Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. They are organized by geographical location.
View of a cloudy sky and sugarcane fields on a hill. In the distance is the Caribbean Sea. A small cluster of houses can be seen. Slide labeled Barb 19.
Barbados -- Caribbean region

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
Sheet 20: 12
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00017918/00001

Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. The are organized by geographical location.
Two women and a man walk down a street lined with wire fences near Port of Spain, Trinidad. In the background is a mountain. Along the mountain side is a cluster of wooden houses. In the foreground are metal electrical poles. Slide labeled Shanty Town Edge of Port of Spain.
Trinidad and Tobago -- South America -- Port of Spain, Trinidad
Trinidad and Tobago -- Caribbean region -- Port of Spain, Trinidad

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00031227/00001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Sampling design is a key issue when establishing species inventories and characterizing habitats within highly heterogeneous landscapes. Sampling efforts in such environments may be constrained and many field studies only rely on subjective and/or qualitative approaches to design collection strategy. The region of Cacao, in French Guiana, provides an excellent study site to understand the presence and abundance of Anopheles mosquitoes, their species dynamics and the transmission risk of malaria across various environments. We propose an objective methodology to define a stratified sampling design. Following thorough environmental characterization, a factorial analysis of mixed groups allows the data to be reduced and non-collinear principal components to be identified while balancing the influences of the different environmental factors. Such components defined new variables which could then be used in a robust k-means clustering procedure. Then, we identified five clusters that corresponded to our sampling strata and selected sampling sites in each stratum. RESULTS: We validated our method by comparing the species overlap of entomological collections from selected sites and the environmental similarities of the same sites. The Morisita index was significantly correlated (Pearson linear correlation) with environmental similarity based on i) the balanced environmental variable groups considered jointly (p = 0.001) and ii) land cover/use (p-value<0.001). The Jaccard index was significantly correlated with land cover/use-based environmental similarity (p-value = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results validate our sampling approach. Land cover/use maps (based on high spatial resolution satellite images) were shown to be particularly useful when studying the presence, density and diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes at local scales and in very heterogeneous landscapes.
BMC Ecology

pasteur-00914104
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00914104
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00914104/document
DOI : 10.1186/1472-6785-13-45
PUBMED : 24289184

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD RNTI
Résumé : International audience
De nombreuses méthodes ont été proposées pour extraire des clus-ters des réseaux sociaux. Si un travail important est aujourd’hui mené sur laconception de méthodes innovantes capables de rechercher des clusters de na-ture différente, la plupart des approches font l’hypothèse de réseaux statiques.L’une des récentes méthodes concerne notamment la recherche de liens concep-tuels. Il s’agit d’une nouvelle approche de clustering de liens, qui exploite à lafois la structure du réseau et les attributs des noeuds dans le but d’identifier desliens fréquents entre des groupes de noeuds au sein desquels les noeuds par-tagent des attributs communs. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons au suivides liens conceptuels dans des réseaux dynamiques, c’est-à-dire des réseaux quiconnaissent des changements structurels importants. Nous cherchons en parti-culier à comprendre comment les liens conceptuels se forment et évoluent aucours du développement du réseau. Pour ce faire, nous proposons un ensemblede mesures qui visent à capturer des comportements caractérisant l’évolutionde ces clusters. Notre approche est ainsi utilisée pour comprendre l’évolutiondes liens conceptuels extraits sur deux réseaux réels : un réseau de co-auteursd’articles scientifiques et un réseau de communications mobiles. Les résultatsobtenus permettent de mettre en lumière des tendances significatives dans l’évo-lution des clusters sur ces deux réseaux.
Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances (EGC) 2017. Revue des Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information vol.RNTI-E-33
Grenoble, France

hal-01514245
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01514245

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Presses Universitaires de Louvain (distribution I6DOC/CIACO)
Résumé : In French. 10 pages, 5 figures, LaTeX 2e using EPSF and custom package taln2006.sty (designed by Pierre Zweigenbaum, ATALA). Proceedings of the 13th annual French-speaking conference on Natural Language Processing: `Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles' (TALN 2006), Louvain (Leuven), Belgium, 10-13 April 2003
National audience
We propose a theoretical framework within which information on the vocabulary of a given corpus can be inferred on the basis of statistical information gathered on that corpus. Inferences can be made on the categories of the words in the vocabulary, and on their syntactical properties within particular languages. Based on the same statistical data, it is possible to build matrices of syntagmatic similarity (bigram transition matrices) or paradigmatic similarity (probability for any pair of words to share common contexts). When clustered with respect to their syntagmatic similarity, words tend to group into sublanguage vocabularies, and when clustered with respect to their paradigmatic similarity, into syntactic or semantic classes. Experiments have explored the first of these two possibilities. Their results are interpreted in the frame of a Markov chain modelling of the corpus' generative processe(s): we show that the results of a spectral analysis of the transition matrix can be interpreted as probability distributions of words within clusters. This method yields a soft clustering of the vocabulary into sublanguages which contribute to the generation of heterogeneous corpora. As an application, we show how multilingual texts can be visually segmented into linguistically homogeneous segments. Our method is specifically useful in the case of related languages which happened to be mixed in corpora.
Verbum ex machina : Actes de la 13ème conférence annuelle sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles
Louvain (Leuven), Belgium

hal-00327607
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00327607
ARXIV : 0810.1212

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : 44 pages, 14 figures
International audience
With any non necessarily orientable unpunctured marked surface (S,M) we associate a commutative algebra, called quasi-cluster algebra, equipped with a distinguished set of generators, called quasi-cluster variables, in bijection with the set of arcs and one-sided simple closed curves in (S,M). Quasi-cluster variables are naturally gathered into possibly overlapping sets of fixed cardinality, called quasi-clusters, corresponding to maximal non-intersecting families of arcs and one-sided simple closed curves in (S,M). If the surface S is orientable, then the quasi-cluster algebra is the cluster algebra associated with the marked surface (S,M) in the sense of Fomin, Shapiro and Thurston. We classify quasi-cluster algebras with finitely many quasi-cluster variables and prove that for these quasi-cluster algebras, quasi-cluster monomials form a linear basis. Finally, we attach to (S,M) a family of discrete integrable systems satisfied by quasi-cluster variables associated to arcs in the quasi-cluster algebra and we prove that solutions of these systems can be expressed in terms of cluster variables of type A.
ISSN: 0925-9899

hal-00821878
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00821878
ARXIV : 1105.1560
DOI : 10.1007/s10801-015-0586-1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
We recover the Holocene earthquake history of seven seismogenic normal faults in the Fucino system, central Italy. We collected 800 samples from the well-preserved limestone scarps of the faults and modeled their 36Cl concentrations to derive their seismic exhumation history. We found that > 30 large earthquakes broke the faults in synchrony over the last 12 ka. The seven faults released strain at the same periods of time, 12-9 ka, 5-3 ka, and 1.5-1 ka. On all faults, the strain accumulation and release occurred in 3-6 ka supercycles, each included a 3-5 ka phase of slow (≤ 0.5-2 mm/yr) strain accumulation in relative quiescence, followed by a cluster of three to four large earthquakes or earthquake sequences that released most of the strain in < 1-2 ka. The large earthquakes repeated every 0.5 ± 0.3 ka during the paroxysmal phases and every 4.3 ± 0.9 ka between those phases. Earthquakes on the northern faults produced twice larger surface slips (~ 2 m) and had larger magnitudes (Mw 6.2-6.7) than those on the southern faults. On most faults, the relative strain level was found to control the amount of slip and the time of occurrence of the next large earthquake. Faults entered a phase of clustered activity once they had reached a specific relative strain threshold. The Tre Monti fault is identified as the most prone to break over the next century. Our data document earthquake synchrony and clustering at a broader space and time scale than has been reported to date.
ISSN: 0148-0227

hal-00903460
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00903460
DOI : 10.1002/jgrb.50299

Éditeur(s) : Université de Paris 6 – Pierre et Marie Curie
Résumé : Since 1997, a new pathology seasonally occurs in new caledonian shrimp farms during the warm season and was named Summer Syndrome. Diseased Litopenaeus stylirostris shrimp suffer from a septicemic vibriosis which was attributed to V. nigripulchritudo. Preliminary studies based on a collection of V. nigripulchritudo strains have brought to light different virulence levels according to experimental infections results; three virulence statuses were defined: highly (HP), moderately (MP) and non pathogenic (NP). The aim of this work was to genetically characterize virulent V. nigripulchritudo strains. In a first step the genetic diversity of 58 V. nigripulchritudo strains was analyzed by MLST and AP-PCR, revealing a cluster of HP and MP strains, characterized by a low genetic variability and that includes all Summer Syndrome-associated isolates. This confirms the emergence of one cluster of pathogenic V. nigripulchritudo simultaneously with the emergence of the Summer Syndrome ; in a second step, 368 genetic markers of virulence were identified by a Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization performed between the genomes of a HP strain and a genetically close, NP isolate; the distribution of the screened SSH fragments was studied in 58 V. nigripulchritudo isolates by macro-array: 78 DNA fragments were selected, allowing to characterize clusters identified and pathogenic statuses; 13 are specific of the HP strains involved in Summer Syndrome. Interestingly, 10 of these markers are carried by a plasmid pSFn1 that contains sequences highly similar to those of a plasmid pAK1, detected in Vibrio shilonii, a coral pathogen. The origin and consequences of this plasmid acquisition are discussed.
Depuis 1997, les élevages de crevettes en Nouvelle-Calédonie sont confrontés à une nouvelle maladie, le Syndrome d'été, une vibriose septicémique dont l'agent étiologique est Vibrio nigripulchritudo. Les résultats d'infection expérimentale sur une collection de souches, ont montré l'existence de trois pathotypes distincts : hautement (HP), moyennement (MP) et non pathogène (NP). L'étude du polymorphisme génétique de 58 souches par typage moléculaire en MLST et AP-PCR, a mis en évidence un groupe phylogénétique particulier caractérisé par un très faible degré de variabilité génétique (confirmant l'émergence de ce groupe en parallèle à l'émergence du Syndrome d'été) et constitué uniquement de souches HP (dont toutes celles associées au Syndromed'été) et de souches MP. Afin d'identifier des marqueurs génétiques de la virulence des souches responsables du Syndrome d'été, et parmi ces marqueurs des gènes codant potentiellement pour des effecteurs de la virulence, une approche soustractive par SSH a été développée entre une souche HP de type Syndrome d'été et une souche NP : 368 marqueurs génétiques ont ainsi été mis en évidence ; la distribution de ces marqueurs a été étudiée chez les 58 souches de la collection par une approche en macroarray : 78 marqueurs ont été sélectionnés, qui permettent de caractériser les différents groupes phylogénétiques et les différents pathotypes, dont 13 fragments spécifiques des souches HP type Syndrome d'été. Parmi ces 13 fragments, 10 ont été localisés sur le plasmide pSFn1 qui a été entièrement séquencé. Ce même plasmide a été purifié uniquement des souches HP de type Syndrome d'été. Par ailleurs, une très forte homologie a été mise en évidence entre pSFn1 et pAK1, un autre plasmide également séquencé et retrouvé chez la souche V. shilonii AK1, responsable du blanchiment du corail Oculina patagonica en Méditerranée. Ces résultats ont ouvert la discussion sur le rôle de pSFn1 dans la virulence de V. nigripulchritudo.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/these-3906.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3906/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : In a previous study, we demonstrated the existence of an emerging cluster of Vibrio nigripulchritudo that proved to be associated with shrimp mortality events in New Caledonia. Using sequence polymorphisms evidenced in this previous MultiLocus Sequence Typing study, we developed two new quantitative PCR assays permitting the detection and quantification of V. nigripulchritudo at the genospecies level using SYBR Green I chemistry and at the emerging cluster level using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer technology with hybridization probes. The use of this molecular diagnostic tool evidenced the colonization of the shrimp pond ecosystem by the pathogenic cluster at least at the onset of the disease. This new tool will allow better investigation of the dynamics of this bacterial pathogen in the shrimp farm ecosystem. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Journal of Microbiological Methods (0167-7012) (Elsevier), 2007-07 , Vol. 70 , N. 1 , P. 30-38

Droits : 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2729.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.mimet.2007.03.007
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2729/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: In a malaria-endemic area the distribution of patients is neither constant in time nor homogeneous in space. The WHO recommends the stratification of malaria risk on a fine geographical scale. In the village of Cacao in French Guiana, the study of the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria cases, during an epidemic, allowed a better understanding of the environmental factors promoting malaria transmission. METHODS: A dynamic cohort of 839 persons living in 176 households (only people residing permanently in the village) was constituted between January 1st, 2002 and December 31st, 2007.The information about the number of inhabitants per household, the number of confirmed cases of Plasmodium vivax and house GPS coordinates were collected to search for spatial or temporal clustering using Kurlldorff's statistical method. RESULTS: Of the 839 persons living permanently in the village of Cacao, 359 persons presented at least one vivax malaria episode between 2002 and 2007. Five temporal clusters and four spatial clusters were identified during the study period. In all temporal clusters, April was included. Two spatial clusters were localized at the north of the village near the Comté River and two others localized close to orchards. CONCLUSION: The spatial heterogeneity of malaria in the village may have been influenced by environmental disturbances due to local agricultural policies: deforestation, cultures of fresh produce, or drainage of water for agriculture. This study allowed generating behavioural, entomological, or environmental hypotheses that could be useful to improve prevention campaigns.
ISSN: 1475-2875

inserm-00849010
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00849010
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00849010/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00849010/file/2013_Basurko_-_Deforestation_agriculture_and_farm_jobs_a_good_recipe_for_Plasmodium_vivax_in_French_Guiana.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1475-2875-12-90

Résumé : Arbol de hasta 30 m, corteza fisurada con látex blanco lechoso. Hojas oblanceoladas, ápice comúnmente agudo, base aguda o atenuada, ferruginosas, finamente reticuladas. Flores en pequeños fascículos axilares, muy perfumadas, actinomorfas. Fruto elipsoide, ovoide o subgloboso de hasta 20 cm, áspero, escamoso, café; pulpa roja; semillas 1 a 2, grandes, negras y lustrosas.
Arbre pouvant atteindre 30 m, écorce fissurée avec latex blanc laiteux. Feuilles oblancéolées, pointe habituellement aiguë, base aiguë ou atténuée, ferrugineuses, finement réticulées. Fleurs en petits fascicules axillaires, très parfumées, actinomorphes. Fruit ellipsoïdal, ovoïde ou subarrondi pouvant atteindre 20 cm, âpre, écailleux, couleur café; pulpe rouge; 1 à 2 graines, grandes, noires et brillantes.
Tree, up to 30 m high, bark fissured, with milky white latex.  Leaves, simple, alternate, blades oblanceolate, 10-60 x 4.5-5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; inflorescence in clusters at defoliated nodes or cauliflorus; flowers white with corolla 9-10 mm long; fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or subglobose 8-20 cm long, brown, rough; seeds solitary, broadly obovate, deep brown to black and shiny.
Nativa de México y Centroamérica, cultivada en otras regiones tropicales del continente americano.
Originaire du Mexique et d’;Amérique Centrale, cultivée dans d’;autres régions tropicales du continent américain.
Native to Mexico and Ce

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant260

Résumé : Arbusto de hasta 7 m de altura, tronco delgado, recto. Hojas corto-pecioladas, elípticas a oblongas, brillantes, subcoriáceas, de 7 a 15 cm. Flores en grupos axilares, fragantes, generalmente sésiles; cáliz truncado; pétalos blancos. Baya oblonga a globosa, de 10 a 16 mm, de color rojo al madurar.
Arbuste pouvant atteindre 7 m de haut, tronc mince, droit. Feuilles à petit pétiole, elliptiques à oblongues, brillantes, épaisses, de 7 à 15 cm. Fleurs en groupes axillaires, odorantes, généralement sessiles; calice tronqué; pétales blancs. Baie oblongue à arrondie,de 10 à 16 mm, de couleur rouge une fois parvenue à maturité.
Shrub, up to 7 m tall with stem branching; leaves opposite, petiole ca. 1 cm long, leaf blade dark green, shiny, obovate, oblanceolate or broadly elliptical, 10-40cm x 5-15 cm; inflorescence in axillary clusters, flowers white, fragrant, generally sessile; fruit a berry, oblong to globose 12-25 mm long, red when ripe.
Originaria de Africa, cultivada en las regiones tropicales.
Originaire d';Afrique, cultivée dans les régions tropicales.
Native to Africa, cultivated in tropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant138

Résumé : Herbácea o subarbusto de hasta 80 cm, con látex blanco lechoso. Hojas opuestas abovadas, elípticas u oblongas de 3 a 7 cm de largo. Flores sésiles, blancas o rosadas, con 5 pétalos unidos por la base formando un tubo con lóbulos libres, solitarias o en grupos en las axilas de las hojas. Fruto trilobular, pubescente, conteniendo de 2 a 3 semillas de color negro, de aprox. 0.5 cm de diámetro.
Plante herbacée ou sous-arbrisseau pouvant atteindre 80 cm de haut, avec un latex blanc laiteux. Feuilles opposées ovées, elliptiques ou oblongues de 3 à 7 cm de longueur. Fleurs sessiles, blanches ou rosées, avec 5 pétales unis par la base et formant un tube aux lobes libres, solitaires ou en groupe sur l';axe des feuilles. Fruit trilobulaire, pubescent, contenant de 2 à 3 graines de couleur noire, dont le diamètre est approximativement de 0.5 cm.
Herb or subshrub, up to 80 cm tall, with white milky latex. Leaves opposite, elliptic or oblong 2-7 cm x 1.5cm; Flowers in 2-3 clusters or solitary, with 5 petals, ranging from white to greenish-yellow to rose-pink to reddish purple, and corolla tube inflated below the limb; fruit a follicle, cylindrical, 1.5-3.5 cm long.
Nativa de Madagascar, ampliamente cultivada y naturalizada en las regiones tropicales.
Originaire de Madagascar, très cultivée et naturalisée dans les régions tropicales.
Native to Madagascar, widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical regions

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant114

Résumé : Planta de 6 a 10 m, estolonífera. Hojas pecioladas, de hasta 2 m, arregladas en espiral, simples, enteras, ampliamente elípticas, penninervadas. Inflorescencias espiciformes que crecen desde el cormo a través del pseudo tallo, recurvo-colgantes; flores blanco-amarillentas, en cimas a lo largo del eje principal, cubiertas por brácteas grandes. Fruto cilíndrico de hasta 30 cm, amarillo o verdoso al madurar.
Plante de 6 à 10 m, stolonifère. Feuilles pétiolées, pouvant atteindre 2 m, disposées en spirale, simples, entières, largement elliptiques, penniformes. Inflorescences spiciformes sortant du pseudo-tronc, recourbées et pendantes; fleurs blanc-jaunâtres, disposées en cymes le long de l&rsquo;axe principal, couvertes de grandes bractées, les supérieures femelles. Fruit cylindrique pouvant avoir 30 cm de long, jaune ou verdâtre au cours de la période de maturation.
Large perennial herb 2-9 m high with basal corm. Pseudostem composed of leaf sheaths forming the &lsquo;trunk&rsquo; of the plant. Leaves blades oblong, entire 1.5-4 m x 0.7-1 m, petiole 30-90 cm long, rounded beneath, channeled above; inflorescences terminal, growing from the pseudostem, erect or drooping; flowers in flat clusters in the axils of spirally arranged broad, dark purple-coloured bracts, functionally unisexual, the lower female the upper male; mature fruit fleshy, cylindrical, 6-35 cm x 2.5-5 cm with greenish, yellow or reddish skin.
Nativa de los trópicos del Viejo Mundo, cultivada en las regiones tropicales de todo el mundo.
Originaire des tropiques de l’;Ancien Monde, cultivée dans les régions tropicales du monde entier.
Native to the tropics of the Old World, cultivated

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant238

Résumé : Hierba erecta, a menudo con apariencia de arbusto. Hojas orbiculares, palmado-lobadas, los lóbulos ovado-oblongos o lanceolados, acuminados, irregularmente glandular dentados. Inflorescencias terminales, en racimos pedunculados, flores monoicas, apétalas, las superiores pistiladas, las inferiores estaminadas. Cápsula casi esférica, con espinas suaves, septicida, con semillas elipsoides.
Herbe dressée, ayant souvent l&rsquo;apparence d&rsquo;un arbuste. Feuilles orbiculaires, palmées-lobées, lobes ovés-oblongs ou lancéolés, acuminés, irrégulièrement glandulaires-dentés. Inflorescences terminales, en grappes pédonculées, fleurs monoïques, sans pétales, avec pistil pour les supérieures, les inférieures portant les étamines. Capsule presque sphérique, munies d&rsquo;épines souples, septicide, avec graines ellipsoïdales.
Monecious, short-lived shrub or small tree, more than 5 m high with copious clear sap.  Leaves spiral, long-stalked, blades 60 cm. broad, peltate, palmately divided into 7 or more lobes; inflorescence terminal panicle to 20 cm long or more; male flowers clustered at the base of pedicels with white calyx ca, 9 mm long, female flowers at the top of pedicels with calyx deciduous; fruit a capsule oblong about 2.5 cm long, spiny prickles; seeds elliptic,10-17 mm long, mottled grey or brown.  
Ampliamente distribuida en las zonas tropicales, probablemente originaria de Africa.
Largement répandue dans les zones tropicales, probablement originaire d’;Afrique.
Widely disseminated in tropical areas; probably originally from Africa.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant254

Résumé : Arbol de hasta 20 m, muy aromático. Hojas elíptico-oblongas a oblongas de 6 a 12 cm, obtusas en el ápice, redondeadas a agudas en la base, coriáceas. Inflorescencias cimosas, 3 flores ó 2 veces tricótomas, de hasta 9 flores. Bayas globosas, glabras, glandulosas.
Arbre pouvant atteindre 20 m, très aromatique. Feuilles elliptico-oblongues à oblongues de 6 à 12 cm, obtuses à la pointe, arrondies à aiguës à la base, coriaces. Inflorescences avec cymes, 3 fleurs ou 2 fois trichotomes, pouvant avoir 9 fleurs. Baies arrondies, glabres, glanduleuses.
Tree, up to 20 m high, very aromatic.  Leaves elliptic-oblong to oblong, 6-12 cm long, obtuse at the apex, round to acute at the base, coriaceous.  Inflorescences cymose; flowers thrice or twice trichotomous, in clusters of up to 9 flowers. Berries globose, glabrous, glandulose.
Endémica de la isla Hispaniola.
Endémique dans l’;île d’;Hispaniola.
Endemic, Hispaniola Island.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant279

Résumé : Hierba anual o perenne, erguida, de hasta 1.5 m, muy aromática. Hojas lanceoladas a elípticas, sinuado-dentadas, agudas, de hasta 13 cm, glandulosas. Flores en glomérulos densos o en espigas; sépalos 3 a 5, aovados; pétalos ausentes. Fruto pequeño dentro del cáliz con semillas negras.
Herbe annuelle ou bisannuelle, dressée, pouvant atteindre 1,5 m, très aromatique. Feuilles lancéolées à elliptiques, sinuo-dentées, aiguës, pouvant atteindre 13 cm, glanduleuses. Fleurs en glomérules denses ou en épis; 3 à 5 sépales, ovés; sans pétales. Petit fruit à l';intérieur du calice avec graines noires.
Bushy taprootedherb, erect, up to 1.5 m, highly aromaticwith a strong garlic-like smell. Lower leaves, sinuate-dentate, 5-8 cm x 1-2cm, upper leaves smaller with smooth margin; inflorescences are cymes, flowers clustered, greenish, perianth 1 mm long; fruit a utricle, seeds red-brown, smooth, ovoid 0.7-0.8 mm long.
Originaria de América, naturalizada en el Viejo Mundo, frecuentemente cultivada.
Originaire d';Amérique, naturalisée dans l';Ancien Monde, fréquemment cultivée.
Native to America, naturalized to the Old World, widely cultivated.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant120

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IOS Press (Amsterdam)
Résumé : 6 pages, 7 embedded figures, LaTeX 2e using the ecai2006.cls document class and the algorithm2e.sty style file (+ standard packages like epsfig, amsmath, amssymb, amsfonts...). Extends the short version contained in the ECAI 2006 proceedings.
International audience
Without prior knowledge, distinguishing different languages may be a hard task, especially when their borders are permeable. We develop an extension of spectral clustering -- a powerful unsupervised classification toolbox -- that is shown to resolve accurately the task of soft language distinction. At the heart of our approach, we replace the usual hard membership assignment of spectral clustering by a soft, probabilistic assignment, which also presents the advantage to bypass a well-known complexity bottleneck of the method. Furthermore, our approach relies on a novel, convenient construction of a Markov chain out of a corpus. Extensive experiments with a readily available system clearly display the potential of the method, which brings a visually appealing soft distinction of languages that may define altogether a whole corpus.
ECAI 2006: 17th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Riva del Garda, Italy

hal-00327782
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00327782
ARXIV : 0810.1261

Résumé : Arbol de 4-5 (raras veces 8) metros de altura, tronco de hasta 20 cm de diámetro y ramas extendidas. Hojas corto-pecioladas, espatuladas, fasciculadas, de 5 a 20 cm. Flores solitarias, amarillentas con venas de color púrpura, de 5 a 6 cm; lóbulos lacerados. Fruto globoso o elipsoideo, liso, lustroso, de 10 a 30 cm de diámetro, de cáscara dura.
Petit arbre de 8 m ou moins, tronc pouvant avoir jusqu&rsquo;à 20 cm de diamètre et branches allongées. Feuilles à court pétiole, spatulées, fasciculées, de 5 à 20 cm. Fleurs solitaires, jaunâtres avec des veines pourpres, de 5 à 6 cm; lobes très découpés. Fruit arrondi ou ellipsoïdal, lisse, brillant, de 10 à 30 cm de diamètre, à l&rsquo;écorce dure.
Small tree, up to 8 m tall with shorttrunk up to 20 cm in diameter with long spreading branches; leaves short-petiolate, spatulate, fasciculate, 5-20 cm long; flowers bell-shaped, born on the trunk in clusters, 5-6 cm long, greenish- white to greenish-yellowish with purple markings, foul smelling; fruit globose to ellipsoid, smooth, shiny, 10-30 cm in diameter, with hard shell.
Nativa de América tropical continental, cultivada y naturalizada en los trópicos.
Originaire de l’;Amérique tropicale continentale, cultivée et acclimatée sous les tropiques.
Native to tropical continental America, cultivated and naturalized

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant150

Résumé : Planta trepadora glabra, con tubérculos de forma irregular que se desarrollan en la axila de las hojas. Hojas alternas, ovadas a suborbiculares, de 7 a 19 cm, largo-acuminadas, acorazonadas en la base. Flores estaminadas solitarias, en espigas de hasta 10 cm, en ocasiones paniculadas; flores pistiladas fasciculadas, en espigas simples de hasta 25 cm. Cápsula oblonga, de 2.2 a 2.5 cm.
Plante grimpante glabre, avec des tubercules de forme irrégulière qui se développent dans l&rsquo;axe des feuilles. Feuilles alternes, ovées à semi-arrondies, de 7 à 19 cm, longues-acuminées, en forme de c&oelig;ur à la base. Fleurs à étamines solitaires, en épis pouvant atteindre 10 cm, parfois paniculées; fleurs avec pistil fasciculées, en épis simples pouvant atteindre 25 cm. Capsule oblongue, de 2,2 à 2,5 cm.
Herbaceous, dioecious, climber with glabrous stem, bearing in leaf axils, large, brown, tuberculate bulbils ca 15 cm in diameter; leaves alternate, simple, cordate at base, petioles 6-14 cm long, blades broadly ovate 15-25 cm x 7-20 cm; male flowers borne on clustered spikes up to 20 cm long; female flowers borne on simple spikes 10-15 cm long; fruit a capsule oblong 2.5 cm x1.5 cm.
Originaria de Asia tropical, cultivada en regiones tropicales.
Originaire d&rsquo;Asie tropicale, cultivée dans les régions tropicales.
Native to tropical Asia, cultivated in tropical regions.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant159