuelle et passée. Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre et de déceler les mécanismes génétiques à l’origine de la diversification des espèces en présence de flux de gènes. Cette thèse se focalise sur le modèle biologique Symphonia globulifera, qui compte deux écotypes : le S.globulifera spécialiste de la terra firme et le S.sp1, spécialiste des bas-fonds. Ces deux écotypes montrent une faible différenciation génétique, malgré la présence de deux phénotypes différents.Une première étape a été de mettre en évidence la présence d’une adaptation locale au sein de cette espèce, par le biais d’une expérimentation de jardins de transplantation réciproques, permettant d’expliquer la répartition des écotypes dans leur habitat naturel. Ensuite, dans le but d’identifier les mécanismes sous-jacent à cette adaptation locale, j’ai testé l’hypothèse que la méthylation des gènes pourrait être une marque de l’épigénétique contribuant à la divergence des écotypes, par l’utilisation d’enzyme sensibles à la méthylation dans un protocole de génotypage AFLP. Enfin, un séquençage haut-débit du transcriptome des écotypes en jardins de transplantation réciproques m’a permis de mettre en évidence une expression différentielle des gènes entre les écotypes, qui pourrait expliquer les différences phénotypiques observées entre les écotypes malgré une faible différentiation génétique. Ces travaux de thèse s’appuie, ainsi, sur des données de traits phénotypiques, de génotypage AFLP et de séquençage à haut débit du transcriptome pour montrer la valeur importante de la régulation des gènes dans la divergence des écotypes adaptés localement, et un faible rôle de la méthylation de l’ADN dans l’établissement cette adaptation locale.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01405400

NNT : 2015YANE0005
tel-01405400
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01405400
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01405400/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01405400/file/these_-_tinaut.pdf

Éditeur(s) : NRC
Résumé : In self-feeding conditions, a few individual sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax (L., 1758)) display strong activity in striking the food dispenser, whereas the remaining individuals of the group actuate the feeder weakly or never. Here, we investigated the effects of removal of the individuals showing dominant activity on the social and feeding behaviours in groups of juvenile sea bass. Following removal, new fish showing a dominant self-feeding activity quickly appear. They always come from the group of fish that have a low number of triggering actuations. This observation shows that it takes less time, about 5 days after the removal of dominant triggerers vs. 14 days at the beginning, for the re-establishment of the behavioural structure, suggesting the possibility of social transmission between individuals. The fish that show weak triggering activity seem to reach the high-food triggering level without obvious signs of competition. This experiment reveals the importance of the food-demand behavioural structure: the fish displaying the highest activity lead to a general food distribution and play a dominant role in feeding the entire group. Functional plasticity in this role within individuals is also demonstrated, indicating that the high-triggering function is essential for the group and not for the individual themselves.
Au sein d'un groupe de bars (Dicentrarchus labrax (L., 1758)) placés en auto-nourrissage, quelques individus disposent d'une activité forte de déclenchement volontaire du distributeur d'aliments. Les autres poissons du groupe disposent d'une activité de demande faible voire nulle. Ici, nous avons étudié l'impact du retrait des poissons à forte activité sur le comportement alimentaire et social de groupes de bars juvéniles. De nouveaux individus à forte activité réapparaissent rapidement, provenant exclusivement de la classe de poissons de faible demande. Cinq jours en moyenne suffisent après le retrait, contre 14 jours au début de l'expérience, pour que la structure comportementale se rétablisse suggérant l'existence d'une transmission sociale entre les individus. Ces poissons de faible activité semblent de plus atteindre leur nouvelle fonction sans aucun signe de compétition. Cette expérience révèle d'abord l'importance de la structure de la demande alimentaire puisqu'elle réapparaît après le retrait. Elle montre également que l'activité des forts manipulateurs conduit à une distribution générale de l'aliment et contribue à nourrir le groupe en entier. L'étude montre enfin une plasticité fonctionnelle indiquant que seule la fonction de manipulateur fort est essentiel pour la stabilité du groupe, non l'identité des individus par elle-même.
Canadian journal of zoology (0008-4301) (NRC), 2008-09 , Vol. 86 , N. 9 , P. 1015-1023

Droits : 2008 NRC Canada
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4766.pdf
DOI:10.1139/Z08-077
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4766/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Reliable measurements of the intensity of the palaeomagnetic field are notoriously difficult to obtain. The approach generally taken is to produce multiple estimates per rock unit and assume that those which meet certain minimum standards of technical quality will combine to produce an accurate mean. However, here, using results produced from a package of 20th century basaltic lava flows from Mount Etna in Sicily, we demonstrate that this approach can fail. In this case, the application of typical sets of selection criteria actually introduces bias into the mean determination that we measure. We demonstrate that this is caused by two types of non-ideal behaviour acting in combination. The first is a result of the multidomain grains that the samples contain and the second is caused by differences in the natural and laboratory cooling rates. We discuss means of avoiding these sources of error in future palaeointensity studies performed on ancient rocks. We also develop a new, more general reliability criterion which is effective here and which we argue should be applied wherever possible in future palaeointensity studies in conjunction with standard criteria. It requires two distinct types of materials which both produce some good-quality palaeointensity measurements and uses their range of overlap to constrain the true palaeointensity. Both the application of this criterion and general reliability considerations require that future palaeointensity studies should measure many samples per cooling unit and that these should be as diverse in terms of their rock magnetic properties and cooling histories as possible.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00407943
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407943
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.017

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : It is generally accepted that innovations in tuna purse seine technology have affected fishing operations and the traditional measurement of fishing effort, days fished including searching time. Not much is known, however, about the actual effects of the innovations on fishing performance. Data from the us tuna purse seine fishery in the Western Pacific Ocean were used to determine the impact of drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (fads) on the performance of the us fleet. The results indicate, inter alia, a high rate of success (96%) in catching tuna and high yield rate (37 t/successful set) for fad sets. Log sets were comparable in success rate (94%) and catch rate (36 t/successful set). Unassociated sets, on the other hand, had a higher catch rate (42 t/successful set) than fad sets, but a low success rate, 53 per cent. fad sets significantly improved the fleet's performance.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15296/12655.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15296/

Résumé : Fishing activity in the french mediterranean lagoon Etang de Berre is actually allowed in spite of a degradation of the environment during the last fifty years. To analyse the results and the working of the fishery, a study based on a sampling survey of catches and fishing effort has been conducted in the various landing ports over a two years period. Annual weight and value productions by species and gear have been evaluated by mean of statistical calculation procedures. The results show that the fishery is based on the exploitation of two main species (anguilla and grey mullet) and that important variations exist between the two sampled years. The limits to be reached by the working of this fishery are prompted in the scope of a future regulation.
La pratique de l'exploitation halieutique dans l'étang lagunaire de Berre (Méditerranée française) est actuellement tolérée malgré la dégradation du milieu au cours des cinquante dernières années. Pour réaliser une analyse des résultats et du fonctionnement de la pêcherie, une étude par enquête basée sur le suivi des captures et des efforts de pêche a été menée aux différents ports de débarquements pendant une durée de deux ans. On calcule par évaluation les productions annuelles spécifiques et par métiers, en poids et en valeurs. Ces résultats montrent que la pêcherie est basée sur l'exploitation de deux espèces principales (anguille et mulets) et qu'il existe de fortes variations entre les deux années d'études. Dans l'optique d'une réglementation on suggère les limites résultant du mode de fonctionnement de cette pêcherie.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1989/rapport-1569.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1569/