Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : The consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services largely depend on the functional identities of extirpated species. However, poor descriptions of spatial patterns of community functional composition across landscapes hamper accurate predictions, particularly in highly diverse tropical regions. Therefore, understanding how community functional composition varies across environmental gradients remains an important challenge. We sampled 15 functional traits in 800 Neotropical tree species across 13 forest plots representative of the broad climatic and soil gradients encompassed by three widespread lowland forest habitats (terra firme forests on clay-rich soils, seasonally flooded forests and white-sand forests) at opposite ends of Amazonia (Peru and French Guiana). We combined univariate and multivariate approaches to test the magnitude and predictability of environmental filtering on community leaf and wood functional composition. Directional shifts in community functional composition correlated with environmental changes across the 13 plots, with denser leaves, stems and roots in forests occurring in environments with limited water and soil-nutrient availability. Critically, these relationships allowed us to accurately predict the functional composition of 61 additional forest plots from environmental data alone.Synthesis. Environmental filtering consistently shapes the functional composition of highly diverse tropical forests at large scales across the terra firme, seasonally flooded and white-sand forests of lowland Amazonia. Environmental factors drive and allow the prediction of variation in community functional composition among habitat types in Amazonian forests.
ISSN: 0022-0477

hal-01204211
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204211
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2745.12160
PRODINRA : 259900

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Tectonically controlled landforms develop morphologic features that provide useful markers to investigate crustal deformation and relief growth dynamics. In this paper, we present results of morphotectonic experiments obtained with an innovative approach combining tectonic and surface processes (erosion, transport, and sedimentation), coupled with accurate model monitoring techniques. This approach allows for a qualitative and quantitative analysis of landscape evolution in response to active deformation in the three end-member geological settings: compression, extension, and strike–slip.Experimental results outline first that experimental morphologies evolve significantly at a short time scale. Numerous morphologic markers form continuously, but their lifetime is generally short because erosion and sedimentation processes tend to destroy or bury them. For the compressional setting, the formation of terraces above an active thrust appears mainly controlled by narrowing and incision of the main channel through the uplifting hanging-wall and by avulsion of deposits on fan-like bodies. Terrace formation is irregular even under steady tectonic rates and erosional conditions. Terrace deformation analysis allows retrieving the growth history of the structure and the fault slip rate evolution. For the extensional setting, the dynamics of hanging-wall sedimentary filling appears to control the position of the base level, which in turn controls footwall erosion. Two phases of relief evolution can be evidenced: the first is a phase of relief growth, and the second is a phase of upstream propagation of topographic equilibrium that is reached first in the sedimentary basin. During the phase of relief growth, the formation of triangular facets occurs by degradation of the fault scarp, and their geometry (height) becomes stationary during the phase of upstream propagation of the topographic equilibrium. For the strike–slip setting, the complex morphology of the wrench zone, composed of several interacting fault segments, enhances the interactions with the drainage network. Because of the widening of the main fault zone toward the surface, a significant amount of distributed deformation is observed along the wrench zone. Locally, where two terminations of fault segments interact, less than a quarter of the far field displacement can remain measurable using fault offsets, leading to a systematic underestimation of the real fault slip rate.These different experimental examples illustrate the great potential of the approach coupling deformation mechanisms and erosion–transport–sedimentation processes to investigate qualitatively and quantitatively the morphotectonic evolution of tectonically controlled landscapes.
ISSN: 0169-555X

hal-01243587
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01243587
DOI : 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.011

Éditeur(s) : Université de Bretagne Occidentale
Résumé : Several small pelagic fish species contribute remarkably to world catch. Their populations are, however, characterized by large biomass fluctuations strongly affecting fisheries. The fishing gears and methods used to capture small pelagics have evolved to exploit the highly developed shoaling behavior of these species. Hence, faced to modern fishing this gregarious behavior becomes a disadvantage for fish. Fish behavior may be affected by environmental conditions and by fishing, at the same time that behavior impacts fishing. In this study, we seek to characterize the aggregative systems of small pelagic fishes inhabiting the Bay of Biscay by analyzing "acoustic images", defined as the group of echoes (planktonic layers, shoals, isolated targets) detected on a transect section of a given length. We analyzed the species composition, the spatial distribution and the evolution over time of acoustic images. We also studied the hydrological conditions of the bay, as well as the small pelagics French fishery in order to look for correlations between hydrology, commercial catch and fish aggregation patterns observed by acoustics. We observed the same species or group of species forming different types of aggregation according to habitat. Conversely, the same type of aggregation, associated with a particular habitat, can be produced by different species. The most notorious change observed during the studied period relates to small clupeoids aggregations in the vicinity of the Gironde estuary, whose structure evolved toward a greater fragmentation of shoals (a large number of small size detections) since 2000. Concerning commercial catches, pelagic trawlers fishing in pairs mainly seek for anchovy in the coastal areas, single pelagic trawlers capture mackerel and horse mackerel in deeper waters while purse seiners target mostly sardine near their fishing ports. Because of the coarse spatial resolution of commercial fishing data and the effect of the application of an international fisheries agreement limiting the fishing activity of French pelagic trawlers during spring, only small correlations between captures and types of aggregation were observed.
La participation des petits poissons pélagiques dans les captures est remarquable. Leurs populations sont cependant caractérisées par des importantes fluctuations de biomasse, impactant fortement les pêcheries. Les méthodes et appareils de pêche utilisés pour capturer ces espèces ont évolué dans le sens d'exploiter le comportement grégaire très développé des petits pélagiques. Cette tendance à former de bancs devient alors désavantageuse pour le poisson face à la pêche moderne. Les conditions environnementales et la pêche peuvent affecter le comportement du poisson, en même temps que ce dernier est susceptible d'affecter l'activité halieutique. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser les systèmes agrégatifs des petits poissons pélagiques dans le golfe de Gascogne en étudiant des « images acoustiques », définies comme l'ensemble des échos (couches planctoniques, bancs, cibles isolées) détectés sur une section de radiale de longueur donnée. Nous analysons leur composition en espèces ainsi que leur distribution spatiale et leur évolution au cours du temps. Nous étudions aussi les conditions hydrologiques du golfe, ainsi que la pêcherie française de ces espèces afin de chercher des corrélations entre l'hydrologie, la capture commerciale et les types d'agrégations observés par acoustique. Nous avons observé qu'une espèce est capable de former des agrégations différentes en fonction de l'habitat, et inversement, le même type d'agrégation, associé à un habitat particulier, peut être produit par des espèces différentes. Le changement observé le plus évident concerne les agrégations de petits clupéiformes, dont la structure a évolué vers une plus grande fragmentation des détections (des petits bancs plus nombreux) depuis 2000. Par rapport à la pêche des professionnels, les chalutiers pélagiques en boeufs recherchent en priorité l'anchois dans la zone côtière, les pélagiques simples capturent le chinchard et le maquereau au large et les senneurs recherchent principalement la sardine à proximité des ports de pêche. À cause de la résolution spatiale trop sommaire des données de pêche et l'effet de l'application des accords internationaux limitant l'activité des chalutiers pélagiques au printemps, nous n'avons observé que peu des corrélations entre les captures et les types d'agrégation établis à partir de données issues des campagnes scientifiques.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/these-6083.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6083/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is foundin healthy carriage and can cause a wide range of infections in its hosts. The epithelial surface is theprincipal site of staphylococcal infection. The pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms tohijack the main function of the host cells, thus promoting their invasion and colonization. Amongstthese effects are, alteration of host cell apoptosis, promotion of cell proliferation or conversely,inhibition of cell growth. Using human cervix cancer HeLa and mammary gland bovine MAC-Tepithelial cells, we studied the cytopathic effect of S. aureus and its ability to affect host cell cycle.Using microscopic examination, we found that S. aureus induced the cytopathic effect resulting in theenlargement of the host cells 72 hours post infection. Our experiments showed that the proliferationrate of the epithelial cells was slowed down in S. aureus-infected culture. Three different S. aureusstrains from human and animal origins were used and showed similar effect on both human and bovinecells. Microscopic analysis of DAPI-stained cells revealed huge decrease of mitotic indexes in infectedHeLa and Mac-T cells, synchronized by Double Thymidine Block. Using flow cytometry analysis, wefound that S. aureus induces G2/M phase delay in synchronous HeLa cells. By Western blot analysis,we showed that the G2/M phase delay was associated with accumulation of inactive phosphorylatedcyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1/cdc2, a key inducer of mitosis entry, and dephosphorylation of corehistone H3, an important component of the epigenetic landscape.These results suggest that the delay in G2/M phase transition of the infected epithelial cells may beone of the mechanisms employed by S. aureus to survive and to propagate inside the host. A fullcomprehension of the mechanisms associated to S. aureus-host cell interactions will undoubtedly helpto discover novel targets to treat staphylococcal infections.
EMBO
Villars sur Ollon, Switzerland

hal-01454214
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01454214
PRODINRA : 171657

Éditeur(s) : Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active Hakon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.
Nature Communications (2041-1723) (Nature Publishing Group), 2014-11-11 , Vol. 5 , P. 1-8

Droits : 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00245/35601/34137.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00245/35601/34138.pdf
DOI:10.1038/ncomms6385
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00245/35601/

Résumé : L'agriculture actuelle est impliquée dans de multiples problématiques environnementales, sociales et économiques, aux échelles locales et globales. En agronomie, de nombreux travaux à l'échelle du champ et de l'exploitation visent aujourd'hui à concevoir des systèmes de culture et des systèmes de production en lien avec ces problématiques. En revanche, peu de travaux portent sur la conception et l'évaluation de systèmes agricoles à l'échelle du territoire, alors que cette échelle apparaît pourtant incontournable pour faire face à des enjeux de développement durable. Pour combler ce manque, nous proposons un ensemble méthodologique permettant i) de simuler les conséquences de scénarios de politiques agricoles sur les choix d'assolement des agriculteurs, décrits individuellement, en modélisant l'évolution de leurs système de production et ii) d'évaluer l'impact de ces changements d'assolements à l'échelle du territoire, à l'aide d'indicateurs qui apportent de l'information spatiale sur la contribution de l'agriculture au développement durable. L'ensemble méthodologique proposé débute par la construction d'une typologie des exploitations agricoles du territoire sur la base de la similarité de leur assolement. Parallèlement, l'adaptation d'indicateurs à l'échelle du territoire permet d'évaluer les impacts des externalités des systèmes de culture en mobilisant des procédures de changements d'échelles. Un modèle bioéconomique générique, multi-échelle, spatialement explicite, appelé MOSAICA, qui utilise la typologie et les indicateurs d'impact de l'agriculture à l'échelle régionale, est créé pour produire des mosaïques de systèmes de culture et évalue leur contribution au développement durable du territoire. Ce modèle, couplé à un itinéraire de définition de scénarios exploratoires et normatifs permet de tester l'impact de différents types de leviers agronomiques, socio-économiques, environnementaux, organisationnels et techniques sur les choix des exploitants et in fine sur la contribution de la mosaïque de systèmes de culture au développement durable du territoire. Nous avons appliqué cet ensemble méthodologique à la conception de scénarios de développement agricoles durables en Guadeloupe. Nous avons dans un premier temps développé une typologie des systèmes de production comprenant huit types distincts et relevant de processus décisionnel différents. Puis nous avons adapté à l'échelle du territoire 19 indicateurs pour l'évaluation des mosaïques de systèmes de culture. L’évaluation de la mosaïque actuelle nous a permis de repérer de faibles niveaux de contribution aux enjeux d’autonomie alimentaire et énergétique. Différents scénarios normatifs et exploratoires intégrant des leviers de changement de la mosaïque ont été testés avec MOSAICA. Les évaluations réalisées nous ont permis d'identifier que des leviers agronomiques comme le développement du maraîchage sans intrants chimiques et des leviers sociaux comme la formation de main-d'oeuvre supplémentaire permettraient d'améliorer la contribution de l’agriculture au développement durable du territoire Guadeloupéen. La modélisation mécaniste de l’évolution du territoire agricole permet d'intégrer des connaissances sur la localisation, les performances, les impacts des systèmes de culture et sur les processus décisionnels des exploitants régissant l’orientation productive et le fonctionnement des exploitations. Cette démarche permet de visualiser les changements de système de culture et leurs impacts de manière spatialement explicite, ce qui permet de générer des connaissances sur les leviers susceptibles de faire évoluer positivement l'agriculture du territoire. La démarche et les outils mis en oeuvre sont donc particulièrement utiles pour l'aide à la décision publique pour améliorer la durabilité de l'agriculture dans son ensemble.
Current agricultural systems are responsible for many different environmental, social and economic issues at both local and global scales. Agricultural sciences have contributed to the design of several methods at the farm and field scale in order to prototype cropping systems and farming systems to address these issues. However, few methods have been designed at the regional scale, while this scale seems to be essential in order to address these issues. In order to fill this gap, we here propose a new methodological framework for i) simulating the consequences of policy changes on farmer's cropping plan, described individually, by modeling the evolution of farming systems and to ii) assess the impacts of cropping system changes at the regional scale, with a set of indicators that generate spatially explicit information on the contribution of agriculture to sustainable development. The methodological framework starts with the design of a farm typology over the territory based on the similarity of farmer's crop acreages. In parallel, a set of indicators is adapted to the landscape scale in order to assess the impacts of cropping system externalities by integrating a set of scale change procedures. A generic, multi-scale, spatially explicit bioeconomic model called MOSAICA, which uses the farm typology and the indicators, is created for generating cropping system mosaics and assessing their contribution to sustainable development. This model coupled to a scenario approach composed of exploratory and normative scenarios can simulate the impact of several types of agronomic, socio-economic, environmental, organizational and technical levers of change on the farmer's choices in terms of cropping systems and in fine the impacts of new cropping system mosaics on the contribution to sustainable development of territories. We applied this methodological framework for building scenarios of sustainable agricultural development in Guadeloupe. We first developed a typology of farming systems encompassing eight types of farming systems that revealed several different farmer's decision processes. Then, we developed 19 indicators to assess cropping system mosaics. The assessment of the current cropping system mosaic showed low levels of response of the current mosaic to economic and social issues especially the food and energy self-sufficiency. Different normative and exploratory scenarios integrating levers of change have been simulated with MOSAICA. The assessment of cropping system mosaics from these scenarios highlighted the positive effect of agronomic levers of change such as organic crop-gardening and social levers such as the vocational training of supplementary workforce for improving the contribution of agriculture to sustainable development of the guadeloupean territory. The mechanistic modeling of the agricultural territory allows us to integrate a wide range of knowledge on the location of cropping systems, their levels of performance , their impacts and the decision process of farmer's that drive the farming system characteristics and the farm functioning. This methodological framework helps visualize the cropping system changes at the regional scale and their associated impacts at the landscape scale which is helpful in order to produce knowledge on the levers of change that can improve the response of local agriculture to local and global issues. The framework and tools designed are particularly useful for decision-aid on the future levels of contribution of agriculture to sustainable development.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0823/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Because earthworms sustain soil functioning and fertility, there is a need to advance the knowledge of their adaptation potential to chemicals in anthropogenic landscapes. Our hypothesis is that there is acclimation to organic chemicals (pesticides) in earthworms that durably persist under conventional farming in anthropogenic landscapes. The adaptation capability of two populations of earthworms (Aporectodea caliginosa) having a different chemical exposure history, - one originating from 20 years of organic farming (naïve population) and another from 20 years of conventional farming (pre-exposed population) - to cope with soil organic pollutant (Opus®, epoxiconazole a worldwide used fungicide) were investigated. Several complementary metabolic and energetic endpoints were followed, and cast production was assessed as a behavioural biomarker related to earthworms ecological role for the soil. Basal metabolism reflected by respiration rate was increased in both fungicide-exposed worms compared to controls. Glycogen resources were decreased in the same proportion in the two populations but more rapidly for the naïve (7 days) than for the pre-exposed population (28 days). Soluble protein and most amino-acids contents increased in the pre-exposed population only, suggesting a detoxification mechanism. Metabolomic profiles showed a cut-off between fungicide-exposed and control groups in the pre-exposed earthworms only, with an increase in most of the metabolites. Exposure to a low dose of epoxiconazole increased cast production of pre-exposed earthworms, and this resulted in an increase in pesticide disappearance. As far as we know, this is the first study which evidenced there is an acclimation to an agricultural chemical in earthworms derived from conventional farming that also relates to a change in their burrowing behaviour, and for which larger consequences for the soil ecosystem need to be addressed. This original finding is of major interest in the frame of ecosystem resilience to global changes. Whether this physiological adaptation is a general pattern of response against fungicides or other pesticides would need to be confirmed with other molecules and agricultural contexts.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry

hal-01005821
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01005821
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01005821/document
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.01.032

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Among erosion processes, river incision is classicaly described as a key process controlling erosion of landscapes. Incision efficiency is mainly influenced by climate and erodibility. This latter is not only dependent on the nature of the bedrock, but also on its past deformation, which affects its rheological effective properties, such as fracture density. The main objectives of this thesis are: (1) to better constrain the relationship between effective properties and erodibility, and (2) to quantify the influence of erodibility and erosion on both the temporal and spatial building or decay of the topography. Several numerical tools are developed. A 1D formalism of landscape evolution is introduced, including river incision with stochastic distribution of water discharge and hillslope landsliding. A new remeshing algorithm called Surface Lagrangian Remeshing (SLR) is developed as a complement to remeshing algorithms dealing with internal elements. It allows one to take into account long-term erosion into 2D Lagrangian numerical codes based on triangular finite elements. Then the potentiality of measuring erodibility in-situ using a Schmidt hammer (R) is assessed for the active orogen of Taiwan, the diagenetic Annot sandstones and St Clement fault zone. Results suggest a strong control of R by effective properties. A linear model based on effective medium theory is applied to a fault zone with an unmacthed resolution (750 measures, 25 measures per square meter). The model successfully correlates R to fracture density. These results demonstrate that effective elasticity as well as erodibility are sensitive to the density and type of fractures. Finally I focus on the erosional and rheological conditions that allows reproducing post-orogenic evolution of mountain belts. A model coupling surface erosion and regional isostatic uplift is consistent with observations. The topographic decay and decrease of the ratio of surface elevation over crustal root thickness is at first order controlled by the initial geometry of the mountain belt and erosion efficiency. This new model highlights the control ofclimate and erodibility on the topographic decay and of lithospheric rheology on the perseverance of crustal roots.
Parmi les processus d'érosion, l'incision des rivières est classiquement décrit comme un processus clé contrôlant l'érosion des paysages. L'efficacité de l'incision est principalement influencée par le climat et par l'érodabilité. Ce dernier paramètre ne dépend pas seulement de la nature du substratum rocheux, mais aussi de sa déformation passée qui affecte ses propriétés rhéologiques équivalentes. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont: (1) de mieux contraindre les relations entre propriétés équivalentes et érodabilité, et (2) de quantifier l'influence de l'érosion et de l'érodabilité sur la formation ou la décadence, spatiale et temporelle, de la topographie. Plusieurs outils numériques sont développés. Un formalisme 1D d'évolution des paysages est proposé, prenant en compte simultanément l'incision des rivières avec une distribution stochastique des débits en eau et l'érosion des versants par glissements de terrain. Un nouvel algorithme de remaillage appelé Surface Lagrangian Remeshing (SLR) est développé. Il permet de prendre en compte l'érosion à long terme dans les codes numériques 2D Lagrangiens basés sur des éléments finis triangulaires. Ensuite, la possibilité de mesurer in-situ l'érodabilité avec un marteau de Schmidt (R) est évaluée pour: l'orogène actif de Taiwan, les grès diagénétiques d'Annot et la zone de faille de St Clément. Les résultats suggèrent un fort contrôle de R par les propriétés équivalentes des roches testées. Un modèle linéaire, basé sur la théorie des milieux équivalents, est appliqué à une zone de faille avec une résolution inégalée (750 mesures, 25 mesures par mètre carré). Le modèle permet de corréler avec succès la densité de fracture et R. Ces résultats démontrent empiriquement que l'élasticité équivalente ainsi que l'érodabilité sont sensibles à la densité et à la nature des fractures. Enfin j'étudie les conditions d'érosion et de rhéologie qui permettent de reproduire l'évolution des chaînes de montagnes post-orogéniques. Un modèle couplant érosion en surface et soulèvement isostatique régional est compatible avec les observations. Les taux de décroissance topographique et de diminution du rapport de l'élévation de surface sur l'épaisseur de racine crustale sont contrôlés au premier ordre par la géométrie initiale de la chaîne de montagne et par l'efficacité de l'érosion. Ce nouveau modèle met en évidence le contrôle du climat et de l'érodabilité sur la décroissance topographique et de la rhéologie lithosphérique sur la persévérance des racines crustales.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00602341

tel-00602341
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00602341
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00602341/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00602341/file/thesephilippesteer.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Linnean Society of London
Résumé : Disentangling the impact of landscape features such as rivers and historical events on dispersal is a challenging but necessary task to gain a comprehensive picture of the evolution of diverse biota such as that found in Amazonia. Adenomera andreae, a small, territorial, terrestrial frog species of the Amazonian forest represents a good model for such studies. We combined cytochrome b sequences with 12 microsatellites to investigate the genetic structure at two contrasted spatial scales in French Guiana: along a similar to 6-km transect, to evaluate dispersal ability, and between paired bank populations along a similar to 65-km stretch of the Approuague river, to test the effect of rivers as barriers to dispersal. We observed significant spatial genetic structure between individuals at a remarkably small geographical scale, and conclude that the species has a restricted dispersal ability that is probably tied to its life-history traits. Mitochondrial and microsatellite data also indicate a high level of differentiation among populations on opposite banks of the river, and, in some cases, among populations on the same riverbank. These results suggest that the observed population structure in A. andreae is the result of restricted dispersal abilities combined with the action of rivers and Quaternary population isolation. Given that Amazonia hosts a great portion of anurans, as well as other small vertebrates, that display life-history traits comparable with A. andreae, we argue that our analyses provide new insights into the complex interactions among evolutionary processes shaping Amazonian biodiversity. (c) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 356373.
ISSN: 0024-4066

hal-01032422
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032422
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01871.x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Dans la mémoire collective des Antilles, les moulins ne semblent être qu’une image isolée, sans contexte ni humain ni historique, une machine veuve de son travail et de sa fonction, une réalité déjà morte, puisque dénuée de sens et donc ignorée des regards. L’objectif de l’article est de redonner aux moulins l’importance qu’ils ont perdue dans la mémoire collective, de réintroduire la conscience de la nature même des machines, de leurs relations mutuelles, mais aussi de leurs relations avec l’homme et des valeurs impliquées dans ces relations. Étudier les machines, c’est comprendre les évènements passés, interpréter les paysages et surtout rendre hommage aux Hommes.
In the collective memory of the West Indies, mills seem to be an image without human or historical context i.e. a machine deprived of its former significance it had for production of a commodity. Mills are not viewed in their former context as an important relict of the past. The purpose of the article is to give back to mills the importance that they have lost in the collective memory by reintroducing their relationship with man and the values involved in these relationships. Studying the function of machines leads to an understanding of past events, helps to interpret landscapes and especially pays tribute to the role of man.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.461
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/461

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The ∼55 km-long Firouzkuh fault is located in the Central Alborz Mountains of Iran. It is a left-lateral fault, which dips to the south, and possesses a small dip-slip component of motion that we interpret to result from extension. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement across the fault, calculated from the cumulative displacement of landscape features, is 7.6. We provide constraints on the timing of the last earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault from two trenches (T1 and T2) across the fault zone, excavated in 2004, and located east of Firouzkuh city. The trenches expose faulted sedimentary deposits. Two optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from sediments in the lower part of trench T1 date from the late Pleistocene (15.9 ± 0.9 ka and 27.1 ± 1.7 ka). The younger of the two dated units in T1 is displaced vertically across the fault by 2.2–4.4 m, from which we estimate a strike-slip displacement of 18.2–33.4 m, and hence a average horizontal slip-rate of 1.1–2.2 mm/yr. The sediments exposed in T1 do not yield constraints on the most recent earthquake history. In trench T2, however, human skeletal remains of a middle aged male, which yield a radiocarbon age of 1159 ± 28 BP (corresponding to a mean calendar age of 791 AD), were found within a faulted alluvial layer at a depth of 60–70 cm from the surface. The existence of these medieval human places shows that a surface-rupturing earthquake occurred at some time after 1159 ± 28 BP. The amount of slip in each earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault is difficult to estimate, but assuming the entire ∼55 km fault length ruptures in each event, they will have had a maximum magnitude of 7.1. At our estimated late Quaternary slip-rate of ∼1.1–2.2 mm/yr magnitude 7.1 earthquakes, involving ∼1.2 m average displacement, would be expected to occur every ∼1100–540 years. As the last earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault may be up to ∼700 years in age we suggest that the Firouzkuh fault is a major hazard for earthquakes in the near future.
ISSN: 0743-9547

hal-01122835
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122835
DOI : 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.12.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The Black Curassow (Crax alector) is a large game bird with Vulnerable conservation status found in north-centralSouth America. We examined its distributional pattern across French Guiana using a large number of environmentaldescriptors at 3 scales of analysis: landscape, forest type, and microhabitat. We used a hierarchical model withtemporary emigration and imperfect detection for data collected by standard distance sampling methods at 35study sites. At the landscape scale, Black Curassow density decreased with hunting pressure and increased withsteeper slopes in both hunted and unhunted areas. Topography appeared to be a good proxy for Black Curassowecological requirements and probably reflected habitat quality. At the forest scale, population density wasnegatively correlated with the abundance of palms and Mimosoideae and positively correlated with the abundanceof Lauraceae. Botanical families did not directly influence Black Curassow distribution, but rather determined spatialpatterns by being markers of a particular forest type. At the microhabitat scale, Black Curassows used hilltops morefrequently than other parts of the local topographical gradient. Our multiscale analysis shows that this species’distribution can be explained by biotic or abiotic conditions, regardless of the scale. For conservation, werecommend maintaining connectivity between Black Curassow populations separated by hunted areas. Ourpredicted densities could be used to adapt hunting quotas across French Guiana’s forests. We show that combiningfield and remote sensing data helps to understand the ecological processes responsible for Black Curassow habitatrelationships.
The Condor Ornithological Applications

hal-01455653
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01455653
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01455653/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01455653/file/condor-15-28.1.pdf
DOI : 10.1650/CONDOR-15-28.1

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : À la Martinique, les noms les plus anciens et les mieux conservés sont ceux qui ont été précocement fixés par la cartographie et par l’administration, non par la mémoire populaire. En conséquence, lorsque le cartographe supprime un nom de lieu, celui-ci disparaît ; mais lorsqu’il le déforme, le transforme ou même renomme le lieu, c’est une composante du passé et de l’identité territoriale qu’il soumet à une logique étrangère, qu’il colonise en quelque sorte. Si l’ensemble de la population martiniquaise éprouve de l’intérêt pour l’origine et le sens des noms de lieux, il apparaît cependant qu’elle n’a pas conscience de l’importance identitaire de la toponymie ni des dangers qui la menacent.
In Martinique, the oldest and best preserved place names are those who have been fixed early by cartographers and state officers, not by folk remembrance. Consequently, when the map maker cancels a place name, transforms it or even gives it a new name, he actually subjects the territorial identity to a foreign reasoning, he colonizes the toponym one could say. While the whole Martinique people is interested by place names origin and meaning, it does not seem to have a clear conscience of what giving and using a name involve for self identity, nor what dangers are menacing the toponyms of Martinique.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3494
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3494

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Understanding the pattern in spatial distribution of soil microbial processes is critical to understand the environmental factors that regulate them as well as to scale up these processes to ecosystem. Soil samples from a I ha tropical rainforest plot (Paracou, French Guiana) were analyzed according a nested sampling approach using different separation distances ranging from 0.4 to 40 m. The variability of substrate induced respiration (SIR) and of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was characterized in relation to various soil properties (total C and N contents, NIRS related index of soil organic matter quality, SOMQ and index of tree influence potential, IP). The variability of SIR and DEA was higher than that of environmental properties. The patterns of accumulated variance as a function of distance varied among the soil properties. The variability of SIR and DEA mainly occurred at small (1 m) scale (and at the 10-40 m-scales for SIR), probably reflecting the quality of litter input that results of the influence of local assemblage of different tree species, though changes in the soil N and C contents. Indeed, total soil C and N contents explained the microbial properties at every scale. Coefficients of codispersion showed that neither SOMQ nor IP did correlate with SIR and DEA, and confirmed that total C and N contents explained microbial properties in a scale dependent and complex manner. Such spatial dependency underlines the importance of soil heterogeneity in this tropical forest with implications for sampling strategies when studying the microbial processes and their response to disturbances. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0016-7061

hal-01032409
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032409
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.12.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This paper describes an operational protocol for integrating conservation and restoration with land-use planning in islands. Conservation challenges are intensified in insular systems due to higher ecosystem vulnerability, limited spatial options, low data availability, rapid land-use change and, globally, short-term vision planning. Our operational planning protocol integrates ecological and socio-economic factors to identify the best spatial options for conserving and restoring biodiversity, inside and outside extant reserves, while minimising future land-use conflicts. Conservation and restoration targets are formulated for species, habitats and ecological processes that support biodiversity. An optimal network of priority sites is selected to achieve those targets across the landscape. The prioritisation process integrates a Conservation Costs Index to optimise conservation and restoration investments. We discuss the outcomes of the planning protocol in terms of site prioritisation, stakeholders' participation and general implications for spatial planning in insular systems. As with many islands, the study area of Réunion Island has experienced rapid urban and agricultural expansion, which threatens its unique biodiversity. Forty three per cent of the island is currently protected in a National Park but only half of this reserve network contributes to the achievement of targets. An additional 21% of land should be conserved mainly to ensure the persistence of ecological connections between the marine, terrestrial and freshwater realms. Finally we emphasize that our method doesn't substitute the land-use planning debate but is aimed to better prepare the conservation sector for negotiating future land-use allocation with other socio-economic sectors in islands
Landscape and Urban Planning

halsde-00676425
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00676425
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.004

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD CNRS éditions
Résumé : International audience
Die antike Siedlung von Mandeure und Mathay (Epomanduodurum), welche durch ihre Größe und ihre monumentale Ausstattung als die zweitwichtigste Stadt der Sequaner hinter der Civitashauptstadt Besançon betrachtet wird, ist Gegenstand eines interdisziplinarischen Forschungsprogramms. Dieser Artikel stellt eine Bilanz der Ergebnisse der zwischen 2001 und 2004 durchgeführten Forschungen dar. Im Mittelpunkt der Forschungen der ersten Phase stand der zentralen Teil der Siedlung mit dem Bereich Heiligtum-Theater-spätrömische Befestigung, der für die Problematik der Entstehung, der Entwicklung und dem Ende der römischen Besiedlung besonders interessant ist. Verschiedene, sich ergänzende Projekte wurden eingeleitet: Erforschung des alten Dokumentarbestandes, geophysikalische Prospektionen, geoarchäologische Sondierungen, Plangrabungen, architektonische Untersuchunge. Durch diese Projekte war es möglich, die Kenntnisse über die drei wichtigen Großbauten (Heiligtum-Theater-spätrömische Befestigung) grundsätzlich zu vertiefen und insbesondere die geophysikalischen Prospektionsergebnisse lassen in bemerkenswerter Weise einen dichten Baubestand dieses Stadtteils erkennen. Schließlich konnte die Funktion und die Entwicklung der Flußebene des Doubs in diesem Bereich besser verstanden werden als auch die Art und Weise in welcher die antike Monumentalanlage in diesen einzigartigen natürlichen Rahmen einbezogen wurde.
Since 2001, a collective pluridisciplinary research programme is being undertaken on the antique town of Epomanduodurum in the communes of Mandeure and Mathay. This site is considered like the second one of the Sequani, for its dimensions and the monuments, after the civitas capital, Besançon. This article is an assessment of the investigations conducted between 2001 and 2004. During this period, the central part of the site was studied (sanctuary, theatre, Late fortification area), considered as the most significant for the question of the birth, development and decline of the town. Various complementary approaches have been carried out: study of archives, geophysical and geoarchaeological survey, extent excavations, architectural analyses. They lead to a better understanding of the three main buildings (the Celtic and Gallo-Roman sanctuary, the theatre of the Principate, the Late Antique fortification) and they add considerable informations about the pattern of settlement of this area; so it is possible to detect more precisely the spatial organization and finally to understand how the alluvial plain of the Doubs river was functioning and how the monumental complex has been integrated in such a peculiar landscape.
L'agglomération antique d'Epomanduodurum, située sur les communes de Mandeure et Mathay, et considérée comme la seconde du pays séquane par la taille et la parure monumentale, derrière la capitale de cité, Besançon, fait l'objet d'un programme collectif de recherche, pluridisciplinaire, depuis 2001. Cet article dresse un bilan des résultats des fouilles réalisées entre 2001 et 2004. Dans cette première phase, les investigations ont porté principalement sur la partie centrale du site (secteur sanctuaire-théâtrefortification tardive), perçue comme particulièrement intéressante pour la problématique de la naissance, du développement et du déclin de l'agglomération. Différentes approches complémentaires ont été lancées : étude du fond documentaire ancien, prospections géophysiques, sondages géoarchéologiques, fouilles extensives, études architecturales. Elles ont permis d'approfondir la connaissance des trois principaux édifices (sanctuaire laténien et gallo-romain, théâtre du Haut-Empire, fortification du Bas-Empire), de compléter de façon très notable la trame de l'occupation de ce secteur, et donc d'en mieux percevoir l'organisation spatiale, enfin de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de la plaine alluviale du Doubs et l'insertion dans ce contexte naturel particulier d'un complexe monumental antique.
ISSN: 0016-4119

halshs-00718356
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00718356

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La mise en œuvre des politiques publiques du patrimoine et, plus largement, de l’environnement, se réalise par des instruments normatifs qui traduisent leur appréhension et leur saisie par le droit. Les différents outils institutionnels, conventionnels, législatifs et réglementaires contribuent dans une large mesure à la protection du patrimoine et de la biodiversité, au même titre que ceux qui se situent dans les domaines politique, économique et social. La protection concerne aussi bien le patrimoine naturel et la biodiversité que le patrimoine culturel et immatériel. La nature et le contenu des dispositifs de protection, qu’elle soit mise en œuvre aux niveaux national, régional ou international, procèdent de paramètres et se réfèrent à des objectifs divers mais convergents, parmi lesquelles les problématiques identitaire et patrimoniale occupent une place souvent déterminante. Elle doit en outre prendre en compte la spécificité des milieux comme des sociétés, et la relation des populations et des communautés à leur patrimoine, aussi bien reçu que construit.
The implementation of heritage public policies and, more widely, environmental policies, are carried out through legal instruments, which reveal the impact of the law on them. These different institutional, legislative and regulatory tools deeply contribute to the protection of heritage and biodiversity, as they do in the political, economical and social fields. The protec-tion they offer concerns as well natural, cultural and intangible heritage. The nature and methods of the protection, at the national, regional or international levels, result from para-meters and refer to different but convergent objectives, among which identity and heritage dimensions often have a decisive place. Moreover this protection must consider the specific environmental and social backgrounds, and the relation of the populations and communities with their heritage, let it have been received or built.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5374
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5374

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Juin 2003
Dans le contexte actuel de mondialisation, de changement climatique et de forte anthropisation de la biosphère, les Petites Antilles s'érigent en monde marginal ou encore en anti-monde. Fracturées du point de vue politique, économique, linguistique et à certains égards culturel, ces territoires insulaires du Bassin caraïbe recèlent de richesses environnementales (physiques, écosystèmiques et paysagères). Comme partout ailleurs dans le monde humanisé, la survie de ces sociétés implique le rétablissement des grands équilibres écologiques consubstantiels à une articulation efficiente entre le naturel, l'urbain et l'agricole. Compte tenu de la pression démographique, variable d'une île à l'autre, la pérennité des écosystèmes en covariance avec un développement économique profitant au plus grand nombre ne peut se concevoir à l'échelle insulaire. Il semble judicieux d'imaginer un développement à l'échelle de l'archipel basé sur la complémentarité, puisque au sein de chaque composante les diverses ressources biologiques terrestres et marines sont insuffisantes pour assurer une autosuffisance en termes de produits de premières nécessités et d'énergie. Le développement des Petites Antilles s'il doit être durable et prendre comme ossature les directives de Rio (Brésil, 1992) et de Johannesburg (Afrique du Sud, 2002), il devra s'inscrire dans une gestion administrative, scientifique, technique et agricole commune dans le cadre d'une Caraïbe fonctionnellement unifiée. A l'unité floristique, faunistique et biocénotique doivent correspondre des stratégies et donc des politiques, similaires mais diversifiées, d'utilisation des ressources abiotiques (énergie éolienne, hydroélectrique et photovoltaïque) et biotiques (écosystèmes terrestres et marins, flore, faune, sols). Malheureusement dans le présent, la compartimentation économique et politique de la Caraïbe rend ces propos profondément utopiques. Néanmoins dans le futur la survie des peuples des Petites Antilles, impliquera un développement durable signifié par des rapports équilibrés entre hommes et milieux.
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In the nowadays context of "globalization", climatic variation and great anthropization of the biosphere, the Lesser Antilles appear as a marginal world. In a political point of view, those islands offer a greatly distinct and fractured image. The same fact can also be observed in an economic, linguistic and, in a certain measure, cultural perspective. Despite of such a statement, those territories of the Caribbean basin keep economic and landscape resources whom survival depends on the re-establishment of the great ecologic structures implying a productive articulation between the natural, the urban and the agricultural. It seems pertinent to imagine a development on the level of the archipelago based upon complementarity since each constituent presents a limited number of earth and marine biologic reserves which do not guarantee an autosubsistance in energy and first nessecity productivity. A lasting development of the Lesser Antilles supposes a necessary and commun administrative, scientific, technical and agricultural management within the setting of a Caribbean functionally unified. Facing the biocenotic unity, a useful strategy, based on a similar and diversified organization in the exploitation of biophisic resources, must be erected. Such statements could be considered as utopic, regarding the situation of politic and economic division in the Caribbean nowadays. However, in the future, the survival of those insular societies will imply a lasting development lying upon an efficient relationship between Man and environment.
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003054

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
halshs-00003054
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003054
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003054/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003054/file/Devpt-durable_JOSEPH-PHILIPPE.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
The nature of factors governing the tempo and mode of protein evolution is a fundamental issue in evolutionary biology. Specifically, whether or not interactions between different sites, or epistasis, are important in directing the course of evolution became one of the central questions. Several recent reports have scrutinized patterns of long-term protein evolution claiming them to be compatible only with an epistatic fitness landscape. However, these claims have not yet been substantiated with a formal model of protein evolution. Here, we formulate a simple covarion-like model of protein evolution focusing on the rate at which the fitness impact of amino acids at a site changes with time. We then apply the model to the data on convergent and divergent protein evolution to test whether or not the incorporation of epistatic interactions is necessary to explain the data. We find that convergent evolution cannot be explained without the incorporation of epistasis and the rate at which an amino acid state switches from being acceptable at a site to being deleterious is faster than the rate of amino acid substitution. Specifically, for proteins that have persisted in modern prokaryotic organisms since the last universal common ancestor for one amino acid substitution approximately ten amino acid states switch from being accessible to being deleterious, or vice versa. Thus, molecular evolution can only be perceived in the context of rapid turnover of which amino acids are available for evolution.
ISSN: 0737-4038

hal-01544755
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01544755
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msu318

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Sur l'île de Bali, en Indonésie, paradis touristique et culturel, aujourd'hui en proie à un développement trop rapide, les rizières en terrasses constituent une véritable marque de fabrique du paysage local. La campagne autour de Jatiluwih est désormais le site naturel phare récemment reconnu par l'Unesco. Ses fameuses rizières représentent aussi un parfait exemple du fonctionnement des subak balinais, ces systèmes d’irrigation et de gestion de l’eau qui sont traditionnellement ancrés dans la culture balinaise. Ici, culture et agriculture sont intrinsèquement liées, et de plus en plus menacées. Cet article traite du présent et du devenir de la riziculture, patrimonialisée ou non, face à un essor du tourisme qui tous les jours s'affirme plus massif que culturel. Un défi majeur pour les Balinais qui souhaiteraient que leur paradis ne soit pas perdu mais préservé.
On the island of Bali, in Indonesia, a touristic and cultural heaven, nowadays confronted with a too fast development, the typical rice fields form a real distinguishable brand of the local landscape. The countryside around Jatiluwih become now the main natural site recently approved by UNESCO. Its famous rice fields also represent a perfect case of the Balinese system named Subak, a traditional water network deeply rooted in the local culture. Here, culture and agriculture are strongly tied together, but always more threatened these days. This contribution discuss the present and the future of the rice culture, whether put in heritage or not, in the context of a tourism growth which everyday looks more mass than cultural oriented. A major challenge for the Balinese who would prefer to see their paradise not lost but better preserved.
Bali
Indonésie

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6957
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6957