Éditeur(s) : U.S. G.P.O. U.S. G.P.O. ( Washington, D.C )
Résumé : (Additional Physical Form) Also available via Internet from the GPO Access web site. Addresses as of 1/10/03: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107c̲ongr̲eports & docid=f:er008.107 (text version), http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107c̲ongr̲eports & docid=f:er008.107.pdf (PDF version); current access is available via PURLs.
Caption title.
Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.
Shipping list no.: 2002-0299-P.
"September 3, 2002."
Caribbean Area
Caribbean Area
Caribbean Area

51281935
ocm51281935

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD AGU and the Geochemical Society
Résumé : International audience
1] Recent statistical analysis by Lallemand et al. (2008) of subduction zone parameters revealed that the back-arc deformation mode depends on the combination between the subducting (nu(sub)) and upper (nu(up)) plate velocities. No significant strain is recorded in the arc area if plate kinematics verifies nu(up) = 0.5 vsub - 2.3 (cm/a) in the HS3 reference frame. Arc spreading ( shortening) occurs if nu(up) is greater ( lower) than the preceding relationship. We test this statistical law with numerical models of subduction, by applying constant plate velocities far away from the subduction zone. The subducting lithosphere is free to deform at all depths. We quantify the force applied on the two converging plates to sustain constant surface velocities. The simulated rheology combined viscous (non-Newtonian) and brittle behaviors, and depends on water content. The influence of subduction rate vs is first studied for a fixed upper plate. After 950 km of convergence ( steady state slab pull), the transition from extensional to compressive stresses in the upper plate occurs for vs similar to 1.4 cm/a. The effect of upper plate velocity is then tested at constant subduction rate. Upper plate retreat ( advance) with respect to the trench increases extension ( compression) in the arc lithosphere and increases ( decreases) the subducting plate dip. Our modeling confirms the statistical kinematic relationship between vsub and nu(up) that describes the transition from extensional to compressive stresses in the arc lithosphere, even if the modeled law is shifted toward higher rates of upper plate retreat, using our set of physical parameters ( e. g., 100 km thick subducting oceanic plate) and short- term simulations. Our results make valid the choice of the HS3 reference frame for assessing plate velocity influence on arc tectonic regime. The subduction model suggests that friction along the interplate contact and the mantle Stokes reaction could be the two main forces competing against slab pull for upper mantle subductions. Besides, our simulations show that the arc deformation mode is strongly time dependent.
ISSN: 1525-2027

hal-00412328
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412328
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412328/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412328/file/arcayG32008.pdf
DOI : 10.1029/2007GC001875

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
In Alpine Corsica (France), deeply subducted metabasalts are well preserved as lawsonite-bearing eclogite (Law-Ecl), occurrence of which is restricted to similar to 10 localities worldwide. The Corsican Law-Ecl, consisting of omphacite + lawsonite + garnet + phengite + titanite, occurs as both single undeformed metabasaltic pillows surrounded by lawsonite blueschist (Law-Bs), and carbonate-bearing eclogitic veins. Law-Bs are found as variably deformed metabasaltic pillows locally cross-cut by eclogitic veins and consist of glaucophane + actinolite + lawsonite + garnet + phengite + titanite. Field evidence and microstructures reveal that both Law-Ecl and Law-Bs are stable at the metamorphic peak in the lawsonite-eclogite stability field. Isochemical phase diagrams (pseudosections) calculated for representative Law-Ecl and Law-Bs samples indicate that both lithologies equilibrated at the same conditions of similar to 520 +/- 20 degrees C and 2.3 +/- 0.1 GPa. Therefore, the coexistence at the same peak metamorphic conditions of Law-Ecl and Law-Bs implies that different portions of deeply subducted oceanic crust may store significantly different H2O contents, depending on bulk-rock chemical composition. In addition, thermodynamic modelling of phase equilibria indicates that the occurring progressive dehydration reactions, which are significantly depending on bulk-rock chemical composition, strongly influence rock densification and eclogite formation in subducting slabs.
ISSN: 0263-4929

hal-00617768
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617768
DOI : 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2011.00931.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The French West Indies (F.W.I.) were French colonies with a specific legal frame until 1946 when they became French departments. Since that time the legal frame in force concerning archaeological heritage protection is exactly the same than in metropolitan France. In this system all the laws relating to cultural heritage are grouped in the "Code du Patrimoine" (Heritage code), which contains several topics such as archives, museums, archaeology and historic monuments. Some articles refer to the Penal Code, the Code of Urban Development, the Environmental Code or the Mining Code. These laws are supplemented by various decrees that define the applying conditions for different areas: rescue archeology (decree 2004-490), INRAP , advisory bodies, the content of the field reports, penal provisions, etc ... The heritage laws have been created in 1917 (Historic Monuments) and 1941 (archaeology). The law on rescue archeology is in force only since 2001 and is an application of the European Convention of Malta (1992). However, the implementation of the regulation and of the institutions in charge of is application in the French West Indies is fairly recent. In this presentation after a general presentation of the archaeological heritage protection French system we will focus on the different aspects of is application in F.W.I.: difficulties linked to the application of a system suited for metropolitan France, the level of the French West Indian people implication in the archaeological heritage protection and the future perspectives.
The Archaeology of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, 16th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists
Den Haag, France

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
hal-00960161
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00960161
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00960161/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00960161/file/European_rules_american_.pdf

Résumé : De plus en plus, le bruit est considéré comme une véritable pollution. dans le passé, les carrioles, les sabots des chevaux sur les pavés causaient déjà des nuisances aux habitants des villes. dès le xixe siècle, l'évolution de l'industrialisation entraîna une augmentation de la machinerie, qui ne fit qu'augmenter les nuisances sonores. aujourd'hui, le bruit est la cause de nombreuses plaintes. en conséquence, réduire la pollution sonore est devenu une question majeure du fait de ses effets sur la santé humaine. le bruit peut affecter le sommeil, le système cardiovasculaire, le système cérébral, particulièrement le développement cérébral des enfants. il peut causer des déficiences mentales, des problèmes de concentration et des pertes de mémoire. c'est un problème de santé publique. mais le bruit peut aussi entraîner la commission de crimes ou de suicides ! c'est aussi une question d'ordre public.en france, il existe certains dispositifs juridiques de contrôle des émissions sonores et de lutte contre les nuisances, particulièrement depuis la loi « bruit » de 1992. diverses dispositions ont été codifiées dans le code de l'environnement, les classant en fonction des différentes sources de bruit, mais aussi dans d'autres codes, notamment le code de l'urbanisme. il existe une police environnementale du bruit dont le maire et le préfet sont les deux autorités compétentes. tous ces moyens permettent de pallier les problèmes dûs au bruit à court ou à moyen terme.cependant, aujourd'hui, au regard de la préoccupation de développement durable, il convient de penser aux générations futures et de mettre en place des nouveaux moyens de régulation de la pollution sonore, à long terme. le droit de l'urbanisme apparaît comme le moyen privilégié d'atteindre ce but. le bruit pourrait être régulé par une utilisation plus rationnelle des sols… le but de ma recherche est d'analyser quel type de relation existe entre droit du bruit et droit de l'urbanisme et de mettre en évidence vers quelle forme d'urbanisme la société évolue sous l'influence combinée de l'écologie et de la question sonore, notamment à travers les objectifs posés par le grenelle de l'environnement et les lois adoptées en conséquence.
Noise is considered as a real pollution for the quality of life. Law has been requested to respond the multi-form cases of noise pollution. The matter is firstly the concern of environmental law. It is especially treated in a sectorial way. Town planning law also seizes the question, in a diffuse way, as environmental issue, or in a specific way when noise pollutions are directly caused by the use of grounds.However, under the influence of more and more pervasive environmental law, and further to the new legislation resulting from the Grenelle of the environment, town planning law underwent a deep transformation. It has been rewritten on the basis of new environmental objectives and of sustainable development. Town planning law also absorbs many other juridical sectors. Therefore it appears as a global space law and living environment law, allowing to improve the sound context.The perception of noise has changed, as well as its consideration into town planning law. Town planning law can be considered as a favorable measure to develop a more global and unified approach of the very composite legal system against noise pollution.The study of the relationship between noise and town planning highlights new manners to consider noise into space and living environment, differently from the classic approach imposed by environmental law.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0711/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The French education system remains highly centralized and only allows limited local adaptations for overseas territories. For example, if some laws (the last in 2013) allow the use of regional languages (e.g. Creole in the French West Indies) when they constitute a relevant contribution to the teaching, many official texts remain mainly based on the geographical, economical, historical, environment of the French mainland. We focus on some French BTS (Brevet de Technicien Supérieur / Advanced Technician Certificate), namely tourism and assistant manager, which are two important diplomas for the local development and in which microeconomic and management sciences plays a great part. The French BTS is a professional diploma prepared in two years after the “baccalauréat”, with national programs and evaluation criteria. The successful candidates are supposed to be immediately employable, especially in their local geographical environment. Thus, there exists a paradox between the national definition of the diploma and the local contexts of teaching. We discuss how teachers concretely deal with this situation on a day-to-day basis. Our hypothesis is that they act pragmatically, using their practical pedagogical content knowledge, without theoretical support for their action. In order to verify this hypothesis, we have conducted semi-structured interview with Guadeloupian teachers of the two aforementioned BTS. The main results shows that teachers adapt the national framework of the diploma, essentially by using local examples. This can be called a weak contextualization of the national texts. Indeed, these adaptations remain limited by fear of disadvantaging the students for the national exam. In addition, many context effects are shown, for example linked with local rules (concerning VAT, custom duties...) which are only partially taken into account by teachers. This demonstrates that the French educative system has not yet completely solved the opposition between national guideline and decentralization of the educational action.
19th General Meeting and Biennial Conference “Harnessing Science and Technology to create knowledge-base Economies and preserve Caribbean Ecosystems”
Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago

hal-01535045
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01535045

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Geological Society of London
Résumé : We have applied transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses coupled with viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) numerical modelling to identify the active slip systems and to better understand the crystal preferred orientation (CPO) development of the Torridon quartz mylonite (NW Scotland). TEM analyses showed evidence of activation of 1/3〈a〉{π′}, 1/3〈a〉{z} and possible 〈a〉(c) slip systems, as well as dislocation climb and dynamic recrystallization. All the CPOs generated by VPSC models share common characteristics with the Torridon quartz mylonite, but only Models 2 and 3 reproduce the [c]-axes maxima at low angle (<20°) to the foliation pole along the YZ plane, as observed in the mylonite. In Model 2, this concentration only occurs at γ≥2.6, whereas in Model 3 this maxima occurs at lower shear strains. The models that start with a previous preferred orientation acquire very strong CPOs after small-imposed strains, followed by the rapid rotation of the fabric in relation to the new imposed finite strain axes. The combined activation of 〈a〉{π′}, 〈a〉{z} and possibly 〈a〉(c) slip systems, as demonstrated by TEM analyses, suggests that the VPSC model that best predicts CPO development in the Torridon quartz mylonite is Model 2, where the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of 〈a〉{π/π′} is assumed to be slightly stronger than 〈a〉(c).
Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Microstructures, Mechanics and Anisotropy

hal-00688840
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00688840

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Transmission electron microscopy observations on olivine crystals deformed at moderate (≤1273 K) temperature evidenced dislocations interactions explaining the hardening observed in the experiments, but also recovery mechanisms by the absorption or emission of point defects. Thus we investigate the possibility that, at geological strain-rates, these recovery processes allow steady-state deformation by dislocation creep at low to moderate temperatures in the lithospheric mantle. We test this hypothesis using a 2.5-D dislocation dynamics (DD) model, which combines dislocation glide and recovery by climb. This model shows that diffusion-controlled recovery processes allow for steady-state deformation by dislocation creep in the lithospheric mantle at stresses <500 MPa. For stresses of 50–200 MPa, steady-state strain-rates of 10−15 s−110−15 s−1 may be attained at temperatures as low as 900 K. Fitting of the DD model produces a flow law, which represents a lower bound for the lithospheric mantle strength, since the models describe the deformation of an olivine single crystal in an easy slip orientation. Comparison of strain-rates and Moho temperatures inferred for different geodynamic environments and the predictions of this model-based flow law implies, nevertheless, that, except in incipient rifts, most of the observed deformation may be produced by stress levels ≤200 MPa, consistent with those inferred to be produced by convection. This convergence suggests that the present models, which explicitly calculate the time-dependent dislocation dynamics, may provide a correct first order estimate of the mechanical behaviour of the lithospheric mantle, which cannot be derived directly from any existing data.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277178/file/Boioli.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.012

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
This text in legal and sociological scope proposes to focus on the rights of young citizens in the development of norms and urban and environmental projects. For this purpose, the mental capacities due to age of the individual should not be forgotten. This article also attempts to provide some insights on the mechanisms implemented and particularly the added value provided by the use of ICT in the context of democratization.
Ce texte à portée juridico-sociologique propose de se concentrer sur les droits du jeune citoyen en matière d’élaboration des normes et des projets urbains et environnementaux. A cet effet, il convient de ne pas oublier les capacités mentales dues à l’âge de chaque individu. Cet article tente également de fournir quelques éclairages sur les dispositifs mis en oeuvre et plus particulièrement la plus-value apportée par l’utilisation des TIC dans ce contexte de démocratisation.
Les écosystèmes numériques et la démocratisation informationnelle : Intelligence collective, Développement durable, Interculturalité, Transfert de connaissances
Schoelcher, France

hal-01258204
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01258204
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01258204/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01258204/file/Julien%20VIEIRA.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The complex electrical impedance of a garnet-biotite-sillimanite residual enclave in the Neogene dacite of El Hoyazo (SE Spain) has been determined up to 978 °C at 200-300 MPa. This well studied material represents a direct sampling of the Alborán Domain thinned lower crust undergoing partial melting. The paragenesis is garnet + biotite + sillimanite + plagioclase + graphite ± cordierite coexisting with widespread (~ 10 wt.%) rhyolitic melt occurring as inclusions and interstitial glass and developed during regional anatexis at 850 ± 50 °C and 500-700 MPa. The samples were used in cyclic measurements consisting in heating-cooling ramps at progressively higher maximum temperature to observe the effect of reactions on conductivity. In the first cycle up to 850 °C at 2-3 kbar, re-melting of the interstitial glass is achieved with no additional reactions and logarithmic conductivity (S/m) is up to − 1.5. At T > 950 °C new melt with orthopyroxene + ilmenite is produced from biotite partial breakdown and the logarithmic conductivity (S/m) is up to − 0.7. Application of mixing models as Hashin-Shtrikman bounds or Archie's Law, shows that once interconnected, melt controls the electrical conductivity of the enclave. The electrical conductivity of the rock can be simulated with the electrical conductivity data obtained on the starting Matrix glass of the enclave and with the new melt. Our experimental results obtained on a graphitic metasedimentary material evidence show that graphite does not contribute to the conductivity enhancement and that the electrical anomaly observed below the Betics can be explained as effect of partial melting of a residual crust. Comparison with previous works on mafic granulites shows that similar conductivity values can be achieved both by melting of a residual felsic crust or by melting of mafic materials and suggests that pelitic rocks can be more common at deep levels than expected.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00823063
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00823063
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2012.11.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IOP Publishing
Résumé : Tropical forests of the Guiana Shield are the most affected by gold-mining in South America,experiencing an exponential increase in deforestation since the early 2000’s.Using yearly deforestation data encompassing Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and theBrazilian State of Amapá, we demonstrated a strong relationship between deforestation due togold-mining and gold-prices at the regional scale. In order to assess additional drivers ofdeforestation due to gold-mining, we focused on the national scale and highlighted theheterogeneity of the response to gold-prices under different political contexts. Deforestation dueto gold-mining over the Guiana Shield occurs mainly in Guyana and Suriname. On the contrary,past and current repressive policies in Amapá and French Guiana likely contribute to thedecorrelation of deforestation and gold prices. In this work, wefinally present a case studyfocusing on French Guiana and Suriname, two neighbouring countries with very different levelsof law enforcement against illegal gold-mining. We developed a modelling framework to estimatepotential deforestation leakages from French Guiana to Suriname in the border areas. Based onour assumptions, we estimated a decrease in deforestation due to gold-mining of approx. 4 300hectares in French Guiana and an increase of approx. 12 100 hectares in Suriname in response tothe active military repression of illegal gold-mining launched in French Guiana.Gold-mining in the Guiana Shield provides challenging questions regarding REDDþimplementation. These questions are discussed at the end of this study and are important topolicy makers who need to provide sustainable alternative employment to local populations inorder to ensure the effectiveness of environmental policies.
ISSN: 1748-9326

hal-01512075
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512075
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512075/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01512075/file/document%20%2828%29_%7B81107B08-30D1-44D2-877D-32F6DFAEF28A%7D.pdf
DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/aa6082

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La mise en œuvre des politiques publiques du patrimoine et, plus largement, de l’environnement, se réalise par des instruments normatifs qui traduisent leur appréhension et leur saisie par le droit. Les différents outils institutionnels, conventionnels, législatifs et réglementaires contribuent dans une large mesure à la protection du patrimoine et de la biodiversité, au même titre que ceux qui se situent dans les domaines politique, économique et social. La protection concerne aussi bien le patrimoine naturel et la biodiversité que le patrimoine culturel et immatériel. La nature et le contenu des dispositifs de protection, qu’elle soit mise en œuvre aux niveaux national, régional ou international, procèdent de paramètres et se réfèrent à des objectifs divers mais convergents, parmi lesquelles les problématiques identitaire et patrimoniale occupent une place souvent déterminante. Elle doit en outre prendre en compte la spécificité des milieux comme des sociétés, et la relation des populations et des communautés à leur patrimoine, aussi bien reçu que construit.
The implementation of heritage public policies and, more widely, environmental policies, are carried out through legal instruments, which reveal the impact of the law on them. These different institutional, legislative and regulatory tools deeply contribute to the protection of heritage and biodiversity, as they do in the political, economical and social fields. The protec-tion they offer concerns as well natural, cultural and intangible heritage. The nature and methods of the protection, at the national, regional or international levels, result from para-meters and refer to different but convergent objectives, among which identity and heritage dimensions often have a decisive place. Moreover this protection must consider the specific environmental and social backgrounds, and the relation of the populations and communities with their heritage, let it have been received or built.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5374
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5374

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
A series of two-stage torsion experiments on Carrara marble were conducted to constrain the influence of known prior deformation on rheological response and microstructural evolution. Comparison with previous experimental data on Carrara marble flow and fabric evolution during single-stage torsion deformation experiments provided direct insights into the significance of initial deformation at various conditions. Our experiments were conducted at 727 degrees C temperature and 300 MPa confining pressure, while maintaining a constant strain rate of 3 x 10(-4) s(-1) on the periphery of the cylindrical samples. Under these conditions, the marble is known to deform in power-law (n = 6-10) ductile flow. All torsion experiments were performed with a Paterson type gas-medium testing machine equipped with a torsion actuator module.;Prior (D1) and subsequent (D2) deformation are accomplished by two torsion experiments in sequence on same sample segments. The effect of D1 strain history is investigated during D2 by applying counter-clockwise torsion to a sandwich sample consisting of three segments with different D1 rotation sense. D2 samples experienced continued, first and reversed shearing deformation in top, centre and bottom segments, respectively. D2 bulk strain was chosen equal to D1 strain in top and bottom segments.;D1 experiments followed the typical single-stage deformation behaviour of Carrara marble under the applied experimental conditions. Yielding was followed by strain hardening until a peak stress was reached at a shear strain around 1, after which work softening occurred. Weakening gradually evolved into a constant stress regime. During hardening, a shear microstructure and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) developed. Afterwards the volume fraction of smaller dynamic recrystallised grains increased continuously, resulting in a recrystallisation microstructure and CPO at shear strains of 5 and higher. The new D2 experiments displayed a strain variation between homogeneously deformed sample segments that increased with increasing D1 strain. The stress-strain behaviour of the D2 bulk sandwich samples showed less pronounced work-hardening and -softening when compared with single-stage deformation experiments. Furthermore, constant flow stress was attained at increasingly lower strain with increasing D1 strain. In most D2 segments, fabric development is equivalent to single-stage experiments at corresponding absolute strain. The fabrics differed markedly from those in single-stage experiments in the case of reversed two-stage deformation at moderate strain (D1 shear strain 1 and 2.6). Experiments show that grain shape by shearing of relict grains is defined by finite strain and thus affected by strain reversal. Recrystallisation is controlled by absolute strain and not influenced by strain reversal.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00617686
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00617686
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.029

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Displacement-length data from dilatant fractures (joints, veins, igneous dikes) and several varieties of deformation bands were analyzed statistically to investigate the applicability of mechanical models proposed for their formation. All 17 datasets are generally consistent with equilibrium or long-term power-law slopes on the displacement-length diagram of either 1.0 or 0.5. Similar to many faults, disaggregation deformation bands are consistent with a power-law scaling relation having a slope of approximately c = 1, implying a linear dependence of maximum displacement and discontinuity length (Dmax = γL). In contrast, dilatant fractures, cataclastic deformation bands, and shear-enhanced compaction bands are consistent with a power-law scaling relation with a slope of approximately c = 0.5, implying a dependence of maximum displacement on the square root of length (Dmax = αL1/2). The scaling relations represent an average, or long-term equilibrium outcome of deformation for conditions such as length-scale, time-scale, temperature, chemistry, and an effectively homogeneous far-field stress field, allowing for variations such as rapid and/or localized behaviors. The displacement-length scaling of these geologic structures follows systematic relationships that provide information on host-rock properties and the physics of fracture and deformation-band propagation.
ISSN: 0191-8141

hal-00818130
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00818130
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.12.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé :  
Positive aboveground biomass trends have been reported from old-growth forests across the Amazon basin and hypothesized to reflect a large-scale response to exterior forcing. The result could, however, be an artefact due to a sampling bias induced by the nature of forest growth dynamics. Here, we characterize statistically the disturbance process in Amazon old-growth forests as recorded in 135 forest plots of the RAINFOR network up to 2006, and other independent research programmes, and explore the consequences of sampling artefacts using a data-based stochastic simulator. Over the observed range of annual aboveground biomass losses, standard statistical tests show that the distribution of biomass losses through mortality follow an exponential or near-identical Weibull probability distribution and not a power law as assumed by others. The simulator was parameterized using both an exponential disturbance probability distribution as well as a mixed exponential-power law distribution to account for potential large-scale blowdown events. In both cases, sampling biases turn out to be too small to explain the gains detected by the extended RAINFOR plot network. This result lends further support to the notion that currently observed biomass gains for intact forests across the Amazon are actually occurring over large scales at the current time, presumably as a response to climate change.
ISSN: 1354-1013

hal-01032162
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032162
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01891.x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : The Gold Coast in Australia is one of these coastal places, which developed through taking advantage of its environmental assets, such as direct access to the sea, a white sandy shoreline, an extensive and naturally protected broadwater and several large accessible rivers. While many other coastal cities relied on port facilities to develop commercial and naval activities, the City of Gold Coast emerged and grew as a tourism destination. Largely because of this phenomenon, the pattern of settlement and subsequent development of the city differs from most traditional Australian settlement and development patterns. Today, the Gold Coast is one of the most famous tourist cities in Australia and it accommodates more than ten million visitors annually.In the wider Australian context, 85% of the population lives within 50 km of the beach, evidencing popular lifestyle cultural preferences of many Australians. Given this preoccupation with the coast, one may expect that Australia would be at the forefront of coastal tourism developments and coastal protection. There is, however, no overriding jurisdiction covering planning law enforcement in maritime areas and, this situation has led to many social and environmental conflicts. The City of Gold Coast is a case in point and no more so than currently (2017) with proposals to build a cruise terminal or/and a casino, and high rise residential towers on its protected coastal strip (the Spit).This paper demonstrates how the evolution and resolution of development conflicts on the Spit (Gold Coast) are symptomatic of the evolution of place values and the national coastal management and how, this informs a shift towards coastal protection.
La ville côtière de Gold Coast, en Australie, s’est développée grâce à un environnement naturel exceptionnel, qui comprend un accès direct à la mer, un littoral de sable blanc, une large baie naturellement protégée et plusieurs rivières. Si la plupart des autres villes du littoral australien se sont appuyées sur leur port pour développer leurs activités commerciales et navales, la ville de Gold Coast est, depuis ses débuts, une ville touristique. De ce fait, son mode et ses formes de développement se différencient de ceux que l’on rencontre traditionnellement dans les autres villes. Aujourd’hui la ville de Gold Coast est l’une des principales destinations touristiques australiennes et accueille plus de dix millions de visiteurs par an.En Australie, 85% de la population habite dans un rayon de 50km de la plage, avec les préférences de style de vie qui y sont associées. Vu cette attraction pour le littoral, on pourrait présumer que l’Australie soit à l’avant-garde des développements touristiques et de la protection de son littoral. Cependant, du point de vue national, comme, historiquement, il n’y a eu qu’une faible jurdiction concernant l’aménagement et la protection des zones maritimes et du littoral, de nombreux conflits sociaux et environmentaux ont vu le jour. La ville de Gold Coast concentre malheureusement nombre de ces conflits ; le dernier en date concernant le projet de construction d’un terminal de bateaux de croisière et/ou d’un casino avec quelques tours residentielles sur une langue de terre protégée (le Spit).L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment l’évolution et la résolution des conflits sur le Spit de Gold Coast, tous liés à des projets de développements touristiques, reflètent non seulement l’évolution de la valeur d’un lieu et l’approche nationale du développement du littoral, mais aussi le changement vers une meilleure protection du littoral.
Australie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10496
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10496

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Detection and attribution of human influence on sea level rise are important topics that have not yet been explored in depth. We question whether the sea level changes (SLC) over the past century were natural in origin. SLC exhibit power law long-term correlations. By estimating Hurst exponent through Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and by applying statistics of Lennartz and Bunde [2009], we search the lower bounds of statistically significant external sea level trends in longest tidal records worldwide. We provide statistical evidences that the observed SLC, at global and regional scales, is beyond its natural internal variability. The minimum anthropogenic sea level trend (MASLT) contributes to the observed sea level rise more than 50% in New York, Baltimore, San Diego, Marseille, and Mumbai. A MASLT is about 1 mm/yr in global sea level reconstructions that is more than half of the total observed sea level trend during the XXth century.
ISSN: 0094-8276

hal-01336190
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01336190
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01336190/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01336190/file/BECKER2014a.pdf
DOI : 10.1002/2014GL061027

Résumé : L’outre-mer comprend des régions, des pays et des territoires aux statuts divers et au passé hérité en grande partie des grandes puissances européennes, ce qui les a placés dans une communauté d’intérêts avec les Etats auxquels ils sont rattachés mais aussi avec l’Union européenne (UE).Néanmoins, ces régions, pays et territoires n’ont eu cesse de reconstruire entre eux des liens historiques et culturels et de tisser des relations avec l’ensemble de l’outre-mer afin de présenter une cohérence d’ensemble dans leur négociation avec l’Union européenne.Les régions ultrapériphériques appliquent le droit communautaire tandis que les pays et territoires d’outre-mer, situés en dehors du territoire communautaire, connaissent un régime d’association avec l’Union européenne.Le Danemark, l’Espagne, la France, les Pays-Bas, le Portugal et le Royaume-Uni ont procédé aux réformes constitutionnelles autorisant de multiples évolutions statutaires dans le respect du droit à l’autodétermination des populations.Forts d’une évolution statutaire et d’un développement économique et social continu, les régions, pays et territoires d’outre-mer souhaitent maintenant faire valoir leurs droits et défendre leurs intérêts au niveau européen et sur la scène internationale.La globalisation des politiques les incite à se regrouper au sein d’institutions internationales. Le rattachement de ces territoires à des Etats de droit leur a ouvert la voie à des systèmes juridiques bien structurés mais aussi aux valeurs européennes. Leur ultrapériphérité les a placés dans une situation géopolitique qui les a fait accéder aux relations internationales.L’objet de cette thèse est de démontrer l’interdépendance entre ces différents ordres juridiques et l’influence du droit européen et du droit international sur l’évolution statutaire de l’outre-mer vers davantage d’autonomie, mais aussi de responsabilisation et de prise en charge de son développement au moyen d’une implication dans son environnement régional, d’une coopération inter-régionale ou transnationale et d’une participation aux travaux des organisations internationales.
The Overseas regions, countries and territories present various statuses inherited mainly from the major European Powers which placed them in a relationship of a common interest not only with their mother countries but also with the European Union (EU).However, these territories have continuously re-built between them historical and cultural links, and weaved relationship within the entire Overseas to appear as a constituted whole while negotiating with the EU.The outermost regions (OR) apply Community Law while the Overseas Countries and territories (OCT) situated outside the territory of the Community, have Association Arrangements with the EU.Denmark, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom have proceeded to necessary constitutional reforms to allow numerous articles amendments in respect of right to self-determination of peoples.At the light of statutory amendments and of a continuous economic and social development, the Outermost regions (OR) and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT), now wish to assert their rights and to defend their interests at European and International level.Globalisation of policies encourages OR and OCT to gather within International bodies. The rule of law of the related countries opens them to well-structured legal systems and to European values. The outermost geopolitical localisation makes them to have access to international relations.The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the interdependence between these different legal systems and the impact of European and International Law on the statutory amendments of the Overseas towards more autonomy, but also liabilities and involvement on their own development by using their regional environment, inter-regional and transnational cooperation and taking part at the works of international organisations.

http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0812

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Displacement-length data from faults, joints, veins, igneous dikes, shear deformation bands, and compaction bands define two groups. The first group, having a power-law scaling relation with a slope of n = 1 and therefore a linear dependence of maximum displacement and discontinuity length (D-max = gamma L), comprises faults and shear (non-compactional or non-dilational) deformation bands. These shearing-mode structures, having shearing strains that predominate over volumetric strains across them, grow under conditions of constant driving stress, with the magnitude of near-tip stress on the same order as the rock's yield strength in shear. The second group, having a power-law scaling relation with a slope of n = 0.5 and therefore a dependence of maximum displacement on the square root of discontinuity length (D-max = alpha L-0.5), comprises joints, veins, igneous dikes, cataclastic deformation bands, and compaction bands. These opening- and closing-mode structures grow under conditions of constant fracture toughness, implying significant amplification of near-tip stress within a zone of small-scale yielding at the discontinuity tip. Volumetric changes accommodated by grain fragmentation, and thus control of propagation by the rock's fracture toughness, are associated with scaling of predominantly dilational and compactional structures with an exponent of n = 0.5.
ISSN: 0191-8141

hal-00411173
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411173
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsg.2008.08.001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : We studied the evolution of the microstructure of ice-Ih during static recrystallization by stepwise annealing experiments. We alternated thermal annealing and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses on polycrystalline columnar ice pre-deformed in uniaxial compression at temperature of −7 °C to macroscopic strains of 3.0–5.2. Annealing experiments were carried out at −5 °C and −2 °C up to a maximum of 3.25 days, typically in 5–6 steps. EBSD crystal orientation maps obtained after each annealing step permit the description of microstructural changes. Decrease in average intragranular misorientation at the sample scale and modification of the misorientation across subgrain boundaries provide evidence for recovery from the earliest stages of annealing. This initial evolution is similar for all studied samples irrespective of their initial strain or annealing temperature. After an incubation period ≥1.5 h, recovery is accompanied by recrystallization (nucleation and grain boundary migration). Grain growth proceeds at the expense of domains with high intragranular misorientations, consuming first the most misorientated parts of primary grains. Grain growth kinetics fits the parabolic growth law with grain growth exponents in the range of 2.4–4.0. Deformation-induced tilt boundaries and kink bands may slow down grain boundary migration. They are stable features during early stages of static recrystallization, only erased by normal growth, which starts after >24 h of annealing.
ISSN: 0191-8141

hal-01685644
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01685644
DOI : 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.05.001