Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Thermal diffusivity of synthetic quartz single-crystals and natural polycrystalline aggregates were measured using a modified Angstrom method at ambient pressure and up to 800 degrees C in order to investigate the effect of crystal preferred orientation on thermal diffusivity of quartz rich rocks. The thermal diffusivity tensor of quartz was determined by measuring the thermal diffusivity of an oriented synthetic quartz single-crystal along the [100] and [001] directions. A naturally deformed, fine-grained quartzite mylonite, was used to compare the single crystal properties with aggregate properties. Using the crystal preferred orientations (CPO) measured by the Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD) method and the measured thermal diffusivity tensor of quartz, the three-dimensional aggregate thermal diffusivity was modelled using volume averaging models. In order to test the validity of these models that are only based on the properties of the constituent minerals, the thermal diffusivity was then measured on oriented cores as a function of temperature, along three orthogonal directions, parallel to the (X-lineation, Y, Z-pole to foliation) structural frame. Both modelled and direct measurement of thermal diffusivity show an anisotropy of thermal diffusivity, heat transport being more effective parallel to Y-direction and less effective parallel to the lineation X-direction. Thermal diffusivities measured in a given direction on the natural rock are lower by less than 10% than the modelled thermal diffusivity in the same direction, showing that rock imperfections have a weak effect on heat transport. In addition, the modelled thermal diffusivity anisotropy based on the characterization of crystal orientations and thermal diffusivity tensor shows a good agreement with measurements in both alpha and beta stability field. This validation of the petrophysical simulation allows for evaluating the 3D thermal diffusivity of quartz rich rocks in different crustal conditions. The 3D thermal diffusivity of five naturally deformed quartzites displaying quartz fabrics expected in different crustal pressure and temperature ranges were simulated. The resulting thermal diffusivity anisotropies of quartzites range between 40% and 10%, depending on temperature, crystallographic fabric patterns and fabric strength. Under crustal conditions, quartzites deformed in the granulite facies display a high thermal diffusivity in the (XZ) foliation plane, whereas quartzites deformed in greenschist facies have highest thermal diffusivity in the (Z) direction normal to the foliation plane.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00413568
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413568
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.006

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Mineralogical Society of America
Résumé : International audience
To constrain the crystallization of alkaline and volatile-rich lavas present in intraplate settings, we studied the petrological features and the geochemical composition of major, trace, and volatile elements of mineral and bulk-rock of two sodalite-bearing phonolites: (1) haüyne-plagioclase-bearing Si-K-rich phonolite from Laacher See (Germany) and (2) nosean-nepheline-bearing Si-poor phonolite from Saghro (Morocco). In haüyne-bearing phonolites (55–59 wt% SiO2, K > Na, Na+K/Al = 0.96–1.08), we found that the low silica and low sodium activity promoted the early crystallization of S-rich haüyne (13.7–13.9 wt% SO3, 0.4 wt% Cl) + S-rich apatite (0.7–0.9 wt% SO3), titanite, and rare pyrrhotite followed by clinopyroxene-plagioclase-sanidine at relatively low pressure and temperature (P = 250 MPa and T = 850 °C) and oxidized condition (ΔNNO-NNO+1, where NNO is nickel-nickel oxide buffer). The crystallization of haüyne occurred at fluid-undersaturated conditions from a silicate melt with 6 wt% H2O, 0.17–0.23 wt% Cl, 0.11–0.4 wt% S, and 0.07–0.14 wt% F. Nosean-bearing phonolites from Saghro are silica-poor and peralkaline (52–54 wt% SiO2, Na > K, Na+K/Al = 1.2) and crystallized at higher P and T (300 MPa and 950 °C) and more reduced conditions (NNO) compared to haüyne-bearing phonolites. The incongruent reaction to form nosean requires high silica and Na2O activity. The mineral assemblage and composition suggest early crystallization of nepheline followed by nosean (7.8–8.8 wt% SO3; 1–1.1 wt% Cl). The sequence of crystallization is: clinopyroxene + nepheline + S-poor apatite (<0.04 wt% SO3) + pyrrhotite followed by nosean and titanite. Nosean-bearing magmas are fluid-undersaturated with relatively low volatile content (4 wt% H2O, <0.25 wt% Cl, <0.056 wt% S, 0.08–0.1 wt% F), although Cl may have exsolved during ascent and formed a fluid phase (NaCl-bearing).Both haüyne- and nosean-bearing phonolites are last equilibrated at relatively low pressure and high temperature. Haüyne and nosean crystallized at oxidized and volatile-rich pre-eruptive conditions. They record the volatile concentrations at depth and may be used as oxybarometer. The incongruent reactions involved to form haüyne and nosean suggest that phonolitic magmas became more oxidized during crystallization. The initial volatile concentrations in basanite/nephelinite magmas, from partial melting of volatile-bearing K2O-rich mantle rock, should have been one important factor influencing the crystallization of haüyne-bearing Si-K-rich phonolite and nosean-bearing Si-poor phonolite in intracontinental setting.
ISSN: 0003-004X

hal-01278067
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01278067
DOI : 10.2138/am-2015-5318

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
The age of Ultra-high pressure metamorphism and early cooling remains controversial in the Alps. In a new approach to the problem, samples from the undeformed Hercynian metagranite, Brossasco, were studied using an ultra-violet laser ablation microprobe technique for 40Ar-39Ar dating. The results demonstrate the frequent occurence of excess argon with high 40Ar/36Ar ratios (1000-10000) and a strong relationship between apparent ages and metamorphic textures. The highest excess argon ratios are always associated with high closure temperature minerals or large diffusion domains within single mineral phases. The best interpretation of this relationship seems to be that excess argon was incorporated in all phases during the high pressure event, then mixed with an atmospheric component during rapid cooling and retrogression, producing a wide range of argon concentrations and 40Ar/36Ar ratios. In the present case, some ages in the range 60-110 Ma could be explained by the presence of excess argon incorporated around 40-50 Ma ago. Similar results found in other high-pressure terrains in the Alps may reconcile the argon geochronometer with other systems such as Rb/Sr, U/Pb or Sm/Nd. This study therefore calls for an increasing use of high resolution in-situ sampling techniques to clarify the meaning of 40Ar/39Ar ages in many high pressure terrains.
ISSN: 0010-7999

hal-00197563
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00197563
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00197563/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00197563/file/Excess_UV_Arnaud_and_Kelley_GCA_Pub_preprint.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
High-grade migmatitic and mylonitic gneisses from the Day Nui Con Voi massif in northern Vietnam record temperatures of 760-810 °C at pressures of 6-10 kbars. High temperature conditions have resulted in the development of major element diffusional profiles in garnet. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of trace elements indicate that REE and Hf closely followed Rayleigh-like fractionation trends but underwent significant post-crystallization modification. Light REE and to a lesser extent, HREE rim-to-rim zonation profiles show progressive flattening with the decreasing garnet size. Nd and Sm are completely homogenized in the crystals smaller than 1.5 mm, while Lu always preserves variable degrees of core-to-rim concentration gradient. The observed REE patterns are interpreted as resulting from the combination of protracted garnet growth of progressively smaller crystals and intracrystalline diffusion. This had profound influence on Sm-Nd geochronology and resulted in isochron ages ranging from 50 to 32 Ma. The youngest age was obtained for a sample, where all garnet crystals are smaller than 2 mm in which light REE profiles are completely or nearly completely homogenized. Thus, only the youngest age represents geologically meaningful event, and 31.7 ± 0.9 Ma age is interpreted as the best estimate of the resetting episode due to high temperature diffusional homogenization of light REE during early Oligocene metamorphism. Older Sm-Nd ages reflect mixed analyses of variably reset individual garnet crystals. Lu-Hf isotopic analyses of bulk garnet fractions, despite yielding high parent/daughter isotopic ratios appeared very scattered and did not allow defining isochron ages. Instead, apparent ages defined by whole rock and individual garnet fractions range from c. 80 to 160 Ma. Very old apparent ages are interpreted as being the consequence of intracrystalline Lu diffusion and preservation of the original Hf distribution, which leads to lower 176Lu/177Hf ratios, and thus steeper (older) isochrons. Back diffusion of Lu during commonly observed resorption played a subordinate role in modifying isotope systematics.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-00813949
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00813949
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.04.024

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Despite many studies, our understanding of silica precipitation from natural waters remains limited, in particular for geothermal waters. Here we present a detailed study on the kinetics of silica polymerization as a function of fluid temperature and pH using high-temperature (250-260 °C) seawater-derived geothermal fluids as those discharged from the Bouillante geothermal site.We monitored the on-site decrease in monomeric silica concentration(initial SiO2 concentration of about 600 mg/l)with time using the molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method on samples of separated water collected from the high-pressure separator at 167 °C and cooled to 25, 50, 75, and 90 °C and for pH values ranging from 5 to 8. During all these experiments, only silica polymerization was observed, with the formation of colloidal particles in suspension in the solutions. No scaling of amorphous silica was formed. The collected data were after modeled in order to determine the useful kinetic parameters for predicting and preventing amorphous silica precipitation in the production wells during fluid exploitation in the specific context of Bouillante. Results under the investigated experimental conditions show that the kinetics of silica precipitation is affected more strongly by pH than by temperature change. The reaction in the acidic Bouillante solution begins with a transition period that significantly decreases the kinetics of silica polymerization. Modeling the experimental data indicates that the silica polymerization up to the state of equilibrium is characterized by a 2nd-order kinetic law relative to dissolved silica; this could indicate that the polymerization is controlled mainly by the formation of dimers. However, the first hour of the experiments is better characterized by a 4th-order kinetic law, suggesting more complex polymerization reactions in the initial stage with the formation of nanocolloidal particles containing 3 to 4 monomers. In both cases, the corresponding kinetics rate constant k is linearly dependent on pH for pH between 5 and 7. The activation energy Ea for the overall reaction, calculated using the Arrhenius equation under the considered pH and temperature conditions, ranges between 41±9.8 and 54±9.6 kJ/mol. To complete this work, the colloid particles formed at the end of the kinetics experiments were extracted and analyzed by SEM and TEM microscopy, X-ray Diffraction and the BET method. Results show that the size of the colloids increase and their specific surface decrease with increasing pH and are thus dependent on pH. Globally, our work provides a reliable database for understanding silica polymerization kinetics in natural geothermal brines or geologic waters characterized by a near neutral pH and moderate dissolved silica concentrations.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-01403092
https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01403092
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.08.031

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : The diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a fundamental device used to explore the properties of materials under extreme pressure and temperature (P/T) conditions. In the past years, simultaneous high P/T DAC experiments using the resistively heated DAC (RH-DAC) techniques have been developed for studying materials properties in a wide P/T range. However, the mechanical instability of metallic gaskets used for sample confinement at high P/T conditions remains a limiting factor for exploiting the accessible P/T range of the RH-DAC. In this study, we present a new gasket configuration that overcomes these limitations. It is based on an amorphous boron-epoxy mixture inserted in a rhenium gasket. We show how these gasket inserts stabilize the sample chamber over a wide P/T range, allowing monitoring sample properties using X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy up to 50GPa and 1620K.
ISSN: 0895-7959

hal-01608425
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608425
DOI : 10.1080/08957959.2016.1245297
PRODINRA : 387347

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We report gabbroic dikes in the plagioclase tectonite domains of the Ojén and Ronda massifs (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain), which record crystallization at low-pressure syn-, or slightly postkinematic to the late ductile history of the Betic Peridotite in the westernmost Mediterranean. We present mineral major and trace element compositional data of discordant gabbroic dikes in the Ojén massif and gabbroic patches in the Ronda massif, complemented by the whole rock and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) data of the Ojén occurrence. In the Ojén massif, gabbro occurs as 1–3 centimeter wide discordant dikes that crosscut the plagioclase tectonite foliation at high angle. These dikes are composed of cm-scale igneous plagioclase and clinopyroxene crystals that show shape preferred orientations subparallel to the lineation of the host peridotite and oblique to the trend of the dike. Intrusion of Ojén gabbro dikes is coherent with the stress field that formed the high temperature, ductile plagioclase tectonite foliation and then attests for a mantle igneous event prior to the intracrustal emplacement of the massif. In the Ronda massif, gabbroic rocks crystallized in subcentimeter wide anastomozing veins, or as interstitial patches in the host dunite. They are mostly composed of plagioclase and clinopyroxene. Plagioclase composition is bytownitic in the Ojén, and andesinic in the Ronda massif. Clinopyroxene in both places shows identical, light Rare-Earth Element (LREE) depleted trace element patterns. The calculated trace element composition of melts in exchange equilibrium with the studied igneous clinopyroxenes reflects LREE-enriched character coupled with negative Eu anomaly, and indicates that gabbro-forming melts in Ronda and Ojén share a common melt source with an island arc tholeiitic affinity. Geothermobarometric data and liquidus mineralogy indicate that gabbro crystallization occurred at shallow depths (0.2–0.5 GPa) in a 7–16 km thick lithospheric section. These data suggest that gabbro-forming melts in the Betic Peridotite record a mantle igneous event at very shallow depths and provide evidence for the hyperextension of the continental lithosphere compatible with extreme backarc basin extension induced by the slab rollback of the Cenozoic subduction system in the westernmost Mediterranean.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01172246
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01172246
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.03.011

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
Lawsonite pseudomorphs are used to identify and distinguish the kinematic records of subduction and exhumation in blueschist-facies rocks from Syros (Cyclades; Greece). Lawsonite is a hydrous mineral that crystallizes at high-pressure and low-temperature conditions. During decompression, lawsonite is typically pseudomorphed by an aggregate dominated by epidote and paragonite. Such aggregates are easily deformable and if deformation occurs after the lawsonite breakdown, the pseudomorphs are difficult to distinguish from the matrix. The preservation of the lawsonite crystal shape, despite complete retrogression, indicates therefore that the host blueschist rock has not been affected by penetrative deformation during exhumation, thus providing indication of strain-free conditions. Therefore, tracking the lawsonite growth and destabilization along the P-T path followed by the rocks during a subduction/exhumation cycle provides information about the subduction/exhumation-related deformation. Using microstructural observations and P-T pseudosections calculated with thermocalc, it is inferred that top-to-the-south sense of shear preserved in lawsonite pseudomorph-bearing blueschists on Syros occurred during the prograde metamorphic path within the lawsonite stability field, and is therefore associated with subduction. On the contrary, the deformation with a top-to-the-north sense of shear is observed in surrounding rocks, where lawsonite pseudomorphs are deformed or apparently lacking. This deformation occurred after the lawsonite breakdown during exhumation. At the regional scale, exhumation-related deformation is heterogeneous, allowing the preservation of lawsonite pseudomorphs in significant volumes of blueschists of the central and southern Cyclades. It is argued that such successive shearing deformation events with opposite senses more likely correspond to an exhumation process driven by slab rollback, in which subduction and exhumation are not synchronous
ISSN: 0263-4929

insu-00841214
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00841214
DOI : 10.1111/jmg.12035

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The Socotra Island belongs to the southern rifted margin of the Gulf of Aden and occupied in Neoproterozoic times a key position to constrain the age and the nature of the largely hidden Neoproterozoic rocks of the Arabian plate. Our integrated field, petrographic, geochemical and geochrono- logical study in the Neoproterozoic rocks recognises three main successive events: (a) high-temperature ductile defor- mation and metamorphism forming probably in a compressive or transpressive regime; (b) mafic to intermediate intrusions as vertical sheets, kilometre-scale gabbro laccoliths, mafic dike swarm and lavas which present mainly a depleted arc signature with some evidences of evolution from an enriched-arc signature; (c) felsic intrusions mainly composed of highly potassic calc-alkaline and pinkish granites dated between 840 and 780 Ma. Relationships between the various petrographic types and U-Pb data suggest that these events occurred during a relatively short time span (80 Ma at max). Earlier high-temperature-low-pressure metamorphism stage as well as geochemical signature of mafic rocks show that development of Cryogenian formations of Socotra were controlled successively by an Andean-arc and a back-arc setting. These features cannot be easily reconciled with those of the Arabian-Nubian shield to the west of Socotra and of the Mozambique Belt to the south. We propose that the Socotra basement was developed at an active margin close to the India block in Cryogenian times.
Arabian Journal of Geoscience

hal-00647487
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00647487
DOI : 10.1007/s12517-011-0476-3

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We have performed tri-axial compression experiments on olivine aggregates at 900 °C and at a confining pressure of 300 MPa in a high-resolution gas-medium mechanical testing apparatus. Deformation at two different constant strain rates (1.1 × 10− 5 s− 1 and 3.4 × 10− 4 s− 1) yields continuous hardening, reaching maximal differential stresses of 930 and 1076 MPa, respectively, before sample failure at ca. 10% strain. The deformed samples were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) are weak but reveal an alignment of the [010] axes around the compression direction and some concentration of [001] and [100] axes normal to it. TEM observations confirm plastic deformation by dislocation glide, with both [001] and [100] Burgers vectors. Electron tomography, performed for the first time on deformed fined-grained olivine, shows that [001] dislocations glide extensively on {110} and {130} planes, in complement to the (010) and (100) glide planes often reported at high temperatures. [100] dislocations glide mostly on (010), but {011} and {041} planes are also activated. The experimental CPO and relative activity of slip systems are well reproduced by viscoplastic self-consistent simulations in which all [100] and [001] slip systems have similar strengths. They are also consistent with olivine CPO from natural samples deformed at low temperature. Comparison of the present mechanical results to those obtained for olivine single-crystals at similar conditions shows that at low temperature (below 1100 °C) and high stress (> 300 MPa) polycrystalline olivine has a more complex mechanical behavior than single crystals. However, both datasets advocate for a much weaker dry mantle lithosphere than previously thought.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01053513
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01053513
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.022

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Résumé : International audience
Andros is a key island for understanding both the timing of high-pressure–low-temperature(HP-LT) metamorphism and the dynamics of crustal-scale detachment systems exhuming high-gradeunits in the Cyclades (Greece). Using phengite 40Ar–39Ar geochronology coupled with thermobarometry,as well as data from literature, we constrain the pressure–temperature–time (P-T-t) paths of theMakrotantalon and Attic–Cycladic Blueschist units on Andros. Peak conditions of the HP-LT episodein the Makrotantalon unit are 550 °C and 18.5 kbar, dated at 116 Ma. We correlate this episode withEarly Cretaceous blueschist facies metamorphism recognized in the Pelagonian zone of continentalGreece. This is a new argument favouring a Pelagonian origin for the Makrotantalon unit. In the Attic–Cycladic Blueschist unit, the P-T-t path is characterized by: (1) exhumation after peak conditions inHP-LT conditions between 55 and 35 Ma; (2) isobaric heating at 7 kbar until 30 Ma; and (3) isothermaldecompression until 21 Ma. This thermal evolution and timing are similar to those of the neighbouringTinos Island, emphasizing major thermal re-equilibration at the transition between stable and retreatingsubduction. Modifications of the crustal thermal state played a major role in the evolution of the NorthCycladic Detachment System, below which Andros HP-LT units were exhumed.
ISSN: 0016-7568

insu-01114909
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01114909
DOI : 10.1017/S0016756814000661

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Metamorphic soles correspond to m to 500m thick tectonic slices welded beneath most of the large-scale ophiolites.They typically show a steep inverted metamorphic structure where the pressure and temperature conditions ofcrystallization increase upward (from 500100ºC at 0.50.2 GPa to 800100ºC at 1.00.2 GPa), with isogradssubparallel to the contact with the overlying ophiolitic peridotite. The proportion of mafic rocks in metamorphicsoles also increases from the bottom (meta-sediments rich) to the top (approaching the ophiolite peridotites). Thesesoles are interpreted as the result of heat transfer from the incipient mantle wedge toward the nascent slab (associatedwith large-scale fluid transfer and possible shear heating) during the first My of intra-oceanic subduction(as indicated by radiometric ages). Metamorphic soles provide therefore major constraints on early subductiondynamics (i.e. thermal structure, fluid migration and rheology along the nascent slab interface).We present a detailed structural and petrological study of the metamorphic sole from 4 major cross-sections alongthe Oman ophiolite. We show precise pressure–temperature estimates obtained by pseudosection modelling andEBSD measurements performed on both the garnet-bearing and garnet-free high-grade sole. Results allow quantificationof the micro-scale deformation and highlight differences in pressure–temperature–deformation conditionsbetween the 4 different locations, showing that the inverted metamorphic gradient through the sole is not continuousin all locations.Based on these new constraints, we suggest a new tectonic–petrological model for the formation of metamorphicsoles below ophiolites. This model involves the stacking of several homogeneous slivers of oceanic crust leadingto the present-day structure of the sole. In this view, these thrusts are the result of rheological contrasts between thesole and the peridotite as the plate interface progressively cools down. These slivers later underwent several stagesof retrogression (partly mediated by ascending fluids from the slab) from amphibolite- to prehnite/pumpellite-faciesconditions.
Geophysical Research Abstracts
Vienne, Austria

insu-01309369
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01309369

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In the South Tien Shan range (Kyrgyzstan), the Late Paleozoic geodynamic evolution remains debated especially to the west of the Talas-Fergana fault (TFF) fault where suture-related high-pressure (HP) rocks are scarce. We provide new petrological and geochronological data on garnet amphibolites from the Chatkal range, to the west of the TFF, northwest of the South Tien Shan suture. These rocks are retrogressed eclogites. We used a micro-mapping approach combined with forward modeling and empirical thermobarometry to decipher the P–T path of these amphibolitized eclogites. The metamorphic peak conditions culminated at 490 ± 50 °C and 18.5 ± 2 kbar and were followed by higher temperature retrogression (∼560 °C at 11–7 kbar). In order to constrain the age of the HP stage, we dated allanite crystals texturally coeval to the HP mineral assemblage. Allanite grains dated in situ with a U–Pb LA-ICPMS methodology yield an age of 301 ± 15 Ma. Compared with previously published data for the east of the TFF, these P–T constraints allow improving the understanding of the Late Paleozoic geodynamic evolution of the South Tien Shan. To the east of TFF, the Turkestan Ocean closed around 320 Ma with the collision of the Tarim Craton with the Kazakh microcontinent. To the west of TFF, the Turkestan Ocean closed around 300 Ma, when the Alai block collided with the Kazakh microcontinent. This later collision involved nappe-stacking and intense subvertical folding in the western South Tien Shan. This complex folding explains the S-shape of the suture to the west of the TFF that cannot be observed in the eastern part. These new data allow us to propose a distinct tectonic evolution of the two sides of the TFF, which suggests that this fault was a major transform fault before being a strike-slip intra-continental fault.
ISSN: 0264-3707

hal-01347171
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01347171
DOI : 10.1016/j.jog.2015.06.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD European Geosciences Union
Résumé : International audience
An increasing number of field examples in mountain belts show that the formation of passive margins during extreme continent thinning may occur under conditions of high to very high thermal gradient beneath a thin cover of syn-rift sediments. Orogenic belts resulting from the tectonic inversion of distal margins and regions of exhumed continental mantle may exhibit high-temperature, low-pressure (HT-LP) metamorphism and coeval syn-extensional, ductile deformation. Recent studies have shown that the northern flank of the Pyrenean belt, especially the North Pyrenean Zone, is one of the best examples of such inverted hot, passive margin. In this study, we provide a map of HT-LP metamorphism based on a data set of more than 100 peak-temperature estimates obtained using Raman spectroscopy of the carbona-ceous material (RSCM). This data set is completed by previous PT (pressure and temperature) estimates based on mineral assemblages, and new 40 Ar– 39 Ar (amphibole, micas) and U–Pb (titanite) ages from metamorphic and magmatic rocks of the North Pyrenean Zone. The implications on the geological evolution of the Cretaceous Pyrenean paleomar-gins are discussed. Ages range mainly from 110 to 90 Ma, and no westward or eastward propagation of the metamor-phism and magmatism can be clearly identified. In contrast, the new data reveal a progressive propagation of the thermal anomaly from the base to the surface of the continental crust. Focusing on the key localities of the Mauléon basin, Arguenos–Moncaup, Lherz, Boucheville and the Bas-Agly, we analyze the thermal conditions prevailing during the Cre-taceous crustal thinning. The results are synthetized into a series of three regional thematic maps and into two detailed maps of the Arguenos–Moncaup and Lherz areas. The results indicate a first-order control of the thermal gradient by the intensity of crustal thinning. The highest grades of metamor-phism are intimately associated with the areas where subcon-tinental mantle rocks have been unroofed or exhumed.
ISSN: 1869-9510

insu-01161826
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01161826
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01161826/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01161826/file/PL03457.pdf
DOI : 10.5194/se-6-643-2015

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In the Tahalgha district (southwestern Hoggar, Algeria), the Cenozoic volcanism has sampled subcontinental mantle beneath two crustal terranes that collided during the Pan-African orogeny: the “Polycyclic Central Hoggar” to the east and the “Western Hoggar” to the west. Two major lithospheric shear zones separate these terranes: the “4°35” and the “4°50” faults. Mantle xenoliths were collected between the two faults and across the 4°35 fault. In addition to a range in equilibrium temperatures and chemical compositions reported elsewhere, the samples show variations in their microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientations. Equilibrium temperatures and geochemical characteristics allow dividing them into low — (LT; 700–900 °C), intermediate — (IT; 900–1000 °C), and high-temperature (HT; 1000–1100 °C) xenoliths. The LT and IT peridotites occur on both sides of the 4°35 fault; they are usually coarse-grained. HT xenoliths are present only east of the 4°35 fault, in the narrow domain stuck between the two faults; they are fine-grained and extensively affected by annealing and melt–rock reactions. Microstructures and crystallographic textures indicate that deformation in the LT- and IT-xenoliths occurred through dislocation creep under relatively high-temperature, low-pressure conditions, followed by post-kinematic cooling. The fine-grained HT-xenoliths were deformed under relatively high-stress conditions before being annealed.Combining microstructural and CPO data with petrological and geochemical informations suggests that: (1) the LT xenoliths are remnants of the Neoproterozoic lithospheric mantle that preserved microstructural and chemical characteristics inherited from the Pan-African orogeny, and (2) the HT xenoliths record localized Cenozoic deformation associated with melt channeling through feed-back processes that culminated in the formation of high-permeability porous-flow conduits. Limited grain-growth in HT xenoliths suggests that advective heating of melt conduits was transient and rapidly followed by thermal relaxation due to conductive heat loss into wall-rock peridotites represented by the IT xenoliths, then by exhumation due to volcanic activity.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01171761
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01171761
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.11.012

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
The diffusion of titanium along with Ni, Co and Mn in pure synthetic forsterite has been studied as a function of temperature, oxygen fugacity, crystallographic orientation and chemical potentials in the four-component system MgO–SiO2–TiO2–TiO1·5. In over 100 different experimental conditions, no Ti diffusion profiles with the classical shape of the error function were observed. Instead, the profiles vary between ‘stepped’ at high fO2 (probably owing to diffusion on octahedral sites and trapping in tetrahedral sites), to hockey-stick shapes at low fO2 owing to concentration-dependent diffusion. The profile shapes vary systematically between these end-members according to oxygen fugacity. These profile shapes are also reproduced in experiments using natural San Carlos olivine. The change in profile shape is interpreted to be a function of valence-state change from Ti4+ to Ti3+, shown by a sigmoidal log fO2–diffusivity relationship. To distinguish between Ti4+ and Ti3+ in forsterite, a diffusion profile was also investigated using ‘hydroxylation spectroscopy’ whereby a crystal from a diffusion experiment was hydroxylated by annealing in an H2O-rich fluid at moderate pressure and temperature. The point defects associated with the added structural OH were then determined by infrared spectroscopy, providing evidence for the presence of Ti4+ and Ti3+ at intermediate oxygen fugacity. The transition from Ti4+ to Ti3+ occurs at considerably higher fO2 in these diffusion experiments than in equilibrium experiments in similar systems. Titanium diffusion, qualified using a mobility parameter (M), is fastest along the c-axis, at high activity of silica, low oxygen fugacity and high temperature. The rate of Ti diffusion is broadly similar to those of Mn, Ni and Co, and closer to published rates of Mg self-diffusion in olivine than Si self-diffusion. The observed Ti3+ and Ti4+ diffusion occurs on the M-sites. From statistical examination of the large Mn, Ni and Co diffusivity dataset, we determine that there is a 102/3 dependence of diffusion on aSiO2; the cations diffuse more rapidly at high aSiO2. In addition, diffusivity has a 10–1/8 dependence on fO2, suggested to be the result of increased concentration of loosely bound Ti3+–vacancy pairs, which enhance the mobility of other cations. This behaviour is likely to be present in natural systems where trivalent (e.g. Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+) and divalent cations diffuse together. Consideration should be given to diffusive interference by highly charged, fast-moving cations when extracting time scales from frozen diffusion profiles.
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-01531344
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531344
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egw067

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany) Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
We have investigated the partitioning of Fe3+ between orthopyroxene (Opx) and garnet (Grt) in well-equilibrated mantle xenoliths using Mössbauer spectroscopy. The samples cover a wide range of P–T conditions (2.1–6.6 GPa, 690–1,412 °C) and geothermal gradients, and are thus representative for Earth’s upper mantle in both on-craton and off-craton continental settings. Garnet has Fe3+/Fetot ratios of 0.03–0.13 and Fe2O3 contents of 0.24–1.00 wt%. Orthopyroxene has, on average, lower Fe3+/Fetot ratios (0.01–0.09) and Fe2O3 contents (0.05–0.63 wt%). In low-pressure, high-temperature samples, however, Opx is systematically richer in Fe2O3 than the coexisting Grt. The Fe3+ Opx/Grt partition coefficient (DOpx/GrtFe3+) shows no obvious relationship with temperature, but increases with decreasing pressure and with increasing NaOpx. The observed Opx/Grt Fe3+ systematics imply that the Opx–Grt Fe–Mg exchange thermometer is not robust against redox changes if total Fe is treated as Fe2+. An approximate evaluation of errors on T estimates due to redox effects predicts negligible deviations for strongly reduced conditions (<65 °C), but potentially large deviations (> to ≫100 °C) for strongly oxidized conditions, especially at very high pressure and when both P and T are calculated by iteration.
ISSN: 0010-7999

hal-01121606
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121606
DOI : 10.1007/s00410-014-1101-8

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We have analyzed the microstructures and crystal preferred orientations (CPO), and calculated the seismic properties of 53 mantle xenoliths from four localities within the North Tanzanian Divergence of the East African rift: two within the rift axis and two in the transverse volcanic belt. Olivine OH concentrations were measured in 15 xenoliths.Most samples have harzburgitic to dunitic compositions and high olivine Mg#. Microstructures and olivine CPO patterns vary strongly depending on the location. In-axis peridotites display mylonitic to porphyroclastic microstructures, which record recent deformation by dislocation creep. Highly stretched orthopyroxenes in mylonites indicate that the deformation was initiated under high stress and probably low temperature. Orthopyroxene replacement by olivine in mylonitic and porphyroclastic peridotites suggest syn-kinematic melt–rock reactions and further deformation under near-solidus conditions. Exsolutions in orthopyroxene imply significant cooling between melt-assisted deformation and xenolith extraction. Late metasomatism is evidenced by the occurrence of veins crosscutting the microstructure and interstitial clinopyroxene and phlogopite. Axial-[100] olivine CPOs predominate, suggesting activation of the high temperature, low pressure [100] {0kl} slip systems and, probably, transtensional deformation. In the volcanic belt, Lashaine peridotites display very coarse-granular textures, indicating deformation by dislocation creep under low deviatoric stress conditions followed by annealing. Axial-[010] olivine CPOs are consistent with transpressional deformation or simultaneous activation of the [100](010) and [001](010) slip systems. Intermediate microstructures and CPOs in Olmani suggests heterogeneous deformation within the volcanic belt. Olivine OH concentrations range between 2 and 12 ppm wt. H2O. No systematic variations are observed between in- and off-axis samples. Maximum P wave azimuthal anisotropy (AVp) ranges between 3.3 and 18.4%, and the maximum S wave polarization anisotropy (AVs) between 2.3 and 13.2%. Comparison between seismic properties of in-axis peridotites and SKS splitting data suggests transtensional deformation in the lithospheric mantle beneath the rift.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01121552
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121552
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.11.011

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) of Earth's mantle can contain hydrogen as atomic impurity in their crystal structures. This hydrogen substantially modifies many physical properties of Earth's mantle rocks. Also, the Earth's deep interior is made of rocks where minerals are separated by nanometer-scale interfaces call grain boundaries and interphase boundaries. These grain boundaries should carefully be considered as a potential hydrogen reservoir as well. I report here an experimental investigation of hydrogen diffusion through grain boundaries in olivine polycrystalline aggregates. Hot-press and diffusion experiments were performed using a gas-medium high-pressure vessel at a confining pressure of 300 MPa, over a temperature range of 1000-1200 degrees C. The diffusion assembly consisted of a dense polycrystalline cylinder of natural olivine from San Carlos (Arizona) mixed with olivine singles crystals of millimeter size. This mixture was couple with a talc cylinder. Ni capsule were used to buffer the oxygen fugacity at Ni-NiO level. Experiment durations varied from 3 min to 4 h. The presence of hydrogen in the sample was quantified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The calculation of the diffusion coefficients was based on the estimation of the length of polycrystalline solid affected by the diffusion of hydrogen. The absence or presence of hydrogen was recorded by the large olivines behaving here as "hydrogen sensor", which are implanted in the aggregate. The results indicate that effective hydrogen diffusivity which includes grain boundaries effect in olivine aggregate is barely one order of magnitude faster than hydrogen diffusion in an olivine single crystal with a diffusivity similar to 8.5x 10(-10) m(2) s(-1) 1000 degrees C and only twice faster similar to 2.1 x10(-9) m(2) s(-1) 1200 degrees C. Calculations of the diffusion data in relation to the Arrhenius Law, yield an activation energy of similar to 70 +/- 10 kJ mol(-l) . From these effective diffusivities and combined with published diffusion data for olivine single crystals, hydrogen diffusion in grain boundaries is extracted and yield diffusivities almost three order of magnitude faster (similar to 5 x 10(-6) m(2) s(-1) at 1200 degrees C) than in an olivine single crystal at the equivalent high temperature. On geological scales and for coarse-grain rocks, hydrogen diffusivity in grain boundaries is not fast enough to compete with lattice diffusion. The relative large grain size of mantle rocks will ensure a very limited hydrogen transport by effective diffusion, and a good conservation of water-rich zones in the Earth's mantle.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00512821
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00512821
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.019

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Orogenic lherzolites exhibit a specific (although reproducible) platinum-group element signature characterized by slight positive deviations of Pd/Ir, Rh/Ir and Ru/Ir ratios from the canonical chondritic model. Such a signature was alternatively considered to be a compositional feature of the primitive upper mantle or resulting from sulfide melt addition by refertilisation reactions in the continental lithosphere. To shed additional light on this conundrum, the distribution of PGE in FON B 93, an unserpentinized, fertile (3.24% Al2O3) orogenic lherzolite (French Pyrenees) used as in-house standard by our group, has been studied to different scales, from the bulk rock to trace minerals. In addition to new ICPMS analyses after separation into Nis and Te coprecipitation, its whole-rock PGE concentrations were redetermined by three different laboratories using very precise ID-ICP-MS methods after digestion of the sample in Carius tube at T=250 degrees C and 320 degrees C or in high-pressure asher (HPA-S). The four methods produce reproducible Ru, Rh and Pd contents (7.1 +/- 0.18 ppb; 1.43 +/- 0.05 ppb; 7.1 +/- 0.30 ppb) whereas the non-ID NiS-fire assay method underestimates the Os and Ir concentrations by c.a. 10 and 15% compared to ID-ICP-MS analyses (4.40 +/- 0.07 and 4.00 +/- 0.17 ppb, respectively). Platinum was the most difficult to analyse. If performed on powder aliquots smaller than 3 g, the ID-ICP-MS analyses generate strong nugget effects while the non-ID NiS-fire assay method yields statistically lower (but highly reproducible) Pt concentrations (6.92 +/- 0.26 ppb). These features reflect the strong partitioning of Pt into trace phases that SEM and laser ablation-ICP-MS analyses on thin sections identify as both high-temperature Pt-Ir-Os alloys and Pt-(Pd) tellurides of likely subsolidus origin; ten to fifteen grains ranging in maximum dimension from a few micrometres to a few hundreds of nanometers, were identified by standard polished thin section. LA-ICP-MS data on base metal sulfides (25 grains analysed), coupled with the whole-rock S concentration (277 +/- 10 ppm) and modal composition of the BMS (90% pentlandite+accessory pyrite and secondary pyrrhotite + 10% chalcopyrite) allowed the contribution of the BMS phase to the PGE budget of FON B 93 to be estimated. Except Pt that exhibits a 95% deficit in the BMS phase, the PGE concentrations measured by ID-ICP-MS can be balanced by BMS while Al-spinel is a negligible contributor, accounting for less than 0.5% of the Ru budget. The occurrence of Pt in trace phases may bias the whole-rock Pt concentrations because 1) mechanical collection of Pt-rich trace phases remains problematic with the Nis button, and 2) Pt-Ir-Os alloys may be prone to digestion problems in conventional Carius tube procedures. Since they could be stable at mantle depth, such refractory alloys that contain Os and Ir may also have enhanced the heavy PGEs/light PGEs fractionation. Our observations likely pertain to orogenic lherzolites as a whole because BMS assemblages in these mantle rocks record evolution at low sulfur fugacity, which prevents Pt-Ir-Os alloy from entering the Mss in the mantle; moreover, at subsolidus temperature, pentlandite, the major BMS, cannot accommodate 0 valence state Pt.
ISSN: 0009-2541

hal-00411486
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411486
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.06.030