Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Royal Society of Chemistry
Résumé : International audience
Chemical mediation regulates behavioral interactions between species and thus affects population structure,community organization and ecosystem function. Among marine taxa that have developed chemicalmediation strategies, gastropods belong to a diverse group of molluscs found worldwide, including specieswith a coiled, reduced or absent shell. Most gastropods use natural products to mediate a wide range ofbehaviors such as defense, prey location or interactions with con- and hetero-geners. Their chemicallydefended diet, such as cyanobacteria, algae, sponges, bryozoans and tunicates, provides them witha considerable opportunity either as shelter from predators, or as a means to enhance their own chemicaldefense. In addition to improving their defenses, molluscs also use prey secondary metabolites in complexchemical communication including settlement induction, prey detection and feeding preferences. Theassimilation of prey secondary metabolites further provides the opportunity for interactions withconspecifics via diet-derived chemical cues or signals. This review intends to provide an overview on thesequestration, detoxification, and biotransformation of diet-derived natural products, as well as the role ofthese compounds as chemical mediators in gastropod-prey interactions.
ISSN: 0265-0568

hal-01563402
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01563402
DOI : 10.1039/c6np00097e

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé :  
Quantitative genetic diversity is a fundamental component of the interaction between natural populations and their environment. In breeding programmes, quantitative genetic studies on tropical trees have so far focused on fast-growing, light-demanding species, but no information exists on shade-tolerant, slow-growing species. For this study, 27 3-year-old open-pollinated families of the Neotropical shade-tolerant rainforest tree Sextonia rubra were measured in semicontrolled conditions for 20 morphological, growth, and photosynthesis traits; the effect of genetic relatedness, habitat of provenance, and mother tree status on seedling traits was analysed. Nine traits displayed significant genetic effects, while mother tree status and habitat effects were not significant (P>0.05) for an y trait. Estimated heritability varied between 0.14 and 0.28, with growth-related traits having the highest values. Additive genetic variation correlated positively with nonheritable variation, suggesting that ecological-evolutionary factors increasing or decreasing additive genetic variance may also affect nonheritable variation in the same direction. Our results suggest that quantitative genetic variability should be taken into account in ecological studies on, and in the management of, natural tropical rainforests; further research is needed to investigate genetic × environment interactions, in particular from the point of view of the genetic response of shade-tolerant plant species to variations in light availability.
ISSN: 1614-2942

hal-01032145
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032145
DOI : 10.1007/s11295-009-0251-8

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Objective: In order to determine how risk factors of death among HIV-infected patients in French Guiana interact with one another and to define high risk population segments, an alternative statistical method to Cox proportional hazards models was used. Patients and methods: Data from HIV+ patients followed in the three main hospitals of French Guiana were used. Data were extracted from the prospective French Hospital Database for HIV (FHDH). To examine the nature of the relationships between time of death since the first consultation and a set of predictor variables (age at enrolment, gender, nationality, CD4 count at enrolment, presence or absence of HAART at enrolment, a declared addiction, and mode of acquisition of the virus) a survival tree analysis was used. Survival rates at 5 years and 10 years and their 95% confidence interval were also calculated. Results: This analysis permitted to reveal a new specific subgroup of HIV+ patients particularly at risk in French Guiana not already mentioned in the literature: the HIV+ female patients with a declared addiction. Conclusions: Prevention and care in this vulnerable segment of the HIV+ population identified by this methodology should be reinforced.
J AIDS Clinic Res

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
inserm-00914956
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00914956
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00914956/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00914956/file/2012_Hanf_-_Hierarchysur Determinants_Underlying_Death_among_HIV-Infected_patients_in_French_Guiana.pdf
DOI : 10.4172/2155-6113.1000172

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany)
Résumé : 5 pages
International audience
This study investigates the recent evolution of a rich parasite community associated with one of the world's most invasive species, the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Populations from the species' native range (Mozambique) are compared to a population from New Caledonia (Wester Pacific), an island where the species was introduced in 1954. The results support the complete local extinction of the gill parasite community in the course of the invasion process. Up to six gill parasite species per locality were documented in the O. mossambicus native range, and previous surveys consistently reported at least one parasite species introduced along African cichlid species established out of Africa. The absence of parasites in New Caledonia is therefore exceptional. This can be attributed to local factors, such as a strong initial population bottleneck, the likely absence of multiple host introductions, and the frequent occurrence of brackish watersheds that might enhance the probability for natural deparasitation.
ISSN: 0932-0113

hal-01356378
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356378
PUBMED : 27334451
DOI : 10.1007/s00436-016-5168-1

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : In this study, we propose to analyze the limits of mass tourism in the French Antilles, specifically the decline of tourism, economic limits, and ecological degradation). The recognition of these limits is overdue, and signals a need to define another model for tourism development.The popular coastal sector in the south of Martinique has been subject new regulations to protect marine resources. These regulations require the development of new practices and a greater level of awareness for tourists, for example, around coral reefs and mangroves. Ecotourism programs aim to demonstrate to visitors the forests rich natural resources and biodiversity in general. It also features the inclusion of small rural businesses that benefit from additional sources of revenue as a result of ecotourism.The situation in the French Antilles is complex: Urbanization is fraught with serious consequences for the coastline. Tourism products currently being marketed on the island are not competitive (particularly against the political dynamics of the neighbouring island of Dominica). Ecotourism and sustainable tourism are just beginning to develop in such destinations, where tourism has been declining in the last ten years. The situation of the French Antilles is paradoxical in a region that generally has a very favourable tourism. Assessing these limits through the scope of ecotourism helps to highlight the causes of these difficulties and to adapting to new tourism practices.
Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’accent est mis sur les limites du tourisme de masse dans les Antilles françaises (dépréciation du tourisme, les contraintes économiques et les nuisances écologiques). La reconnaissance de ces limites est à l'origine de la prise de conscience tardive de la nécessité de définir un autre modèle de développement touristique.Dans le sud de la Martinique, le secteur le plus populaire du littoral, de nouvelles règlementations sont mises en place pour protéger les ressources marines. Cela nécessite le développement de nouvelles pratiques et de sensibilisation des touristes notamment autour des récifs coralliens et les mangroves. Les programmes autour de l'écotourisme visent également à montrer aux visiteurs la richesse des ressources forestières et de la biodiversité en général. Il comprend également les petites entreprises rurales qui reçoivent de nouveaux revenus grâce au tourisme.La situation est complexe dans les Antilles françaises: l'urbanisation est lourde de conséquences importantes sur la côte. Les produits touristiques commercialisés actuellement ne sont pas compétitifs (notamment contre la dynamique politique de l'île voisine de la Dominique). L'écotourisme et le tourisme durable commencent tout juste à se développer dans ces destinations où le tourisme classique est en difficulté depuis une dizaine d’années ; situation assez paradoxale au regard du dynamisme de ce secteur d’activité dans la région.
En el contexto de este estudio, nos proponemos analizar los límites del turismo de masas en las Antillas Francesas (depreciación del turismo, las limitaciones económicas, ecológicas y las molestias). Este reconocimiento de esos límites está en el origen de la conciencia tardía de la necesidad de definir otro modelo de desarrollo turístico.En el sector costero de la más popular, como en el sur de Martinica, se pone en la normativa nuevo lugar para proteger los recursos marinos. Esto requiere el desarrollo de nuevas prácticas y la sensibilización de los turistas, por ejemplo, alrededor de los arrecifes de coral y los manglares.Programas en torno al ecoturismo también tienen como objetivo dar al visitante la riqueza de los recursos forestales y la biodiversidad en general. También incluye las pequeñas empresas rurales que reciben los nuevos ingresos a través del turismo.Pero la situación es compleja en las Antillas francesas: la urbanización está llena de importantes consecuencias para la costa. Productos turísticos que se comercializan actualmente no son competitivos (en particular, contra la dinámica política de la cercana isla de Dominica). Ecoturismo y desarrollo sostenible están empezando a desarrollar en este destino turístico, donde el turismo está en problemas en los últimos diez años.Esta situación es bastante paradójico en un turismo regional muy favorable. Sin lugar a dudas, pensando en el ecoturismo contribuye a identificar los destinos de estos retrasos y dificultades para adaptarse a nuevas prácticas de turismo.
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5262
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5262

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Despite the impact of soil millipedes on litter fragmentation in tropical forests, there have been few studies dealing with factors determining their habitat preference in these ecosystems. In a natural secondary dry forest of Guadeloupe on Leptosol, two complementary studies were carried out in order to test the hypothesis that litter N-content strongly influences millipede distribution. Millipede abundance and species richness were described in the field under two tree species, Bursera simaruba and Pisonia subcordata, and were related to the chemical characteristics of their foliage. In addition, a laboratory experiment was done in order to assess millipede feeding preferences regarding the chemical characteristics of leaves from various species. Millipede abundance and species richness were significantly higher under P. subcordata than under B. simaruba, probably due to the higher N content of P. subcordata leaves. Moreover, millipedes fed preferentially on N-rich leaves. The present study confirms that there was a close correlation between the preferred food, its chemical composition and the local distribution of millipede populations.
ISSN: 0178-2762

hal-00495211
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495211
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495211/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495211/file/BFSO-D-08-00133-1.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s00374-008-0321-3

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’île caribéenne de la Dominique est une destination touristique émergente. Ce petit Etat, indépendant depuis 1978, situé entre les territoires français de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique, entend développer un positionnement touristique original pour percer sur un marché régional prospère mais extrêmement concurrentiel.Le pays, relativement isolé, compte parmi les plus pauvres de la région et n’a pas suscité l’intérêt des investisseurs internationaux et sa charge de population est restée relativement stable depuis son indépendance (de l’ordre de 80 000 habitants en 2005 pour une superficie de 750 km²) en raison d’une émigration constante. C’est dans ce contexte que l’Etat dominiquais a construit sa stratégie touristique qui se fonde sur la mise en valeur de la singularité de ses ressources naturelles et humaines dans le cadre d’une planification territoriale qui vise à lutter contre la pauvreté.
The Caribbean island of Dominica is an emerging tourist destination. This small state, independent since 1978, located between the French territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique, intends to develop an original tourist strategy to break into a prosperous but highly competitive regional market.The country is relatively isolated and is among the poorest in the region. Dominica has not succeeded in attracting international investment, and its population has remained relatively stable since independence (about 80 000 people residing in an area of 750 km ² as of 2005) as a result of constant migration. It is in this context that the state of Dominica has constructed a tourism strategy based on the unique value of its natural and human resources in the context of spatial planning, which aims to fight against poverty.
Dominique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6530
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6530

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Genetic variation is generally considered a prerequisite for adaptation to new environmental conditions. Thus the discovery of genetically depauperate but geographically widespread species is unexpected. We used 12 paternally inherited chloroplast microsatellites to estimate population genetic variation across the full range of an emblematic circum-Mediterranean conifer, stone pine (Pinus pinea L.). The same chloroplast DNA haplotype is fixed in nearly all of the 34 investigated populations. Such a low level of variation is consistent with a previous report of very low levels of diversity at nuclear loci in this species. Stone pine appears to have passed through a severe and prolonged demographic bottleneck, followed by subsequent natural- and human-mediated dispersal across the Mediterranean Basin. No other abundant and widespread plant species has as little genetic diversity as P. pinea at both chloroplast and nuclear markers. However, the species harbors a nonnegligible amount of variation at adaptive traits. Thus a causal relationship between genetic diversity, as measured by marker loci, and the evolutionary precariousness of a species, cannot be taken for granted
ISSN: 0014-3820

hal-01032062
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032062
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00294.x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La vulnérabilité croissante aux aléas extrêmes et les conséquences du changement climatique accentuent l’exposition des Antilles françaises aux risques naturels. Dans ce contexte, la Caisse Centrale de Réassurance par son rôle dans l’indemnisation des Catastrophes naturelles en France cherche à consolider ses connaissances sur les ouragans et les phénomènes induits comme les submersions, les inondations ou les glissements de terrain.À partir des archives antillaises et métropolitaines, une reconstruction de l’intensité des ouragans survenus depuis le début du xviie siècle a été possible. Elle permet ainsi d’évaluer l’exposition des territoires antillais. L’analyse des dommages a permis de proposer une évaluation des enjeux et ainsi saisir la construction de la vulnérabilité. Les réponses apportées en matière de gestion du risque depuis le xviie attestent de la volonté d’assurer la protection des enjeux et des populations et mettent en avant les relations entre risque et aménagement du territoire.
The rising vulnerability to Extreme hazard and the consequences of climate change increase the exposure of French Antilles to natural hazards. Therefore, the French reinsurance company Caisse Centrale de Réassurance aims to develop its scientific knowledge of hurricanes and induced phenomena like storm surges, floods and landslides.With the study of historical archives, located in the Antilles and Metropolitean France, it was possible to build an exhaustive hurricane Severity chronology since the 17th century. Then, a detailed damage analysis in specific strategic areas has offered the opportunity to assess the evolution of the vulnerability of the French Antilles societies. Furthermore, the Risk Management policies, since the 17th century, attest the willingness to protect strategic areas and populations and highlight the link between risk and land use.
Martinique
Guadeloupe
Saint-Martin
Saint-Barthélemy

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7176
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7176

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Ce travail interroge le processus d’inscription à l’inventaire des sites et monuments naturels protégés au titre de l’environnement. Quelles protections offre véritablement cet outil notamment dans l’outre-mer ? Comment concilier protection de l’environnement, patrimonialisation et développement économique ? Les critères d’inscription, définis en 1930 et qui comportent une vision « universelle » — et occidentale — de la valeur, de l’environnement, n’ont-ils jamais été discutés et soumis à l’approbation et à la sensibilité des populations issues d’autres cultures, dans ce cas précis les Bushinengé de Guyane ? Et, surtout qu’entendons-nous exactement par « site patrimonial » ?
This article questions the registration process in the inventory of natural sites and monuments protected under the environment. What protections truly offer this tool, especially in the French territories “overseas”? How to reconcile environmental protection, heritage creation and economic development? The listing criteria, defined in 1930 and which have a vision "universal" – a western view – of the environment, have they ever been discussed and submitted for approval and to the sensitivity of the populations concerned, in this case the Bushinenge people? And what do we mean exactly by "heritage site"?
Papaïchton
Guyane française

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10369
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10369

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Coastal Education and Research Foundation
Résumé : International audience
The ichthyofauna of the Manche-à-Eau mangrove lagoon was regularly sampled in 2002 with a fixed net at seven stations during 4 months corresponding to two hydrological seasons. Physicochemical variables (depth, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH) and population descriptors (species and family richness, density and biomass) were measured. The Whitefield and the well-being indexes were calculated to appreciate species equilibrium. Canonical correspondence analysis and generalized linear models were used to link species assemblages to physicochemical variables and to search for a special link with salinity. A total of 30,733 individuals belonging to 34 species and 23 families were collected. The Gerreidae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Scianidae, and Sparidae represented almost 98% of the total number of individuals. Our results show that organization of the fish assemblages in the lagoon is poorly dependent on salinity, whereas dissolved oxygen, temperature, and pH could have a stronger role. Looking at response curves to salinity change, most fishes species appeared to be visitors, either temporarily present or regular migrators. Only a few species compose the year-round resident population. They have a high patrimonial value and could be considered bioindicator species for long-term studies (e.g., of global change and natural or anthropogenic disturbances). The Euclidean distance and biomass variables were not useful descriptors of confinement and biological zonation in the lagoon, whereas the negative gradient of specific richness, number of individuals, Whitefield index, and index of well-being better described confinement. On the basis of these last parameters, biological zonation in the Manche-à- Eau lagoon was established and is provided.
ISSN: 0749-0208

hal-00755285
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-00755285
DOI : 10.2112/06-0804.1

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : The tourism industry has realized that the goals to protect the environment and goals of the economy are often not compatible. Thus countries such as Jamaica whose principal economic earner is tourism are seeking methods to green their national accounts and policies. However livelihood socioeconomic systems of the local population often conflict with sustainable policies. Furthermore these livelihood systems to eke out a living are often not regulated and fall outside the formal structures of governance, and sustainable regulation systems and policies. This article examines this Pandora’s Box within the context of Jamaica, Cockpit country with a focus on water, as natural resource used by both the tourist sector and the local population.
L'industrie du tourisme a réalisé que les objectifs de protection de l'environnement et les objectifs de l'économie ne sont souvent pas compatibles. Ainsi, des pays comme la Jamaïque dont le principal soutien économique est le tourisme économique sont à la recherche de méthodes écologiques de leurs comptes et les politiques nationales. Systèmes de subsistance Cependant socio-économiques de la population locale sont souvent en conflit avec les politiques de développement durable. En outre, ces systèmes de subsistance pour gagner leur vie sont souvent pas réglementés et tombent en dehors des structures formelles de gouvernance et des systèmes de régulation et des politiques durables. Cet article examine cette boîte de Pandore dans le cadre de la Jamaïque, pays de cockpit en mettant l'accent sur l'eau, ressource naturelle utilisée à la fois par le secteur du tourisme et de la population locale.
Jamaïque

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5297
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5297

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le Bénin, pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest est confronté à la destruction des terres humides particulièrement dans la partie sud du pays. Les terres humides riches biodiversité sont importantes tant pour les humains que pour milieu naturel. La menace la plus importante est la pression de l’anthropique. Même si ce territoire est reconnu par la Convention Ramsar, la destruction continue. En 1995 le gouvernement a décidé de créer une aire de gestion communautaire pour ces territoires. L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre les grands défis liés à la mise en œuvre de la gestion communautaire des milieux humides à travers une étude de cas, en l’occurrence celui de la vallée du Sitatunga. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un séjour de 3 mois a été effectué sur le site. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été alors réalisées. Les résultats montrent que la vallée du Sitatunga est considérée comme inutile, voire nuisible, par les populations riveraines rencontrées dans le cadre de l’étude, qui sont davantage préoccupées à se sortir de leur état de pauvreté. Les traditions et valeurs autrefois attribuées à la conservation des milieux humides ont quasiment disparu et l’individualisme est grandissant. Il importe de tenir compte de tous ces facteurs pour espérer véritablement préserver ces milieux. D’un autre côté, parlant de gestion de l’environnement et plus particulièrement de gestion des milieux humides à l’échelle béninoise, le constat n’est pas reluisant. En effet, l’État étant donné son état de sous-développement et donc de manque de ressources, à du mal à coordonner ces activités. Il est de même pour les ONG. La situation est accentuée par l’état des relations entre ONG et structures de l’État qui se considèrent davantage comme des adversaires que comme des partenaires ce qui affecte l’efficacité des activités menées. Pour que la gestion communautaire devienne une réalité, il importe qu’un partenariat soit établi entre les différents acteurs liés à la gestion de la vallée du Sitatunga en particulier et des milieux humides en général : les ONG, l’État et les communautés locales.
Bénin, a country in West Africa is actually facing the destruction of its wetlands, especially those in the southern part of the country. The wetlands which their richness in natural resources are important for both human and wildlife are also threatened by many factors. The most important threat is population pressure. Although recognised as Ramsar sites, the destruction continues. In 1995, the Government has decided to create community protected areas in this part of the country. The objective of this research is to understand the main challenges around the community management of wetlands. The case of the Sitatunga valley, in south Bénin has been studied. The methodology used consisted on interviews with stakeholders during a period of 3 months. The results show that, although the good intentions of community management, its practical application is not easy, and reveal many difficulties in its practical application. The site although rich in biodiversity and used as refuge for several species, is regarded as useless even harmful by the bordering populations, which are more worried by their poverty state. The traditions and values formerly allotted to the wetlands almost disappeared and individualism is growing. It is important to take into account all these factors to truly hope to preserve these wetlands. The study shows that management of the wetlands on a Beninese scale is also difficult. Indeed, the government through its structures struggles to coordinate its activities. It is the same for NGOs. The situation is accentuated by the poor relations between NGOs and government institutions which consider each other more as adversaries than as partners. This affects the effectiveness of the undertaken activities. It is then important for all the stakeholders (NGOs, Government and local communities) to install a partnership to help achieve community management objectives.
Bénin

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3630
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3630

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde
Résumé : International audience
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that show remarkable diversity, as revealed by the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis, which can range from mild skin lesions to severe metastatic cutaneous/mucosal lesions. The exact nature and extent of Leishmania phenotypic diversity in establishing infection is not fully understood. In order to try to understand some aspects of this diversity, we subcutaneously infected BALB/c mice with first and second generation subclones of a L. amazonensis strain isolated from a patient (BA125) and examined in vivo lesion growth rate and antimony susceptibility. In vivo fast-, medium- and slow-growing subclones were obtained; moreover, fast-growing subclones could generate slow-growing subclones and inversely, revealing the continuous generation of diversity after passage into mice. No antimony-resistant subclone appeared, probably a rare occurrence. By tagging subclone cells with a L. amazonensis genomic cosmid library, we found that only a very small number of founding cells could produce lesions. Leishmania clones transfected with in vivo selected individual cosmids were also diverse in terms of lesion growth rate, revealing the cosmid-independent intrinsic characteristics of each clone. Our results suggest that only a few of the infecting parasites are able to grow and produce lesions; later, within the cell mixture of each lesion, there coexist several parasite populations with different potentialities to grow lesions during the next infection round. This may reflect a sort of programmed heterogeneity of individual parasites, favoring the survival of some individuals in various environmental conditions.
ISSN: 0074-0276

hal-01489007
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01489007

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
1. The Before-After Control-Impact Paired Series (BACIPS) design distinguishes natural spatial and temporalvariability from variation induced by an environmental impact (or intervention) of interest. BACIPS is a powerfultool to derive inferences about interventions when classic experimental approaches (e.g. which rely on spatialreplicates and random assignment of treatments) are not feasible or desirable. Previously applied BACIPSdesigns generally assume that effects are sudden, constant and long-lived: that is, that systems exhibit ‘stepchanges’in response to interventions. However, complex ecological interactions or gradual interventions maycreate delayed and/or progressive responses, potentially impeding the reliability of classic (step-change) analyses.2. We propose a novel approach, the Progressive-Change BACIPS, which generalizes and expands the scope ofBACIPS analyses.We evaluate the relative performance of this approach using both simulated and real data thatexhibit step-change, linear, asymptotic and sigmoid responses following an intervention.We quantify the statisticalpower and accuracy of the Progressive-Change BACIPS under varying initial population densities, intensityof spatial sampling, effect sizes and number of sampling dates After the intervention.3. We show that Progressive-Change BACIPS identified the correct model among the set of candidate modelsunder most conditions and led to accurate estimates of the parameters that were used to generate the simulateddata. When data were sparse, and the dynamics complex, simpler (more parsimonious) models were favouredover the more complex models that actually generated the simulated data. Application of the Progressive-Change BACIPS to existing data sets from the literature led to strong support for specific models (over alternatives)and led to more specific inferences than possible under the classic BACIPS approach.4. The Progressive-Change BACIPS proposed here is more flexible than the original BACIPS formulationbecause the data are used to inform the form of the final model, rather than having the form of the modelimposed on the data. This leads to better estimates of the effects of environmental impacts and the time-scalesover which they operate. As a result, the Progressive-Change BACIPS should be applicable to a wide range ofstudies and should help improve investigation of time-dependent effects. R code to perform Progressive-ChangeBACIPS analysis is provided.
ISSN: 2041-210X

hal-01416668
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01416668
DOI : 10.1111/2041-210X.12655

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The extent of the global human footprint [ 1 ] limits our understanding of what is natural in the marine environment. Remote, near-pristine areas provide some baseline expectations for biomass [ 2, 3 ] and suggest that predators dominate, producing an inverted biomass pyramid. The southern pass of Fakarava atoll—a biosphere reserve in French Polynesia—hosts an average of 600 reef sharks, two to three times the biomass per hectare documented for any other reef shark aggregations [ 4 ]. This huge biomass of predators makes the trophic pyramid inverted. Bioenergetics models indicate that the sharks require ∼90 tons of fish per year, whereas the total fish production in the pass is ∼17 tons per year. Energetic theory shows that such trophic structure is maintained through subsidies [ 5–9 ], and empirical evidence suggests that sharks must engage in wide-ranging foraging excursions to meet energy needs [ 9, 10 ]. We used underwater surveys and acoustic telemetry to assess shark residency in the pass and feeding behavior and used bioenergetics models to understand energy flow. Contrary to previous findings, our results highlight that sharks may overcome low local energy availability by feeding on fish spawning aggregations, which concentrate energy from other local trophic pyramids. Fish spawning aggregations are known to be targeted by sharks, but they were previously believed to play a minor role representing occasional opportunistic supplements. This research demonstrates that fish spawning aggregations can play a significant role in the maintenance of local inverted pyramids in pristine marine areas. Conservation of fish spawning aggregations can help conserve shark populations, especially if combined with shark fishing bans.
ISSN: 0960-9822

hal-01359391
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01359391
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.058

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IOS Press
Résumé : International audience
Cancer is generally conceived as a dedifferentiation process in which quiescent post-mitotic differentiated cells acquire stem-like properties and the capacity to proliferate. This view holds for the initial stages of carcinogenesis but is more questionable for advanced stages when the cells can transdifferentiate into the contractile phenotype associated to migration and metastasis. Singularly from this perspective, the hallmark of the most aggressive cancers would correspond to a genuine differentiation status, even if it is different from the original one. This seeming paradox could help reconciling discrepancies in the literature about the pro-or anti-tumoral functions of candidate molecules involved in cancer and whose actual effects depend on the tumoral grade. These ambiguities which are likely to concern a myriad of molecules and pathways, are illustrated here with the selected examples of chromatin epigenetics and myocardin-related transcription factors, using the human MCF10A and MCF7 breast cancer cells. Self-renewing stem like cells are characterized by a loose chromatin with low levels of the H3K9 trimetylation, but high levels of this mark can also appear in cancer cells acquiring a contractile-type differentiation state associated to metastasis. Similarly, the myocardin-related transcription factor MRTF-A is involved in metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, whereas this factor is naturally enriched in the quiescent cells which are precisely the most resistant to cancer: cardiomyocytes. These seeming paradoxes reflect the bistable epigenetic landscape of cancer in which dedifferentiated self-renewing and differentiated migrating states are incompatible at the single cell level, though coexisting at the population level. © 2016-IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.
ISSN: 0888-6008

hal-01367146
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367146
DOI : 10.3233/BD-150210
PUBMED : 27177343

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : The small nation of Belize is nestled on the Central American Continent bounded on its north by Mexico, the west and south by Guatemala and the Caribbean Sea on its eastern border.  Located in the path of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, the country is susceptible to atmospheric disasters.  Most notably are the Hurricane of 1931 and Hurricane Hattie which claimed 275 lives and caused damages in excess of US$1 Billion. Consequently, Belize has implemented several responsible and original mitigation policies to safeguard its population and protect the bourgeoning tourism industry. In spite of those efforts, most of its coastal populations remain vulnerable to hurricanes and floods.
La petite nation de Belize est nichée au cœur de l’Amérique Centrale, bordée au nord par le Mexique, à l'ouest et au sud par le Guatemala ; la mer Caraïbe constituant sa frontière orientale. Situé sur la trajectoire des cyclones tropicaux atlantiques, le pays est exposé aux catastrophes atmosphériques. Parmi les plus notables dans l’histoire de Bélize : l'ouragan de 1931 et l'ouragan Hattie qui ont fait 275 victimes et causé des dommages évalués à plus de 1 milliard de dollars. En réponse, le pays a mis en place diverses politiques responsables et inédites visant la réduction des risques afin de sauvegarder sa population et de protéger l’essor du tourisme. Malgré ces efforts, la majorité des populations côtières demeure vulnérable aux ouragans et aux inondations
Belize
Amérique centrale

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.324
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/324

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’évolution récente du tourisme international au Venezuela est particulièrement intéressante : l’activité touristique qui reste très largement concentrée sur la côte caribéenne, et notamment l’île de Margarita, se diversifie au profit de nouveaux centres d’intérêt dans les régions intérieures. L’affichage de nouvelles volontés politiques sur la scène régionale et internationale, sous l’impulsion du président Chavez, a perturbé le marché touristique national qui était dominé pour les clientèles nord-américaines ; le Venezuela apparaît désormais aux yeux des États-Unis comme un pays à risque, instable. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit le « Programa Andes Tropicales » [PAT] qui soutient le développement rural dans les parcs nationaux ; ce programme repose sur la participation des populations locales et leur implication dans les politiques de conservation des ressources naturelles et culturelles sources de revenus. Le soutien financier des microprojets familiaux et communautaires doit permettre de lutter contre la pauvreté.
The recent evolution of international tourism in Venezuela is particularly interesting. Even if tourism activity remains heavily concentrated on the Caribbean coast, in particular on the island of Margarita, it is nevertheless diversifying gradually to make way for new areas of interest in the country’s interior. The display of new political will on the regional and international scene, under the leadership of President Chavez, has disrupted the national tourism market which was dominated by North American customers. Venezuela now appears in the eyes of the United States as a country that is at risk,and therefore unstable. It is in this context that the “Programa Andes Tropicales" [PAT] was developed to promote rural development in national parks; This program is based on the participation and involvement of local populations in the development of appropriate policies for conserving natural resources and cultural sources of income. Financial support is also provided for family and community micro projects to help alleviate poverty in these regions.
Venezuela

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.445
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/445

Résumé : En 1999, le risque écologique encouru par les écosystèmes côtiers soumis à la prolifération de la crépidule, Crepidula fornicata, a été pleinement reconnu par la communauté scientifique nationale et internationale. Au niveau national, le Programme National Environnement Côtier (PNEC) et le programme national LITEAU ont tous deux identifié des actions thématiques prioritaires sur la dynamique de prolifération de la crépidule et les interactions crépidule/bivalves exploités. Les actions du LEMAR (UMR 6539 CNRS) sur cette thématique s’inscrivent dans deux projets : 1 - La crépidule : identifier les mécanismes de sa prolifération et caractériser ses effets sur le milieu pour envisager sa gestion. » (LITEAU) 2 - Recrutement, milieu physique et interactions d'espèces en environnement côtier : cas des mollusques » (PNEC ART2) En rade de Brest, l’accent est mis sur l’interaction des cycles biologiques de la crépidule et de la coquille Saint-Jacques. Les objectifs poursuivis en rade de Brest s’articulent en 4 points, dans le cadre de LITEAU : 1- Dynamique de colonisation de la crépidule en rade de Brest : acquisition des paramètres de dynamique de population (caractéristiques du cycle reproducteur, déterminisme du recrutement, dispersion, croissance, sensibilité aux efflorescences toxiques...) ; 2- Impact de cette prolifération sur l’évolution de la nature sédimentaire des zones colonisées et l’enrichissement en matière organique (par le biais de l’activité alimentaire et de la production de biodépôts) ; 3- Modifications engendrées sur les peuplements benthiques dans leur globalité (sites ateliers). La strate à crépidules, au sens biosédimentaire et écologique, verra sa définition affinée et sa dynamique analysée en vue d'obtenir un modèle prévisionnel des évolutions possibles en matière de biodiversité ; 4- Rôle de la crépidule dans le contrôle de la production primaire phytoplanctonique (par le biais des activités de filtration et de production de biodépôts).

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14292/11570.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00032/14292/