Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Magnolia Press
Résumé : International audience
Despite their importance in marine biodiversity, invertebrates are far less studied than vertebrates. Given the current globalbiodiversity crisis and insufficient taxonomic resources, sustained efforts need to be undertaken to assess species diversity,especially in the highly threatened ‘biodiversity hotspots’. Réunion is a young volcanic island lying in the Mascarene Islands(south-western Indian Ocean, SWIO), a marine biodiversity hotspot. A substantial sampling effort was conductedaround Réunion Island to document shallow water reef-associated ophiuroid (brittle-stars) diversity, a class recognised asthe most diverse among echinoderms. A total of 33 species were documented, increasing the known species richness ofthe island by 56%. Findings include 15 new records for Réunion, 11 for the Mascarene Islands and 8 for the Indian Ocean.The most diverse family was Ophiocomidae, a family of large, abundant and conspicuous tropical species. Even in thiswell studied family, a new species was revealed by this survey. Morphological variants together with DNA sequence variationswithin several species revealed cryptic species. We compared our results with the known fauna of other MascareneIslands and discuss biogeographic implications for the region.
ISSN: 1175-5326

hal-01327053
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01327053
DOI : 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.2.4

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cette étude s’attache à rendre compte des difficultés auxquelles l’île de La Réunion est confrontée de longue date et qui ne trouvent, jusqu’à présent, aucune issue satisfaisante en termes de développement. De crises en conflits, récurrents dans leurs formes comme dans leurs schémas spatiaux, La Réunion demeure enfermée dans des impasses multiples, économiques et sociétales. Aucune issue réelle ne se dessine : la confusion des responsabilités perdure et permet à des schémas éculés, présentés comme des innovations, de se reproduire sans fin.
This study aims to realize the difficulties that the island of Reunion is facing a long time and without satisfactory outcome in terms of development. Crises to conflicts, recurring forms, as in their spatial patterns, Reunion remains locked in an impasse multiple, economic and societal. No actual outcome does is emerging: the responsibilities confusion continues and allows worn patterns, presented as innovations, reproduced endlessly.
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4930
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4930

Résumé : In the aim of diversification for small fisheries, a survey has been conducted in 2000 by the Regional Fisheries Committee and the French Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (Ifremer) between 200 and 600 m deep, in the West of Reunion Island. Potential commercial fish stocks have been found out. Numerous professional and recreational fishermen have bought equipment in order to exploit this resource (electric winches). But deep demersal fish is a fragile resource due mainly to low growth and late sexual maturation. Face to this increasing pressure upon a fragile resource, a new survey has been carried out by Ifremer in 2011, with use of the same fishing sites, material and method than in 2000. Results displayed in this report are compared to those of 2000. It turned out that yields of commercial species have decreased in an alarming way (over 90%) together with the fish sizes, data which exhibit a stock overfishing. The only catches of the non commercial species (small squale "Zépine" Squalus megalops) appear comparable to 2000. This survey has now to be confirmed all around Reunion Island.
Dans la perspective de diversifier la petite pêche réunionnaise, une campagne de prospection a été réalisée en 2000 par le Comité Régional des Pêches Maritimes (CRPM) et l'Institut Français de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer) sur des fonds de 200 à 600 m, dans l'ouest de l'île de La Réunion. Elle a montré l'existence de stocks commercialement intéressants. De nombreux pêcheurs, professionnels et plaisanciers se sont équipés en moulinets électriques pour exploiter ces ressources. Cependant les poissons démersaux profonds représentent une ressource fragile du fait, notamment, de leur croissance lente et de leur reproduction tardive. Face à cette augmentation de la pression de pêche sur une ressource fragile, une nouvelle campagne expérimentale a été menée en 2011 par l'Ifremer, en utilisant les mêmes sites de pêche, le même matériel et la même méthodologie qu’en 2000. Les résultats présentés dans ce rapport sont comparés avec ceux de la campagne de 2000. Il s’avère que les rendements en espèces commerciales ont diminué de façon très nette (plus de 90%) ainsi que la taille des poissons capturés, données caractéristiques d'une surexploitation des stocks. Seules les captures de requins zépines (Squalus megalops) non commercialisées à La Réunion restent comparables à celles de 2000. Il convient maintenant de valider ces résultats tout autour de l'île de La Réunion.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16100/13643.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16100/

Éditeur(s) : Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Rennes
Résumé : Long-line fishing has been growing on the island of La Réunion since the beginning of the 1990s. The target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), fished mainly in the tropical waters surrounding the island between longitudes 45 degree E and 60 degree E, and latitudes 17 degree S and 27 degree S. From 1998 to 2000, a finalised research programme enabled the collection of precise data concerning the lines' positions and the parameters of the fishing efforts: 3,602 nettings were thus informed by the catches (in numbers of individuals caught) and 12 descriptive variables of the effort. In parallel with this collection effort, satellite maps that described the ocean's landscape of this region of the Indian Ocean exploited by La Réunion's fisheries were made available to sailors and scientists. Extractions from these environmental variables were made at the fishing lines' positions, which allowed us to propose 20 variables describing the environmental conditions of swordfish catches applied to the nettings. In an early part of this study, after a descriptive analysis and a first selection of the variables, we used several GAM (Generalised Additive Models) to model the respective effects of effort and environmental variables on the variability of swordfish catches. We thus highlighted the predominance of factors linked to fishermen (fishing effort) on oceanographic factors in the explanation of this variability. Following these results, a summary on the biology and ecology of the swordfish was proposed in order to draw up hypotheses on the characteristics of this species' population in the Indian Ocean. The aspects linked to the individual behaviour and movements of the population were particularly highlighted. In a latter part of this study and in order to complete the empirical approach by an exploratory constructivist approach, we proposed a modelling tool in order to simulate the possible movements of individuals within the oceanic landscape described by the available satellite maps. After reading in the literature about the various forms of modelling the movements of the large pelagics, we developed an original computer modelling architecture of the multi-agent type that made it possible to manipulate in a dynamic way the satellite maps (and derived products), the individual movements of "animats" whose behaviours were based on this environmental information, and agents that clarify the process of long-line fishing in a geographical way. The computer model that was implemented (MUFINS, for MUlti-Fish INdian ocean Simulator) was next used by calibrating the behaviour of the animats on the real data originally from the analysis of commercial catches proposed in the first part, using robust techniques based on fuzzy logic. The results of the simulations were compared, on the one hand, with the large-scale hypotheses of movement proposed in the first part, and, on the other hand, to swordfish catches both real and corrected for the effect of the fishing effort modelled by the GAM models. Even if the results of these simulations in this study do not allow for proposing convincing interpretations of the underlying processes, the MUFINS tool showed its ability to address questions associated with the swordfish's behaviour in the tropical oceanic landscape and to the effects of scale transfers between the individual level and the collective level. We now envisage its use in a more operational framework, as an interface for dialogue between fishermen and scientists with a goal of sustainable management of the resource.
La peche palangriere s'est developpee a l'ile de La Reunion depuis le debut des annees 1990. L'espece cible est l'espadon (Xiphias gladius), principalement exploite dans les eaux tropicales autour de l'ile entre les longitudes 45 degree E et 60 degree E, et les latitudes 17 degree S et 27 degree S. De 1998 a 2000, un programme de recherche finalisee a permis de collecter des informations precises concernant les positions des lignes et les parametres de l'effort de peche : 3602 filages sont ainsi renseignes par les captures (en nombre d'individus captures) et 12 variables descriptives de l'effort. En parallele de cet effort de collecte, des cartes satellitales ont pu etre mises a la disposition des marins et des scientifiques, decrivant le paysage oceanique de cette region de l'ocean Indien exploitee par la pecherie reunionnaise. Des extractions de ces variables environnementales ont ete effectuees aux positions des lignes de peche, nous permettant de proposer 20 variables descriptives des conditions environnementales de captures d'espadon appliquees aux filages. Dans une premiere partie de ce travail, apres une analyse descriptive et une premiere selection des variables, on a modelise par plusieurs modeles GAM (Generalized Additive Models) les effets respectifs des variables d'effort et des variables environnementales sur la variabilite des captures d'espadon. On a ainsi mis en evidence la predominance des facteurs lies aux pecheurs (effort de peche) sur les facteurs oceanographiques dans le caractere explicatif de cette variabilite. A la suite de ces resultats, une synthese sur la biologie et l'ecologie de l'espadon a ete proposee afin de degager des hypotheses sur les caracteristiques de la population de cette espece dans l'ocean Indien. Les aspects lies au comportement individuel et aux deplacements de la population ont ete particulierement mis en evidence. Dans une deuxieme partie de ce travail et afin de completer l'approche empirique par une approche constructiviste exploratoire, nous avons propose un outil de modelisation afin de simuler les deplacements possibles d'individus au sein du paysage oceanique decrit par les cartes satellitales disponibles. Apres avoir passe en revue dans la litterature les differentes formes de modelisation des deplacements des grands, pelagiques, nous avons developpe une architecture originale de modelisation informatique de type multi-agents permettant de manipuler de maniere dynamique les cartes satellitales (et les produits derives), les mouvements individuels < d'animats >, dont les comportements sont bases sur cette information environnementale, et des agents qui explicitent le processus de capture palangriere de maniere geographique. Le modele informatique ainsi implemente (MUFINS, pour MUlti-Fish INdian ocean Simulator) a ensuite ete utilise en calibrant les comportements des animats sur les donnees reelles issues de l'analyse des captures commerciales proposee en premiere partie, a partir de techniques robustes basee sur la logique floue. Les resultats des simulations ont ete confrontes d'une part aux hypotheses de deplacement a grande echelle proposees en premiere partie, et d'autre part aux captures d'espadon reelles et corrigees de l'effet de l'effort de peche modelise par les modeles GAM. Meme si les resultats de simulations presentes dans ce travail ne permettent pas de proposer d'interpretations convaincantes des processus sous-jacents, l'outil MUFINS a demontre son aptitude a aborder les questions liees au comportement de l'espadon dans le paysage oceanique tropical et aux effets des transferts d'echelle entre le niveau individuel et le niveau collectif. On envisage desormais son utilisation dans un cadre plus operationnel, comme interface de dialogue entre les pecheurs et les scientifiques a des fins de gestion durable de la ressource.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2005/these-2592.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2592/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Département de géographie de l'Université Laval
Résumé : International audience
The cities of Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion have benefited from the Departementalisation process of 1946, which, since then, has brought about a levelling-up effect from them. Most of the population is concentred in the cities, which provide the main tertiairy services and exert their influence over the whole island territory.
Les villes de la Guadeloupe, la Martinique et la Réunion ont bénéficié de la mise à niveau qui accompagne la départementalisation depuis 1946. Elles concentrent la population, détiennent les principaux pouvoirs tertiaires et rayonnent sur l'ensemble des espaces insulaires.
ISSN: 0007-9766

hal-01174021
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01174021

Éditeur(s) : Revue Internationale d'Ichtyologie
Résumé : The ichthyofauna of Reunion Island, Southwestern Indian Ocean, was sampled during several ecological and artisanal fisheries studies. Information from these investigations and from other sources were included to compile the present checklist of the marine fishes of the island. A total of 885 species belonging to 150 families was recorded. Nine species are known only from Reunion, indicating endemism of about 1.0%. The most speciose families (Labridae, Gobiidae, Serranidae, and Pomacentridae) were also among the most speciose at the neighbouring Mauritius Island (except gobiids), and, generally, on other islands in the Indian Ocean area (Maldives, Chagos, Madagascar and Christmas Island). The Gobiidae only represented 5.4% of the ichthyofauna, which was similar to the ratio for Aqaba (Red Sea), contrasting with 8.0% recorded for the Maldives, 13.0% at Chagos or other higher percentages recorded in the Pacific Ocean. The Apogonidae and Scaridae are relatively poorly diversified at Reunion, also in contrast with the Maldives, Madagascar, Chagos, Aqaba (Red Sea) and certain Pacific areas. The recent geological origins of Reunion Island and the low diversity of its marine biotopes are probably the most significant factors explaining both the total species richness and species richness of some major families.
L'ichtyofaune de l'île de La Réunion a été étudiée au cours de plusieurs travaux portant sur l'écologie des poissons et sur les pêcheries artisanales. Les informations issues de ces études, ainsi que d'autres sources, ont été compilées dans la présente liste des poissons marins de l'île. Un total de 885 espèces appartenant à 150 familles est recensé. Neuf espèces ne sont connues que de La Réunion, indiquant un endémisme proche de 1,0%. Les familles les plus diversifiées (Labridae, Gobiidae, Serranidae et Pomacentridae) sont aussi parmi les plus diversifiées à l'île Maurice voisine (à l'exception des Gobiidae), ainsi que dans d'autres îles de l'océan Indien (Maldives, Chagos, Madagascar et Christmas). Les Gobiidae ne représentent que 5,4% de l'ichtyofaune totale, ce qui est semblable à ce qui est connu à Aqaba (mer Rouge), mais contraste avec les 8,0% trouvés aux Maldives, les 13,0% trouvés aux Chagos ou d'autres pourcentages élevés dans l'océan Pacifique. Les Apogonidae et les Scaridae sont relativement peu diversifiés à La Réunion, ce qui contraste également avec ce qui est connu des Maldives, Madagascar, Chagos, la mer Rouge et certaines régions de l'océan Pacifique. Le jeune âge géologique de l'île et la faible diversité de ses biotopes marins pourraient être parmi les facteurs les plus importants pouvant expliquer la faible richesse spécifique totale et la richesse spécifique de certaines familles.
CYBIUM (0399-0974) (Revue Internationale d'Ichtyologie), 2004-03 , Vol. 28 , N. 3 , P. 199-216

Droits : 2004 Société Française d'Ichtyologie
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/publication-713.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/713/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article étudie l’évolution de la Consommation énergétique des ménages à La Réunion entre 1980 et 2005, en mettant l’accent sur le domaine de la consommation domestique d’électricité. Il montre que cet espace, autonome sur un plan énergétique au début des années 1980, a connu une dépendance de plus en plus forte vis-à-vis des approvisionnements en ressources fossiles durant les deux dernières décennies, sous la pression des mutations démographiques, économiques et sociologiques engagées. Depuis le début des années 2000, sous l’impulsion des politiques publiques, essentiellement fiscales, La Réunion s’engage dans le développement des énergies renouvelables, essentiellement le photovoltaïque, en s’affichant en tête des régions françaises et européennes dans la maîtrise de cette production énergétique.
This article aims at studying the evolution of the domestic consumption of energy in Reunion island between 1980 and 2005 (electricity consumption). It shows that this area which reached its energetic autonomy at the beginning of the 80’s has known a strong dependency from fossil resources for the last two decades, due to the increasing pressures of demographic, economic and sociological factors. Since the beginning of the 2000’s, as a result of public policies impulsion (mainly fiscal policies), Reunion island has developed the use of renewable resources (essentially photovoltaic). It tends to be now one of the first French and European regions mastering this energy production process.
Réunion

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3476
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3476

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999 15-19 octobre 1999
Résumé : The first fad's in the islands of the South West Indian Ocean were moored in the fifties. The area under study forms part of the Indian Ocean Commission which include Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion and the island of Mayotte. After a few isolated trials that turned to be inconclusive, especially for lack of reliability of the devices moored, trials were pursued under the auspices of International Organizations. A new type of fad was successfully designed and implemented in Mauritius. This model was then applied in the Comoros in 1987, in la Reunion and Madagascar in 1988 and in Mayotte in 1989. The various programmes have had various results. In some cases such as la Reunion and Mauritius, they have played a key role in the development of the inshore fishery. In other cases they have been less significant. Finally in other cases although a significant impact on artisanal fishery, the experience was halted due to financial constraints. Beyond the history of the various programmes and the results obtained, the authors have attempted to underline the social and economic factors that have characterized the various trials in the different regional countries.

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15285/12671.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15285/

Éditeur(s) : Pêche thonière et dispositifs de concentration de poissons, Caribbean-Martinique, 15-19 Oct 1999
Résumé : More than ten years after its launching, an evaluation of the results of the FADs programme carried on in Reunion Island has been made. Its implementation and its impact on artisanal fishery in Reunion Island have been analysed. This analysis demonstrates that, following a continuously ascending phase, the production of fish caught on fads has reached a plateau. Parallel to the FAD-associated fishery, the longline fishery has developed since 1991. This type of fishery includes production units whose operating zone is bordering the FAD installation area. Analysing the evolution of the small longliner sector is based on general activity indicators (number of ships, production, fish selling prices). Besides, a synthesis of the interactions between those two types of fisheries, whether in terms of exploited resources, space conflicts, fishing population or market, has been effected. Judging from the complementary and antagonistic natures of the two fisheries identified above and given their evolution, the future of the FADs programme is pending. Have the fads just been a step in the evolution of the Reunion fishing system or have they modified it on a long-term basis?

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15319/12640.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00042/15319/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In this work, we have led an analysis of the error of different global solar radiation prediction models according to the global solar radiation variability. Different predictions models where performed such as machine learning techniques (Neural Networks, Gaussian processes and support vector machines) in order to forecast the Global Horizontal solar Irradiance (GHI). We also include in this study a simple linear autoregressive (AR) model as well as two naive models based on persistence of the GHI and persistence of the clear sky index (denoted herein scaled persistence model). The models are calibrated and tested with data from three 3 French islands: Corsica (42.15°N ; 9.08°E), Guadeloupe (16.25°N ; 61.58°W) and Reunion (21.15°S ; 55.5°E). Guadeloupe and Reunion are located in a subtropical climatic zone whereas Corsica is in a tempered climatic zone. Hence the global solar radiation variation differs significantly. The output error of the different models was quantified by the nRSME. In order to quantify the influence of the global solar radiation variability on the forecasting models error we performed a classification of typical days according to different typical days. Each class of typical day is defined by a variation of global solar radiation rate. For each class and for each location, the selected forecasting models where performed and the error was quantified. With this analysis a global solar radiation forecasting models can be selected according to the location, the global solar radiation fluctuations and hence the meteorological conditions. INTRODUCTION Large and frequent variations of solar radiation can be observed in tropical climates with amplitudes reaching 800 W/m² and occurring within a short time interval, from few seconds to few minutes, according to the geographical location. Such fluctuations can be due for example to the dynamic of clouds which can be very complex and depend on cloud type, size, speed and spatial distribution and, more generally, due to some specific local meteorological conditions. Thus, the solar energy forecasting, a process used to predict the amount of solar energy available in the current and near terms, might be a difficult task. Some of the best predictors found in literature are Autoregressive and moving average (ARMA) [5,7,8], Bayesian inferences [9,10], Markov chains [11], k-Nearest-Neighbors predictors [12] or artificial intelligence techniques as the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) [9-11]. Although these methodologies are potentially good in many areas, we observed in our previous studies on global radiation prediction [9,13,14] that the simple model based on the persistence of the clear sky index gives often very good results with acceptable errors [15] for short term forecasting time horizon (<= 1 hour). The goal of this paper is to determinate the influence of solar radiation variability regarding different classes of days on the expected error provided by different forecasting methods that the modeller can possibly implement. The paper is organized as follow: Section 2 describes the data we have used. Section 3 exposes the classification methodology and the results obtained for the three studied locations. In the two following sections, the forecasting methods are exposed and then 3 the errors on the forecasting results for each location and for each class are exposed.
The Third Southern African Solar Energy Conference (SASEC2015)
Kruger National Park, South Africa

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01099487
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099487
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099487/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01099487/file/article%20SASEC.pdf

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : In this paper, the authors present a general table of the present extension of ciguatoxism in the Mascarene Islands. A statistically significant relation exists between the variations of poisonous fish proportions and the periods of tropical cyclones in this fishing area. The tests showed that the ciguatera known from Mauritius, Rodriguez, Chagos and Saya-de-Malha Islands, is also present in the Amirantes Islands. The coastal ichtyosarcotoxism of the Reunion was also studied; this phenomenon does not constitute an obstacle to the activity of the artisanal fishery.
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1978-12 , Vol. 42 , N. 4 , P. 325-345

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1978/publication-1962.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1962/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : As top predators of pelagic food webs, large fish naturally bioaccumulate mercury (Hg). Determining Hg burdens in commercialized fish is essential considering the concern about effects of contaminants on human health and the legal thresholds that are therefore set for local consumption and/or exportation. Total Hg levels were measured in the muscular tissue of 183 fish of five commercially important species from the tropical zone of the Western Indian Ocean. All individuals were measured and sexed in order to study the impregnation of Hg with size and sex within each species. Values of Hg found in this part of the Indian Ocean were comparable to Hg in muscular tissue of the same species studied in other areas. The highest Hg levels were noted in Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) caught in waters surrounding Reunion Island (3.97 +/- 2.67 mu g g(-1) dry weight). Following the Swordfish, in decreasing order of Hg content, were the Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) and the Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), then the Common Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and the Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri). In the North of the Mozambique Channel, Swordfish had higher Hg levels than Yellowfin Tunas, and Dolphinfish exhibited intermediate Hg levels. The size of a fish was a determining factor of its Hg burden, as was the species. Differences in size-normalized Hg levels were observed between the two study zones for Swordfish and Common Dolphinfish. Sex, in contrast, did not influence Hg levels suggesting that females and males have similar feeding habits. The muscular Hg levels presented here suggest that consumers of fish originating from the Western Indian Ocean should limit themselves to one Swordfish based meal per week, or one fish meal a day if they choose to eat tuna or Common Dolphinfish. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Science of The Total Environment (0048-9697) (Elsevier), 2006-08 , Vol. 366 , N. 2-3 , P. 688-700

Droits : 2006 Elsevier
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1862.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1862/

Résumé : The development of marine fish culture in Martinique, Guadeloupe, Reunion and Mayotte islands is relatively new and relies on the culture of the Red Drum (official name since 2007; scientific name: Sciaenops ocellatus). The current production is of about 70 tonnes per year in Reunion (only one company), 200 tonnes in Mayotte (a cooperative deriving from an entrepreneur's cooperative and an industrial company: Mayotte Aquaculture) and 100 tonnes in Martinique (around twelve artisanal companies). A company has also been running in Guadeloupe since 2004. Reunion's production is sold on the local market. In Mayotte, the entire Red Drum production of Mayotte-Aquaculture is exported to Europe. In the French Caribbean, the production is currently sold locally, with a strong development potential, the fish importations being larger than the fishing production (more than 60 % of the sea products sold locally is imported). Sea food consumption in the Caribbean is traditionally very large. The local market in Martinique is thought to be of about 18,000 tonnes, which corresponds to an average consumption of 48 kg/year per inhabitant (average consumption in France: 35 kg/inhab/year)...
Le développement de la filière pisciculture marine à la Martinique, la Guadeloupe, La Réunion et Mayotte est relativement récent et repose sur l'élevage de l'Ombrine ocellée (appellation officielle depuis 2007 ; nom scientifique : Sciaenops ocellatus). La production actuelle avoisine les 70 tonnes par an à la Réunion (une seule entreprise), 200 tonnes à Mayotte (un regroupement issue d'une pépinière d'entreprises et une entreprise à caractère industriel : Mayotte Aquaculture) et 100 tonnes à la Martinique (une douzaine d'entreprises à caractère artisanal). Une entreprise produit également à la Guadeloupe depuis 2004. La production de la Réunion est écoulée sur le marché local. A Mayotte, la production d'Ombrine de Mayotte-Aquaculture est entièrement exportée vers l'Europe. Aux Antilles, la production est pour l'instant distribuée localement, avec un fort potentiel de développement, les importations de poissons étant supérieures à la production de pêche (plus de 60% de la consommation locale de produits de la mer est issue de l'importation). La consommation des produits de la mer aux Antilles est traditionnellementélevée. On estime le marché en Martinique à 18 000 tonnes, ce qui aboutit à une consommation par habitant de 48 kg/an (consommation moyenne en France : 35 kg/hab/an). La concurrence des produits importés est forte et les produits de la mer locaux sont très peu compétitifs dans l'état actuel d'absence quasi-totale de structure de conditionnement, transformation et distribution. L'atout qu'ils présentent est, à ce jour, essentiellement traditionnel (fraîcheur, vente directe, relation avec le pêcheur) et c'est sur ce créneau que la pisciculture marine martiniquaise, et en particulier l'Ombrine, devrait éviter de rester cantonnée. La réduction des prix et la transformation du poisson doivent en faire un produit fortement adaptable à différents modes de distribution, et notamment à une distribution moderne (grande distribution, collectivités).

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/rapport-6592.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6592/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Regeneration of artificially induced lesions was monitored in nubbins of the branching coral Acropora muricata at two reef-flat sites representing contrasting environments at Réunion Island (21u079S, 55u329E). Growth of these injured nubbins was examined in parallel, and compared to controls. Biochemical compositions of the holobiont and the zooxanthellae density were determined at the onset of the experiment, and the photosynthetic efficiency (F v /F m) of zooxanthellae was monitored during the experiment. Acropora muricata rapidly regenerated small lesions, but regeneration rates significantly differed between sites. At the sheltered site characterized by high temperatures, temperature variations, and irradiance levels, regeneration took 192 days on average. At the exposed site, characterized by steadier temperatures and lower irradiation, nubbins demonstrated fast lesion repair (81 days), slower growth, lower zooxanthellae density, chlorophyll a concentration and lipid content than at the former site. A trade-off between growth and regeneration rates was evident here. High growth rates seem to impair regeneration capacity. We show that environmental conditions conducive to high zooxanthellae densities in corals are related to fast skeletal growth but also to reduced lesion regeneration rates. We hypothesize that a lowered regenerative capacity may be related to limited availability of energetic and cellular resources, consequences of coral holobionts operating at high levels of photosynthesis and associated growth.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01369712
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01369712
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01369712/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01369712/file/journal.pone.0072618.PDF
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0072618

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The active selection of recent volcanic habitats by juvenile fish following a cyclone could explain the unusual mass-settlement of the Indian Ocean blacktip grouper Epinephelus oceanicus observed on 25 May 2006, few weeks after tropical storm Diwa on the latest lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano at Reunion Island. Following a cyclonic depression, shallow underwater habitats are devoid of resident fishes, including predators, favouring juvenile fish survival. Otherwise, the recent origin of the volcanic habitats, which vary in age, could facilitate the spatial segregation of adult and juvenile fish on the lava flows, reducing intraspecific competition and adult aggression toward juveniles. Regional characteristics of larval recruitment could also contribute to the infrequency of the described event; the isolated situation of the island would be expected to result in an average density of fish postlarvae 0.25 % to 1 % of that seen on some reefs in the Pacific. The supposed origin of juvenile groupers in the neighbouring island of Mauritius should encourage Reunionese managers to look beyond their own jurisdictions to adopt a collaborative approach to conservation of the entire connected network.
Environmental Biology of Fishes

hal-01306707
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306707
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306707/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306707/file/Mass-settlement%20of%20the%20Indian%20ocean%20black-tip%20grouper_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s10641-014-0303-2

Résumé : The maritime fisheries and mariculture guidance law passed in 1997 specifies that with the perspective of renegotiation of the common fisheries policy in 2002, a report on the special conditions of inshore fisheries be drawn up by the Government. To do so, the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries entrusted this task to three experts, who are the authors of this report. In accordance with their remit, the situation of fisheries in territorial waters and estuaries of metropolitan France and the four DOM overseas departments ( counties) was examined, in the framework of meetings with professional fishermen, administrations, elected officials and scientific organisations. The first part situates fishing activities in coastal areas within the overall context of French fisheries. The second part provides a detailed report for each seafront (Channel, Atlantic, Mediterranean, West Indies, French Guyana and Reunion Island) on the regulatory framework, fleets, stocks, uses of resources and vulnerable areas of interest for fisheries. The report then analyses the competition within fisheries and with other activities (recreational fishing, extraction of aggregates, tourism, etc.). After these observations, the authors make ten proposals to improve the conditions under which coastal or inshore fisheries are practiced.
La loi d'orientation sur la pêche maritime et les cultures marines votée en 1997 précise que dans la perspective de la renégociation de la politique commune des pêches en 2002, un rapport sur les conditions particulières de l'exercice de la pêche dans la bande côtière sera établi par le Gouvernement. Pour y satisfaire, le Ministre de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche en a confié l'élaboration à trois experts, les auteurs du présent rapport. Conformément à la lettre de mission, la situation de la pêche dans les eaux territoriales et estuaires du territoire métropolitain et des quatre départements d'Outre-Mer a été examinée dans le cadre de rencontres avec les professionnels, les administrations, les élus, les organismes scientifiques. Une première partie permet de situer les activités halieutiques en zone côtière dans le contexte global de la pêche française. La seconde partie est un bilan détaillé par façade (Manche, Atlantique, Méditerranée, Antilles, Guyane, Réunion) du cadre réglementaire, des flottilles, des ressources, des usages de la ressource et des zones sensibles d'intérêt halieutiques. Le rapport analyse ensuite les compétitions au sein de la pêche et avec d'autres activités (pêche récréative, extractions de granulats, tourisme,...). A l'issue de ces différents constats, les auteurs font dix propositions pour améliorer les conditions d'exercice de la pêche en zone côtière.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2000/rapport-1200.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1200/

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : The temporal Variations in macroalgal coverage and biomass of two sectors of a fringing reef complex in Reunion Island, subject to different levels of nutrient enrichment, were compared over eight months. Little difference was detected in the back reef zone, but in the narrow coral strip zone the highly enriched site showed significantly higher coverage, biomass and diversity of macroalgae throughout the whole study period. Differences in the levels of nutrient enrichment of the reef waters of the two sites are implicated as potential reasons for the observed differences. The seasonal Variations of macroalgae on the reef, and aspects of several of the dominant algal species encountered are also discussed.
Oceanologica Acta (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1997 , Vol. 20 , N. 6 , P. 851-861

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00093/20468/18140.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00093/20468/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Sharks International
Durban, South Africa

hal-01487162
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01487162

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Pb, Hf, Nd and Sr isotopes of basaltic lavas from the two Reunion Island volcanoes are reported in order to examine the origin of the sources feeding these volcanoes and to detect possible changes through time. Samples, chosen to cover the whole lifetime of the two volcanoes (from 2 Ma to present), yield a chemically restricted (compared to 0113 lavas) but complex distribution. Reunion plume isotopic characteristics have been defined on the basis of the composition of uncontaminated shield-building lavas from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano. The average epsilon(Nd), epsilon(Hf), Sr-87/Sr-86 and Pb-206/Pb-204, Pb-207/Pb-204, and Pb-208/Pb-204 isotope ratios calculated for this component are +4.4, +9.1, 0.70411, 18.97, 15.59 and 39.03, respectively. In Pb-Pb isotope space, each volcano defines a distinct linear trend but slight variation are also detected within the various volcanic sequences. The Piton des Neiges volcano yields a distinct and significantly more scattered isotopic distribution than Piton de la Fournaise for both Pb, Hf and Nd isotope tracers. A principal component analysis of the Pb isotope data from Piton de la Fournaise reveals a major contribution of the C and EM-1 components (with a clear Dupal flavor) as main components for the modem Reunion plume. The same components have been identified for Piton des Neiges but with a stronger participation of a depleted mantle component and a weaker EM-1 contribution. The compositional change of the lavas erupted by the Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise volcanoes is attributed to the impingement of two small-scale blobs of plume material at the base of the Reunion lithosphere. Compared to other hot-spots worldwide, in particular Hawaii and Kerguelen, magmas beneath Reunion are generated from a considerably more homogeneous, compositionally more primitive plume higher in Pb-206. Although shallow-level contamination processes have been locally detected they did not alter significantly the composition of the plume magmas. This is tentatively attributed to mantle dynamics producing small, high-velocity blobs that ascend rapidly through the lithosphere, and to the lack of a well-developed magma chamber at depth in the lithosphere.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00412196
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412196
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In this paper, we propose a benchmarking of supervised machine learning techniques (neural networks, Gaussian processes and support vector machines) in order to forecast the Global Horizontal solar Irradiance (GHI). We also include in this benchmark a simple linear autoregressive (AR) model as well as two naive models based on persistence of the GHI and persistence of the clear sky index (denoted herein scaled persistence model). The models are calibrated and validated with data from three French islands: Corsica (41.91°N; 8.73°E), Guadeloupe (16.26°N; 61.51°W) and Reunion (21.34°S ; 55.49°E). The main findings of this work are, that for hour ahead solar forecasting, the machine learning techniques slightly improve the performances exhibited by the linear AR and the scaled persistence model. However, the improvement appears to be more pronounced in case of unstable sky conditions. These nonlinear techniques start to outperform their simple counterparts for forecasting horizons greater than one hour.
ISSN: 0038-092X

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-01101564
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01101564
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01101564/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01101564/file/Manuscript_Lauretetal_Rev_unmarked.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.solener.2014.12.014