Éditeur(s) : Neidine editeurs
Résumé : The publication draws up a balance sheet about the natural marine assets of New Caledonia by distinguishing the coast and the intertidal zones, the coral reefs and lagoons, the open sea or "deep blue". A set of assets relative to the living and mineral natural resources, to the characteristics of the shallow and deep marine biodiversity, to the potential marine energy resources are discussed. This publication, edited in a Consumer directed free magazine, draws up a set of perspectives relative to a blue economy to be built in a country still very centred on its ground resources, essentially the nickel mining industry.
Le dossier dresse un bilan des atouts naturels de la nouvelle-Calédonie en matière marine en distinguant le littoral et l'intertidal, les récifs et lagons, la mer ouverte ou "grand bleu". Sont discutés un ensemble d'atouts relatifs aux ressources naturelles vivantes et minérales, aux caractéristiques de la biodiversité marine peu profonde et semi profonde, aux ressources énergétiques potentielles.Cette publication, éditée dans une revue orientée Grand Public, dresse un ensemble de perspectives relatives à une économie bleue à construire dans un pays encore très axé sur ses ressources terrestres, essentiellement l'industrie minière de nickel.
Taï Kona (2269-7535) (Neidine editeurs), 2013-03 , N. 1 , P. 12-25

Droits : Tai Kona
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00142/25350/23432.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00142/25350/

Éditeur(s) : Neidine Editeurs
Résumé : This article first draws up a balance sheet of all various implemented techniques to observe and monitor the shallow marine biodiversity. Then the article focuses on the techniques of the rotating high resolution submarine video and their implementation in New Caledonia on various sites and habitats under various management / protection policies such as Marines Protected Areas, strict marine reserves, registered sites on UNESCO world heritage or free access zones. An evaluation of these techniques and of their contributions is proposed in terms of transfer to other geographical zones, of practical feasibility in the technical, logistic and cost point of view as also are analyzed the perspectives offered by those technologies in terms of innovation, of support for the management or as communication tool on the health of the observed biodiversity.
Cet article dresse tout d’abord un bilan des différentes techniques mises en oeuvre pour observer et suivre la biodiversité marine peu profonde. Ensuite l’article se focalise sur les techniques de la vidéo sous marine rotative de haute définition et leur mise en œuvre en Nouvelle-Calédonie sur différents sites et habitats soumis ou non à des règles de gestion/protection tels que des Aires Marines Protégées, des réserves intégrales ou des sites inscrits au patrimoine mondial. Une évaluation de ces techniques et de leur apports est proposée en termes de transfert à d’autres zones géographiques, de faisabilité pratique aux plans techniques, logistiques et de coût comme également sont analysées les perspectives en termes d’innovation, d’appui à la gestion ou encore d’outil de communication sur les états de la biodiversité observée.
Tai Kona (2269-7535) (Neidine Editeurs), 2014-01 , N. 6 , P. 12-26

Droits : Tai Kona
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00174/28506/26855.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00174/28506/

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell Publishing, Inc
Résumé : Aims: A description of bacterial pathogens in shrimp ponds is necessary to understand their pathogenesis. Vibrio nigripulchritudo was shown to contain saprophytic and pathogenic strains among New Caledonian isolates. We established a method to map the development of V. nigripulchritudo in pond sediments at three different genetic levels: the species level, then at the pathogenic cluster level and finally at the plasmid level, present only in all highly pathogenic isolates. Methods and Results: PCR methods were applied to shrimp pond sediments both before and after a mortality outbreak. Using crude samples, the species V. nigripulchritudo is not detected at first (0/42 samples at day 56 post stocking) but appears frequently in the sediments after the mortality event (30/42 at day 107). The distribution of strains from the pathogenic cluster of V. nigripulchritudo also follows this pattern. In contrast, the pSFn1 virulence-associated plasmid was detected in one sample at day 56 and none at day 107. An enrichment method was developed to lower the detection limits of our assays. After enrichment, the species V. nigripulchritudo was detected in all samples at both dates. The number of samples positive for pSFn1 was 42/42 samples at day 56 and 29/42 at day 107. Conclusions: These results show that the sediments contain V. nigripulchritudo, notably pathogenic strains. Surprisingly, the virulence-associated plasmid pSFn1 found in all V. nigripulchritudo isolated from moribund shrimp appears less frequently in sediments, possibly being useless or even detrimental to its recipient bacteria in this environment. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study confirms the presence of pathogenic V. nigripulchritudo strains in shrimp pond sediment before a mortality outbreak complying with a previous hypothesis that sediments could be the infecting reservoir. After the outbreak, both total V. nigripulchritudo and pathogenic strains populations have largely increased, possibly contributing to the recurrent mortality observed in this shrimp vibriosis.
Journal Of Applied Microbiology (1364-5072) (Wiley-blackwell Publishing, Inc), 2010-06 , Vol. 108 , N. 6 , P. 2003-2011

Droits : 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology - Wiley-Blackwell
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00004/11484/8177.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04601.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00004/11484/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : There has been growing interest in the development of mud crab aquaculture in New Caledonia. However, for this to become established at a commercial level, a cost-effective formulated feed based on internationally-available ingredients needs to be developed. We have evaluated the optimal dietary protein content for juvenile crabs, Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775), using a series of diets with a protein content ranging from 27 to 49% and soy protein concentrate (SPC) as the main protein source. For this purpose, 54 individually housed crabs were allocated to five dietary treatments (n = 10 or 11). The crabs were fed ad libitum, for 81 days with the allocated diets. The apparent digestibilities of dry mater, crude protein and energy were high (96.2-97.3%), irrespective of the diet. The voluntary feed intake (VFI) of crabs widely varied from 46 to 220 g kg- 1of fresh initial body weight per week (iBW week- 1) whatever the diet. However, SPC intake and protein intake increased significantly with dietary protein content up to the diet with 40% crude protein, but did not increase further with diets containing 44% and 49% crude protein. The cumulative molts were strongly affected by the VFI levels or energy intake and also, to a lesser extent, by the levels of SPC or protein in diets. Two phases in tissue gain were observed after ecdysis: an initial deposition phase lasting around 30 days followed by a plateau which lasted until the next molt. The daily tissue growth was 16.5% of dry body weight (dry BW) one day after ecdysis and dramatically decreased to 3.6% of dry BW over the first 10 days, then decreased more slowly to the minimum value of 1.3% of dry BW over the next 70 days. During the course of experiment, the best growth (tissue growth and molt frequency) and the best feed efficiency (FCR, PER, retention of proteins and lipids) were obtained with crabs fed on the diet with 40% crude protein. This result was confirmed by a bioenergetic study which showed significantly higher allocation of the energy intake for growth (RE) of crabs fed on diet 40% crude protein. Finally, under our experimental conditions, 1 kg of juvenile crabs required 6.5 ± 1.1 g of protein per day. This level was obtained with the diet SPC-42 that contained 40% of protein of which almost three quarters were derived from SPC. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the negative effect of high level of SPC or protein on growth and feed efficiency for crabs fed on in diets containing 52% and 60% SPC.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2014-10 , Vol. 434 , P. 499-509

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00211/32196/30630.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00211/32196/

Éditeur(s) : 11th Pacific Science Inter-Congress / 2nd Symposium on French Research in the Pacific, Tahiti
Résumé : In order to have a standardised database gathering most information on New Caledonian prawn farms a software, called “Stylog-module ferme”, was developed and implemented by Ifremer with the help of shrimp farmers. Data recording results in more than 2 million data from 250 crops since the beginning of the project (2003). The main objective is to help the researchers in understanding the processes taking place in a cultured pond. It also provides a follow-up of the prawn farming industry (evolution of management practices, health surveillance system…) and to facilitate sharing of information between the different partners of the industry (prawn farmers, research and local authorities). Finally, this decision-making tool also helps shrimp farmers for routine crop management. This poster presents the method and tools used to create this database, from the definition of specifications, in close relation with end users, to the implementation of a real project structure, including all partners (users committee and steering committee, agreement of confidentiality). It also shows some examples resulting from the analysis of these data (investigating good management practices indicators, publishing technical bulletins or specific data analysis for research…). Finally, the networking (Extranet) of this base seems to present real perspectives in sharing information, and analysis capacity.
Afin de disposer d'une base de données regroupant un maximum d'informations collectées sur les fermes de grossissement de crevettes de Nouvelle-Calédonie, dans un format informatisé et standardisé, un logiciel nommé « Stylog – module ferme » a été développé par l'Ifremer en lien avec les aquaculteurs. L'archivage des données a permis de collecter depuis le début de sa conception (2003) plus de 2 millions de données représentant près de 250 élevages. Les objectifs principaux de cette base sont d'aider les chercheurs dans la compréhension de phénomènes pouvant survenir dans un bassin d'élevage, d'assurer un suivi de la filière (évolution des pratiques zootechniques, veille clinique…) et de faciliter les échanges d'informations entre les différents partenaires de la filière (aquaculteurs privés, recherche, institutions). Enfin, cet outil d'aide à la décision permet aux aquaculteurs de gérer leurs élevages au quotidien. Ce poster explique d'une part, la méthode et les outils utilisés pour créer cette base de données, de la réalisation du cahier des charges, en lien étroit avec les utilisateurs finaux, à la mise en place d'une réelle structure projet regroupant les différents partenaires (comité des utilisateurs et comité de pilotage, convention de confidentialité). D'autre part, il présente quelques exemples de résultats en termes d'utilisation de ces données (recherche d'indicateurs de qualité d'élevage, édition de bulletins techniques, analyses de données spécifiques à la recherche…). Enfin, la mise en réseau (Extranet) de cette base semble présenter de réelles perspectives en termes de partage de l'information et de capacité d'analyses.

Droits : 2009 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00065/17659/15189.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00065/17659/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The Summer Syndrome is a new shrimp disease that has been affecting a shrimp growout farm in New Caledonia since end of 1997. It was recognized to be caused by a systemic vibriosis due to Vibrio nigripulchritudo. This new disease turned out almost immediately enzootic in the shrimp farm involved and has affected all its crops ever since. Since the year 2000, V. nigripulchritudo strains have been found in several shrimp farms, although Summer Syndrome is still limited to one particular area, affecting, since 2003, two adjoining farms. As part of a multidisciplinary research program, a high-frequency survey was carried out during the summer 2002-2003 in two shrimp farms: one affected farm and another one in which pathogenic strains could be isolated but without any disease event. It permitted a good description of V. nigripulchritudo dynamics in shrimp and the ecosystem in both farms. The study of virulence characteristics of some isolates showed that pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains occur in the shrimp farms environment and that both may be found at the same time in one farm. Our results strongly suggest a persistence of pathogenic strains in wet zones of the pond sediment at low concentrations between crops in the affected farm, and their development during the rearing cycle as a cause of shrimp infection.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2006-03 , Vol. 253 , N. 1-4 , P. 105-113

Droits : 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1110.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.031
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1110/

Résumé : Shrimp culture in New Caledonia has developed according to the "intensified" semi-intensive model which uses ponds that stretch over several hectares. Local shrimp farms are for the most part installed in "tannes", barren, highly saline areas of the back mangrove forest. These areas generally have impermeable silty clay soils that have biogeochemical features particularly appropriate for benthic life and are often immersed by tides. During the six months of the grow-out phase, the "pond ecosystem" undergoes an increase in potential, progressing from an initial state of "natural lagoon" to a "grow-out pond" that is highly enriched with degrading organic matter....
La crevetticulture calédonienne s'est développée sur le modèle semi intensif « intensifié » qui se pratique en bassins de plusieurs hectares. Les fermes aquacoles locales sont pour la majorité implantées sur des « tannes », zones salées et nues d'arrière mangrove. Ces étendues présentent des sols généralement limono-argileux imperméables dont les caractéristiques bio géochimiques sont le plus souvent appropriées à la vie benthique car fréquemment recouvertes par la marée. Au cours des six mois d'élevage, on assiste à une montée en puissance de l' « écosystème-bassin » qui passe d'un état initial de « lagune naturelle » à celui final d'un « bac d'élevage très enrichi » en produits de dégradation de la matière organique. Le premier « fauteur de troubles » dans un bassin est l'aliment, ou plutôt les conditions imparfaites de l'alimentation qui contribuent fortement à la détérioration de la qualité de la colonne d'eau et du sol et conduisent à des accumulations. Avec la succession de cycles « forcés » par souci de rentabilité, le bassin peut devenir extrêmement consommateur d'oxygène et des zones de plus en plus vastes se recouvrent de vases noires susceptibles de libérer des composés réduits toxiques limitant l'espace vie de la crevette. La dégradation des fonds de bassin n'est cependant pas une fatalité. Les boues bien gérées sont un atout pour le fonctionnement harmonieux d'un tel agro-système et en particulier pour le bien être du cheptel. Le maintien d'une qualité favorable de sédiment pour la production de L.stylirostris passe par la mise en assec d'une durée minimale d'au moins deux semaines. Cette période inter élevage de réhabilitation « à l'air » sera d'autant plus courte et efficace que la zootechnie « en eau » aura été soignée. La Demande en Oxygène du Sédiment (DOS), les Matières Aisément oxydables (MAO), le Redox, l'abondance de la méiofaune, le rapport Protéines/Glucides de la Matière Organique peuvent renseigner les aquaculteurs sur la qualité de leur « foncier ». Ces paramètres prometteurs sont cependant difficiles à mettre en oeuvre au sein des entreprises. Ils sont abordés ici dans le cadre d'un rappel didactique de certaines bases biologiques essentielles pour tirer le meilleur parti de l'assec.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/rapport-4399.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4399/

Éditeur(s) : INRA
Résumé : According to the world organisation for animal health (OIE) an emerging disease is defined as a recently admitted serious illness, whose aetiology can, or not, have already been established, and which is likely to be propagated within a population or between populations, for example at the time of international exchanges of aquatic animals and/or products of aquatic animals. Even though the emerging diseases that affect human health have been much studied, those which affect marine organisms and species of aquaculture interest in particular are poorly documented. By restricting emergence to only infectious diseases, we aim at presenting in a non-exhaustive way some scenarios of the emergence of the diseases of aquacultured species by illustrating them with three examples available in the scientific literature: one relating to the appearance of a pathogenic agent in a new host with the case of the herpesvirus of the Koï carp, the other with the evolution of a pre-existing pathogenic agent with the case of shrimp vibriosis due to Vibrio nigripulchritudo in New Caledonia, and the last example relating to the introduction of one pathogenic pre-existing pathogen in an unscathed area with the case of Bonamia ostreae infecting the flat oyster Ostrea edulis. The causes of the emergence of diseases are multiple and implicate in an intercurrent way pathogenic agents, the environment, the host or host species and anthropogenic factors. In the marine environment, these causes are very often ignored. In this context, the development of zoosanitary surveillance networks and diagnostic tools present a considerable interest in order to anticipate, prevent and/or intervene on the emergence of the diseases by limiting their sanitary, ecological and political consequences.
Selon l'Office International des Epizooties (OIE) une maladie émergente désigne une maladie grave récemment reconnue, dont la cause peut, ou non, avoir déjà été établie, et qui est susceptible de se propager au sein d'une population ou entre des populations, par exemple à l'occasion d'échanges internationaux d'animaux aquatiques et/ou de produits d'animaux aquatiques. Si les maladies émergentes qui affectent la santé humaine ont été très étudiées, celles qui touchent les organismes marins et les organismes aquacoles d'intérêt économique en particulier sont en revanche peu documentées. C'est en restreignant l'émergence aux seules maladies infectieuses que seront présentés de façon non exhaustive quelques scénarios de l'émergence des maladies chez les organismes d'intérêt aquacole en les illustrant par trois exemples disponibles dans la littérature scientifique : l'un relatif à l'apparition d'un agent pathogène chez un nouvel hôte avec le cas de l'herpesvirus de la carpe Koï, l'autre à l'évolution d'un agent pathogène existant avec le cas de la vibriose à Vibrio nigripulchritudo sévissant dans les élevages de crevettes pénéides de Nouvelle-Calédonie et enfin le dernier lié à l'introduction d'un pathogène préexistant avec le cas de Bonamia ostreae infectant l'huître plate Ostrea edulis. Les causes d'émergence de maladies sont multiples et font intervenir de façon intercurrente l'agent pathogène, l'environnement, l'hôte ou les espèces hôtes et des facteurs anthropiques. Dans le milieu marin, ces causes sont bien souvent méconnues. Dans ce contexte le développement des réseaux de surveillance et des techniques de diagnostic revêtent un intérêt considérable afin d'anticiper, de prévenir et/ou d'intervenir sur l'émergence des maladies en limitant leur conséquences sanitaires, écologiques et politiques.
INRA Productions Animales (INRA), 2007-07 , Vol. 20 , N. 3 , P. 207-212

Droits : INRA
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2980.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2980/

Éditeur(s) : PSIC 11 - 11th Pacific Science Inter-Congress : Pacific Countries and their Ocean: Facing Local and Global Changes / 2nd Symposium on French Research in the Pacific. March 2 - 6, 2009 Tahiti, French Polynesia.
Résumé : In recent years the biological control of diseases by environmental friendly methods such as probiotics has become an important subject of investigation in aquaculture research. Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administrated in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host . In the last 4 years, IFREMER in collaboration with Lallemand company, have carried out researchs in New Caledonia with the aim to assess the probiotic strain P. acidilactici MA 18/5M on farmed shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris.This project started in 2005 demonstrated the beneficial effects of the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici dietary supplementation on the nutrition and the health status of peneid shrimps and highlighted that its use as probiotic can be part of the natural solutions proposed to face the challenge of today’s shrimp farming industry.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00197/30873/29241.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00197/30873/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : Shrimp aquaculture in New Caledonia is subject to seasonal mortalities during grow-out due to highly virulent Vibrio nigripulchritudo (Vn). To understand the mechanisms affecting shrimp resistance and leading to significant mortality, a shrimp ecophysiology and immunology survey was conducted on two farms, the first considered as a "control" farm (HC), the second affected by the disease (DF). Mortality observed during the survey at DF started 50 days after stocking and was typical of this disease. The main observations regarding shrimp were: (a) growth was not affected by the disease and was faster in the DF than in the HC pond; (b) disease did not affect one sex more than the other, or a specific part of the population in terms of weight; (c) the physical condition of shrimp did not specifically allow us to foresee disease outbreak; (d) shrimp at late premolt stage D-2 and early postmolt stage A appeared to be at some points of the mortalities - but not continuously - the most sensitive to disease; (e) physiological, immunological and nutritional parameters of uninfected shrimp in the DF pond were altered, suggesting that environmental stress occurred just before the first mortalities; (f) data suggest that Vn-infected shrimp are more stressed than the presumed healthy shrimp. Combined with pathological and environmental knowledge gained in parallel during this survey, a conceptual model is proposed. Results suggest that an unstable environment induced conditions (i) stressful for the shrimp, increasing their susceptibility to bacterial infections and (ii) favoring the proliferation of the pathogen in the pond. The combination of these two processes could lead to significant mortality.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2013-04 , Vol. 388 , P. 105-114

Droits : 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00176/28764/27567.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.01.010
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00176/28764/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Vibriosis is a major disease problem in shrimp aquaculture, affecting all developmental stages, from larvae in hatchery tanks to juveniles and broodstock in growout ponds. However, bacterial strains responsible for vibriosis in the successive stages are usually considered to be different, and virulence specificity has been reported both at the species and at the stage levels. The so-called « Syndrome 93 » is a seasonal juvenile vibriosis caused by Vibrio penaeicida which affects Penaeus stylirostris in growout ponds and broodstock tanks in New Caledonia. This pathology does not cause any mortality in hatchery or nursery phases. An experimental infection design using balneation of postlarvae and early juveniles in V. penaeicida suspensions was used to evaluate the developmental stage at which shrimp become sensitive to this vibriosis. We demonstrated that the acquisition of susceptibility to this pathogen is very sudden and correlated with the acquisition of the definitive rostral formula, and from this draw conclusions regarding virulence mechanisms of V. penaeicida in P. stylirostris.
Aquaculture (Elsevier), 1998-12 , Vol. 169 , N. 3-4 , P. 291-296

Droits : 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1998/publication-383.pdf
DOI:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00380-9
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/383/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Science Bv
Résumé : Monitoring fish and underwater habitats, particularly in and around marine protected areas (MPAs) requires non-destructive observation methods. This is generally achieved by divers conducting underwater visual censuses (UVC), but video-based techniques are now being used more often to observe underwater macrofauna and habitats. A comparison of these two techniques is relevant with the development of high-definition (HD) video, which constitutes a substantial improvement over previously available video resolutions at limited extra cost. We conducted a paired observation experiment involving both HD video and UVC in an MPA located in the New Caledonian lagoon, which is a highly diversified coral reef ecosystem. We compared three techniques for counting fish along 50 m x 4 m delineated strip transects: UVC and two video techniques in which the diver used either a straight trajectory (I-type transect) or a browsing one (S-type transect). The results showed that the proportion of fish that were not identified up to the species level did not exceed 3.3% in video observations versus 1.7% in UVC. The abundance and species richness were larger in UVC than in videos, and S-type transects detected more individuals and species than I-type transects. The average abundance and species richness observed by UVC were 1094 individuals and 69.7 species per transect respectively. In comparison with UVC. I-type and S-type video transects detected on average 56% and 61% of the abundance and 85% and 77% of the species richness seen by UVC respectively. Our results showed that, in comparison to UVC data recorded in situ, the post field analysis of HD video images provided representative observations of fish abundance and species diversity, although fewer species and individuals were detected. The advantages and shortcomings of each observation technique for monitoring fish assemblages, particularly in an MPA are discussed. HD video appears to be a cost-effective technique in terms of the human resources and time needed for field implementation. Overall, this study suggests that HD video-based techniques constitute an interesting complement to UVC, or an alternative when these cannot be implemented. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Fisheries Research (0165-7836) (Elsevier Science Bv), 2011-01 , Vol. 107 , N. 1-3 , P. 84-93

Droits : 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00031/14192/11470.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2010.10.011
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00031/14192/

Éditeur(s) : American society for microbiology
Résumé : Vibrio nigripulchritudo, the etiological agent of Litopenaeus stylirostris summer syndrome, is responsible for mass mortalities of shrimp in New Caledonia. Epidemiological studies led to the suggestion that this disease is caused by an emergent group of pathogenic strains. Genomic subtractive hybridization was carried out between two isolates exhibiting low and high virulence. Our subtraction library was constituted of 521 specific fragments; 55 of these were detected in all virulent isolates from our collection (n = 32), and 13 were detected only in the isolates demonstrating the highest pathogenicity (n = 19), suggesting that they could be used as genetic markers for high virulence capacity. Interestingly, 10 of these markers are carried by a replicon of 11.2 kbp that contains sequences highly similar to those of a plasmid detected in Vibrio shilonii, a coral pathogen. The detection of this plasmid was correlated with the highest pathogenicity status of the isolates from our collection. The origin and consequence of this plasmid acquisition are discussed.
Applied and environmental microbiology (depuis 1953) (0099-2240) (American society for microbiology), 2008-05 , Vol. 74 , N. 10 , P. 3038-3047

Droits : 2008 American Society for Microbiology
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2008/publication-4523.pdf
DOI:10.1128/AEM.02680-07
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4523/

Éditeur(s) : European Association of Fish Pathologists Seventh International Conference Diseases of Fish and Shellfish
Résumé : Outbreaks of mass mortality occurred since 1993 in penaeid shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) reared in New-Caledonia. Since then, the disease, called "syndrome 93" (S93) has inflicted serious losses (60 to 100%) during the cold period and thus must be considered as an economically significant disease.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1995/acte-2974.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2974/

Éditeur(s) : MDPI AG
Résumé : In mangrove ecosystems, strong reciprocal interactions exist between plant and substrate. Under semi-arid climate, Rhizophora spp. are usually predominant, colonizing the seashore, and Avicennia marina develops at the edge of salt-flats, which is the highest zone in the intertidal range. Along this zonation, distribution and speciation of C, Fe, S, N, and P in sediments and pore-waters were investigated. From the land-side to the sea-side of the mangrove, sediments were characterized by I/ increase in: (i) water content; (ii) TOC; (iii) mangrove-derived OM; II/ and decrease in: (i) salinity; (ii) redox; (iii) pH; (iv) solid Fe and solid P. Beneath Avicennia and Rhizophora, TS accumulated at depth, probably as a result of reduction of iron oxides and sulfate. The loss of total Fe observed towards the sea-side may be related to sulfur oxidation and to more intense tidal flushing of dissolved components. Except the organic forms, dissolved N and P concentrations were very low beneath Avicennia and Rhizophora stands, probably as a result of their uptake by the root systems. However, in the unvegetated salt-flat, NH4+ can accumulate in organic rich and anoxic layers. This study shows: (i) the evolution of mangrove sediment biogeochemistry along the intertidal zone as a result of the different duration of tidal inundation and organic enrichment; and (ii) the strong links between the distribution and speciation of the different elements.
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (2077-1312) (MDPI AG), 2015-02-10 , Vol. 3 , N. 1 , P. 52-72

Droits : 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00251/36252/34802.pdf
DOI:10.3390/jmse3010052
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00251/36252/

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The "Summer Syndrome", a septicemic vibriosis caused by Vibrio nigripulchritudo, is responsible for one of the two main seasonal mortalities which affect shrimp aquaculture in New Caledonia. It was identified for the first time in December 1997 in an intensive shrimp farm (called farm DF) and has been enzootic ever since. The "Summer syndrome" affects shrimp during warm-season growout. Although the geographic area concerned is limited, it is a potential threat for the industry in that the disease could spread. Analysis of grow out data from 1991 to 2002 in this farm was carried out in order to characterize the disease and the environmental conditions in relation to mortality. Results of farm DF were compared to data from farms not affected by the disease (called farms HC). The "Summer syndrome" occurs during the warm season which is characterized by an increase in water temperature and sunny duration. This disease is characterized by simultaneously highest densities and weakest drying duration between crops in the farms studied. Between 1991 and 2002, the increase of feed input and nitrogen rate in feed has led to a significant increase of the growth rate over the years in farm DF. At the same time, water management has not changed and has induced an increase in environmental waste production. In consequence, an early eutrophication of water is observed, which is concomitant with the beginning of the mortality outbreaks. This could play a role by inducing directly or indirectly a stress for shrimp and/or a growth and/or virulence factors of the pathogen.
Aquaculture (0044-8486) (Elsevier), 2006-08 , Vol. 261 , N. 3 , P. 1039-1047

Droits : 2006 Elsevier
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2006/publication-1868.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.08.036
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1868/