Éditeur(s) : Université de Guyane
Extrait de : "Bals masqués de Guyane et d'ailleurs. Identités et imaginaires carnavalesques en question" : colloque international, les 26 et 27 janvier 2017. Université de Guyane
Description : Le carnaval en Guyane est la manifestation festive la plus populaire. Il offre une lecture de la dynamique qui agit la société guyanaise, à travers ces deux fondamentaux : le carnaval diurne et le carnaval nocturne, différent mais complémentaire. Tous deux livrent un aspect festif... Carnaval nocturne réservé au bal paré-masqué, spécificité guyanaise variante des bals masqués, singularise par un rituel construit autour d'un personnage incontournable : le "touloulou". Origine et territorialisation du "touloulou" et du bal paré masqué : question récurrente est ce la Guyane, les Antilles française, anglaise ? Ayant tissé au temps de l'or des liens culturels. Étymologie du terme "touloulou", une hypothèque est posée. Expression aurait pour origine le mot "tourlourou" qui désigne populairement d'après le Littré le jeune militaire d'infanterie le soldat, ce fantassin portait un pantalon rouge... La même source précise encore que le mot "tourlourou" attribuée à des matelots à un petit crabe de terre rouge... Notons que le personnage carnavalesque comme le crabe, font tous deux références à une personne portant uniforme. L'origine du mot "touloulou" est bien lié à la Guyane et sa territorialisation date 1891. Noté que première référence écrite faite au "touloulou" date de 1891 dans le journal "La vigie" décrivant le carnaval. A cette époque, la Guyane est une société de tradition orale et l'emploi de cette expression dans le langage courant est certainement antérieur à l'écrit.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 20
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V17160
V17160

Éditeur(s) : Archives de la Martinique
15Fi183
Saint-Domingue
Haiti

Droits : Reproduction soumise à autorisation des Archives de la Martinique
http://www.patrimoines-martinique.org/ark:/35569/a011470672738ug2GId

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : 28 pages, 6 figures
We study a universal object for the genealogy of a sample in populations with mutations: the critical birth-death process with Poissonian mutations, conditioned on its population size at a fixed time horizon. We show how this process arises as the law of the genealogy of a sample in a large class of critical branching populations with mutations at birth, namely populations converging, in a large population asymptotic, towards the continuum random tree. We extend this model to populations with random foundation times, with (potentially improper) prior distributions g_i: xmapsto x^{-i}, iinZ_+, including the so-called uniform (i=0) and log-uniform (i=1) priors. We first investigate the mutational patterns arising from these models, by studying the site frequency spectrum of a sample with fixed size, i.e. the number of mutations carried by k individuals in the sample. Explicit formulae for the expected frequency spectrum of a sample are provided, in the cases of a fixed foundation time, and of a uniform and log-uniform prior on the foundation time. Second, we establish the convergence in distribution, for large sample sizes, of the (suitably renormalized) tree spanned by the sample genealogy with prior g_i on the time of origin. We finally prove that the limiting genealogies with different priors can all be embedded in the same realization of a given Poisson point measure.
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01053343

hal-01053343
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01053343
ARXIV : 1407.7720

Éditeur(s) : Archives de la Martinique
Résumé : Bibliothèque du Ministère de la Guerre
15Fi208

Droits : Reproduction soumise à autorisation des Archives de la Martinique
http://www.patrimoines-martinique.org/ark:/35569/a01147067273873Fe9D

Éditeur(s) : Archives de la Martinique
15Fi262
Saint-Domingue
Haiti

Droits : Reproduction soumise à autorisation des Archives de la Martinique
http://www.patrimoines-martinique.org/ark:/35569/a011470672738p0AAaD

Éditeur(s) : CNRS Programme Environnement : Colloque Recherche et Environnement Strasbourg, 24-25 Septembre 1990
Résumé : As the third millennium draws near, industrial societies are becoming aware of the limits of what they can do to constrain the biosphere, ending up where "primitive" societies left off. If the perverse effects of a century of technical revolution and economic expansion are above all perceptible in the area of multiple contaminations that put in danger the well-being of people, environments and in a general way the biosphere's functioning, they also concern the standardisation of products and landscapes and overinvestment in the means of exploiting resources (inputs increasing more rapidly than outputs, when they are not bringing about their decrease). The search for solutions to the growing imbalance of the relationships Man – Nature – Resources cannot reside in a partial approach or a technical resolution of the problems posed by using renewable resources.
(OCR non controlé) A l'approche du troisième millénaire, les sociétés industrielles prennent la mesure des limites de leurs possibilités de contraindre la biosphère, aboutissant là d'où partaient les sociétés "primitives". Si les effets pervers d'un siècle de révolution technique et d'expansion économique sont surtout perceptibles dans le domaine des pollutions multiples qui mettent en péril le bien-être des personnes, les milieux et d'une manière générale le fonctionnement de la biosphère, ils concernent également l'uniformisation des produits et des paysages et le surinvestissement dans les moyens d'exploitation des ressources (les intrants croissant plus vite que les rendements, quand ils n'entraînent pas leur baisse). La recherche de solutions au déséquilibre croissant des relations Hommes - Nature - Ressources ne peut résider dans une approche partielle ou une résolution technique des problèmes posés par l'utilisation des ressources renouvelables.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1990/acte-2416.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2416/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Ecological Society of America
Résumé : Line transect surveys are widely used in neotropical rainforests to estimate the population abundance of medium- and large-sized vertebrates. The use of indices such as Encounter Rate has been criticized because the probability of animal detection may fluctuate due to the heterogeneity of environmental conditions among sites. In addition, the morphological and behavioral characteristics (biological traits) of species affect their detectability. In this study, we compared the extent to which environmental conditions and species' biological traits bias abundance estimates in terra firme rainforests in French Guiana. The selected environmental conditions included both physical conditions and forest structure covariates, while the selected biological traits included the morphological and behavioral characteristics of species. We used the distance sampling method to model the detection probability as an explicit function of environmental conditions and biological traits and implemented a model selection process to determine the relative importance of each group of covariates. Biological traits contributed to the variability of animal detectability more than environmental conditions, which had only a marginal effect. Detectability was best for large animals with uniform or disruptive markings that live in groups in the canopy top. Detectability was worst for small, solitary, terrestrial animals with mottled markings. In the terra firme rainforests which represent ~80% of the Amazonia and Guianas regions, our findings support the use of relative indices such as the encounter rate to compare population abundance between sites in species-specific studies. Even though terra firme rainforests may appear similar between regions of Amazonia and the Guianas, comparability must be ensured, especially in forests disturbed by human activity. The detection probability can be used as an indicator of species' vulnerability to hunting and, thus, to the risk of local extinction. Only a few biological trait covariates are required to correctly estimate the detectability of the majority of medium- and large-sized vertebrates. Thus, a biological trait model could be useful in predicting the detection probabilities of rare, uncommon or localized species for which few data are available to fit the detection function.
ISSN: 1051-0761

hal-01555267
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01555267
DOI : 10.1002/eap.1549
PRODINRA : 396614
PUBMED : 28419598

Résumé : Once fished, the shrimps must be cooled quickly in water cooled in order to slow down all chemical and bacteriological activities. In addition, in order to avoid blackening (mélanose) shrimps (céphalothorax and legs) it is necessary to treat those with an antioxydant product. The product currently used to inhibit this enzymatic change is the soda niétabisuifite (Na-> S7 O5), until now, after being fished. the shrimps were directly soaked in a cooled water tank, containing the pesticide. The solution of treatment was progressively prepared needs. The concentration of this one was approximately 2 to 3% of métabisulfite, that is to say 6 to 9 G of SO2 per liter for a starting product containing 320 G of SO2 approximately. In order to preserve a good quality of the liquid of treatment it was essential to often renew it (every 400 to 500 kg) what was not always the case, the métabisulfite being often added progressively with the liking of the appointed person with the treatment of shrimps. In order to cure this delicate problem of renewal of vat and uniformity of the treatment, the SODACAL obtained the system of treatment by sprinkling.
Une fois pêchées, les crevettes doivent être refroidies rapidement dans de l'eau réfrigérée afin de ralentir toutes activités chimiques et bactériologiques. D'autre part, afin d'éviter le noircissement (mélanose) des crevettes (céphalothorax et pattes) il est nécessaire de traiter celles-ci avec un produit anti-oxydant. Le produit actuellement utilisé pour inhiber cette altération enzymatique est le niétabisuifite de soude (Na-> S7 O5), jusqu'à maintenant, après avoir été pêchées. les crevettes étaient directement trempées dans une cuve d'eau réfrigérée, contenant le produit de traitement. La solution de traitement était préparée au fur et à mesure des besoins. La concentration de celle-ci était d'environ 2 à 3 % de métabisulfite, soit 6 à 9 g de SO2 par litre pour un produit de départ contenant 320 g de SO9 environ. Afin de conserver une bonne qualité du liquide de traitement il était indispensable de le renouveler souvent (tous les 400 à 500 kg) ce qui n'était pas toujours le cas, le métabisulfite étant souvent rajouté au fur et à mesure au gré de la personne préposée au traitement des crevettes. Afin de remédier à ce problème délicat de renouvellement de bac et d'uniformité du traitement, la SODACAL s'est dotée du système de traitement par aspersion.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1991/rapport-1648.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/1648/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : In this study, we assessed past and present influence of ancient mining activity on metal(loid) enrichment in sediments of a former mining watershed (Gardon River, SE France), that is now industrialized and urbanized. A sedimentary archive and current sediments were characterized combining geochemical analyses, zinc isotopic analyses and sequential extractions. The archive was used to establish local geochemical background and recorded (i) increasing enrichment factors (EFs) for Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl, Hg, As and Sb throughout the industrial era, (ii) a contamination peak in 1976 attributed to a tailings dam failure, and (iii) current levels in 2002 and 2011 similar to those of 1969, except for Sb and Hg, reflecting a persisting contamination pattern. Inter-element relationships and spatial distribution of EF values of current sediments throughout the watershed suggested that both ancient and current contamination had a common origin for Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl and As related to the exploitation of Pb/Zn mineralization while old Sb mines and coal extraction area were the main sources for Sb and Hg respectively. This prevailing mining origin was reflected for Zn by a relatively uniform isotopic composition at δ66Zn = 0.23 ± 0.03‰, although slight decrease from 0.23‰ to 0.18‰ was recorded from upstream to downstream sites along the river course in relation with the contribution of the lighter δ66Zn signature (~ 0.08‰) of acid mine drainage impacted tributaries. Results from sequential extractions revealed that the potential mobility of the studied metal(loid)s varied in the order Sb < Tl ≈ As < Zn < Pb < Cd, with an increase of the mobile pool for Cd, Pb, Zn and to a lesser extent for As and Tl associated to increased enrichment. Altogether, these results tend to demonstrate that ancient mining activity still contributes to metal enrichment in the sediments of the Gardon River and that some of these metals may be mobilized toward the water compartment.
ISSN: 0048-9697

hal-01054163
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01054163
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.078

Éditeur(s) : Archives de la Martinique
15Fi260
Saint-Domingue
Haiti

Droits : Reproduction soumise à autorisation des Archives de la Martinique
http://www.patrimoines-martinique.org/ark:/35569/a011470672738SG9YJ9

Éditeur(s) : The Royal Society
Résumé : One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up operations, costing millions of pounds sterling, are now organized in many countries and on every continent. Here we document global plastics production and the accumulation of plastic waste. While plastics typically constitute approximately 10 per cent of discarded waste, they represent a much greater proportion of the debris accumulating on shorelines. Mega- and macro-plastics have accumulated in the highest densities in the Northern Hemisphere, adjacent to urban centres, in enclosed seas and at water convergences ( fronts). We report lower densities on remote island shores, on the continental shelf seabed and the lowest densities (but still a documented presence) in the deep sea and Southern Ocean. The longevity of plastic is estimated to be hundreds to thousands of years, but is likely to be far longer in deep sea and non-surface polar environments. Plastic debris poses considerable threat by choking and starving wildlife, distributing non-native and potentially harmful organisms, absorbing toxic chemicals and degrading to micro-plastics that may subsequently be ingested. Well-established annual surveys on coasts and at sea have shown that trends in mega- and macro-plastic accumulation rates are no longer uniformly increasing: rather stable, increasing and decreasing trends have all been reported. The average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to be decreasing, and the abundance and global distribution of micro-plastic fragments have increased over the last few decades. However, the environmental consequences of such microscopic debris are still poorly understood.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (0962-8436) (The Royal Society), 2009-07 , Vol. 364 , N. 1526 , P. 1985-1998

Droits : The Royal Society 2009
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6952.pdf
DOI:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6952/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) classification rule is still an essential tool for computer vision applications, such as scene recognition. However, k-NN still features some major drawbacks, which mainly reside in the uniform voting among the nearest prototypes in the feature space. In this paper, we propose a new method that is able to learn the "relevance" of prototypes, thus classifying test data using a weighted k-NN rule. In particular, our algorithm, called Multi-class Leveraged k-nearest neighbor (MLNN), learns the prototype weights in a boosting framework, by minimizing a surrogate exponential risk over training data. We propose two main contributions for improving computational speed and accuracy. On the one hand, we implement learning in an inherently multiclass way, thus providing significant computation time reduction over one-versus-all approaches. Furthermore, the leveraging weights enable effective data selection, thus reducing the cost of k-NN search at classification time. On the other hand, we propose a kernel generalization of our approach to take into account real-valued similarities between data in the feature space, thus enabling more accurate estimation of the local class density. We tested MLNN on three datasets of natural images. Results show that MLNN significantly outperforms classic k-NN and weighted k-NN voting. Furthermore, using an adaptive Gaussian kernel provides significant performance improvement. Finally, the best results are obtained when using MLNN with an appropriate learned metric distance.
Proceedings of the 10th Asian Conference on Computer Vision, ACCV 2010, November 8-12, 2010, Queenstown, New Zealand
Queenstown, New Zealand

hal-00664606
https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00664606
https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00664606/document
https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00664606/file/mlnn_accvfinal.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
TEM Study of Heavitree quartzite deformed at high temperatures and a pressure of 1.5 GPa with three different preparations: water-added, vacuum dried, and sodium doped show a wide range of dislocation microstructure. The vacuum dried sample has a very heterogeneous dislocation distribution varying from almost no dislocations to very high densities. Dislocation nucleation occurs by cross-slip mechanisms, such as Frank-Read sources and Orowan loops around hard inclusions. Shear bands develop in the basal plane composed of two closely spaced shear planes. Dislocations have straight segments and they are aligned along directions of dense packing, suggesting strong Peierls stress control due to the crystal structure. No voids, bubbles or dislocation walls where observed in the vacuum dried sample. The sodium-doped sample had a homogeneous high dislocation density. The water-added sample has a significantly lower, relatively uniform dislocation density. Bubbles associated with dislocations are seen in every grain. Dislocations were either present in loops around bubbles or as straight dislocations with small bubbles spaced along the dislocation line. Some of the long straight dislocations are aligned parallel to the c-axis. Sub-grains where very frequent, sometimes form cells of about 2 p,m in diameter with straight edges. Analysis of dislocations show 1/3 < a > and [c] dislocations in sub-grain walls and free 1/3 < a > dislocations on prism planes. There is clear evidence for dislocation climb with sub-grain walls, dislocation cells, dislocation junctions and dislocation debris of small loops. The major difference between vacuum dried and water-added samples are the homogeneity of the microstructure and evidence for climb in the water-added sample. Glide is clearly difficult, with a high Peierls stress in the vacuum dried sample as shown by areas of very low and very high dislocation density and the crystallographic control of dislocation line direction. The sodium-doped sample indicates that nucleation was easy by the high homogenous dislocation density, but no climb recovery has taken place. The density is high and the dislocations are strongly interacting causing tangles; no evidence for crystallographic control can be observed at these levels of strain. The activation energy for creep in Heavitree quartzite decreases with inferred water content of the specimens form 185 kJ mol(-1) for vacuum dried to 151 for 0.4 wt% water-added samples. Analysis of diffusion data for oxygen under hydrothermal conditions and inferred diffusion data for the hydrogarnet defect and dislocation velocity suggests activation energies for these processes are similar to the activation energy for the dislocation creep of Heavitree quartzite and other quartz aggregates. For data from the previously published experiments with the highest stress resolution there is a correlation between the A pre-factor in the power law creep equation and the activation energy for creep. It is speculated that the correlation may be due to variable hydrogarnet defect concentrations.
ISSN: 0031-9201

hal-00413112
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413112
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Un dispositif expérimental a été élaboré pour effectuer l'étude systématique d'un écoulement d'air en convection naturelle dans un canal plan ouvert. Les conditions aux limites imposent une densité de flux uniforme sur une paroi, la paroi en vis-à-vis est chauffée par rayonnement de la première. L'étude s'intéresse à l'influence du nombre de Rayleigh et du rapport d'allongement du canal sur l'apparition d'une alimentation du thermosiphon par la section de sortie.Cet écoulement inverse est visualisé par tomographie laser et quantifié par des profils de vitesse mesurés par vélocimétrie laser.
Actes de la SFT 2008
TOULOUSE, France

hal-00292639
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00292639

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Geological Society of London
Résumé : International audience
This paper presents the background for the calculation of various numbers that can be used to characterize crystal-preferred orientation (CPO), also known as texture in materials science, for large datasets using the combined scripting possibilities of MTEX and MatLab®. The paper is focused on three aspects in particular: the strength of CPO represented by orientation and misorientation distribution functions (ODFs, MDFs) or pole figures (PFs); symmetry of PFs and components of ODFs; and elastic tensors. The traditional measurements of texture strength of ODFs, MDFs and PFs are integral measurements of the distribution squared. The M-index is a partial measure of the MDF as the difference between uniform and measured misorientation angles. In addition there other parameters based on eigen analysis, but there are restrictions on their use. Eigen analysis does provide some shape factors for the distributions. The maxima of an ODF provides information on the modes. MTEX provides an estimate of the lower bound uniform fraction of an ODF. Finally, we illustrate the decomposition of arbitrary elastic tensor into symmetry components as an example of components in anisotropic physical properties. Ten examples scripts and their output are provided in the appendix.
Geological Society Special Publication

hal-01277689
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277689
DOI : 10.1144/SP409.8

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Ce texte pose les bases d’une réflexion sur les fondements de l’industrie de la croisière et sur l’importance et la portée de ce secteur d’activité. Il s’interroge notamment sur les relations entre les compagnies de croisières et le port récepteur des croisiéristes lors des excursions. Le produit croisière construit à partir des années 1970 a donné naissance à un tourisme de masse spécifique ; le bateau est à la fois le moyen de transport et la destination. Les escales n’ont qu’un rôle secondaire dans cette logique qui privilégie le gigantisme, la standardisation et l’uniformisation. Alors que le gigantisme touche certaines limites, l’offre croisière se recompose spatialement et innove sur les segments du haut de gamme et du luxe.
This paper proposes a reflection on the cruise industry, the importance and scope of this industry. One of the objectives is to examine in particular the relationship between cruise lines and ports that receive cruises and excursionists. The cruise product built from the 1970s engendred a specific mass tourism. And the boat is both the means of transport and the destination. The stops have a secondary role in this logic that favors gigantism, standardization and uniformity. While gigantism known some limits, cruise products reconstructs itself spatially and innovative segments of the high-end and luxury.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5623

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Despite a relatively 'uniform' fertile composition (Al2O3 = 2 center dot 19-4 center dot 47 wt %; Fo% = 89 center dot 2 +/- 0 center dot 3%; Cr#(Spl) = 8 center dot 9 +/- 1 center dot 5%), the Montferrier peridotite xenoliths show a wide range of S contents (22-590 ppm). Most sulphides are interstitial and show peculiar pyrrhotite-pentlandite intergrowths and low abundances of Cu-rich phases. Sulphide-rich samples are characterized by strong enrichment in the light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements without concomitant enrichment of the high field strength elements. Such trace-element fractionation is commonly ascribed to metasomatism by volatile-rich melts and/or carbonatitic melts. S and Se (11-67 ppb), as well as S/Se (up to approximate to 12 000), are correlated with La/Sm. Cu, however, remains broadly constant (30 +/- 5 ppm). These features strongly suggest that the percolation-reaction of such volatile-rich fluids has led to sulphide enrichment with an atypical signature marked by strong fractionation of the chalcophile elements (i.e. S vs Se and Cu). S-rich xenoliths are also characterized by high (Pd/Ir)(N) (1 center dot 2-1 center dot 9; where subscript N indicates normalized to chondrite), (Pd/Pt)(N) between 1 center dot 5 and 2 center dot 2, and (Os/Ir)(N) up to 1 center dot 85. Despite the relative uniform fertile composition of the xenoliths, Re/Os ranges between 0 center dot 02 and 0 center dot 18. Os-187/Os-188 is extremely variable even within a single sample and can be as high as 0 center dot 1756 for the most S-rich samples. Sulphides show highly fractionated and variable abundances of the highly siderophile elements (HSE) [0 center dot 03 (Pd/Ir)(N) < 1283] and Re-Os isotopic composition (0 center dot 115 < Os-187/Os-188 < 0 center dot 172). Such variation can be observed at the thin-section scale. Whole-rock and in situ sulphide data demonstrate that chalcophile and HSE systematics and the Os isotopic composition of the upper mantle could be significantly modified through metasomatism, even with volatile-rich fluids. These features highlight the complex behaviour of the HSE in fluid-rock percolation-reaction models and suggest a complex interplay between sulphide addition (crystallization or sulphidation) and partial equilibration of pre-existing sulphide. The specific fractionations observed in chemical proxies such as S and Se, Os and Ir, and Pd and Pt, as well as the low abundance of Cu-rich sulphides, suggest that sulphide addition may not have occurred via sulphide melts. Rather, we infer that S was present as a dissolved species in a (supercritical) oxidizing, volatile-rich fluid (C-O-H-S +/- Cl) along with other chalcophile and siderophile elements such as Os, Pd, Re and Au. The highly radiogenic Os composition of this fluid ( Os-187/ Os-188 > 0 center dot 17) would imply that such fluids are derived from an uncommon type of mantle source possibly related to carbonatite melts.
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-00644524
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00644524
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egr038

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La Caraïbe s’est imposée dans l’imaginaire collectif occidental comme une région propice au tourisme de « farniente », dont on ne retient que les plages et palmiers. Cependant, les pays caribéens se sont engagés depuis plusieurs années dans une démarche de diversification de l’offre touristique, qui séduit de plus en plus de visiteurs. Ce travail propose donc une analyse de l’impulsion donnée aux nouveaux types de tourisme proposés par la Caraïbe, de leur mise en place dans un espace qui, malgré tout, est loin d’être uniforme, mais également des impacts sociétaux et culturels qu’ils sous-tendent.
The Caribbean gained international recognition, especially in western collective imagination, as an appropriate space for idleness tourism. Nevertheless, Caribbean countries have been promoting for several years a process of diversification of its touristic offer that seduces more and more visitors. Therefore, this paper intends to analyze the impulsion given to the new kinds of tourism offered by the Caribbean, their implementation in a space that, despite everything, is far from being monolithic, as well as the societal and cultural effects they underlie.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7599
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7599

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD SAGE Publications
Résumé : International audience
A multiproxy analysis of lacustrine sediments cored in Grand-Case Pond at Saint-Martin, north of the Lesser Antilles archipelago, reveals three distinct climatic periods for the last 3700 years. From 3700 to ~2500 yr cal. BP and from 1150 yr cal. BP to the present, carbonate mud deposition occurred in connection with pond lowstands. These periods were also punctuated by severe drought events, marked by gypsum laminae, and hurricane landfalls, leading to marine sand inputs into the pond. The intermediate time interval, from 2500 to 1150 yr cal. BP, is typified by black organic mud deposition, suggesting that hypoxic to anoxic conditions prevailed at the pond bottom. These were probably linked with a perennial pond highstand and reflect more uniform and wetter climatic conditions than today. The carbon isotopic composition of the ostracod Perissocytheridea bisulcata shows that the lowest δ13C values are recorded during the hypoxic periods, as a consequence of bacterial recycling of isotopically depleted organic matter. Such a climatic history agrees closely with that documented from other records in the Caribbean area, such as the Cariaco Basin, central coast of Belize or Barbados. By constrast, discrepancies seem to emerge from the comparison between hurricane activity recorded at Saint-Martin on the one hand and Vieques (Puerto Rico) on the other hand. We explain this apparent contradiction by a balance between two distinct storm paths in response to latitudinal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Stronger storm activity over the Gulf coast and the inner Caribbean Sea is favoured by a southern position of the ITCZ in connection with dry climatic conditions. Plausible links with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are also suggested.
ISSN: 0959-6836

halshs-00758748
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00758748/file/Malaize_et_al._2011_cor.pdf
DOI : 10.1177/0959683611400198

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
This paper proposes a reflection on the cruise industry, the importance and scope of this industry. One of the objectives is to examine in particular the relationship between cruise lines and ports that receive cruises and excursionists. The cruise product built from the 1970s engendred a specific mass tourism. And the boat is both the means of transport and the destination. The stops have a secondary role in this logic that favors gigantism, standardization and uniformity. While gigantism known some limits, cruise products reconstructs itself spatially and innovative segments of the high-end and luxury.
Ce texte pose les bases d’une réflexion sur les fondements de l’industrie de la croisière et sur l’importance et la portée de ce secteur d’activité. Il s’interroge notamment sur les relations entre les compagnies de croisières et le port récepteur des croisiéristes lors des excursions. Le produit croisière construit à partir des années 1970 a donné naissance à un tourisme de masse spécifique ; le bateau est à la fois le moyen de transport et la destination. Les escales n’ont qu’un rôle secondaire dans cette logique qui privilégie le gigantisme, la standardisation et l’uniformisation. Alors que le gigantisme touche certaines limites, l’offre croisière se recompose spatialement et innove sur les segments du haut de gamme et du luxe.
ISSN: 1779-0980

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
hal-01368511
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01368511
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01368511/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01368511/file/tourisme-de-croisiere-et-industrie-de-la-croisiere.pdf