Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Red drum larvae were fed from day 11 to day 24 post-hatch, with Artemia (LP group) or two isoproteinic-formulated diets with varying lipid levels, 15% (L15 group) and 30% (L30 group). The lipid fraction was composed of a mixture of cod liver oil and soy lecithin. Larvae fed Artemia exhibited the greatest length, L30 diet induced a larvae length significantly greater than that obtained with L15 diet (P < 0,05). No difference was observed in larvae survival among the three dietary groups. The increase in dietary lipid concentration led to an increase in amylase and trypsin secretion levels in 24-day-old larvae. The pancreatic secretion level measured in L30 group was close to that of LP group, suggesting that the maturation of the pancreatic functions was normally developed. Red drum larvae fed the diet containing the higher lipid content (L30) exhibited a more developed brush border membrane digestion in the intestine than larvae fed L15 diet (P < 0.05). Phospholipase A2 was stimulated by the increase of phospholipids in the diet, but no difference was observed for lipase between the two compound diet-fed groups; the LP group exhibited the lowest lipase activity. A plateau in lipase activity may have occurred in red drum larvae from 15% fat level in the diet, suggesting that the maximal lipase activity was reached with 12% neutral lipid in the diet. The positive effects observed with high dietary fat may be due to the phospholipid fraction of the lipid mixture used.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2000-04 , Vol. 184 , N. 3-4 , P. 339-347

Droits : 2000 Elsevier
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2000/publication-503.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00325-7
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/503/

Éditeur(s) : Centre Océanologique de Bretagne
Résumé : One of the criteria for selecting a shrimp of commercial interest in French Polynesia is the acceptability of artificial diet; such a criterion has been used to test Penaeus merguiensis.Experiments have been carried out in Centre Océanologique du Pacifique in Tahiti island where the water temperature range is 25-29°C, salinity 35 ppt, pH. 8.2, and photoperiod constant.Juveniles used in this study are hatched in CNEXO-COP at Vairao.It has been found that a 50-55% protein content diet gives a better growth performance. A carbohydrate such as starch appears more suitable than glucose or glucose plus starch in isonitrogenous purified diets.A vitamin mix rich in vitamin C, choline and inositol provides better results and a mineral mix with 3% magnesium reaches optimum. The major nutritional results for this species are applied to formulation of artificial diets.With the best diet, growth performances are normal: from 2.8 g to 9.0 g in 90 days, with about 60% survival rate at alow density, 20 animals/m² under strict control. But at another scale, in 400 m² graw-out tanks, growth was rather low even with an excellent Japanese diet containing 60% protein.Therefore, P. merguiensis does not appear to be a good candidate species for aquafarming in French Polynesia. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR]
Recueil des Travaux du Centre Océanologique de Bretagne (Centre Océanologique de Bretagne), 1979 , P. 705-714

Droits : Centre Océanologique de Bretagne
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1979/publication-5272.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/5272/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : There has been growing interest in the development of mud crab aquaculture in New Caledonia. However, for this to become established at a commercial level, a cost-effective formulated feed based on internationally-available ingredients needs to be developed. We have evaluated the optimal dietary protein content for juvenile crabs, Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775), using a series of diets with a protein content ranging from 27 to 49% and soy protein concentrate (SPC) as the main protein source. For this purpose, 54 individually housed crabs were allocated to five dietary treatments (n = 10 or 11). The crabs were fed ad libitum, for 81 days with the allocated diets. The apparent digestibilities of dry mater, crude protein and energy were high (96.2-97.3%), irrespective of the diet. The voluntary feed intake (VFI) of crabs widely varied from 46 to 220 g kg- 1of fresh initial body weight per week (iBW week- 1) whatever the diet. However, SPC intake and protein intake increased significantly with dietary protein content up to the diet with 40% crude protein, but did not increase further with diets containing 44% and 49% crude protein. The cumulative molts were strongly affected by the VFI levels or energy intake and also, to a lesser extent, by the levels of SPC or protein in diets. Two phases in tissue gain were observed after ecdysis: an initial deposition phase lasting around 30 days followed by a plateau which lasted until the next molt. The daily tissue growth was 16.5% of dry body weight (dry BW) one day after ecdysis and dramatically decreased to 3.6% of dry BW over the first 10 days, then decreased more slowly to the minimum value of 1.3% of dry BW over the next 70 days. During the course of experiment, the best growth (tissue growth and molt frequency) and the best feed efficiency (FCR, PER, retention of proteins and lipids) were obtained with crabs fed on the diet with 40% crude protein. This result was confirmed by a bioenergetic study which showed significantly higher allocation of the energy intake for growth (RE) of crabs fed on diet 40% crude protein. Finally, under our experimental conditions, 1 kg of juvenile crabs required 6.5 ± 1.1 g of protein per day. This level was obtained with the diet SPC-42 that contained 40% of protein of which almost three quarters were derived from SPC. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the negative effect of high level of SPC or protein on growth and feed efficiency for crabs fed on in diets containing 52% and 60% SPC.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-10 , Vol. 434 , P. 499-509

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00211/32196/30630.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00211/32196/

Éditeur(s) : Proceedings of the 59th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute
Résumé : In most of marine fishes cultured, larvae in their early development are fed with live prey (rotifer and/or artemia). In hatcheries, culture of these preys is labour consuming, needs specific facilities and represent an important part of production cast. On the other hand, world artemia production is subjected to fluctuation of harvest in the wild which could Iimit fish farming industry in the near future. A dried formula adapted to marine fish larvae has been perfected by Ifremer's center of Brest (France) and is distributed by a feeding company since 1999. This artificial microbound diet has been successfully tested on several temperate fishes such as European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) or European seabream (Sparus aurata) in a co-feeding (i.e. artemia and dried diet) strategy. Experiments described here were carried out ta evaluate the performances obtained during total substitution of artemia by this diet in Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larval culture. ln 2004 and 2005, four experiments were conducted on feed technology aspects (experimental or industrial manufacturing), weaning strategy (direct or co-feeding) and feed distribution method (prototypes or classical self feeder) in comparison to the standardized method using live preys. At the end of larval phase (day 15) and at day 30, end of nursery phase (0.6 g), survival relative to control (RTC) was respectively 96.9% and 111.0% in the best treatment. Concerning growth, the weight RTC reached at day 15 and day 30 was respectively 82.8% and 72.4%. However, it is important to note that rearing protocols have to be adapted ta the use of these micro pellets in order toprevent degradation of culture quality. These results show that this new product can be applied on industrial scale in private hatcheries. But further research is needed ta evaluate replacement of rotifers by this dried formula in order to completely eliminate live prey in larval culture of Red drum.
Dans la plupart des poisons marins élevés, les larves sont nourries avec des proies vivantes (rotifères et/ou artémia) au début de leur développement. Dans les écloseries, la culture de ces proies est consommatrice de main d'oeuvre, nécessite des installations spécifiques et entre pour une part importante dans le coût de production. Par ailleurs, la production mondiale d'artémia est dépendante de la fluctuation des récoltes dans le milieu naturel, ce qui pourrait gêner la filière piscicole marine dans un futur proche. Une formulation alimentaire inerte adaptée aux larves de poisson marin a été mise au point par le centre Ifremer de Brest (France) et est commercialisée par un provendier depuis 1999. Ces microparticules artificielles ont été testée avec succès sur plusieurs poissons tempérés comme le bar européen (Dicentrarchus labrax), la morue atlantique (Gadus morha) ou la daurade européenne (Sparus aurata) dans un contexte de co-feeding (i.e. artémia et aliment inerte). Les expériences décrites ici ont été menées afin d'évaluer les performances obtenues lors de la substitution totale des artémia par cet aliment dans l'élevage larvaire de l'ombrine (Sciaenops ocellatus). En 2004 et 2005, quatre expériences ont été menées sur l'aspect technologie alimentaire (fabrication expérimentale ou industrielle), la stratégie de sevrage (direct ou co-feeding) et le mode de distribution de l'aliment (distributeur classique ou prototypes) en comparaison au standard sur proies vivantes. En fin de phase larvaire (jour 15) et au jour 30 après une phase de prégrossissement (0.6g), la survie par rapport au témoin (RTC) était respectivement de 96.9% et 111 .1% dans le meilleur traitement. Concernant la croissance, les poids obtenus aux jours 15 et 30 atteignaient respectivement 82.8% et 72.4%. Cependant il est important de relever que les protocoles d'élevage doivent être adaptés à l'utilisation de ces microparticules afin de prévenir une dégradation de la qualité d'élevage. Ces résultats montrent que ce nouveau produit peut être appliqué à l'échelle industrielle dans les écloseries privées. Cependant, les recherches doivent être poursuivies pour évaluer les possibilités de remplacement des rotifères par ces aliments inertes afin de s'affranchir complètement de l'utilisation de proies vivantes dans l'élevage larvaire de l'ombrine.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/acte-6597.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6597/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Until recently, it was considered impossible to feed newly hatched marine fish species with a compound diet. Substituting a compound diet for live prey was performed several weeks after hatching, depending on the species. Compound diets were well ingested at the early stage but larvae died with a gut full of food, suggesting that larvae were unable to digest the compound diet. The hypothesis was that younger larvae have insufficient digestive enzymes to thrive on compound diets, and that exogenous enzymes, provided from live prey, are necessary for early stages.The organogenesis of marine fish larvae is not completely achieved at hatching and histological studies have revealed that the anatomy of the digestive tract undergoes developmental changes over some weeks. Nevertheless, biochemical studies over 20 years have shown that most of the digestive enzymes are present in young larvae. Recent studies have provided better understanding of digestion mechanisms in larvae and have led to proposed dietary compositions meeting larvae nutritional requirements. Pancreatic digestive enzymes are detected before mouth opening. Their synthesis is not induced by diet ingestion, but secretory mechanisms in the pancreas, and so enzymatic action, become efficient chronologically after those of synthesis. Inadequate diets can delay the onset of secretion mechanisms. The ratio of secreted enzymes to total enzymes indicates the nutritional value of the diet ingested by the larvae.At the intestinal level, cytosolic enzymes, which are peptidases, exhibit high activity in the early stages, suggesting a high capacity in larvae to digest protein hydrolysate. Indeed, larvae growth and survival is improved by the incorporation of a moderate concentration of peptide or hydrolysate in the diet. Peptidase activity abruptly decreases around day 25 in sea bass, concurrent with an increase in enzymes of the brush border membranes. This corresponds to a normal maturation process of enterocytes. Compound diets can slightly delay the onset of this maturation process, and inadequate diet can prevent it, leading to near death of the larvae. A proper onset of the maturation process has been associated with high larvae survival.The early developmental stage larvae exhibit high hydrolytic capacity, related to their weight. Enzyme activity pattern is age-dependent, but can be modulated by diet composition. Thus, larvae have the ability to digest and thrive on compound diet, if this diet is well adapted. Larvae have different specificities in digestion and nutritional requirements when compared to juveniles. Taking these specificities into consideration, recent research has led to the formulation of a compound diet that was well adapted for larvae from mouth opening, and could totally replace live prey.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2001-08 , Vol. 200 , N. 1-2 , P. 161-180

Droits : 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2001/publication-447.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00699-8
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/447/

Éditeur(s) : Blackwell science
Résumé : Peneid shrimp are commonly reared in clear-water aquaria or tanks for short-term studies of 4-6 weeks during controlled experiments, such as nutrition studies to estimate dietary nutrient requirements. Recently, in line with the genetic program at Centre Oceanologique du Pacifique (COP), experimental clear-water facilities were tested for the first time over a longer rearing period. Environmental conditions used to maintain animal growth in clear-water system using a well-balanced diet were defined. After 100 days, shrimp growth rates tended to decrease and only by adjusting the diet could shrimp complete their life cycle and reach maturation size of around 40 g. This paper presents information on stocking density, diet quality and husbandry linked to reproduction that must be considered to successfully rear animals from PL's to breeder size in clear water. By following these protocols a minimum amount of breeders can be used to meet production goals. Moreover, by isolating a small group of individuals, genetic diversity can be preserved, thereby allowing specific crosses for selective breeding purposes. Length of trials, amount of feed, composition of feed, growth performances and maturation success are reported and should encourage further studies to optimize rearing conditions in clear-water rearing.
Aquaculture Research (1355-557X) (Blackwell science), 2004-11 , Vol. 35 , N. 13 , P. 1244-1252

Droits : 2004 Blackwell Synergy
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/publication-619.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01145.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/619/

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : For centuries, several species of prawns and crabs have been raised from wild-caught juveniles in coastal brackish-water fish ponds in various countries of south east Asia. The Indonesian "tambaks" are well known examples of such traditional practices. In western countries, since the turn of the century, advances of marine biology and fast increase of marine fisheries enabled the development of large-scale production and release of larval stages of American and European lobsters in a fruitless attempt to restock natural populations. After the Second World War, the increasing demand for crustaceans in United States and Japan was satisfied by opening new prawn fisheries all over the world. A major breakthrough was achieved with the development of hatchery technologies for the penaeid prawn Penaeus japonicus (Hudinaga, 1942 in Japan) and the caridean prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Ling, 1969 in Malaysia), which occurred during the first decades of the second half of this century. Together with the increasing market demand in developed countries for sea food, this led to a considerable interest of both public agencies and private investors in marine shrimp and prawn culture. In western countries, a large number of pioneering commercial ventures, often based on assumptions not scientifically founded, failed. Nevertheless, the aquaculture production of prawns mainly based on wild-caught juveniles increased in South-East Asia and Central America during the 1980s. This overall positive trend should not hide important failures which occurred at a local scale, such as the Taiwanese crisis of 1988 due principally to environmental degradation, resulting in severe disease problems and a near collapse of the farming activity. Following the early period of hatchery technology development, the major scientific achievements were related to food requirements and formulation of compound diets for larvae, juveniles and adults and to a better knowledge of diseases caused by bacteria and several viruses which have been identified from hatcheries and intensive farming ponds. Additional new technological advances have emerged from recent research in the fields of physiology (endocrinology) and genetics. By far, the major part of the world production of marine crustaceans relies on penaeid prawns and, to a lesser extent, on Macrobrachium species. However, some other species of marine crustaceans have potential for aquaculture. The economic aspects of marine crustacean aquaculture should be considered together with those of the fishing industry: market prices are rather similar, depending on the quality of the product. The balance between market demand and production is an important constraint which, in turn, establishes the success of prawn farming. Since the early 1980s, crustacean aquaculture has increased tremendously in both Asia and America: the world production for 1991 approximated 700,000 tons, with more than 600,000 tons from penaeid prawn culture.
Pendant des siècles, quelques espèces de crevettes et de crabes ont été élevées à partir d'individus juvéniles capturés dans le milieu naturel, dans des bassins à poissons d'eau saumâtre de différents pays d'Asie du Sud-Est. Les « tambaks » indonésiens sont des exemples bien connus de ces pratiques traditionnelles. Dans les pays occidentaux, depuis le début du siècle, les progrès réalisés en biologie marine et la croissance rapide des pêches maritimes ont permis le développement de la production à grande échelle de stades larvaires des homards européen et américain, dans une vaine tentative de reconstitution des stocks naturels. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la demande croissante des Etats-Unis et du Japon a été satisfaite par l'ouverture de nouvelles pêcheries de crevettes dans l'océan mondial. Un progrès décisif a été réalisé avec la mise au point des techniques d'écloserie pour la crevette Pénaeidé Penaeus juponicus (Hudinaga, 1942 au Japon) et la crevette Caridé Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Ling, 1969 en Malaisie), qui sont apparues au cours des premières décennies de la seconde moitié de ce siècle. Parallèlement à la demande croissante du marché des pays développés pour les produits de la mer, ce résultat s'est traduit par un intérêt considérable porté à l'élevage des crevettes marines de la part des institutions de recherche et des investisseurs. Dans les pays occidentaux, un grand nombre de tentatives d'élevage commerciales, fondées sur des considérations non scientifiquement établies, ont échoué. Néanmoins, la production aquacole de crevettes reposant sur la capture d'animaux juvéniles dans la nature, s'est développée en Asie du Sud-Est et en Amérique Centrale au cours des années 1980. Cette tendance globalement positive ne doit pas dissimuler les faillites importantes qui se sont produites à l'échelle locale, comme la crise des élevages de Taiwan en 1988, causée principalement par une dégradation de l'environnement, entraînant l'apparition de problèmes pathologiques sévères et une disparition presque totale de l'activité d'élevage. Après la période pionnière du développement de la technologie d'écloserie, les principaux acquis scientifiques concernent les besoins alimentaires et la formulation d'aliments composés pour les larves, les jeunes et les adultes, et une meilleure connaissance des maladies bactériennes et virales qui interviennent dans les écloseries et les fermes d'élevage intensif. De nouveaux progrès techniques complémentaires ont vu le jour à la suite de recherches dans les domaines de la physiologie (endocrinologie) et de la génétique. De loin, la majeure partie de la production mondiale de Crustacés marins repose sur les crevettes Pénaeidés et, dans une moindre mesure, sur des espèces de Macrobrachium. Cependant, quelques autres espèces de Crustacés marins intéressent potentiellement l'aquaculture. Les aspects économiques de l'aquaculture de crustacés marins doivent être considérés avec ceux de l'industrie des pêches maritimes : les prix du marché sont à peu près les mêmes, et dépendent de la qualité du produit. Le rapport entre la demande du marché et la production est une contrainte importante qui à son tour, détermine les conditions du succès de l'élevage de crevettes. Depuis le début des années 1980, l'aquaculture de crustacés a augmenté considérablement en Asie et en Amérique : la production mondiale pour 1991 avoisine 700 000 tonnes, avec plus de 600 000 tonnes provenant des élevages de crevettes Pénaeidés.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 1993-10 , Vol. 6 , N. 4 , P. 319-329

Droits : IFREMER-Gauthier-Villars, 1993
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00190/30119/28587.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr:1993033
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00190/30119/

Éditeur(s) : PSIC 11 - 11th Pacific Science Inter-Congress : Pacific Countries and their Ocean: Facing Local and Global Changes / 2nd Symposium on French Research in the Pacific. March 2 - 6, 2009 Tahiti, French Polynesia.
Résumé : In aquaculture, Artemia nauplii are commonly used as live prey; and represent 40 % of the total aquaculture feed demands in the early stages. However, the production of Brine shrimp is very unstable from one year to another and in the late 90’s, only 20 % of the world aquaculture need was covered. An insufficient offer leads to higher prices of the Artemia cysts and consequently, the price of shrimp juveniles from hatchery. In New Caledonia, marine aquaculture is mainly based on the blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. From Zoea 3 to 10 days old post-larvae (P10), the shrimp are mainly fed with live preys. Eleven kilos of Artemia cyst are necessary for producing one million of P10. From a sanitary point of view, Artemia can be a virus carrier and Vibrio population increase is often detected in the larval rearing tank the day after the feeding with live prey. Up to now, Brine shrimp are delivered in excess but with the cost and sanitary problems, Saint-Vincent laboratory has started some experiments in order to optimise the use of Artemia in shrimp larval rearing. The first tests were conducted to determine the effect of the Artemia quantity on the growth and the survival rate at different post-larval stages (P8-P11, P5-P8 and M3-P3). It was shown that four to twelve times fold Artemia was necessary for P8-P11 compared to M3-P3. And it was also noticed that the “optimized”quantity of live food at M3-P3 was twice lower than the recommended amount of the hatchery feeding protocol in New Caledonia. A better knowledge of the real feed requirement in the early life of the blue shrimp will be helpful to decrease the cysts quantities used in shrimp hatcheries but also the associated sanitary impact. And further, these results will give data for developing formulated diets which will replace the live prey and will increase the biosecurity and the sustainability of the production of the blue juvenile shrimp in New Caledonia.
En aquaculture, les nauplii d’Artemia sont largement utilisés comme proies vivantes et représentent près de 40 % des besoins en aliments pour la production des stades précoces. Cependant, l’approvisionnement en Artemia peut fluctuer de façon importante d’une année sur l’autre. Ainsi vers la fin des années 90, la demande mondiale a pu être satisfaite seulement à hauteur de 20%. Les années avec une offre insuffisante correspondent à des augmentations importantes du cours mondial des cystes d’artemia avec des répercussions sur le prix des animaux juvéniles produits en écloserie. En Nouvelle-Calédonie, l’aquaculture marine est principalement basée sur la crevette bleue Litopenaeus stylirostris. Les larves de cette espèce, à partir du stade Zoé 3, se nourrissent essentiellement de proies vivantes. Ainsi pour produire un million de Post-larves de 10 jours il faut compter 11 kilos de cystes d’Artemia. Outre le problème posé par le coût, les artemii peuvent également représenter un risque sanitaire pour l’écloserie. En effet certaines souches sont infectées par des virus qui peuvent contaminer les crevettes et de façon plus générale l’introduction des artemii dans le volume d’élevage larvaire s’accompagne le plus souvent d’une flambée de la flore vibrionacée. Jusqu’à présent, les Artemii étaient distribuées en excès cependant du fait de leur coût et des risques sanitaires, le laboratoire de St Vincent a débuté un travail pour optimiser leur utilisation en production larvaire de crevette. Ainsi, nos premières expérimentation sur l’effet de la dose en artemii sur le développement et la survie des larves de crevettes ont permis de déterminer les rations optimales pour les stades larvaires P8-P11, P5-P8 et M3-P3. Nous avons ainsi montré que la ration de proies vivantes était 4 à 12 fois plus importante à P8-P11 qu’à M3-P3. Par ailleurs la dose optimale déterminée au cours de nos expérimentations était pour les stades M3-P3 deux fois moins élevée que celle préconisée par le protocole actuel des écloseries commerciales de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Nous voyons ainsi, qu’une meilleure compréhension des besoins alimentaires de la crevette au cours de son développement permettra de diminuer de façon substantielle les proies vivantes utilisées ainsi que le risque sanitaire associé. A terme, ces travaux donneront des bases au développement d’aliments inertes en remplacement des proies vivantes et à la production durable, en conditions de biosécurité, des crevettes bleues juvéniles pour la filière Calédonienne

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30877/29245.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00198/30877/