Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
The genus Nasutitermes is among the most abundant wood-feeding Termitidae and an extremely diverse and heterogeneous group in terms of its biogeography and morphology. Despite the major role of several Nasutitermes species as structural pests, the phylogenetic status of this genus is still unclear, along with a confused taxonomy and species identification remaining difficult. The first aim of this review was thus to gather and discuss studies concerning the taxonomic status of the genus Nasutitermes in order to clarify this crucial point. Then, our goal was to gain new insights into the management of N. corniger, considered to be the most economically detrimental pest of this genus in South America and a Nasutitermes model species, while filtering available information concerning its biology through the prism of termite control, as well as critically examine the existing methods. We indeed strongly believe that increasing our knowledge of this species’ biological strategies is the key to progress in the challenging question of their sustainable management.
ISSN: 1612-4758

hal-01467356
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01467356
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01467356/document
http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01467356/file/Boulogne_2017_Ecologysur termites.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s10340-016-0796-x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : En el contexto actual, en el que la Organización Mundial del Turismo vaticina el constante incremento del turismo, se habla, con más frecuencia que antes, del turismo cultural. Algunos especialistas especulan que el “turismo de/con identidad” –como también se lo denomina- viene avanzando por sobre el “turismo de sol y playa”. Sin embargo, la visión cuantitativista suele prevalecer respecto de la cualitativista, al mismo tiempo en que se consolidan ciertas naturalizaciones, como la relación estrecha que se ha establecido entre turismo cultural y patrimonio –particularmente en los últimos años, con el patrimonio “inmaterial”-. Es nuestro interés en este artículo, desnaturalizar cierta visión y los “lugares comunes” que contribuyen en la desproblematización del campo y de la noción. Es nuestro objetivo reflexionar críticamente sobre qué es y qué se espera del turismo cultural, el lugar que se otorga al turismo cultural en relación a los niveles de trasnacionalización y localización, focalizando en su vínculo problemático con el patrimonio y sobre la noción de autenticidad, cualidad visualizada como requisito imprescindible e indiscutible en la definición tanto del turismo como del patrimonio cultural. Dicha problematización será realizada desde el análisis complejo de diversas situaciones empíricas vinculadas a América Latina.
Dans le contexte actuel de pleine croissance des flux touristiques, le thème du tourisme culturel prend une place de plus importante. Certains experts pensent que le "tourisme identitaire" -comme on l'appelle parfois-, va connaitre un regain d'intérêt par rapport au classique tourisme balnéaire. Cependant, la vision quantitativiste emporte généralement sur l'approche qualitative. Dans le même temps, le rapprochement s'opère entre le tourisme culturel et le patrimoine -en particulier ces dernières années avec un «patrimoine immatériel».Notre intérêt, dans cet article, est de déconstruire une certaine vision, faite de "lieux communs", qui contribuent à vider ce champ de recherche de toute problématique. Notre objectif est de réfléchir de manière critique sur ce qu'est et ce qui est entendu par tourisme culturel, sur la place donnée au tourisme culturel selon les niveaux de transnationalisation, en se concentrant sur sa relation problématique entre le patrimoine et la notion d'authenticité ; une qualité perçue comme condition préalable indiscutable dans la définition à la fois le tourisme et le patrimoine culturel. Cette problématisation est conduite à travers l'analyse de situations empiriques variées et complexes d’Amérique latine
In the current context of growing tourist flows, the theme of cultural tourism is an ever important. Some experts believe that the "identity tourism" -as it is sometimes called-, will attract renewed interest at the expense of traditional seaside tourism. However, vision quantitativist generally outweighs the approach qualitative.Dans the same time, there is a reconciliation that occurs between tourism and cultural heritage (especially in recent years with an "intangible heritage").Our interest in this article is to deconstruct a vision, made of "platitudes" where this field of research is then emptied of any problem. Our goal is to reflect critically on what is and what is meant by cultural tourism, the importance given to cultural tourism as the levels of transnationalism, focusing on the problematic relationship between wealth and the notion of authenticity, a quality seen as indisputable prerequisite in defining both the tourism and cultural heritage. This problematization is conducted through analysis of empirical situations varied and complex in Latin America.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.3792
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/3792

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Résumé : “Human and Environmental Genomics” platform (Rennes) for Illumina sequencing / Proteomics Core Facility of the Cambridge Institute (Cancer Research UK)
International audience
Epigenetic mechanisms are believed to play key roles in the establishment of cell-specific transcription programs. Accordingly, the modified bases 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) have been observed in DNA of genomic regulatory regions such as enhancers, and oxidation of 5mC into 5hmC by Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins correlates with enhancer activation. However, the functional relationship between cytosine modifications and the chromatin architecture of enhancers remains elusive. To gain insights into their function, 5mC and 5hmC levels were perturbed by inhibiting DNA methyltransferases and TETs during differentiation of mouse embryonal carcinoma cells into neural progenitors, and chromatin characteristics of enhancers bound by the pioneer transcription factors FOXA1, MEIS1, and PBX1 were interrogated. In a large fraction of the tested enhancers, inhibition of DNA methylation was associated with a significant increase in monomethylation of H3K4, a characteristic mark of enhancer priming. In addition, at some specific enhancers, 5mC oxidation by TETs facilitated chromatin opening, a process that may stabilize MEIS1 binding to these genomic regions.
ISSN: 1088-9051

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
hal-01533248
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01533248
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01533248/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01533248/file/Genome%20Res.-2017-Mah%C3%A9-947-58.pdf
DOI : 10.1101/gr.211466.116

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le tourisme et les secteurs des services sont devenus le domaine privilégié des politiques de développement avec le déclin du secteur agricole dans de nombreux pays en développement et les difficultés à développer un secteur industriel compétitif. Le tourisme est donc considéré comme un des moyens importants de lutte contre la pauvreté dans les pays en développement et en particulier dans les pays les moins avancés. Toutefois, il serait illusoire de croire que le tourisme peut contribuer significativement à réduire la pauvreté sans la poursuite de politiques spécifiques centrés sur cet objectif prioritaire.
Tourism and services sectors have become the preferred area of development policies in a context of declining agricultural sector (in many developing countries) and the difficulties of developing a competitive industry. Tourism is considered an important means to fight against poverty in developing countries and in particular the least developed countries. However, it would be illusory to believe that tourism can contribute significantly to poverty reduction without further specific policies focus on this priority.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6514
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6514

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Based on new photographs of the wound, Tirard et al. (2015) tried to demonstrate that the shark involved in a fatal attack on a human in Lifou in 2007 had homodont teeth and that it sawed the femur instead of directly cutting it, promoting the hypothesis that it was a tiger shark instead of a white shark. They also contested the data provided by the direct witness of the attack about the behaviour of the shark, specific to this former species. The evidences they provide are not convincing and, based on the absence of tissue loss and description of a jumping behaviour, we still believe that it was a single bite-and-spit attack by a white shark.
ISSN: 1752-928X

hal-01310536
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01310536
DOI : 10.1016/j.jflm.2016.03.004

Résumé : Ce travail vise à mettre en place un système de fusion de sources d'information basé sur la Théorie des Fonctions de Croyance (TFC) et adapté aux contextes des images forestières. La TFC engendre des temps de calcul importants lorsque la cardinalité du cadre de discernement devient grande. Ainsi, nous avons proposé en premier lieu une méthode de réduction du référentiel de définition permettant d'éviter l'explosion combinatoire en restreignant le calcul sur les hypothèses estimées pertinentes et déterminées à partir des histogrammes des classes issues de la phase d'apprentissage. Ensuite, nous avons proposé des techniques d'estimation de fonctions de masse spectrales, texturales, contextuelles et structurelles. L'information multi-fractale a été utilisée comme signature de texture, ainsi l'image de Hôlder a constitué une source d'information pour l'estimation de la masse texturale. Un autre apport consiste à proposer une approche de transfert de masse basée sur l'information contextuelle, en exploitant l'image des couronnes d'arbres comme une source déduite. L'implémentation d'algorithmes de détection de couronnes d'arbres nous a permis d'extraire des mesures sur les couronnes que nous avons utilisées en tant qu'attributs pour l'estimation des fonctions de masse. Nos expérimentations montrent des taux de classification assez satisfaisants et une adéquation de notre approche de fusion à une classification à l'arbre près
This thesis aims to develop an information source fusion system based on belief functions theory (BFT) and adapted t forest images context (especially high resolution images). Applications of BFT to image classification result in th assignment of each image point to a c1ass or a subset of classes based on the mass functions estimation expressing th belief of an event. BFT leads to significant computation time when the cardinality of the set of definition become large. Thus, we first proposed a method to reduce the frame of discernment in order te avoid the combinatorial explosio by restricting the calculation on the hypotheses of the set of definition deduced from the classes histograms determine from the learning phase. Then, we proposed spectral, texturai, contextual and structural mass functions technique estimation. Multi-fractal information was used as texture signature and Hôlder image has been a source ( information for estimating the texturai mass. Another contribution is the integration of trees crowns image as derive source and the proposai of an approach to mass transfer based on contextual information inside and outside a crown. Th implementation of detection trees crowns algorithms allowed us to extract measurements on trees. These measurement are used as attributes for mass functions estimation. Our experiments and comparisons with other methods show quit satisfactory classification rate with spectral and textural approaches and adequacy of our fusion approach to contextu and structural information for trees classification

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0434/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
The natural science education aims to help children build a rational representation of their environment. In this perspective it is usual to build authentic teaching by implementing a process of investigation rooted in a particular ecological context. Previous studies have described the effects of context as events occurring in a learning situation when two participant bring contrastive contexts. But these context effects were never filmed in science learning. We postulate that the effects of contexts can be considered not as a limit to learning but as an asset. In addition, we believe it is possible to build science lessons based on their emergences.The objective of this internationnal project called gounouy is to build an educational innovation for recording and description of effect of context and their interest in learning. It involved four research laboratories (two in Guadeloupe CRREF and LARGE, two in Quebec LICEF and GDAC) and two schools. In a design methodology based research, many direct and indirect data have been collected. They are constitute by videos, student productions, digital items (vidéoconférence and digital workspace) and interviews with students. The results show two different types of expression of context effects and different learning indicators. Adaptations and limits reuse of this new type of education will be discussed.Following a design based research methodology, many direct and indirect data on learning situations have been collected. They are constitute by videos, student, digital items videoconference, digital workspace) and interviews with students. The results show two different types of expression of context effects and different learning indicators. Adaptations and limits of this new type of education will be discussed.
Biennial Conference of Caribbean Academy of Sciences
Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago

hal-01539476
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01539476

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Cet article vise à mener une analyse juridique du concept de mondialisation. Alors que la mondialisation est souvent décriée comme anti-démocratique, nous démontrerons que d’un point de vue strictement juridique, il apparaît que la réalité est plus nuancée. Nous passerons en revue les critiques de la mondialisation liées à la perte de souveraineté de l’Etat, qui nous paraissent devoir être relativisées à la fois dans son étendue et dans son impact sur la démocratie. Nous montrerons comment le droit international surmonte ces difficultés en permettant un nouvel équilibre entre Etat et individu sur la scène internationale, et comment à un modèle de démocratie traditionnel fondé sur l’Etat est en train de succéder une démocratie fondée sur la société civile transnationale. Enfin, nous évoquerons le rôle essentiel du juge afin de préserver démocratie et état de droit dans l’ordre international, malgré les limites qui lui sont inhérentes.
This article aims to critically analyse the concept of globalization, from a legal standpoint. While globalization is often criticized as anti-democratic, we demonstrate that from a strictly legal point of view, the reality is subtler. We review the criticisms of globalization related to the loss of state sovereignty, which we believe need to be put into perspective in both their extent and their impact on democracy. We show how international law overcomes the new challenges due to globalization by allowing a new balance between the State and the Individual on the international plane. We then show that the classical model of democracy based on the State is being superseded by a democracy based on transnational civil society. Finally, we discuss the essential role of the judge to preserve democracy and rule of law in the international order, despite the limitations inherent to his competences.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.5876
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/5876

Éditeur(s) : Geological Soc Amer, Inc
Résumé : Pockmarks are seafloor depressions commonly associated with fluid escape from the seabed and are believed to contribute noticeably to the transfer of methane into the ocean and ultimately into the atmosphere. They occur in many different areas and geological contexts, and vary greatly in size and shape. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of pockmark growth are still largely unclear. Still, seabed methane emissions contribute to the global carbon budget, and understanding such processes is critical to constrain future quantifications of seabed methane release at local and global scales. The giant Regab pockmark (9 degrees 42.6' E, 5 degrees 47.8' S), located at 3160 m water depth near the Congo deep-sea channel (offshore southwestern Africa), was investigated with state-of-the-art mapping devices mounted on IFREMER's (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) remotely operated vehicle (ROV) Victor 6000. ROV-borne micro-bathymetry and backscatter data of the entire structure, a high-resolution photo-mosaic covering 105,000 m(2) of the most active area, sidescan mapping of gas emissions, and maps of faunal distribution as well as of carbonate crust occurrence are combined to provide an unprecedented detailed view of a giant pockmark. All data sets suggest that the pockmark is composed of two very distinctive zones in terms of seepage intensity. We postulate that these zones are the surface expression of two fluid flow regimes in the subsurface: focused flow through a fractured medium and diffuse flow through a porous medium. We conclude that the growth of giant pockmarks is controlled by self-sealing processes and lateral spreading of rising fluids. In particular, partial redirection of fluids through fractures in the sediments can drive the pockmark growth in preferential directions.
Geology (0091-7613) (Geological Soc Amer, Inc), 2014-01 , Vol. 42 , N. 1 , P. 63-66

Droits : 2013 Geological Society of America
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00186/29731/28293.pdf
DOI:10.1130/G34801.1
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00186/29731/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Le 26 septembre 2007, lors d’un discours à l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, Rafael Correa, le président équatorien, critiqua la vision du développement sous-jacente aux Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD). Récusant la stratégie de libéralisation économique et les objectifs d’accroissement de la consommation qu’elle implique, son gouvernement s’est prononcé en faveur d’un « développement endogène, d’inclusion économique et de cohésion sociale et territoriale » afin de diminuer les inégalités pour permettre à tous de mener une vie décente et digne, ajoutant « notre vision du développement est très différente : nous entendons par développement le bien-être de tous, en paix et en harmonie avec la nature, et la prolongation infinie des cultures humaines. »Le tourisme, source majeure de devises étrangères en Équateur à côté du pétrole et des envois d’argent des migrants, peut-il contribuer à l’atteinte de cet objectif ? Comment ? Atteignant plus d’un million de visiteurs étrangers en 2008 (dont 24 % en provenance des États-Unis et 45 % de pays d’Amérique latine, les recettes du tourisme international ont représenté la même année, 754 millions de dollars. Considérant le tourisme comme une activité opportune, de plus en plus de communautés autochtones développent des projets touristiques. En 2009, la fédération plurinationale de tourisme communautaire d’Équateur regroupait 90 communautés membres alors même que toutes celles qui développent des projets de tourisme communautaire n’adhèrent pas à la fédération. Comment comprendre cet engouement pour le tourisme de la part des communautés autochtones ? Quelles sont leurs attentes ? Les projets permettent-ils d’y répondre ? Nous apporterons des éléments de réponse à ces questions à travers l’analyse de deux expériences de tourisme communautaire menées par des communautés quechuas dans les Andes et en Amazonie.
In September 2007, during a speech to the General Assembly of the United Nations, Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa criticized the vision underlying the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Rejecting the strategy of economic liberalization and the increased consumption it implies, Correa stated that his government was in favour of "endogenous development, economic inclusion and social and territorial cohesion" to reduce inequalities and permit a decent standard of life for everyone, adding "our vision of development is very different: we believe in developing the welfare of all, in peace and harmony with nature, and the infinite extension of human cultures."Tourism is one of the largest form of foreign exchange in Ecuador beside oil and remittances from migrants. Can tourism contribute to achieving the goal defined by Correa? How? With more than one million foreign visitors in 2008 (including 24% from the United States and 45% from Latin American countries), international tourism contributed $745 millions to Ecuador’s economy in 2008. Acknowledging tourism as a timely activity, more and more indigenous communities are developing tourism projects. The multinational federation of community-based tourism in Ecuador includes 90 communities, even though all those who set up community tourism projects have not adhered to the federation’s requirements. How can we understand this surge in popularity for tourism from indigenous communities and what are their expectations? Do these projects result in adequate solutions? We will provide some answers through the analysis of two experiments conducted on community-based tourism by Kechua communities in the Andes and the Amazon rainforest.
Équateur

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6551
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6551

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
We report in situ LA-ICP-MS trace element analyses of silicate phases in olivine-bearing chondrules in the Sahara 97096 (EH3) enstatite chondrite. Most olivine and enstatite present rare earth element (REE) patterns comparable to their counterparts in type I chondrules in ordinary chondrites. They thus likely share a similar igneous origin, likely under similar redox conditions. The mesostasis however frequently shows negative Eu and/or Yb (and more rarely Sm) anomalies, evidently out of equilibrium with olivine and enstatite. We suggest that this reflects crystallization of oldhamite during a sulfidation event, already inferred by others, during which the mesostasis was molten, where the complementary positive Eu and Yb anomalies exhibited by oldhamite would have possibly arisen due to a divalent state of these elements. Much of this igneous oldhamite would have been expelled from the chondrules, presumably by inertial acceleration or surface tension effects, and would have contributed to the high abundance of opaque nodules found outside them in EH chondrites. In two chondrules, olivine and enstatite exhibit negatively sloped REE patterns, which may be an extreme manifestation of a general phenomenon (possibly linked to near-liquidus partitioning) underlying the overabundance of light REE observed in most chondrule silicates relative to equilibrium predictions. The silicate phases in one of these two chondrules show complementary Eu, Yb, and Sm anomalies providing direct evidence for the postulated occurrence of the divalent state for these elements at some stage in the formation reservoir of enstatite chondrites. Our work supports the idea that the peculiarities of enstatite chondrites may not require a condensation sequence at high C/O ratios as has long been believed.
ISSN: 1086-9379

hal-01217095
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01217095
DOI : 10.1111/maps.12481

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Avec 130 espèces identifiées, l’Amazonie est la région du monde qui abrite le plus grand nombre d’espèces d’abeilles sans dard. Cette diversité reste assez peu exploitée par les communautés locales, même si certaines pratiques, comme la recherche de nids ou l’extraction de miel sauvage, sont sans doute très anciennes. La diversification des usages du miel et l’utilisation récente du pollen à des fins médicinales, pourraient les modifier durablement, et les essaims devenir l’objet de toutes les attentions.Dans la Réserve d’Amanã, les dix-huit agriculteurs, que nous avons interrogés et parfois filmés lors de mises en situation, ont conscience de cette évolution et la plupart s’en réjouissent. En tant qu’éleveurs d’abeilles, ils savent aujourd’hui que pour récolter du miel, ils ne sont plus contraints de chercher des colonies sauvages, de les déloger pour finalement les détruire. Mais on aurait tort de croire que ces pratiques anciennes constituent, dans le cas étudié, une menace pour l’entomofaune ; d’une part parce que la pression sur les nids reste très limitée, d’autre part parce que les extractions ne concernent qu’un nombre réduit d’espèces. C’est pourquoi il est indispensable de mieux décrire ces techniques et de les valoriser comme des savoir-faire ancestraux.
With 130 identified species, the Amazon is one region of the world which shelters the largest number of species of bees without a sting. This diversity is rarely exploited by the local communities even if certain practices like the search of honeycombs or the extraction of wild honey are very ancient. The diversification of the uses of honey and the recent use of the pollen for medicinal purposes could modify these sustainable practices and the bee swarms could become a major center of attention.In the Amanã Reserve, the eighteen farmers that were questioned and sometimes filmed while they were in work situations, are conscious of this revolution and most of them rare pleased with this new trend. As working beekeepers, they know that to collect some honey, they are no longer compelled to look for wild colonies, to dislodge them from their natural habitat, which would finally destroy them. Correspondingly it would be wrong to believe that these ancient practices, extraction of wild honey, represent in the studied case, a threat for the entomofauna. On one hand, the importance on honeycombs remains very limited, also on the other hand, the extractions concern just a few number of bee species. That is why it is essential to better specify these techniques and to value them as an ancestral knowledge.
Brésil

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10279
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10279

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Université des Antilles
Résumé : International audience
There are a number of tourism destinations which wish to be part of the luxury destination market; with their new and modern infrastructures, they believe they are considered as luxury. But, luxury is not decreed. Luxury is all about a system of production of specific offers. Only “one-of-a-kind” accommodation enrolled in the exceptional frameworks (nature or historical), sometimes in the heart of major capitals for exclusive enjoyment “between-ourself”, can be considered as luxury. The objective of this study is to identify luxury in the tourism field, to define its indicators and to identify the necessary conditions of luxury tourism through accommodation, attractions and destinations specialized in luxury tourism propaganda!
Nombre de destinations se réclament du tourisme de luxe ; vantant les mérites des nouvelles constructions ex nihilo, elles imaginent s’imposer dans le champ du tourisme de luxe sans en connaître les fondements. Or, le luxe ne se décrète pas. Le luxe s’inscrit dans un système de production de l’offre spécifique. Il privilégie des établissements singuliers inscrits dans les cadres exceptionnels (nature ou historique) parfois au cœur des grandes capitales pour une jouissance exclusive entre-soi. L’objectif de cette étude est de cerner le luxe dans le champ du tourisme, de définir des indicateurs, d’identifier les conditions nécessaires au tourisme de luxe à travers des établissements, des lieux, des destinations spécialisés.
ISSN: 1779-0980

Droits : http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
hal-01364467
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01364467
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01364467/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01364467/file/Le%20luxe%20dans%20le%20champ%20du%20tourisme.pdf
DOI : 10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7470

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Nombre de destinations se réclament du tourisme de luxe ; vantant les mérites des nouvelles constructions ex nihilo, elles imaginent s’imposer dans le champ du tourisme de luxe sans en connaître les fondements. Or, le luxe ne se décrète pas. Le luxe s’inscrit dans un système de production de l’offre spécifique. Il privilégie des établissements singuliers inscrits dans les cadres exceptionnels (nature ou historique) parfois au cœur des grandes capitales pour une jouissance exclusive entre-soi. L’objectif de cette étude est de cerner le luxe dans le champ du tourisme, de définir des indicateurs, d’identifier les conditions nécessaires au tourisme de luxe à travers des établissements, des lieux, des destinations spécialisés.
There are a number of tourism destinations which wish to be part of the luxury destination market; with their new and modern infrastructures, they believe they are considered as luxury. But, luxury is not decreed. Luxury is all about a system of production of specific offers. Only “one-of-a-kind” accommodation enrolled in the exceptional frameworks (nature or historical), sometimes in the heart of major capitals for exclusive enjoyment “between-ourself”, can be considered as luxury. The objective of this study is to identify luxury in the tourism field, to define its indicators and to identify the necessary conditions of luxury tourism through accommodation, attractions and destinations specialized in luxury tourism propaganda!

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.7470
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/7470

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Island arc picrites and boninites are magnesian magmatic rocks believed to be generated by high degrees of melting of depleted mantle sources fluxed by subduction-derived, volatile-rich components. These magmas can be probes of both the mantle wedge protoliths and subduction components, but are rare among other, usually more evolved, types of arc lavas. Furthermore, many arc picrites and boninites show evidence for late-stage differentiation prior to or during eruption, masking their primary, mantle-derived geochemical signatures. We report textural and chemical data on spinel-hosted melt inclusions of mantle origin in amphibole-bearing websterite veins cross-cutting spinel harzburgite xenoliths from the active andesitic Avacha volcano (south Kamchatka, Russia). The data are used to constrain the composition and origin of melts that formed the websterite veins in the sub-arc lithospheric mantle. The melt inclusions typically contain euhedral orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene and occasionally minor amphibole in silicate glass. The melt inclusions were homogenized using heating stages and gas-mixing furnaces. The homogenized glasses range from subalkaline primitive silica-rich picrite and high-Ca boninite (>15 wt % MgO, 48–54 wt % SiO2) to rhyolite. High-Ca boninite glasses have moderate volatile and low heavy rare earth element contents and elevated Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Sr, and Li abundances, with extremely high U/Th. In turn, the glasses display no negative spikes in the high field strength elements Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and Ti. We show that the silica-rich picrite and high-Ca boninite liquids in this study formed by high degrees of melting (>25%), at volatile under-saturation, of hybrid melt-depleted but silica-rich mantle sources at ≥1·5 GPa. The hybrid sources formed in two stages: first, by extraction of ∼15% melt from the convecting mantle to form a refractory protolith, which was subsequently enriched in silica via interaction with subduction-derived components prior to or during remelting in the mantle wedge. The subduction-derived components were enriched in fluid-mobile elements and probably oxidized. Overall, our results suggest that silica-rich picrites and high-Ca boninites can be primary melts in mature subduction zones and differentiate within the mantle wedge and the deep arc crust to form more evolved andesite magmas.
ISSN: 0022-3530

hal-01553676
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01553676
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/egw066

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nature Publishing Group
Résumé : International audience
Three-quarters of the oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges is composed of plutonic rocks whose mineral assemblages, textures and compositions record the history of melt transport and crystallization between the mantle and the sea floor. Despite the importance of these rocks, sampling them in situ is extremely challenging owing to the overlying dykes and lavas. This means that models for understanding the formation of the lower crust are based largely on geophysical studies1 and ancient analogues (ophiolites)2, 3, 4, 5 that did not form at typical mid-ocean ridges. Here we describe cored intervals of primitive, modally layered gabbroic rocks from the lower plutonic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge, sampled by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program at the Hess Deep rift. Centimetre-scale, modally layered rocks, some of which have a strong layering-parallel foliation, confirm a long-held belief that such rocks are a key constituent of the lower oceanic crust formed at fast-spreading ridges3, 6. Geochemical analysis of these primitive lower plutonic rocks--in combination with previous geochemical data for shallow-level plutonic rocks, sheeted dykes and lavas--provides the most completely constrained estimate of the bulk composition of fast-spreading oceanic crust so far. Simple crystallization models using this bulk crustal composition as the parental melt accurately predict the bulk composition of both the lavas and the plutonic rocks. However, the recovered plutonic rocks show early crystallization of orthopyroxene, which is not predicted by current models of melt extraction from the mantle7 and mid-ocean-ridge basalt differentiation8, 9. The simplest explanation of this observation is that compositionally diverse melts are extracted from the mantle and partly crystallize before mixing to produce the more homogeneous magmas that erupt.
ISSN: 0028-0836

hal-00950085
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00950085
DOI : 10.1038/nature12778

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The identification of the structures and deformation patterns in magma-poor continental rifted margins is essential to characterize the processes of continental lithosphere necking. Brittle faults, often termed mantle detachments, are believed to play an essential role in the rifting processes that lead to mantle exhumation. However, ductile shear zones in the deep crust and mantle are rarely identified and their mechanical role remains to be established. The western Betics (Southern Spain) provides an exceptional exposure of a strongly thinned continental lithosphere, formed in a supra-subduction setting during Oligocene-Lower Miocene. A full section of the entire crust and the upper part of the mantle is investigated. Variations in crustal thickness are used to quantify crustal stretching that may reach values larger than 2000% where the ductile crust almost disappear, defining a stage of hyper-stretching. Opposite senses of shear top-to-W and top-to-E are observed in two extensional shear zones located close to the crust-mantle boundary and along the brittle-ductile transition in the crust, respectively. At locations where the ductile crust almost disappears, concordant top-to-E-NE senses of shear are observed in both upper crust and serpentinized mantle. Late high-angle normal faults with ages of ca. 21 Ma or older (40Ar/39Ar on white mica) crosscut the previously hyper-stretched domain, involving both crust and mantle in tilted blocks. The western Betics exemplifies, probably better than any previous field example, the changes in deformation processes that accommodate the progressive necking of a continental lithosphere. Three successive steps can be identified: i/a mid-crustal shear zone and a crust-mantle shear zone, acting synchronously but with opposite senses of shear, accommodate ductile crust thinning and ascent of subcontinental mantle; ii/hyper-stretching localizes in the neck, leading to an almost disappearance of the ductile crust and bringing the upper crust in contact with the subcontinental mantle, each of them with their already acquired opposite senses of shear; and iii/high-angle normal faulting, cutting through the Moho, with related block tilting, ends the full exhumation of the mantle in the zone of localized stretching. The presence of a high strength sub-Moho mantle is responsible for the change in sense of shear with depth. Whereas mantle exhumation in the western Betics occurred in a backarc setting, this deformation pattern controlled by a high-strength layer at the top of the lithosphere mantle makes it directly comparable to most passive margins whose formation lead to mantle exhumation. This unique field analogue has therefore a strong potential for the seismic interpretation of the so-called “hyper-extended margins”.
ISSN: 0264-8172

insu-01310895
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01310895
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01310895/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01310895/file/Frasca-MarPetGeol-2016.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.04.020

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Nordic Ecological Society
Résumé : Beta diversity is among the most employed theoretical concepts in ecology and biodiversity conservation. Up to date, a self-contained definition of it, with no reference to alpha and gamma diversity, has never been proposed. Using Kullback-Leibler divergence, we present the explicit formula of Shannon's beta entropy, a bias correction for its estimator and a confidence interval. We also provide the mathematical framework to decompose Shannon diversity into several hierarchical nested levels. From botanical inventories of tropical forest plots in French Guiana, we estimate Shannon diversity at the plot, forest and regional level. We believe this is a complete and usefulness toolbox for ecologists interested in partitioning biodiversity.
ISSN: 0030-1299

hal-01032426
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032426
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19267.x

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : The term social entrepreneurship is not new but during the past decade its interests have increased rapidly around the world while its field is still young and fragmented (Gawell, 2013). We believe that in one way or the other, the main objective of social entrepreneurship is to solve social, economic and environmental problems for sustainable development goals. One of the development challenges is the fact that Haiti has 0.47 as Human Development Index (HDI) figuring 168th among 187 countries with 58.6 % of the population living under the poverty line and 24.6% under the extreme poverty line with less than 1$UD per day (PNUD & MCI, 2014). Despite the fact that Haiti has a unique know-how that is passed down for generations in the area of craft, small industry and in the processing of products, social entrepreneurship has not taken its roots as it should have. Importantly, to get where they are today, it is undeniable that developed nations leaned the strengths of their development on human capital to produce physical/material capital. Most often, the human capital is utilized to produce strong public policies which enable the economic growth. The value of using human capital as a pillar for economic growth proved itself for Asian nations with an annual economic growth of 6.9% between 1980 and 1990 against 1.5% for Latin America (Gener, 2005). Thus, in this paper, we looked at the Emergence of Social Entrepreneurship for economic growth in Haiti.
 L'entrepreneuriat social n'est pas nouveau, mais au cours de la dernière décennie, l’intérêt pour ce terme a rapidement augmenté dans le monde alors que son champ est encore jeune et fragmenté (Gawell, 2013). Nous pensons que d'une manière ou d'une autre, l'objectif principal de l'entrepreneuriat social est de résoudre les problèmes sociaux, économiques et environnementaux en vue d'atteindre les objectifs de développement durable. La mission ou les activités d'une organisation sont soit entièrement philanthropiques soit uniquement commerciales. L'un des défis du développement est le fait que l’indice de développement humain (IDH) d’Haïti est de 0,47, le pays figure au 168e (parmi 187 pays). 58,6% de la population vit sous le seuil de pauvreté et 24,6% sous le seuil de pauvreté extrême avec moins de 1 USD par jour (PNUD et MCI, 2014). Malgré le fait qu’Haïti possède un savoir-faire unique transmis depuis des générations dans le domaine de l'artisanat, de la petite industrie et de la transformation des produits, l'entrepreneuriat social n'a pas pris ses racines comme il se doit. Il est important de noter que pour arriver là où ils sont aujourd'hui, il est indéniable que les pays développés ont soutenu le développement du capital humain pour produire du capital physique / matériel. Le plus souvent, le capital humain est utilisé pour produire des politiques publiques solides qui permettent la croissance économique. La valeur de l'utilisation du capital humain comme pilier de la croissance économique a été prouvée pour les pays asiatiques avec une croissance économique annuelle de 6,9% entre 1980 et 1990 contre 1,5% pour l'Amérique latine (Gener, 2005). Ainsi, dans cet article, nous examinons l'émergence de l'entrepreneuriat social pour la croissance économique en Haïti.
Haïti

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.10406
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/10406

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Evidence of anomalous volcanism is readily observed in the Gulf of Aden, although, much of this oceanic basin remains as yet unmapped. In this paper, we investigate the possible connection of the Afar hotspot with a major off-axis volcanic structure and its interpretation as a consequence of a the anomalous presence of melt by integrating several data sets, both published and unpublished, from the Encens-Sheba cruise, the Aden New Century (ANC) cruise and several other onshore and marine surveys. These include bathymetric, gravity, magnetic, magneto-telluric data, and rock samples. Based upon these observations, interpretations were made of seafloor morphology, gravity and magnetic models, seafloor age, geochemical analyses and tectonic setting. We discuss the possible existence of a regional melting anomaly in the Gulf of Aden area and of the probability of its connection to the Afar plume. Several models that might explain the anomalous volcanism are taken into account, such as a local melting anomaly unrelated to the Afar plume, an anomalously large volume of melt associated with seafloor spreading, and interaction of the ridge with the Afar plume. A local melting anomaly and atypical seafloor spreading prove inconsistent with our observations. Two previously proposed models of plume-ridge interactions are examined: the diffuse plume dispersion called pancaked flow and channelized along-axis flow. We conclude that the configuration and structure of this young ocean basin may have the effect of channeling material away from the Afar plume along the Aden and Sheba Ridges to produce the off-axis volcanism observed on the ridge flanks. This interpretation implies that the influence of the Afar hotspot may extend much farther eastwards into the Gulf of Aden than previously believed. The segmentation of the Gulf of Aden and the configuration of the Aden-Sheba system may provide a potential opportunity to study channeled flow of solid plume mantle from the plume along a segmented ridge and nearby continental margins.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00486140
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00486140
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.02.036