Éditeur(s) : Université de Brest
Résumé : The channel-lobe transition zone has been studied in two turbiditic systems: the Amazon channel-mouth lobe complex at the termination of the last eight channel-levee systems and the Neochannel termination, the last active channel of the Petit-Rhone turbidite system. - In the two cases, the internal geometry and stacking pattern of the deposits show a significant control of the configuration (size and shape) of the receiving basins, their morphology (gradients and subtle gradient changes), and their degree of confinement. - The Amazon and Petit-Rhone systems, with lobes built after the Last Glacial Maximum and the ensuing sea-level rise, evidence the major impact of external forcings (climatic events and eustatic variations) that induce variations in sediment fluxes delivered to the deep basin and therefore exert a control on channel-mouth lobes construction. The channel-mouth lobes of the Amazon and Petit-Rhone systems, even if they are located at great distances from the river mouths, at the termination of the turbidite systems and in areas characterised by subtle morphological variations, are both constrained by combined internal (accommodation and compensation) and external factors (post-glacial deconnection between the fluvial system and the deep basin).
La zone de transition chenal-levées/lobes a été étudiée dans 2 systèmes turbiditiques : le complexe de lobes à la terminaison des 8 derniers chenaux de l'éventail de l'Amazone et la terminaison du Néochenal, dernier chenal de l'éventail du Petit-Rhône. - Dans les deux cas, l'agencement des dépôts et leur évolution dans l'espace et le temps révèlent un fort contrôle de la configuration des réceptacles (taille et forme), de la morphologie des fonds (pentes et taux de changement des pentes) et du degré de confinement. - Les systèmes de l'Amazone et du Petit-Rhône, dont les lobes se sont construits à partir du Dernier Maximum Glaciaire et lors de la remontée du niveau marin qui a suivi, ont en outre permis de souligner l'impact majeur, sur la mise en place des lobes terminaux, de certains forçages externes (événements climatiques et variations eustatiques), qui déterminent les variations des flux sédimentaires arrivant au bassin. Ainsi, bien que situés à des distances considérables des sources fluviatiles et dans des zones distales où les variations de relief sont très ténues, les lobes terminaux de ces deux grands systèmes turbiditiques se sont révélés contraints à la fois par des processus internes (processus de compensation) et par des processus externes (déconnexion post-glaciaire du fleuve et du bassin).

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/these-6796.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6796/

Éditeur(s) : Publ. CNEXO (France) (Actes Colloq.)(no. 7)
Résumé : The present development of Peneid shrimp culture is limited by the problem set by the routine obtainment of reproduction in captivity. In Polynesia where no species of commercial interest is found naturally, this obtainment is a necessary prerequisite. The observations at the Centre Océanologique du Pacifique of CNEXO were made on 6 species of the genus Penaeus (P. merguiensis, P. aztecus, P. japonicus, P. monodon, P. vannamei and P. stylirostris) raised and maintained in 12 m² outdoortanks. At temperatures, between 25 and 32°, a salinity of 35 and a pH of 8,2, maturations and spawnings are seen throughout the year and several generations were obtained : P. merguiensis, F7 ; P. aztecus et P. japonicus, F3 ;P. monodon, F2 ; P. stylirostris and P. vannamei F1. For P. aztecus et P. mondon maturation is induced by unilateral eyestalk ablation. The animals behavior copulation and external signs of ovarian, development are described. The factors which seem essential to the proper progress of maturation are the temperature, the light intensity, the food and the state of health of the animals.
Le développement des élevages de crevettes Pénéidés est actuellement limité par les problèmes que pose l'obtention en routine de la reproduction en captivité. En Polynésie où aucune espèce d'intérêt commercial ne se trouve à l'état naturel, cette obtention était un préalable nécessaire. Les observations effectuées au Centre Océanologique du Pacifique du CNEXO ont porté sUr 6 espèces du genre Penaeus (P. merguiensis, p. aztecus, P. japonicus, P. monodon, P. vannamei et P. stylirostris) élevées et maintenues dans des bacs extérieurs de 12 m² en circulation ouverte. Avec des températures variant de 25 à 32°, une salinité de 35 et un pH voisin de 8,2, maturations et pontes s'obserVent toute l'année et plusieurs générations ont été obtenues : P. merguiensis, F7 ; P. aztecus et P. japonicus, F3 ;P. monodon, F2 ; P. stylirostris et P. vannamei, F1. Pour P. aztecus et P. mondon, la maturation est induite par épédonculation unilatérale. Le comportement des animaux, la copulation et les signes extérieurs du développement des ovaires sont décrits. Les facteurs qui paraissent essentiels au bon déroulement du processus de maturation sont la température l'éclairement, l'alimentation et l'état de santé des animaux

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1977/publication-6073.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6073/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Pregnancy is a sensitive and critical period for the development of the child and the health of adults-to-be. The biological and physiological adaptation of the body dealing physical and psychosocial stressors during this period may exert its effects in adulthood (and possibly over several generations). This delayed toxicity presupposes intrinsically the need to study the effects of exposure to environmental risk factors during fetal life using a holistic approach involving risk factors at both the micro (individual characteristics) and the macro level (physical and psycho-social context). Given the heterogeneity of the Breton territory in which this work was conducted, we explored whether the impact of social inequalities and the physical environment (air pollution) on birth outcomes (fetal growth and the risk of prematurity) could be modified according to an urban or rural place of residence. This work was based on data collected as part of the Breton mother-child cohort PELAGIE, which had included 3421 pregnant women between 2002- 2006. The anthropometric parameters and gestational age at birth were measured by medical personnel at delivery. We defined urban and rural areas according to the definition of “urban units” from the National Census Bureau (INSEE). The annual concentrations of air pollution (nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) were estimated using a land-use regression modeled at a 100 m scale and developed as part of an European project. Finally, neighbourhood deprivation was estimated using a composite index developed at census blocks level and whose use was legitimated over both urban and rural areas. Neighbourhood deprivation was associated with an increased risk of infants with fetal growth restriction, only for women living in rural areas. We also observed an increased risk of preterm birth associated with NO2 concentrations > 16.4 μg.m-3, only among women residing in urban areas. The associations between air pollution and fetal growth, although sex-specific, did not seem on the other hand, to vary significantly according to the urban-rural spectrum. This work confirms the need to explore the influence of both social and environmental inequalities on intrauterine development, and to assess the role of place-based factors, such as the urban-rural context, in shaping these inequalities.
La grossesse est une période sensible et déterminante pour le développement de l’enfant et l’état de santé à l’âge adulte. L'adaptation biologique et physiologique de l'organisme face à des « stresseurs » physiques et psychosociaux au cours de cette période peut ainsi exercer ses effets à l'âge adulte (et possiblement sur plusieurs générations). Cette toxicité différée suppose intrinsèquement la nécessité d’étudier les conséquences des expositions environnementales au cours de la vie foetale et ce suivant une approche holistique intégrant autant les facteurs de risque à des niveaux micro (caractéristiques individuelles) et macro (expositions physiques externes et contexte psycho-social). Etant donné l’hétérogénéité du territoire breton dans lequel s’inscrit ce travail de thèse, nous avons cherché à explorer l’impact des inégalités sociales et de l’environnement physique (pollution atmosphérique) sur l’issue de la grossesse (croissance foetale et risque de prématurité) indépendamment chez des femmes enceintes résidant dans des zones urbaines et rurales. Ce travail s’est appuyé sur les données issues de la cohorte bretonne mère-enfant PELAGIE, qui a inclus 3421 femmes enceintes entre 2002- 2006. Les paramètres anthropométriques et l’âge gestationnel à la naissance ont été renseignés à l’accouchement par le personnel médical. Le contexte urbain et rural breton a été caractérisé à partir de la définition des unités urbaines de l’INSEE. Les concentrations annuelles de pollution atmosphérique (dioxyde d’azote (NO2)) ont été modélisées à une échelle de 100 m à partir d’un modèle de "land-use regression" développé à l’échelle européenne. Enfin, le niveau socio-économique des IRIS a été estimé à l’aide d’un indice de désavantage social - construit à partir des données du recensement de l’INSEE et dont la validité et l’adaptabilité à des territoires à la fois urbains et ruraux a été examinée au préalable. Nos résultats suggèrent une influence délétère d’un contexte de vie socioéconomique défavorable sur la croissance intra-utérine, spécifiquement chez les femmes résidant en milieu rural. Nous avons également observé une augmentation du risque de prématurité associée à des niveaux > 16.4 μg.m-3 de NO2 dans l’air, à l’inverse, uniquement chez les femmes résidant dans des zones urbaines. Les associations entre l’exposition à la pollution atmosphérique et les marqueurs de la croissance intra-utérine, bien que sexe-spécifiques, ne semblent en revanche pas varier sensiblement suivant le gradient urbain-rural. Ce travail confirme la nécessité d’évaluer l’influence des inégalités sociales et environnementales sur le développement intra-utérin et de considérer l’importance et le rôle du contexte de vie, notamment urbain-rural, dans la formation de ces inégalités.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308518

NNT : 2015REN1B010
tel-01308518
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308518
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308518/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01308518/file/BERTIN_M--lanie.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Plasmodium vivax malaria is an important public health issue in the Amazon region, and it accounts for approximately 84 % of cases of the disease. Migration across the border between Brazil and French Guiana contributes to the maintenance of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic and parasitological responses of patients with P. vivax malaria treated with chloroquine and primaquine in the socio-environmental context of cross-border interactions between Brazil and French Guiana. The factors controlled were diagnostic agreement, adherence, adjustment of primaquine doses for patient weight, and quality of the drugs used. A prospective study was conducted in 2011 with 103 individuals aged 10-60 years with a positive diagnosis of P. vivax treated with chloroquine (10 mg base/kg on the first day, followed by 7.5 mg/kg on the second and third days) and primaquine for 7 days, who were followed for 28 days. The primaquine doses were adjusted for the patients' weight. A number of factors were determined: epidemiological characteristics, origin of patients, signs and symptoms, initial parasitaemia and parasitaemia clearance time, blood concentrations of chloroquine and primaquine, quality of anti-malarial drugs and diagnostic agreement. Ninety-five patients were followed for 28 days. There was a 100 % agreement in microscopic diagnosis between field laboratory and reference centre. The adhesion to the treatment was 100 %. Of these patients, 32.6 % received a weight-adjusted dose of primaquine. The chloroquine and primaquine tablets were consistent with the optimal quality limits for human consumption. The investigated patients achieved optimal blood exposure to anti-malarial drugs. The parasitological and therapeutic response was adequate in 99.0 % of cases. In the municipality of Oiapoque, the therapeutic regime used for the treatment of P. vivax malaria using chloroquine combined with primaquine remains effective, when external factors are controlled, such as the quality of anti-malarial drugs, the adhesion to the treatment prescribed, the correct diagnostic and the adjustment of primaquine dose for patient body weight.
ISSN: 1475-2875

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
pasteur-01229355
https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01229355
https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01229355/document
https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01229355/file/s12936-015-0925-7.pdf
PUBMEDCENTRAL : PMC4600333

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In the external Western Alps, the collision started with the shortening of the proximal European (Dauphinois) margin. One peculiar feature is the crustal thickening that finally led to the exhumation of the basement External Crystalline Massifs (ECM) during the Neogene. In these massifs, various age of shortening, structural style and sequence of deformation have been proposed leading to different kinematics along the Alpine arc that in turn do not imply the same crustal/lithospheric strength. In this contribution, we present new structural and microstructural data along with Ar/Ar ages from field studies in the Oisans-Grandes Rousses massifs, between Grenoble and Briançon). From balanced cross-sections, we show that about half of the external zone crustal shortening is accommodated within the ECM with similar Ar/Ar ages in all massifs. Furthermore, the shear zones present very large thicknesses (several hundred meters) and do not reactivated either the inherited Liassic normal faults or the Variscan foliation. Finally, the main shortening structures are localized beneath inherited Liassic syn-rift basins. These results suggest that the crust was weak during its shortening. Such behavior is most likely due to the combination of several factors: the crust burial (below the overthrusting internal units) down to about 10km, the presence of weak inherited syn-rift basins, and the strain softening in shear zones that evolve in mica-rich phyllonites. These results are consistent with the studies in the Aar massif and should most likely apply to the Mont Blanc massif, whose relationships with its cover are still debated.
EGU General Assembly
Vienne, Austria

insu-00839426
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00839426
BIBCODE : 2013EGUGA..15.8837B

Résumé : Depuis 1999, l’Union européenne a inauguré une nouvelle approche dans ses relations avec l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes. A cet égard, le premier sommet Union européenne – Amérique latine – Caraïbes, dit « sommet de Rio » marque un tournant grâce au lancement du « partenariat stratégique ». Dans ce cadre, toutes les organisations régionales d’intégration économique situées dans cette zone géographique, et non pas uniquement le MERCOSUR, apparaissent comme des partenaires importants. Le changement obéit autant à des contraintes externes qu’à une stratégie extérieure. Dans le domaine des échanges commerciaux, le but déclaré est d’atteindre « une libéralisation mutuelle des échanges » sur une base équitable et mutuellement profitable tout en défendant certaines valeurs communes. Cependant, le cadre juridique longtemps en vigueur s’est avéré inadapté à l’avènement d’une ambition économique et politique d’une telle ampleur. Par conséquent, l’Union européenne se trouve confrontée au défi de réformer les cadres juridiques de ses relations avec les organisations régionales d’intégration économique d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes. La thèse analyse l’évolution et la restructuration actuelles des instruments juridiques des relations entre l’Union européenne l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes.
Since 1999, the European Union began a new competitive approach in its relationships with Latin America and the Caribbean. In this respect, the first step has been made in the European Union-Latin America and Caribbean’ Summit [Rio Summit (1999)] with the launch of a new partnership called “Strategic Partnership”. In this context, all organisations of regional economic integration – not only the MERCOSUR the most competitive one – are considered as important partners. The change is due to external constraints as well as an external strategy. In the field of commercial exchanges, the goal is to attempt “mutual liberalisation of exchanges” on a fair and mutually profitable basis, defending at the same time “common values”. However, the traditional legal framework of the relations is obviously unsuitable for such an ambitious economic and political project. So, from a legal aspect, the European Union is confronted with the challenge of reforming the contractual frameworks of its relations with regional economic integrations in Latin America and in the Caribbean. The issue concerns an analysis of the evolution and restructuring of existing legal instruments of the European Union’s relations with Latin America and the Caribbean.
Desde 1999, la Unión Europea instauró un nuevo enfoque en sus relaciones con América Latina y el Caribe. En este enfoque llamado “estratégico”, todas las organiza-ciones comarcales de integración económicas ubicadas en esta zona geográfica y no úni-camente el MERCOSUR, se pueden ver como interlocutores importantes. La primera cumbre Unión Europea /América latina/Caribe (cumbre de Rio) es una fecha importante en la evolución de las relaciones gracias al lanzamiento “de la colaboración estratégica”. En lo que toca a los intercambios comerciales, la meta declarada es alcanzar una “liberalización mutual de los intercambios” a partir de una base equitativa y mutualmente provechosa de-fendiendo a la vez ciertos valores comunes. Sin embargo, el marco jurídico en vigor durante una larga temporada se ha reve-lado inadecuado para el advenimiento de una ambición económica y política de esta impor-tancia. Por consiguiente, la Unión Europea se enfrenta hoy en día al desafío jurídico de la renovación del marco convencional de sus relaciones con las organizaciones de integración económica de América Latina y del Caribe. El asunto se refiere a un análisis de las rela-ciones exteriores de la Unión Europea desde el punto de vista de los desafíos jurídicos. Utilizamos el análisis sistémico para poner de relieve los factores explicativos de la evolu-ción y de la reestructuración actuales de los instrumentos jurídicos de las relaciones entre la Unión Europea y América-Latina Caribe.

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0495/document

Éditeur(s) : Ifremer
Résumé : The external trade deficit of seafood is a subject of general concern, for the administration as it is for the profession and for research. From IFREMER's inception, its president, Mr SILLARD, made this problem one of the major guiding factors of the Institute by asking, as early as 1984, research teams to provide him with a complete and detailed view of the evaluation of seafood in France. The objective assigned to this task was twofold: assess France's room for manoeuvre and establish a research policy that must contribute to the improvement of this room for manoeuvre. The external trade deficit of sea products is a significant, long-term, structural problem to which it is conceivable to apply partial solutions. It is a national and therefore governmental problem: but it does not make it possible to judge the economic health of the fishing and marine farming sector. Its very importance tends to mask that of the challenges that management of the fishing and marine farming sector represents, a bit like a large tree hiding a forest, which we would like to try to show in this short article that does not, far from it, pretend to exhaust the subject.
(OCR non controlé) Le déficit du commerce extérieur des produits de la mer est un sujet de préoccupation général, pour l'administration comme pour la profession et la recherche. Dès la création d'IFREMER, son Président, M. SILLARD faisait de ce problème l'un des paramètres majeurs d'orientation de l'Institut, en demandant dès 1984 aux équipes de chercheurs de lui fournir une vue complète et détaillée de la valorisation des produits de la mer en France. L'objectif assigné à ce travail était double : évaluer la marge de manoeuvre de la France et asseoir une politique de recherche devant contribuer à améliorer cette marge de manceuvre. Le déficit du commerce extérieur des produits de la mer est un problème important, durable, structurel, auquel il est envisageable d'apporter des solutions partielles. Il est un problème national, donc gouvernemental : mais il ne permet pas de juger de la santé économique du secteur des pêches et cultures marines. Son importance même tend à masquer celle des enjeux que représente la gestion du secteur des pêches et cultures marines, un peu comme un grand arbre cachant une forêt, ce que nous voudrions tenter de montrer dans ce bref article qui ne prétend pas, loin de là, épuiser le sujet.
Equinoxe (Ifremer), 1986 , P. 7-13

Droits : 1986 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1986/publication-2469.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2469/

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : Concerning the basic functioning of mangrove ecosystems, three groups of key factors are examined and explained. Several parameters external to these ecosystems have a strong influence; i.e. - the regular and abundant input from fresh water sources; - provision of nutrients; - the stabiity of the substrata. Each of these groups of factors is related to a number of parameters which do not lend themselves to in situ studies. For example, the stability of the substrata depends on the sedimentation load which itself is linked to the geological nature of the basin, land utilization, local climate, etc. The principal cause of the decline in mangroves is analyzed.
Oceanologica Acta, Special issue (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1982

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00246/35749/34257.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00246/35749/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Tank bromeliads form a conspicuous, yet neglected freshwater habitat in Neotropical forests. Recent studies driven by interests in medical entomology, fundamental aspects of bromeliad ecology and experimental research on food webs have, however, prompted increasing interest in bromeliad aquatic ecosystems. As yet, there is nothing in the literature about the life histories and environmental drivers of invertebrate population dynamics in tank bromeliads. Based on fortnightly samples taken over oneyear, size frequency plots and individual dry masses allowed us to establish the life cycles and growth rates of the dominant aquatic invertebrates in a common bromeliad species of French Guiana. Linear mixed-effect models and Mantel tests were used to predict changes in density, biomass, and growth rates in relation to temperature, rainfall, humidity and detrital resources. Annual variations in invertebrate densities and biomasses could be described according to three types of distribution: unimodal, bimodal or almost constant. Despite seasonal variations, precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and detritus concentration accounted significantly for changes in density and biomass, but we found no significant responses in growth rates of most invertebrate species. Species rather displayed non-seasonal life cycles with overlapping cohorts throughout the year. There was also a trend for delayed abundance peaks among congeneric species sharing similar functional traits, suggesting temporal partitioning of available resources. Beyond novel knowledge, quantitative information on life histories is important to predict food-web dynamics under the influence of external forcing and self-organisation. Our results suggest that changes in species distribution that will affect population dynamics through biotic interactions in space and/or time could have greater effects on food webs and ecosystem functioning than changes in environmental factors per se.
ISSN: 0046-5070

hal-01607779
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01607779
DOI : 10.1111/fwb.12862
PRODINRA : 407311

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD CRC Press
Résumé : Among the ecosystem services provided by forests, wood provisioning takes a central position. Wood and derived products have played a critical role in the evolution of human kind and demand for raw material is increasing in a foreseeable future. Wood is used for energy production, construction and a wide variety of products for which different properties are required. Anatomical, chemical and physical properties of wood are determined through a complex process called xylogenesis controlled by internal and external signals and occurring during the life of the tree. In this chapter we describe i/how wood is formed and ii/the different factors controlling this developmental process with emphasis on the molecular machinery involved, iii/the functions of wood and iv/the biotechnology approaches developed to improve wood biomass production and properties genetically.
Tree Biotechnology

ISBN : 978-1466597143
hal-01032436
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032436

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les crises environnementales ont de profondes répercussions sur les économies et les sociétés insulaires, et ceci de manière exacerbée en Haïti, après le terrible tremblement de terre du 12 janvier 2010. Les petites îles de la Caraïbe et de l’Océan Indien sont confrontées à de nombreuses crises qui ont des origines locales, mais le plus souvent exogènes. Par delà le marasme mondial actuel, l’insularité et l’exiguïté sont autant de facteurs qui aggravent la crise économique et accroissent les tensions dans ces territoires. Dans les DROM (Département et Région d’Outre-mer), les mouvements sociaux ont été très importants.
Environmental crises have a profound impact on island economies and societies, and this so exacerbated in Haiti after the devastating earthquake of January 12, 2010. Small islands in the Caribbean and in the Indian Ocean endured numerous crises sometimes of local origin but more often due to external factors. Beyond the current global downturn, insularity and small size are factors that aggravate the economic crisis and increasing tensions in these areas. In DROM (Department Region Overseas), social movements have been very important.
Caraïbes
Guadeloupe
Guyane française
Martinique
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5013
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5013

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Decreasing growth rate (Feeley et al., 2007) and large die-back due to drought (Phillips et al., 2009) suggest that tropical forests are suffering recent climate changes. Forest vulnerability to external factors (e.g. air pollution, acid rain) is widely studied in northern countries, while only a few attempts have investigated crown integrity in the Tropics. The method needs to be generic enough to account for the large number of species and crown shapes encountered in tropical forests. In the present study, we developed and tested a novel field method that estimates crown fragmentation (main branch mortality (MB) and secondary branch mortality (SB)), liana infestation (LI) and crown position (CP) in the canopy. The relationship between crown fragmentation and annual growth rate (agr) was investigated through multiple regression. Six out of eight canopy tree species showed significant growth decline with increasing crown fragmentation. Higher probability of death was also found in trees with severe crown fragmentation. The capacity of such crown assessment to depict tree vitality in a forest stand is discussed along with potential applications in both forest science and management
ISSN: 0378-1127

halsde-00611465
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00611465
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.025

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD CRC Press
Résumé : Among the ecosystem services provided by forests, wood provisioning takes a central position. Wood and derived products have played a critical role in the evolution of human kind and demand for raw material is increasing in a foreseeable future. Wood is used for energy production, construction and a wide variety of products for which different properties are required. Anatomical, chemical and physical properties of wood are determined through a complex process called xylogenesis controlled by internal and external signals and occurring during the life of the tree. In this chapter we describe i/how wood is formed and ii/the different factors controlling this developmental process with emphasis on the molecular machinery involved, iii/the functions of wood and iv/the biotechnology approaches developed to improve wood biomass production and properties genetically.
Tree Biotechnology

ISBN : 9781466597143
hal-01204210
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204210
PRODINRA : 257126

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Wound healing is important for sharks from the earliest life stages, for example, as the 'umbilical scar' in viviparous species heals, and throughout adulthood, when sharks can incur a range of external injuries from natural and anthropogenic sources. Despite anecdotal accounts of rapid healing in elasmobranchs, data regarding recovery and survival of individuals from different wound or injury types has not been systematically collected. The present study documented: (i) 'umbilical scar' healing in wild-caught, neonatal blacktip reef sharks while being reared for 30 days in flow-through laboratory aquaria in French Polynesia; (ii) survival and recovery of free-swimming blacktip reef sharks in Australia and French Polynesia following a range of injuries; and (iii) long-term survival following suspected shark-finning activities. Laboratory monitoring, tag-recapture records, telemetry data and photo-identification records suggest that blacktip reef sharks have a high capacity to survive and recover from small or even large and severe wounds. Healing rates, recovery and survival are important factors to consider when assessing impacts of habitat degradation and fishing stress on shark populations. The present study suggests that individual survival may depend more on handling practices and physiological stress rather than the extent of physical injury. These observations also contribute to discussions regarding the ethics of tagging practices used in elasmobranch research and provide baseline healing rates that may increase the accuracy in estimating reproductive timing inferred from mating scars and birth dates for neonatal sharks based on umbilical scar healing status. Cite as: Chin A, Mourier J, Rummer JL (2015) Blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) show high capacity for wound healing and recovery following injury. Conserv Physiol 3: doi:10.1093/conphys/cov062.
Conservation physiology

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01250745
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01250745/file/Conserv%20Physiol-2015-Chin-.pdf
DOI : 10.1093/conphys/cov062