Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
Résumé : International audience
The temporal variation in carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions (noted as δ 13 C and δ 15 N) was investigated in the convict surgeonfish (Acanthurus triostegus) at Moorea (French Polynesia). Over a period of 24 days, juveniles were reared in aquaria and subjected to two different feeding treatments: granules or algae. The dynamics of δ 13 C and δ 15 N in two muscles (the adductor mandibulae complex and the epaxial musculature) having different functions were compared. At the end of experiments, a steady-state isotopic system in each muscle tissue was not reached. Especially for the algal treatment, we found different patterns of variation in isotopic compositions over time between the two muscles. The turnovers of δ 13 C showed opposite trends for each muscle but differences are mitigated by starvation and by the metamorphosis. Our study highlighted that the metabolism of coral reef fish may be subjected to catabolism or anabolism of non-protein precursors at settlement, inducing variation in isotopic compositions that are not linked to diet change. Comparación de la dinámica de variación isotópica en dos músculos de un pez de arrecife de coral durante la fase de asentamiento Resumen: La variación temporal en la composiciones isotópicas del carbono y nitrógeno (δ 13 C y δ 15 N) fue investigada en el pez cirujano Acanthurus triostegus en Moorea (Polinesia Francesa). Durante un período de 24 días, peces juveniles se mantuvieron en acuarios y se sometieron a dos tratamientos de alimentación: gránulos o algas. Se compararon las dinámicas de cambio δ 13 C y δ 15 N en dos músculos con diferentes funciones (complejo aductor mandibular y musculatura epiaxial). Al final de los experimentos, no se alcanzó un sistema isotópico de estado estacionario en ningún tejido. Especialmente para el tratamiento de algas, encontramos distintos patrones de variación en composiciones isotópicas en el tiempo entre los dos músculos. Las variaciones en δ 13 C mostraron tendencias opuestas para cada músculo, pero las diferencias fueron mitigadas por la inanición y la metamorfosis. Nuestro estudio destaca que el metabolismo de los peces de arrecife puede ser sometido a catabolismo o anabolismo por los precursores no proteicos durante el asentamiento, induciendo variación en las composi-ciones isotópicas que no están vinculados al cambio de dieta.
ISSN: 0214-8358

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
hal-01212253
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212253
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212253/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212253/file/1598-3145-1-PB.pdf
DOI : 10.3989/scimar.04225.31A

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association
Résumé : International audience
Juan de Nova is one of the scattered islands known as Iles Eparses in the Mozambique Channel (Western Indian Ocean). Historically, they have been isolated from many anthropogenic influences which makes them ideal areas to study biodiversity for comparison with areas that are heavily impacted by urbanization and fishing. The programme BioReCie (Biodiversity, Resources and Conservation of Eparses Islands) undertook inventories of several marine groups, including echinoderms, which had hitherto not been assessed in Juan de Nova. A multidisciplinary team surveyed the reef slopes of the island using SCUBA to a depth of 25 m as well as the reef flats at low tide, collecting specimens and taking photos for identification. Sixty echinoderm species were found, with 51 occurring on the reef flats and in the lagoon and 22 on the reef slopes, comprising 21 species of Holothuroidea, 16 Ophiuroidea, 10 Echinoidea, 7 Asteroidea, and 6 Crinoidea. Commercial species of Holothuroidea, some of which are classified as endangered in the IUCN red list, i.e. Thelenota ananas and Holothuria nobilis, were present on the reef flats, reef slopes and in the lagoon of the island, indicating the value that protection has on biodiversity.
ISSN: 0856-860X

hal-01306709
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306709
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306709/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01306709/file/A%20First%20Inventory%20of%20Echinodermata%20at%20Juan%20de%20Nova_hal.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD The Royal Society
Résumé : International audience
Conservation commonly requires trade-offs between social and ecological goals. For tropical small-scale fisheries, spatial scales of socially appropriate management are generally small— the median no-take locally managed marine area (LMMA) area throughout the Pacific is less than 1 km 2. This is of particular concern for large coral reef fishes, such as many species of grouper, which migrate to aggregations to spawn. Current data suggest that the catchment areas (i.e. total area from which individuals are drawn) of such aggregations are at spatial scales that preclude effective community-based management with no-take LMMAs. We used acoustic telemetry and tag-returns to examine reproductive migrations and catchment areas of the grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus at a spawning aggregation in Papua New Guinea. Protection of the resultant catchment area of approximately 16 km 2 using a no-take LMMA is socially untenable here and throughout much of the Pacific region. However, we found that spawning migrations were skewed towards shorter distances. Consequently, expanding the current 0.2 km 2 no-take LMMA to 1–2 km 2 would protect approximately 30–50% of the spawning population throughout the non-spawning season. Contrasting with current knowledge, our results demonstrate that species with moderate reproductive migrations can be managed at scales congruous with spatially restricted management tools.
ISSN: 2054-5703

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01297717
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01297717
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01297717/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01297717/file/150694.full.pdf
DOI : 10.1098/rsos.150694

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The identification and economic valuation of ecosystem services (ES) are becoming important components of coral reef management. In many contexts, protection of human assets against coastal floods is one of the most important ES provided by coral reefs. The methods utilized to characterize this ES should be able to accommodate situations with low data availability, without sacrificing robustness. In this paper, we suggest such an approach that utilizes expert opinion and does not require copious amounts of data. Our primary objective is to find a balance between simple and complex models that can be used in a data scarce environment, to produce an economic valuation of the coral reef ES of protection against coastal floods. The approach has three steps: (i) identify geographic zones and assets at risk, (ii) identify the contributing role of coral reefs in the protection of coasts and, (iii) value the annual repair costs of assets through the avoided damage cost approach. The proposed method seems appropriate for advocacy with policy makers, but appears to be less effective for small scale approaches, such as those required for Payment for ES negotiations or marine spatial planning.
Ecosystem Services

hal-01359394
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359394
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoser.2016.07.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01436542

hal-01436542
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01436542
DOI : 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049595

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD CSIRO Publishing
Résumé : International audience
The present study assessed the occurrence of multiple paternity in four litters of bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (n¼5, 8, 9 and 11 embryos) sampled at Reunion Island in the Western Indian Ocean. Using 21 microsatellite loci, we revealed that two litters were generated from two sires each, demonstrating for the first time multiple paternity for this species. We also reported a high paternal skew (10 : 1 in Litter 1 and 7 : 1 in Litter 3), which may be because of postcopulatory or post-zygotic selection processes. These results contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive behaviour of the bull shark, which remains poorly documented. The present study must be expanded to assess the frequency of multiple paternity in this species, and to test for genetic or cryptic benefits (convenience polyandry), which is important for long-term conservation and management plans.
ISSN: 1323-1650

hal-01253775
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253775
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253775/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01253775/file/Pirog%20et%20al.%20-%202015%20-%20First%20evidence%20of%20multiple%20paternity%20in%20the%20bull%20s_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1071/mf15255

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Coral reef resource systems are complex adaptive social-ecological systems providing vital and valuableecosystem services for human societies such as food provision, coastal protection and recreational activities.Their sustainability is questioned in many places around the world as they experience combined effects ofmultiple chronic anthropogenic and natural drivers at local to global scales. From a management perspective,there is a crucial need to understand how the impact of these drivers cascade through the social-ecologicalsystem components. This study develops a transdisciplinary and participatory approach to investigating thesocial-ecological dynamics of a Polynesian coral reef coastal system. A preliminary conceptual model using theDriver-Pressure-State-Impact (DPSI) framework is first being built through participatory modeling workshops.Then, pressure-state relationships are assessed with the help of empirical datasets as a first step towards thevalidation of the DPSI model. Results shows striking social-ecological interactions with different patterns in thelagoon and in the fore reef. Local management should be: (1) less resource-focused to account more specificallyto the existing typology of actors; (2) more spatially-explicit to better distinguish management objectives andactions for the lagoon and the fore reef sub-systems; and (3) more coordinated with terrestrial agencies for acoherent land-sea connection and integration that would both (i) account for existing land-sea interactions and(ii) better reflect the Polynesian cultural heritage that considers nature from ridge to reef as a whole. Suchconceptual models of social-ecological systems are a useful tool to build exploratory scenarios to ultimatelysupport planning decision-making processes.
ISSN: 0308-597X

hal-01491968
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01491968
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Despite the unique nature of endemic species, their origin and population history remain poorly studied. We investigated the population history of 28 coral reef fish species, close related, from the Gambier and Marquesas Islands, from five families, with range size varying from widespread to small-range endemic. We analyzed both mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data using neutrality test and Bayesian analysis (EBSP and ABC). We found evidence for demographic expansions for most species (24 of 28), irrespective of range size, reproduction strategy or archipelago. The timing of the expansions varied greatly among species, from 8,000 to 2,000,000 years ago. The typical hypothesis for reef fish that links population expansions to the Last Glacial Maximum fit for 14 of the 24 demographic expansions. We propose two evolutionary processes that could lead to expansions older than the LGM: (a) we are retrieving the signature of an old colonization process for widespread, large-range endemic and paleoendemic species or (b) speciation; the expansion reflects the birth of the species for neoendemic species. We show for the first time that the demographic histories of endemic and widespread reef fish are not distinctly different and suggest that a number of processes drive endemism.
ISSN: 2045-2322

hal-01469339
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01469339/file/population%20expansions.pdf
DOI : 10.1038/srep40519

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
Infectious marine diseases can decimate populations and are increasing among some taxa due to global change and our increasing reliance on marine environments. Marine diseases become emergencies when significant ecological, economic or social impacts occur. We can prepare for and manage these emergencies through improved surveillance, and the development and iterative refinement of approaches to mitigate disease and its impacts. Improving surveillance requires fast, accurate diagnoses, forecasting disease risk and real-time monitoring of disease-promoting environmental conditions. Diversifying impact mitigation involves increasing host resilience to disease, reducing pathogen abundance and managing environmental factors that facilitate disease. Disease surveillance and mitigation can be adaptive if informed by research advances and catalysed by communication among observers, researchers and decision-makers using information-sharing platforms. Recent increases in the awareness of the threats posed by marine diseases may lead to policy frameworks that facilitate the responses and management that marine disease emergencies require.
ISSN: 0962-8436

hal-01282464
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282464
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0364

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We isolated and characterized 26 microsatellite loci for Macrorhynchia phoenicea (Busk, 1852), a rather common tropical hydrozoan from the Indo-Pacific. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 24. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.970 and the expected heterozygosity from 0.029 to 0.833. Ten loci were at HardyeWeinberg equilibrium. No pair of loci presented linkage disequilibrium. Transferability of up to 18 loci was positive across four other Aglaopheniidae species from different genera. These loci will be used in studying reef population connectivity for these particular species at the scale of the Indo-Pacific, a promising but little explored research field.
ISSN: 0305-1978

hal-01359419
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359419
DOI : 10.1016/j.bse.2015.08.011

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Losses of corals worldwide emphasize the need to understand what drives reef decline. Stressors such as overfishing and nutrient pollution may reduce resilience of coral reefs by increasing coral–algal competition and reducing coral recruitment, growth and survivorship. Such effects may themselves develop via several mechanisms, including disruption of coral microbiomes. Here we report the results of a 3-year field experiment simulating overfishing and nutrient pollution. These stressors increase turf and macroalgal cover, destabilizing microbiomes, elevating putative pathogen loads, increasing disease more than twofold and increasing mortality up to eightfold. Above-average temperatures exacerbate these effects, further disrupting microbiomes of unhealthy corals and concentrating 80% of mortality in the warmest seasons. Surprisingly, nutrients also increase bacterial opportunism and mortality in corals bitten by parrotfish, turning normal trophic interactions deadly for corals. Thus, overfishing and nutrient pollution impact reefs down to microbial scales, killing corals by sensitizing them to predation, above-average temperatures and bacterial opportunism.
ISSN: 2041-1723

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01340547
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01340547
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01340547/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01340547/file/ncomms11833.pdf
DOI : 10.1038/ncomms11833

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer
Résumé : International audience
Microsatellite markers were developed for the coral reef fish Chaetodon vagabundus using shotgun pyrosequencing. As threats to coral reefs intensify, information on larval connectivity is of increasing value for efficient conservation planning. Here, 11 novel microsatellites were characterized for 192 individuals from Papua New Guinea. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 7 to 32, while observed and expected heterozygosity values varied from 0.214 to 0.903. These markers will be used to study population structure and larval connectivity of this iconic coral reef fish in coral reefs across the Indo-Pacific.
ISSN: 1877-7252

hal-01136139
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01136139
DOI : 10.1007/s12686-015-0440-8

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley Open Access
Résumé : International audience
Coral disease outbreaks have increased over the last three decades, but their causal agents remain mostly unclear (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists). This study details a 14-month-long survey of coral colonies in which observations of the development of disease was observed in nearly half of the sampled colonies. A bimonthly qPCR method was used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate Symbiodinium assemblages of tagged colonies, and to detect the presence of Vibrio spp. Firstly, our data showed that predisposition to disease development in general, and, more specifically, infection by Vibrio spp. in Acropora cytherea depended on which clades of Symbiodinium were harbored. In both cases, harboring clade D rather than A was beneficial to the coral host. Secondly, the detection of Vibrio spp. in only colonies that developed disease strongly suggests opportunistic traits of the bacteria. Finally, even if sporadic cases of switching and probably shuffling were observed, this long-term survey does not suggest specific-clade recruitment in response to stressors. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the fitness of the coral holobiont depends on its initial consortium of Symbiodinium, which is distinct among colonies, rather than a temporary adaptation achieved through acquiring different Symbiodinium clades.
ISSN: 2045-7758

hal-01270779
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01270779
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01270779/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01270779/file/41080.pdf
DOI : 10.1002/ece3.1895

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
1. The Before-After Control-Impact Paired Series (BACIPS) design distinguishes natural spatial and temporalvariability from variation induced by an environmental impact (or intervention) of interest. BACIPS is a powerfultool to derive inferences about interventions when classic experimental approaches (e.g. which rely on spatialreplicates and random assignment of treatments) are not feasible or desirable. Previously applied BACIPSdesigns generally assume that effects are sudden, constant and long-lived: that is, that systems exhibit ‘stepchanges’in response to interventions. However, complex ecological interactions or gradual interventions maycreate delayed and/or progressive responses, potentially impeding the reliability of classic (step-change) analyses.2. We propose a novel approach, the Progressive-Change BACIPS, which generalizes and expands the scope ofBACIPS analyses.We evaluate the relative performance of this approach using both simulated and real data thatexhibit step-change, linear, asymptotic and sigmoid responses following an intervention.We quantify the statisticalpower and accuracy of the Progressive-Change BACIPS under varying initial population densities, intensityof spatial sampling, effect sizes and number of sampling dates After the intervention.3. We show that Progressive-Change BACIPS identified the correct model among the set of candidate modelsunder most conditions and led to accurate estimates of the parameters that were used to generate the simulateddata. When data were sparse, and the dynamics complex, simpler (more parsimonious) models were favouredover the more complex models that actually generated the simulated data. Application of the Progressive-Change BACIPS to existing data sets from the literature led to strong support for specific models (over alternatives)and led to more specific inferences than possible under the classic BACIPS approach.4. The Progressive-Change BACIPS proposed here is more flexible than the original BACIPS formulationbecause the data are used to inform the form of the final model, rather than having the form of the modelimposed on the data. This leads to better estimates of the effects of environmental impacts and the time-scalesover which they operate. As a result, the Progressive-Change BACIPS should be applicable to a wide range ofstudies and should help improve investigation of time-dependent effects. R code to perform Progressive-ChangeBACIPS analysis is provided.
ISSN: 2041-210X

hal-01416668
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01416668
DOI : 10.1111/2041-210X.12655

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Research has been conducted within the framework of the French Initiative for Coral Reefs (IFRECOR) to assess pesticide pollution levels in the coral reef trophic webs in French Polynesia. Unexpected widespread contamination by herbicides was found in algae, fishes and macro-invertebrates located at various levels of the reef trophic web. Concentrations in organisms investigated were for the majority below the lowest observable effect level and do not pose a dietary risk to native population who subsist on these fish. However, the widespread contamination may affect the reef ecosystem in the future as coral symbiotic algae, Symbidinium sp. (Dinophyta) are particularly sensitive to photosystem II herbicides, particularly the substituted urea and triazine derivatives.
ISSN: 0944-1344

hal-01145504
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145504
DOI : 10.1007/s11356-015-4395-9

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society, The
Résumé : International audience
To forecast marine disease outbreaks as oceans warm requires new environmental surveillance tools. We describe an iterative process for developing these tools that combines research, development and deployment for suitable systems. The first step is to identify candidate host–pathogen systems. The 24 candidate systems we identified include sponges, corals, oysters, crustaceans, sea stars, fishes and sea grasses (among others). To illustrate the other steps, we present a case study of epizootic shell disease (ESD) in the American lobster. Increasing prevalence of ESD is a contributing factor to lobster fishery collapse in southern New England (SNE), raising concerns that disease prevalence will increase in the northern Gulf of Maine under climate change. The lowest maximum bottom temperature associated with ESD prevalence in SNE is 128C. Our seasonal outlook for 2015 and long-term projections show bottom temperatures greater than or equal to 128C may occur in this and coming years in the coastal bays of Maine. The tools presented will allow managers to target efforts to monitor the effects of ESD on fishery sustainability and will be iteratively refined. The approach and case example highlight that temperature-based surveillance tools can inform research, monitoring and management of emerging and continuing marine disease threats.
ISSN: 0080-4622

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01282834
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282834
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282834/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01282834/file/20150208.full.pdf
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0208

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
F.T. Kützing introduced Cocconeis molesta with only an uninformative description and a poor illustration: C. molesta has small, oblong valves and is an epiphyte. Another species, Cocconeis diaphana, described by William Smith, is said to have larger valves than C. molesta, with frustules that are relatively oblong. Smith described two forms: one with a distinct fascia on its raphe valve (var. β), the other without this feature. A third species, Cocconeis dirupta was described by Gregory, who expressed doubts that it differed from C. diaphana. Finally, Cocconeis molesta var. crucifera Grunow was first introduced in Van Heurck's Atlas but was subsequently treated by Van Heurck as a synonym of C. molesta. No previous account has examined the type material of these species. In this paper, we undertake that task and examine type slides and raw material in order to discriminate these different taxa. We conclude by recognizing three species: Cocconeis molesta Kütz., C. diaphana W.Sm. and C. dirupta W.Greg. Cocconeis diaphana var. β is considered to be a synonym of C. dirupta and C. molesta var. crucifera is considered to be a synonym of C. molesta. Lectotypes are designated for C. diaphana and C. dirupta.
ISSN: 2118-9773

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01340453
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01340453
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01340453/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01340453/file/329-1709-1-PB.pdf
DOI : 10.5852/ejt.2016.204

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Frontiers Media
Résumé : International audience
Coral reef fisheries support the development of local and national economies and are the basis of important cultural practices and worldviews. Transitioning economies, human development, and environmental stress can harm this livelihood. Here we focus on a transitioning social-ecological system as a case study (Moorea, French Polynesia). We review fishing practices and three decades of effort and landing estimates with the broader goal of informing management. Fishery activities in Moorea are quite challenging to quantify because of the diversity of gears used, the lack of centralized access points or markets, the high participation rates of the population in the fishery, and the overlapping cultural and economic motivations to catch fish. Compounding this challenging diversity, we lack a basic understanding of the complex interplay between the cultural, subsistence, and commercial use of Moorea's reefs. In Moorea, we found an order of magnitude gap between estimates of fishery yield produced by catch monitoring methods (2 t km −2 ∼ year −1) and estimates produced using consumption or participatory socioeconomic consumer surveys (∼24 t km −2 year −1). Several lines of evidence suggest reef resources may be overexploited and stakeholders have a diversity of opinions as to whether trends in the stocks are a cause for concern. The reefs, however, remain ecologically resilient. The relative health of the reef is striking given the socioeconomic context. Moorea has a relatively high population density, a modern economic system linked into global flows of trade and travel, and the fishery has little remaining traditional or customary management. Other islands in the Pacific in similar contexts in Polynesia such as Hawaii, that continue to develop economically, may have small-scale fisheries that increasingly resemble Moorea. Therefore, understanding Moorea's reef fisheries may provide insight into their future.
ISSN: 2296-7745

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
hal-01325804
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01325804/file/fmars-03-00070.pdf
DOI : 10.3389/fmars.2016.00070

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
As environmental sounds are used by larval fish and crustaceans to locate and orientate towards habitat during settlement, variations in the acoustic signature produced by habitats could provide valuable information about habitat quality, helping larvae to differentiate between potential settlement sites. However, very little is known about how acoustic signatures differ between proximate habitats. This study described within-and between-site differences in the sound spectra of five contiguous habitats at Moorea Island, French Polynesia: the inner reef crest, the barrier reef, the fringing reef, a pass and a coastal mangrove forest. Habitats with coral (inner, barrier and fringing reefs) were characterized by a similar sound spectrum with average intensities ranging from 70 to 78 dB re 1μPa.Hz-1. The
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-01211705
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211705
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211705/document
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01211705/file/journal.pone.0135733.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0135733

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
Résumé : International audience
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that show remarkable diversity, as revealed by the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis, which can range from mild skin lesions to severe metastatic cutaneous/mucosal lesions. The exact nature and extent of Leishmania phenotypic diversity in establishing infection is not fully understood. In order to try to understand some aspects of this diversity, we subcutaneously infected BALB/c mice with first and second generation subclones of a L. amazonensis strain isolated from a patient (BA125) and examined in vivo lesion growth rate and antimony susceptibility. In vivo fast-, medium- and slow-growing subclones were obtained; moreover, fast-growing subclones could generate slow-growing subclones and inversely, revealing the continuous generation of diversity after passage into mice. No antimony-resistant subclone appeared, probably a rare occurrence. By tagging subclone cells with a L. amazonensis genomic cosmid library, we found that only a very small number of founding cells could produce lesions. Leishmania clones transfected with in vivo selected individual cosmids were also diverse in terms of lesion growth rate, revealing the cosmid-independent intrinsic characteristics of each clone. Our results suggest that only a few of the infecting parasites are able to grow and produce lesions; later, within the cell mixture of each lesion, there coexist several parasite populations with different potentialities to grow lesions during the next infection round. This may reflect a sort of programmed heterogeneity of individual parasites, favoring the survival of some individuals in various environmental conditions.
ISSN: 0074-0276

hal-01489007
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01489007