Éditeur(s) : ANR : Agence Nationale de la Recherche CNRS : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique LC2S : Laboratoire Caribéen de Sciences Sociales
Extrait de : "Histoires orales alternatives dans la Caraïbe, 19ème-21ème siècle" : colloque de clôture, du 19 au 21 novembre 2018. Agence nationale de la recherche, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, LC2S.
Description : En quête de souvenirs et récits concernant les 10 552 hommes et femmes recrutés en Afrique par le gouvernement français et conduits en Martinique quelques années après l'abolition de l'esclavage de 1848, dans le cadre de l'engagisme, ce ne sont pas des « engagés africains » que l'intervenante a rencontré dans les mémoires mais des « Africains ». Forte de sa recherche doctorale sur l'engagisme africain, elle s'attendait à trouver dans les mémoires familiales des éléments sur ce système par lequel le ou les aïeux de ses interlocuteurs avaient été conduits sur cette île, système qui avait défini leur statut juridique à vie et leurs conditions de travail et de vie pour de nombreuses années. Sa surprise fut grande de ne pas en trouver traces. Ainsi, l'intervention posera-t-elle les différentes hypothèses qui permettent d'appréhender les raisons de cet effacement de l'expérience de l'engagisme.

Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V18323
V18323

Éditeur(s) : ANR : Agence Nationale de la Recherche CNRS : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique LC2S : Laboratoire Caribéen de Sciences Sociales
Extrait de : "Histoires orales alternatives dans la Caraïbe, 19ème-21ème siècle" : colloque de clôture, du 19 au 21 novembre 2018. Agence nationale de la recherche, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, LC2S.

Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V18326
V18326

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
This article describes a previously unreported mutation at position 210 (C210T) of the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mtLSUrRNA) gene of Pneumocystis jirovecii, which led to a false-negative result of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Since the aforementioned real-time PCR assay is widely used in France, a French multicenter study was conducted to estimate the mutation frequency and its potential impact on the routine diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Through analysis of data obtained from eight centers, the mutation frequency was estimated at 0.28%. This low frequency should not call into question the routine use of this PCR assay. Nonetheless, the occurrence of the false-negative PCR result provides arguments for maintaining microscopic techniques combined to PCR assays to achieve PCP diagnosis.
Medical Mycology

hal-01477200
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01477200
DOI : 10.1093/mmy/myw051
PUBMED : 27489302

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Landes Bioscience
Résumé : International audience
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
Autophagy

hal-00735751
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00735751
PUBMED : 22966490

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVES: Semen composition is influenced by HIV-1 infection, yet the impact of semen components on HIV infection of primary target cells has only been studied in samples from HIV-uninfected donors. DESIGN: We compared the effect of seminal plasma from chronically HIV-infected (SP+) versus uninfected donors (SP-) on HIV-1 infection of PBMCs and CD4+T cells. METHODS: Primary cells were infected with HIV-1 in the presence of SP+ or SP- and analyzed for infection level, metabolic activity, HIV receptor expression, proliferation and activation. SP+ and SP- were compared for infection-enhancing peptides, cytokines and prostaglandin E2 levels. RESULTS: SP- efficiently enhanced HIV-1 R5 infection of CD4+ T cells, whereas SP+ enhancing activity was significantly reduced. RANTES concentrations were elevated in SP+ relative to SP-, while the concentrations of infectivity-enhancing peptides (SEVI, SEM1, SEM2) were similar. CCR5 membrane expression levels were reduced on CD4+T cells shortly post-exposure to SP+ compared with SP- and correlated to R5-tropic HIV-1 infection levels, and CCR5 ligands' concentrations in semen. SP+ and SP- displayed similar enhancing activity on PBMC infection by X4-tropic HIV-1. Addition/depletion of RANTES from seminal plasmas modulated their effect on PBMC infection by R5-tropic HIV-1. CONCLUSIONS: Semen from HIV-infected donors exhibit a significantly reduced enhancing potential on CD4+ T cell infection by R5-tropic HIV-1 when compared with semen from uninfected donors. Our data indicate that elevated seminal concentrations of RANTES in HIV+ men can influence the ability of semen to enhance infection.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 License, where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AIDS

hal-01274885
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274885
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001048
PUBMED : 26854806

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
In cyclic females, FSH stimulates ovarian estradiol (E2) production and follicular growth up to the terminal stage. A transient elevation in circulating FSH and E2 levels occurs shortly after birth. But what could be the action of FSH on the ovary during this period, and in particular how it stimulates ovarian steroidogenesis without supporting terminal follicular maturation is intriguing. By experimentally manipulating FSH levels, we demonstrate in mice that the mid-infantile elevation in FSH is mandatory for E2 production by the immature ovary, but that it does not stimulate follicle growth. Importantly, FSH increases aromatase expression to stimulate E2 synthesis, however it becomes unable to induce cyclin D2, a major driver of granulosa cell proliferation. Besides, although FSH prematurely induces luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor expression in granulosa cells, LH pathway is not functional in these cells to induce their terminal differentiation. In line with these results, supplying infantile mice with a superovulation regimen exacerbates E2 production, but it does not stimulate the growth of follicles and it does not induce ovulation. Overall, our findings unveil a regulation whereby high postnatal FSH concentrations ensure the supply of E2 required for programming adult reproductive function without inducing follicular maturation before puberty.
ISSN: 2045-2322

hal-01516023
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01516023
DOI : 10.1038/srep46222
PUBMED : 28397811
PUBMEDCENTRAL : PMC5387682

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : National audience
Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) est un champignon atypique et transmissible à fort tropisme pulmonaire. La prévalence de P. jirovecii chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose a été évaluée en Allemagne à 7,4 %, en Espagne à 21,6 % et au Brésil à 38,2 %. En revanche, les données concernant la prévalence de P. jirovecii chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose en France restent parcellaires en particulier en Bretagne, région où la prévalence de la mucoviscidose est élevée. L’objectif de ce travail a été de déterminer la prévalence de la colonisation de P. jirovecii en Bretagne chez les patients mucoviscidosiques suivis dans les CRCM de Rennes et de Brest-Roscoff. Les expectorations de 86 patients (178 prélèvements) suivis à Rennes et 76 patients (146 prélèvements) suivis à Brest-Roscoff ont été analysées rétrospectivement. La détection de P. jirovecii a été réalisée à l’aide d’une PCR en temps réel ciblant le gène codant pour l’ARN de la grande sous-unité du ribosome de la mitochondrie. P. jirovecii a été détecté chez 3/86 patients (3,5 %) suivis à Rennes et 1/76 patients (1,3 %) suivis à Brest-Roscoff, soit une prévalence globale de 2,5 %. Ces résultats portant sur 2 centres bretons montrent que la prévalence de P. jirovecii chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose en Bretagne est faible en comparaison de celle observée en Allemagne, en Espagne et au Brésil. Cette étude constitue l’étape préalable indispensable pour déterminer les facteurs de risque d’acquisition du champignon chez les patients mucoviscidosiques et expliquer ces différences de prévalence
Congrès de la SFMM
Talence-Bordeaux, France

hal-01198633
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01198633
DOI : 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.06.035

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
A prospective study on randomized patients was conducted to determine how morphokinetic parameters are altered in embryos grown in sequential versus global culture media. Eleven morphokinetic parameters of 160 single embryos transferred were analyzed by time lapse imaging involving two University-affiliated in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers. We found that the fading of the two pronuclei occurred earlier in global (22.56±2.15 hpi) versus sequential media (23.63±2.71 hpi; p=0.0297). Likewise, the first cleavage started earlier at 24.52±2.33 hpi vs 25.76±2.95 hpi (p=0.0158). Also, the first cytokinesis was shorter in global medium, lasting 18±10.2 minutes in global versus 36±37.8 minutes in sequential culture medium (p <0.0001). We also observed a significant shortening in the duration of the 2-cell stage in sequential medium: 10.64 h±2.75 versus 11.66 h±1.11 in global medium (p=0.0225) which suggested a faster progression of the embryos through their first mitotic cell cycle. In conclusion, morphokinetic analysis of human embryos by Time lapse imaging reveals significant differences in five kinetic variables according to culture medium. Our study highlights the need to adapt morphokinetic analysis accordingly to the type of media used to best support human early embryo development.
Annales de Biologie Clinique

hal-01579406
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01579406
DOI : 10.1684/abc.2017.1259
PUBMED : 28751285

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Archival Pneumocystis jirovecii specimens from 84 patients monitored at Rennes University Hospital (Rennes, France) were assayed at the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) locus. No patient was infected with mutants. The results provide additional data showing that P. jirovecii infections involving DHPS mutants do not represent a public health issue in Brittany, western France.
ISSN: 0732-8893

hal-00874675
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00874675
DOI : 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.01.018
PUBMED : 23433532

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Résumé : International audience
In disease-endemic areas, histoplasmosis is the main differential diagnosis for tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, no study has compared the two diseases. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare tuberculosis and histoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients. A population of 205 HIV-infected patients (99 with tuberculosis and 106 with histoplasmosis) hospitalized in Cayenne, French Guiana during January 1, 1997-December 31, 2008 were selected retrospectively from the French Hospital Database on HIV. Multivariate analysis showed that tuberculosis was associated with cough (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.05-0.73) and a C-reactive protein level > 70 mg/L (AOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99). Variables associated with disseminated histoplasmosis were a γ-glutamyl transferase level > 72 IU/L (AOR = 4.99, 95% CI = 1.31-18.99), origin from French Guiana (AOR = 5.20, 95% CI = 1.30-20.73), disseminated localization (AOR = 6.40, 95% CI = 1.44-28.45), a concomitant opportunistic infection (AOR = 6.71, 95% CI = 1.50-29.96), a neutrophil count < 2,750 cells/mm(3) (AOR = 10.54, 95% CI = 2.83-39.24), a CD4 cell count < 60 cells/mm(3) (AOR = 11.62, 95% CI = 2.30-58.63), and a platelet count < 150,000/mm(3) (AOR = 19.20, 95% CI = 3.35-110.14). Tuberculosis and histoplasmosis have similarities, but some factors show a greater association with one of these diseases. Thus, adapted therapeutic choices can be made by using simple clinical and paraclinical criteria.
ISSN: 0002-9637

inserm-01065027
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065027
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065027/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01065027/file/2014_Adenis_-_Tuberculosis_and_Histoplasmosis_among_HIV.pdf
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0084

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
BackgroundMalaria is endemic in French Guiana, an overseas territory of France on the Guiana Shield. Since 2005, notified malaria cases are decreasing. However, new data show that malaria affects many Brazilian gold miners working illegally in French Guiana, the majority of whom are not counted in official data. In addition, one major concern is the usual practice of improper self-treatment in this mining population, raising fear of the development of antimalarial resistance. This prospective study, conducted in 2015, aimed to estimate the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in illegal gold miners working in French Guiana. MethodsThe recruitment of gold miners was carried out in resting sites along the French Guiana-Suriname border, where they go for supplies, medical care or leisure. After recording agreement, three malaria diagnostic methods were performed: rapid diagnostic test, microscopy and PCR,ResultsAmong 421 persons recruited in the study, malaria prevalence, detected by nested-PCR, was 22.3% (CI=[18.3-26.3], n=94/421) of which 84% were asymptomatic. ConclusionThis significant malaria reservoir in a mobile and illegal population with difficult access to a health care system raises the threat of artemisinin resistance and puts the population of the Guiana Shield at risk of new transmission foci while countries of the region aim at malaria elimination. Even though French legislation may hamper dealing with this population, France must face the reality of malaria in illegal gold miners in order to meet its commitment to malaria elimination.
ISSN: 1475-2875

hal-01346800
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01346800
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01346800/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01346800/file/2016%2C%20Douine%20-%20Prevalence%20of%20Plasmodium%20spp.%20in%20illegal%20gold%20miners%20in%20French%20Guiana%20in%202015.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s12936-016-1367-6

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Eight drill cores cutting through the Mn-carbonate bearing black shales from the Bangombé Plateau were studied. Mn-carbonates (up to 80 m thick) are underlain by laminated pyrite rich shales with organic carbon contents of about 4 wt. % and MnO contents of about 6 wt. %. Mn and Fe, S poor shales are intercalated. Mn-carbonate rich shales (20-29 wt. % MnO) have low contents of phyllosilicates, but are rich in organic carbon (about 7 wt. %) with moderate S contents (about 2 wt. %). All shale facies were deposited in a closed basin through suspension settling and precipitations under anoxic conditions. The Mn-carbonates, towards the top, were formed most likely under suboxic conditions. Pyrite and Mn-carbonates are characterized by bacteriomorphous structures. The latter are composed of micrometric carbonates finely intergrown with clays, quartz and organic matter. They formed around and corroded the dolomite and/or organic matter. Mn-carbonates and pyrite both form also several tenths of micrometer large agglomerates and sub-automorphous grains. The agglomerates can be attributed to evolving diagenesis. Carbonate chemistry varies mainly from rhodochrosite to dolomite. The present results point to primary microbial Mn-carbonate formation. No signs for a Mn-oxide precursor were detected. Slumping and shearing structures, distortion and disruption of thin pyrite beds indicate synsedimentary deformations.
13th Biennial SGA Meeting
Nancy, France

hal-01356155
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356155

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
Résumé : International audience
We report the first transmitted drug resistance survey study in HIV-2-infected patients living in France. The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance was 5.0% (95% confidence interval, 0.1-9.9) with mutations detected only in protease, not in reverse transcriptase. In this series, 10% of patients displayed X4/dual-mixed viruses. These findings classified the rate of transmitted drug resistance in the HIV-2 French Cohort as low prevalence.
ISSN: 0269-9370

hal-00875077
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00875077
PUBMED : 23595155
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32836207f3

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
OBJECTIVE: To assess sperm production and aneuploidy in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) before and after treatments. DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective, longitudinal study of lymphoma patients analyzed before treatment and after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. SETTING: University hospitals. PATIENT(S): Forty-five HL and 13 NHL patients were investigated before and after treatment. Treatment regimens were classified in two groups: ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) with or without (+/-) radiotherapy, and CHOP (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone)/MOPP-ABV (mechlorethamine, oncovin, procarbazine, prednisone-doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine). A control group of 29 healthy men was also studied. INTERVENTION(S): Semen analyses and aneuploidy study by FISH were performed at each time point. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Comparison of mean sperm characteristics and percentage of sperm aneuploidy rates before and after treatment. RESULT(S): Before treatment, HL and NHL men had altered semen characteristics and higher sperm aneuploidy rates (median 0.76 [interquartile range 0.56-0.64]) than the control group (0.54 [0.46-0.74]). After treatment, sperm production was significantly lowered 3 and 6 months after ABVD +/- radiotherapy or CHOP/MOPP-ABV. After ABVD +/- radiotherapy, the aneuploidy rate increased significantly only at 3 months, and values obtained 1 or 2 years later were lower than pretreatment values. In contrast, in the CHOP/MOPP-ABV treatment group, semen characteristics and aneuploidy rate did not return to normal levels until 2 years after treatment. CONCLUSION(S): Lymphoma itself has consequences on sperm aneuploidy frequency before treatment. Moreover, lymphoma treatments have deleterious effects on sperm chromosomes related to treatment type and time since treatment. Patient counseling is essential concerning the transient but significant sperm aneuploidy induced by lymphoma and its treatments.
Fertility and sterility

hal-01477204
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01477204
DOI : 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.001
PUBMED : 27810161

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Intiative d'Exploration Ouest Africaine
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

insu-00266730
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00266730