Éditeur(s) : Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd
Résumé : Cooperation between the social and natural sciences has become essential in order to encompass all the dimensions of coastal zone management. Socio-economic approaches are increasingly recommended to complement integrated assessment in support of these initiatives. A systematic review of the academic literature was carried out in order to analyze the main types of socio-economic assessments used to inform the coastal zone management process as well as their effectiveness. A corpus of 1682 articles published between 1992 and 2011 was identified by means of the representative coverage approach, from which 170 were selected by applying inclusion/exclusion criteria and then classified using a content analysis methodology. The percentage of articles that mention the use of socio-economic assessment in support of coastal zone management initiatives is increasing but remains relatively low. The review examines the links between the issues addressed by integrated assessments and the chosen analytical frameworks as well as the various economic assessment methods which are used in the successive steps of the coastal zone management process. The results show that i) analytical frameworks such as 'risk and vulnerability', 'DPSIR', 'valuation', 'ecosystem services' and 'preferences' are likely to lead to effective integration of social sciences in coastal zone management research while 'integration', 'sustainability' and 'participation' remain difficult to operationalize, ii) risk assessments are insufficiently implemented in developing countries, and iii) indicator systems in support of multi-criteria analyses could be used during more stages of the coastal zone management process. Finally, it is suggested that improved collaboration between science and management would require that scientists currently involved in coastal zone management processes further educate themselves in integrated assessment approaches and participatory methodologies.
Journal Of Environmental Management (0301-4797) (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd), 2015-02-01 , Vol. 149 , P. 85-96

Droits : 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00255/36598/35167.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.018
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00255/36598/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Negative density dependence (NDD) and environmental filtering (EF) shape community assembly, but their relative importance is poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that seedlings mortality risk is positively related to the phylogenetic relatedness of neighbours. However, natural enemies, whose depredations often cause NDD, respond to functional traits of hosts rather than phylogenetic relatedness per se. To understand the roles of NDD and EF in community assembly, we assessed the effects on seedling mortality of functional similarity, phylogenetic relatedness and stem density of neighbouring seedlings and adults in a species-rich tropical forest. Mortality risks increased for common species when their functional traits departed substantially from the neighbourhood mean, and for all species when surrounded by close relatives. This indicates that NDD affects community assembly more broadly than does EF, and leads to the tentative conclusion that natural enemies respond to phylogenetically correlated traits. Our results affirm the prominence of NDD in structuring species-rich communities.
ISSN: 1461-023X

hal-01032429
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032429
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01705.x

Résumé : Genetic consequences of production of Pacific oyster larval in hatchery: drift and selective pressures related to rearing practices. In order to study the genetic consequences of production of oyster larvae in hatcheries, two factors were examined: the effects of discarding the smallest larvae (i.e. culling) and temperature effects. A mixed-family approach was used in order to infer the genetic composition of the larval population. The results show that high polymorphic microsatellite-based family assignment is a powerful tool for the study of bivalve larvae genetics. Culling by selective sieving is an advantageous practice at a phenotypic scale, but also represents a substantial risk for diversity loss if parentage assignment is not introduced as a breeding practice. Settlement of slow growing larvae contributes to minimizing the variability of reproductive success and therefore to maximizing genetic diversity. These results corroborate the lower estimations of variability made on broodstocks from French commercial hatcheries relative to natural populations. Temperature exerts an influence on the expression of genetic variability for larval growth. A temperature of 26°C, coupled with culling could amplify the selective effect. Furthermore, selection of fast growing larvae has proven to counteract inbreeding depression at this stage. Genetic effects of intensive rearing conditions are significant and should be taken into account in hatchery practices, especially in terms of genetic diversity management.
Afin d'étudier les conséquences génétiques des pratiques de production de larves en écloserie d'huître creuse, deux facteurs ont été examinés : l'effet de l'élimination des plus petites larves et l'effet de la température. Une approche de familles élevées en mélange a été utilisée afin d'avoir accès à l'information génétique au stade larvaire. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'assignation de parenté basée sur des marqueurs microsatellites hautement discriminants est un outil performant pour les études génétiques en phase larvaire. Bien qu'avantageuse d'un point de vue phénotypique, la pratique de tamisage sélectif représente un risque substantiel de perte de diversité si cette pratique n'est pas associée à une assignation de parentée par empreintes génétiques. La fixation des larves à croissance lente permet de minimiser la variabilité du succès reproducteur et de fait, de maximiser la variabilité génétique. Ces résultats corroborent les estimations de variabilité sur les stocks d'écloseries commerciales françaises où l'on constate une diversité allélique inférieure à celle de populations issues du milieu naturel. La température exerce également une influence sur la précocité de l'expression de la variabilité génétique pour la croissance larvaire. Ainsi une température élevée (26°C) associée à une procédure de tamisage peut amplifier l'effet sélectif. Enfin, la sélection de larves à croissance rapide semble démontrée, s'opposant à la dépression de consanguinité présumée en phase larvaire. Les conditions d'élevage peuvent donc avoir un effet génétique significatif qui devrait être pris en considération dans les pratiques d'écloserie, notamment dans la gestion de la diversité génétique.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/rapport-1459.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1459/

Éditeur(s) : Office Int Epizooties
Résumé : The tremendous development of penaeid shrimp culture across the world over the past twenty years has led to international trade in eggs, larvae and spawners of the best shrimp species for aquaculture. Trade has involved, in particular, the following species: - Penaeus japonicus from Japan to Europe, the Pacific Islands and South America - P. monodon from South-East Asia to almost all tropical countries - P. vannamei and P. stylirostris from countries along the Pacific coast of South and Central America to the United States of America, the islands of the South Pacific, countries along the Atlantic coast of the Americas and certain countries in Africa. In the 1980s, research conducted by American and French teams enabled the breeding of stocks of spawners in captivity. This resulted in the establishment of lines of captive broodstock outside natural areas of distribution, and the development of new breeding farms in previously unproductive regions. Trade related to movements of these species is facilitated by the absence of legislation in most countries; even when such legislation does exist, it is not always applied These practices have led to the rapid development of world shrimp production, but have also contributed to the dissemination of pathogens. In recent years, the occurrence of serious epizootics - occasioning heavy losses world-wide - has led to a more cautious approach involving trade of post-larvae obtained from captive broodstock in which thorough control measures have been implemented for known diseases. Trade in wild shrimp will probably be abandoned progressively, to avoid the risk of introducing new pathogens. The main challenges for research in the near future are the development of diagnostic tools, to enable continuous control of captive broodstock, and the selection of strains which are resistant to the principal pathogens affecting these species.
Revue Scientifique Et Technique-office International Des Epizooties (0253-1933) (Office Int Epizooties), 1996-06 , Vol. 15 , N. 2 , P. 499-515

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00091/20231/17883.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00091/20231/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Mineralogical Society of America
Résumé : International audience
In situ mineralization of CO2 in ultramafic rock-hosted aquifers is one of the promising solutions for decreasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Naturally altered ultramafic rocks suggest that carbonation processes are controlled by local heterogeneities in the structure of the rock and fluid transport at the water-rock interfaces. We studied the role of rock crystallographic anisotropy relative to the global fluid flow direction on the mineralization of CO2 by means of electron microscope analyses from the macro- to the micrometer scale (EBSD-FIB). The sample used for the measurements was a hot pressed olivine core percolated by water enriched in CO2 (pCO2 = 10 MPa) at 180 °C. During the percolation experiment, olivine was dissolved and two types of carbonates, dolomite, and magnesite, were precipitated on olivine surfaces. The results showed that the dissolution of olivine is controlled by its crystallographic properties as shown by the development of etch-pits only on the (010)ol planes and with elongated shapes parallel to the [010]ol axes. In contrast, the precipitation of carbonates is governed by hydrodynamic properties. Carbonates are heterogeneously distributed in the percolated rock. They are mainly located along the moderate (for dolomite) and the minor (for magnesite) flow paths, both oriented parallel to the principal fluid flow direction, which allow carbonates to be supplied with divalent cations (e.g., Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+). In these flow paths, carbonate growth is systematically oriented normal to the flow that facilitates the development of chemical gradients with cationic supersaturation conditions for carbonate precipitation near the walls.In natural systems, the (010)ol planes are parallel to the Moho and the (100)ol planes are vertical; our study suggests that flow of CO2-rich fluids will induce precipitation of carbonates localized along, and preferentially clogging, vertical flow paths while favoring olivine dissolution along horizontal fluid pathways. This dual control of structure and fluid flow on carbonation mechanisms could be an important parameter allowing sustainable CO2 storage in peridotites, while limiting the risks of leakage toward the surface.
ISSN: 0003-004X

hal-01143393
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01143393
DOI : 10.2138/am-2015-4913

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy, in current clinical practice, of ă first regimens containing abacavir with lamivudine (ABC/3TC) or ă tenofovir with emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) in patients with baseline viral ă load 100000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. ă MethodsUsing a prospective cohort, we selected all patients starting a ă first HIV regimen based either on ABC/3TC or on TDF/FTC. The propensity ă score (PS) method was used to limit the indication bias due to the ă observational nature of the data. Adjusting and weighting methods via PS ă were used to compare the effectiveness of a first regimen containing ă ABC/3TC or TDF/FTC. The primary outcome was treatment failure by month ă 12 (M12). ă ResultsOverall, 2781 patients started an antiretroviral (ARV) regimen ă with ABC/3TC or TDF/FTC each in combination with efavirenz, boosted ă atazanavir or boosted darunavir. Among the 2472 uncensored patients ă before M12, 962 (39%) had a baseline viral load 100000 copies/mL of ă whom 294 were in treatment failure at or before M12. Our analyses showed ă no difference between ABC/3TC and TDF/FTC in the risk of treatment ă failure at M12 in patients starting an ARV regimen with a high viral ă load (100000 copies/mL). ă ConclusionsUsing a large prospectively collected cohort of patients ă seeking care in France, we found no evidence that ABC/3TC based regimens ă led to more failures than TDF/FTC based ones in patients with high ă baseline viral loads.
ISSN: 1464-2662

hal-01482656
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01482656
DOI : 10.1111/hiv.12306

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In French Guiana, severe cases of toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients are associated with atypical strains of Toxoplasma gondii linked to a wild neotropical rainforest cycle and a higher genetic diversity than usually observed for T. gondii isolates from anthropized environment. This raises the question of the impact of anthropization of the natural environment, on genetic diversity and on the population structure of T. gondii. However, few data are available on strains circulating in the anthropized areas from French Guiana. Seropositive animals originating mainly from anthropized sub-urban areas and punctually from wild environment in French Guiana were analyzed for T. gondii isolation and genotyping. Thirty-three strains were obtained by bioassay in mice and compared with 18 previously reported isolates chiefly originating from the Amazon rainforest. The genotyping analysis performed with 15 microsatellite markers located on 12 different chromosomes revealed a lower genetic diversity in the anthropized environment. Results were analyzed in terms of population structure by clustering methods, Neighbor-joining trees reconstruction based on genetic distances, F(ST,) Mantel's tests and linkage disequilibrium. They clearly showed a genetic differentiation between strains associated to the anthropized environment and those associated to the wild, but with some inbreeding between them. The majority of strains from the anthropized environment were clustered into additional lineages of T. gondii that are common in the Caribbean. In conclusion the two environmental populations "wild" and "anthropized" were genetically well differentiated. The anthropization of the environment seems to be accompanied with a decreased diversity of T. gondii associated with a greater structure of the populations. We detected potential interpenetration and genetic exchanges between these two environmental populations. As a higher pathogenicity in human of "wild" genotypes has been described, the interpenetration of both environments leads to hybridization between strains that may be at risk for human health.
ISSN: 1567-1348

pasteur-00654105
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00654105
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00654105/document
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00654105/file/Mercier_et_al_IGE2011.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.05.003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Résumé : International audience
These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract. Human behaviors are increasingly recognized to play a key role in the spread of infectious diseases. Although a set of social and cognitive determinants has been consistently found to affect the adoption of health protective behaviors aiming to control and prevent a variety of infections, little is currently known about the ecological drivers of these behaviors in epidemic settings. In this article, we took advantage of the outbreak of chikungunya, a reemerging mosquito-borne disease, that occurred in French Guiana in 2014–15 to test empirically the assumption proposed by Zielinski-Gutierrez and Hayden that the proximity of the disease and perceptions of the natural environment may considerably shape public response to an emerging health threat. To achieve this, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among high school students of the region (N = 1462) at an early stage of the epidemic. Surprisingly, spatial analysis of the collected data leads to counterintuitive results as the participants who lived in the most affected area expressed less concern about the disease and practiced preventive behaviors less frequently than did other participants. These paradoxical results may be attributed to the possible activation of risk denial processes which have previously been observed in the risk perception literature, and described by several social and psychological defensiveness theories.
ISSN: 0002-9637

hal-01589232
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01589232
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01589232/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01589232/file/Flamand%20...Raude%202017%20%28CHIKV%20French%20Guiana%29.pdf
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.16-1028

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé :  
The main aspects of wood mechanics are approached through the role played by wood as the building material of the tree. The main concepts used by nature: progressive setting up of tree weight and architecture, multifunctional role of wood and adaptability to hazard and long-term evolution, are clarified together with their consequence on the multilayered, anisotropic nature of wood. The technological choices of the plant world as the cellular structure, the use of composite with oriented fibres and hydro-carbonated polymers, as well as the systematic prestressing of every new layer, bear obvious consequences on the type of mechanical behaviour of wood. The local control of the level of prestressing through minor modifications of the cell-wall biosynthesis allows the tree to adapt to conditions of light exploration that will evolve according to time and risk occurrence. This analysis of wood genesis process permits in return to improve our understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the material in relation with the parameters of the microstructure.
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Série 2

hal-01032151
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032151
DOI : 10.1016/S1620-7742(01)01380-0

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles
Résumé : Una introducción a la seguridad turística requiere que nos ocupemos de una revisión bibliográfica. Ciertamente, los planes y los manuales parecen no traducirse en protocolos en momentos de emergencia. Ello sucede pues siempre un estado de emergencia se escapa de toda planificación pero también suele suceder por la falta de definiciones claras respecto a que es la seguridad. En este ensayo, discutiremos los paradigmas y tesis centrales de tres exponentes que han dedicado su vida a dicha tarea. Sevil Somnez, Abraham Pizam y Peter Tarlow han explorado las raíces del terrorismo y la seguridad por más de 20 años, y por eso, a pesar de la crítica, merecen su reconocimiento. La mejor forma de homenajearlos es discutir críticamente sus postulados. Con sus puntos de divergencia, los especialistas se encuentran preocupados por la dependencia occidental del terrorismo con los medios masivos de comunicación, aspecto a discutir en el presente trabajo de revisión.
Une introduction à la sécurité touristique nécessite un examen bibliographique. Certainement, les plans et les manuels semblent ne pas être traduits dans des protocoles de moments de secours. Il s’agit donc toujours d’état d'urgence confronté à l’évènement, sans planification et sans définitions claires de ce qu’est la sécurité. Dans cet essai, nous discuterons les paradigmes et les thèses centrales de trois auteurs qui ont consacré leur vie à la tâche mentionnée ci-dessus. Sevil Somnez, Abraham Pizam et Peter Tarlow ont exploré les racines du terrorisme et la sécurité pendant plus de 20 ans et pour cela, en dépit de la critique, ils méritent notre reconnaissance. La meilleure façon de leur rendre hommage est de discuter de manière critique de leurs postulats. Au-delà de leurs divergences, les spécialistes s’inquiètent de la dépendance occidentale au terrorisme sous le poids des mass-médias, aspect qu’il convient de discuter dans le présent travail de révision.
The specialized literature review is of paramount importance at time of exploring the current problems of tourism security. Certainly, plans and policies provided by guide-books are not being followed in disaster-contests simply chaos and disorder are the nature of emergencies. Beyond any protocol, crises and security are not properly defined by scholars. In this essay-review, we will not pay attention to define what tourism security means, lest by the lens of three senior scholars, Sevil Somnez, Abraham Pizam and Peter Tarlow, who have accomplished this task. They have explored not only the roots of terrorism but security over 20 years. Despite the criticism, they deserve recognition for this legacy. Based on substantial point of divergence, these specialists are concerned by the financial dependency of societies respecting to mass-media and its coverage of terrorist attacks.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7530
http://etudescaribeennes.revues.org/7530

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer International Publishing
Résumé : International audience
Understanding the formation processes of maritime archaeological sites and the maritime landscape in the French West Indies is a new challenge in underwater archaeology. This chapter presents an analysis of formation and conservation processes of maritime archaeological sites in Guadeloupe using evidence from both historical and archaeological research. Formation parameters include contemporary events associated with maritime loss and the in situ geophysical regime. Questions considered include: what natural and/or anthropogenic parameters best classify maritime sites in the context of the French West Indies landscape? And: how do these parameters vary by site location? Field-tested case studies are used to assess the archaeological potential for submerged shipwreck sites for three locational typologies within the landscape: submerged, coastal, and micro-island. Geomorphic parameters, including erosion, sea level evolution, and tectonic activity, are evaluated with regard to the formation of coastal Amerindian and colonial sites. The location of shipwrecks are primarily determined by historic patterns in commercial trade and by topographical constraints associated with accessibility, risk, and the presence of natural harbors, parameters important in the Caribbean. A unique feature of Guadeloupe is the high variability of the structure of the coastline through time. The recent discovery of numerous underwater prehistoric artifacts confirms that several islands, coastal areas, and their archaeological sites have been completely submerged or eroded since their formation. The characterization of these formation processes provides both academically interesting and practical information valuable in assessing the impact of development and urbanization in Guadeloupe’s maritime landscape.
Formation Processes of Maritime Archaeological Landscapes

hal-01448703
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01448703

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’évolution récente du tourisme international au Venezuela est particulièrement intéressante : l’activité touristique qui reste très largement concentrée sur la côte caribéenne, et notamment l’île de Margarita, se diversifie au profit de nouveaux centres d’intérêt dans les régions intérieures. L’affichage de nouvelles volontés politiques sur la scène régionale et internationale, sous l’impulsion du président Chavez, a perturbé le marché touristique national qui était dominé pour les clientèles nord-américaines ; le Venezuela apparaît désormais aux yeux des États-Unis comme un pays à risque, instable. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit le « Programa Andes Tropicales » [PAT] qui soutient le développement rural dans les parcs nationaux ; ce programme repose sur la participation des populations locales et leur implication dans les politiques de conservation des ressources naturelles et culturelles sources de revenus. Le soutien financier des microprojets familiaux et communautaires doit permettre de lutter contre la pauvreté.
The recent evolution of international tourism in Venezuela is particularly interesting. Even if tourism activity remains heavily concentrated on the Caribbean coast, in particular on the island of Margarita, it is nevertheless diversifying gradually to make way for new areas of interest in the country’s interior. The display of new political will on the regional and international scene, under the leadership of President Chavez, has disrupted the national tourism market which was dominated by North American customers. Venezuela now appears in the eyes of the United States as a country that is at risk,and therefore unstable. It is in this context that the “Programa Andes Tropicales" [PAT] was developed to promote rural development in national parks; This program is based on the participation and involvement of local populations in the development of appropriate policies for conserving natural resources and cultural sources of income. Financial support is also provided for family and community micro projects to help alleviate poverty in these regions.
Venezuela

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.445
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/445

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
An efficient management of natural hazards cannot be only a hazard assessment and the location of population in danger. It is necessary to take into account an estimation of the human vulnerability, communications, local infrastructure (individual and collective). Research work engaged in Ecuador on the Cotopaxi volcanic region and more recent projects illustrate this taking into account human factors and contribute to a hazard global approach.
La gestión completa de los riesgos naturales debe tener en cuenta la evaluación de probabilidades, la localización de la población, pero también el conjunto de factores humanos de vulnerabilidad. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en Ecuador, en la región del volcán Cotopaxi, constituyen un buen ejemplo.
Une gestion efficace des risques naturels ne peut se satisfaire de la seule évaluation des aléas et de la localisation des populations menacées. Elle doit également s'appuyer sur l'appréciation des facteurs humains de vulnérabilité, que ce soit sur le plan individuel ou collectif. Les travaux de recherche engagés en Equateur dans les régions exposées au volcan Cotopaxi el d'autres projets plus récents vont dans cette voie et concourent à une approche globale des risques. Leur caractère opérationnel ne peut que contribuer â la mitigation des effets des catastrophes naturelles.
Pangea

hal-01168555
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01168555
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01168555/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01168555/file/D%27Ercole%201993%20Pangea%20Gestion%20risques%20r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s%20sociales.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Dans les Antilles françaises, les réflexions sur le concept de développement durable se bornent essentiellement à la protection de l’environnement. En Martinique, la problématique du développement durable a été traitée pour la première fois par un élu, leader d’une association écologiste ; cette approche a été renforcée par le Conseil Général de la Martinique dans le cadre d’un AGENDA 21, qui met fortement l’accent sur la problématique des risques et de la biodiversité. Cette approche environnementale est aujourd’hui relayée par les organisations syndicales et patronales siégeant au sein de l’Association Régionale pour l’Amélioration des Conditions de Travail (ARACT). Cette démarche vise à inscrire la dimension sociale dans la dynamique du développement durable impulsée en Martinique.
In the French West Indies, reflections on the concept of sustainable development are mainly oriented to the protection of the environment. In Martinique, the challenge of initiating sustainable development was first proposed by a politician, and a leader of an ecological association; this approach has been reinforced by the General Council of Martinique as part of AGENDA 21, which puts strong emphasis on the issue of natural risks and biodiversity. This approach to the environment is now backed by trade unions and employer organizations that serve within the Regional Association for the Improvement of Working Conditions. This approach aims to make the social dimension in the dynamics of sustainable development more evident in Martinique. La quête du sens
Martinique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.471
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/471

Résumé : Les risques naturels majeurs constituent une menace plus ou moins récurrente pour la plupart des populations de la planète. Les catastrophes naturelles sont à la fois sources et révélatrices d’inégalités sociales et environnementales, dans le monde, mais aussi sur le territoire de la République française. Les Antilles françaises sont très fréquemment, et très lourdement frappées par les aléas naturels. La réponse en matière de gestion des crises, et, en amont, en matière de prévention, ne nous semble pas à la hauteur des défis, et des besoins des populations. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous nous interrogeons, à travers la présente thèse, sur la place de la solidarité et de l’égalité, dans le régime juridique des risques naturels majeurs. C’est une préoccupation doctrinale majeure, inscrite dans la constitution. La recherche du lien entre droit des risques naturels majeurs et justice sociale et environnementale est l’objet de la présente étude, s’agissant de la réponse juridique à la préoccupation des populations et catégories défavorisées, qui s’avèrent a priori les plus atteintes par les catastrophes naturelles. Les limites des textes, l’insuffisance des moyens, ainsi que les pratiques locales, facteurs d’aggravation des vulnérabilités, le laxisme des pouvoirs publics nationaux et territoriaux, l’absence de culture de risque et l’esprit « kokagneur » des populations (avec des différences de comportement entre la Guadeloupe et la Martinique), toutes ces considérations rendent illusoire la détermination proclamée des pouvoirs publics de résoudre les problèmes de risques naturels majeurs. Des voies d’un renforcement de la solidarité sont proposées. Cette contribution à la recherche sur les risques ambitionne d’apporter aux acteurs, une vision transversale de la problématique des risques naturels, par l’analyse du régime juridique confronté à une exigence de justice sociale et environnementale. Les Antilles françaises servent de support à cette étude.
Major natural hazards are more or less recurring threat for most people in the world. Natural disasters are both sources and revealing social and environmental inequalities in the world, but also in the French Republic. The French West Indies are very frequently and strongly hit by natural hazards. The answer in terms of crisis management, and beforehand, in terms of prevention, doesn’t seem to be up to the population’s challenges and needs. This is why we wonder, in this thesis, about the place of solidarity and equality in the legal system of major natural hazards. This is a major doctrinal concern in the constitution. The research of the relationship between major natural hazards law and environmental and social justice is the subject of this study, concerning the legal answer to the concerns of the underprivileged people and categories, which prove to be a priori the most struck by natural disasters. The limits of the legislation, inadequate resources and local practices, vulnerabilities worsening factor, the laxity of the national and territorial public authorities, the lack of risk culture and the "kokagneur" spirit of the populations (with behavior differences between Guadeloupe and Martinique), all these considerations make unreal the government’s proclaimed determination to solve the major natural hazards issues. Ways to strengthen solidarity are proposed. This contribution to risks research aims to bring to the players an interdisciplinary view of natural hazards issues, through the analysis of the legal system confronted with the requirement of social and environmental justice. The French West Indies are used as research support.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0824/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
The natural history of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) has been unclear due to the absence of prospective studies. The rate of patients who experience an early progression of their disease is unknown. Additionally, conflicting effects of smoking cessation on the outcome of PLCH have been reported. In this prospective, multicentre study, 58 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed PLCH were comprehensively evaluated over a two-year period. Our objectives were to estimate the incidence of early progression of the disease and to evaluate the impact of smoking status on lung function outcomes. Lung function deterioration was defined as a decrease of at least 15% in FEV1 and/or FVC and/or DLCO, compared with baseline values. At each visit, smoking status was recorded based on the patients' self-reports and urinary cotinine measurements that were blinded for the patients. The cumulative incidence of lung function outcomes over time was estimated using the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox models with time-dependent covariates were used to calculate the hazards ratios of the lung function deterioration associated with smoking status with adjustment for potential confounders. The cumulative incidence of lung function deterioration at 24 months was 38% (22% for FEV1 and DLCO, and 9% for FVC). In the multivariate analysis, smoking status and PaO2 at inclusion were the only factors associated with the risk of lung function deterioration. The patients' smoking statuses markedly changed over time. Only 20% of the patients quit using tobacco for the entire study period. Nevertheless, being a non-smoker was associated with a decreased risk of subsequent lung function deterioration, even after adjustment for baseline predictive factors. By serial lung computed tomography, the extent of cystic lesions increased in only 11% of patients. Serial lung function evaluation on a three- to six-month basis is essential for the follow-up of patients with recently diagnosed PLCH to identify those who experience an early progression of their disease. These patients are highly addicted to tobacco, and robust efforts should be undertaken to include them in smoking cessation programs. ClinicalTrials.gov: No: NCT01225601 .
ISSN: 1750-1172

hal-01146047
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01146047
PUBMED : 25887097
DOI : 10.1186/s13023-015-0249-2

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699
Spontaneous gene flow between wild and cultivated chicory, Cichorium intybus L., may have implications for the genetic structure and evolution of populations and varieties. One aspect of this crop-wild gene flow is the dispersal of transgenes from genetically modified varieties, e.g. gene flow from GM chicory to natural chicory could have unwanted consequences. With the purpose to identify and quantify crop-wild gene flow in chicory, we analysed introgression in 19 wild chicory populations and 16 accessions of chicory varieties and landraces distributed across Northern, Central and Mediterranean Europe. The analysis used 281 AFLP markers and 75 SSAP markers giving a total of 356 polymorphic markers. Results from model based assignments with the program STRUCTURE indicated many incidents of recent gene flow. Gene flow was observed both between cultivars and wild populations, between landraces and wild populations, between different wild populations as well as between cultivars. Population structure visualized by distance-based clustering showed a North-South geographical structuring of the wild populations, and a general grouping of the cultivars corresponding to known origin. The results indicated, however, that the structuring between the two groups of wild and cultivated types was weak. As crop and wild recipients are genetically close and genes are transferred between the two types rather frequently, focus on mitigating crop-wild gene flow should be increased, before transgenic varieties are cultivated openly.
ISSN: 0925-9864

hal-01032184
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032184
DOI : 10.1007/s10722-008-9375-1

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag (Germany)
Résumé : International audience
Mount Pinatubo volcano erupted in June 1991 in the main island of Luzon belonging to the Philippines archipelago. Huge economic losses and population exodus have followed. This major crisis has been relayed with other crises due to rainfed lahars which have been supplied with eruption deposits. These lahars have occurred every year since 1991 during the rainy season. They will probably last until 2005. After a brief presentation of the Philippine official response system to disasters, this paper draws up a critical analysis of the different kinds of institutional and social responses deployed to manage the different crisis and post-crisis phases of this event. Based on three viewpoints: from population, media and other actors, this analysis attempts to point out the strengths and weaknesses of the official management system, especially by studying the efficiency and the range of the solutions taken. So, it appears that the management of the June 1991 main crisis (eruption) was a success. On the other hand, difficulties have occurred with lahars risk management. Indeed, these lahars have obliged the authorities to protect and relocate thousands of people. In spite of persistent problems, the management system (monitoring/warning/evacuation) of lahar crises improves year after year. Failures appear especially within the rehabilitation program (protection/rehousing). Many direct (lack of means, preparedness, coordination, dialog,
etc.) and indirect (politico-administrative, socio-economic, cultural contexts) factors come together to lock the wheels of
the institutional response system. They defer the socio-economic start of this vital northern Philippines area.
GeoJournal

halshs-00119436
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00119436
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00119436/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : The evolutionary potential of long-lived species, such as forest trees, is fundamental for their local persistence under climate change (CC). Genome–environment association (GEA) analyses reveal if species in heterogeneous environments at the regional scale are under differential selection resulting in populations with potential preadaptation to CC within this area. In 79 natural [i]Fagus sylvatica[/i] populations, neutral genetic patterns were characterized using 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and genomic variation (144 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) out of 52 candidate genes) was related to 87 environmental predictors in the latent factor mixed model, logistic regressions and isolation by distance/environmental (IBD/IBE) tests. SSR diversity revealed relatedness at up to 150m intertree distance but an absence of large-scale spatial genetic structure and IBE. In the GEA analyses, 16 SNPs in 10 genes responded to one or several environmental predictors and IBE, corrected for IBD, was confirmed. The GEA often reflected the proposed gene functions, including indications for adaptation to water availability and temperature. Genomic divergence and the lack of large-scale neutral genetic patterns suggest that gene flow allows the spread of advantageous alleles in adaptive genes. Thereby, adaptation processes are likely to take place in species occurring in heterogeneous environments, which might reduce their regional extinction risk under CC
ISSN: 0028-646X

hal-01309135
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01309135
PRODINRA : 343710
DOI : 10.1111/nph.13809

Résumé : This report makes the synthesis of the works and the results acquired thanks to the development of the project Pace-Net (2010-2013) registered in the 7th framework program of the European Commission aiming to create a scientific and technological network between Europe and the Pacific in front of main common stakes. These concern the biodiversity and the environmental management, the climate change, the energy, the water, the agriculture and the forest, the natural risks, the fisheries and aquaculture and the trans-cutting approaches
Ce rapport effectue la synthèse des travaux et des résultats acquis à la faveur du développement du projet Pace-Net (2010-2013) inscrit dans le 7 ème programme cadre de la Commission Européenne et visant à faire naître un réseau scientifique et technologique entre l'Europe et le Pacifique face aux grands enjeux posés. Ceux-ci concernent la biodiversité et la gestion environnementale, le changement climatique, l’énergie, l’eau, l’agriculture et la forêt, les risques naturels, la pêche et de l’aquaculture et les approches intégratrices.

Droits : Pace-Net Network - All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31488/29898.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31488/