Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : International audience
Ocean loading effects cause 3-D displacements large enough to affect space geodesy measurements either at the subdiurnal periods or at longer time scales by the means of spurious signals. GPS measurements, in turn, could provide local improvements of the models in coastal areas if their ability to precisely monitor such rapid displacements is assessed. In this paper, we use 105 days of continuous GPS measurements collected in 2004 in the French Brittany and Cotentin region to investigate: (1) the precision achieved by the GPS analysis on measuring 3-D subdiurnal displacements and amplitude and phase of the tidal constituents, (2) the quality of the most recent ocean tide model FES2004 in such a complex coastal context. Indeed, in this area, tide amplitudes are among the largest in the world (up to 16 cm of loading displacements on the vertical component) and are believed to show strong shallow-water tides. From a state of the art GPS analysis using the scientific GAMIT software over 2-h sessions, we test two independent strategies for the realization of the reference frame. The position time series are then compared with the displacements predicted by the FES2004 model applied on an elastic Earth model. The two sets of results are consistent with each other at the same level of agreement than with the predicted displacements, namely 3–5 mm on the horizontal components, 10 mm on the vertical. This assesses the capability of this technique for measuring 3-D ocean tide loading deformation. We validate the FES2004 model in the Brittany area, even though it slightly (2–7 mm) underestimates the three components amplitudes. With a harmonic analysis of the observed position time series, we obtain nevertheless an agreement at a submillimetre level for the M2, N2, O1, Q1 tidal constituents and at a millimetre level for the K1 and S2 tidal constituents. Moreover, we can extract a significant M4 load signal at the 95 per cent confidence level from the GPS time series at the stations located in the Mont St Michel area. The detection of other shallow-water constituents would be helpful to understand the amplitude deficit between the FES2004 predicted and GPS observed displacements.
ISSN: 0956-540X

insu-00335909
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00335909
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00335909/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00335909/file/Vergnolle_GJI_08_revised.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03734.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases that occur in all intertropical regions of the world. Amazonian populations have developed an abundant knowledge of the disease and its remedies. Therefore, we undertook to review traditional antileishmanial plants in Amazonia and have developed new tools to analyze this somewhat dispersed information.Material and methods: A literature review of traditional remedies for cutaneous/mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Amazon was conducted and the data obtained was used to calculate distribution indexes designed to highlight the most relevant uses in Amazonia. The cultural distribution index represents the distribution rate of a given taxon among different cultural groups and was calculated as the ratio of the number of groups using the taxon to the total number of groups cited. The geographical distribution index allowed us to quantify spatial distribution of a taxon's uses in Amazonia and was calculated geometrically by measuring the average distance between the points where uses have been reported and the barycenter of those points. The general distribution index was defined as an arithmetic combination of the previous two and provides information on both cultural and spatial criteria.Results: 475 use reports, concerning 291 botanical species belonging to 83 families have been gathered depicted from 29 sources. Uses concern 34 cultural groups. While the use of some taxa appears to be Pan Amazonian, some others are clearly restricted to small geographical regions. Particular attention has been paid to the recipes and beliefs surrounding treatments. Topical application of the remedies dominated the other means of administration and this deserves particular attention as the main treatments against Neotropical leishmaniasis are painful systemic injections. The data set was analyzed using the previously defined distribution indexes and the most relevant taxa were further discussed from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view.Conclusions: The Amazonian biodiversity and cultural heritage host a fantastic amount of data whose systematic investigation should allow a better large-scale understanding of the dynamics of traditional therapies and the consequent discovery of therapeutic solutions for neglected diseases. Distribution indices are indeed powerful tools for emphasizing the most relevant treatments against a given disease and should be very useful in the meta-analysis of other regional pharmacopeia. This focus on renowned remedies that have not yet benefitted from extended laboratory studies, could stimulate future research on new treatments of natural origin for leishmaniasis.
ISSN: 0378-8741

hal-01603285
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01603285
DOI : 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.048
PRODINRA : 401890

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Deep crustal and mantle rocks are exhumed in core complex mode of extension in three types of structures: metamorphic core complexes, oceanic core complexes and magma poor passive margins. Using available analogue and numerical models and their comparison with natural examples, the present paper reviews the mechanical processes involved in these different types of extensional setting. Three main aspects are considered: i) the primary role of lithosphere rheology, ii) the lithosphere-scale patterns of progressive deformation that lead to the exhumation of deep metamorphic or mantle rocks and iii) the initiation and development of detachment zones. Crustal core complexes develop in continental lithospheres whose Moho temperature is higher than 750 °C with “upper crust-dominated” strength profiles. Contrary to what is commonly believed, it is argued from analogue and numerical models that detachments that accommodate exhumation of core complexes do not initiate at the onset of extension but in the course of progressive extension when the exhuming ductile crust reaches the surface. In models, convex upward detachments result from a rolling hinge process. Mantle core complexes develop in either the oceanic lithosphere, at slow and ultra-slow spreading ridges, or in continental lithospheres, whose initial Moho temperature is lower than 750 °C, with “sub-Moho mantle-dominated” strength profiles. It is argued that the mechanism of mantle exhumation at passive margins is a nearly symmetrical necking process at lithosphere scale without major and permanent detachment, except if strong strain localization could occur in the lithosphere mantle. Distributed crustal extension, by upper crust faulting above a décollement along the ductile crust increases toward the rift axis up to crustal breakup. Mantle rocks exhume in the zone of crustal breakup accommodated by conjugate mantle shear zones that migrate with the rift axis, during increasing extension.
ISSN: 0040-1951

insu-01610186
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01610186
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01610186/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01610186/file/brun-tect-2017.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.09.017

Résumé : La valorisation du patrimoine culturel, matériel et immatériel, trouve sa justification en tant que vecteur de différenciation, dans un contexte où le seul modèle touristique de type fordiste ne fait plus recette. Ce patrimoine dans lequel l’homme place du subjectif, des référents culturels et affectifs, voire même des symboles, serait donc à considérer comme une ressource, un vecteur de distinction des territoires, tant il est pourvoyeur d’authenticité. Ainsi, lorsqu’il joue un rôle de marqueur identitaire, le patrimoine peut-être mobilisé par les acteurs impliqués dans le développement local qui ont le souci de se démarquer et de mettre en avant leurs ressources les plus spécifiques, à des fins de développement économique.Les ressources culturelles festives, à l’image des carnavals antillais et guyanais et du Tour des yoles rondes de la Martinique, en plus de montrer un lien entre une identité locale, des traditions et un lieu, confèrent de la lisibilité et de la transparence aux territoires qu’elles investissent. Les fêtes locales sont, en effet, des formes spatiales vectrices de territorialité qui donnent à voir des formes d’enracinement et d’attachement aux lieux. C’est d’ailleurs la « cristallisation collective » (Jeudy, 2008) qui se joue autour de ces manifestations patrimoniales festives, qui contribue à leur conférer de la consistance ainsi qu’une non négligeable valeur marchande. A n’en point douter, elles ont la faculté d’établir la Guadeloupe, la Martinique et la Guyane dans le cadre de la distinction, de l’attractivité et de la compétitivité. Néanmoins, n’est ce point utopique de croire, que la valorisation du patrimoine culturel festif des départements étudiés pourrait significativement participer à asseoir la pérennisation du tourisme ? En effet, l’organisation de la fête, surtout lorsqu’elle a une dimension identitaire poussée à son paroxysme, peut conduire au repli d’une société localisée sur elle-même. Partant de ce postulat, la rencontre entre touristes et populations locales peut s’avérer compromise, alors même que ces manifestations culturelles disposent de nombreux atouts à même de satisfaire un public touristique en quête d’authenticité et de vacances divertissantes. Cette rencontre est-elle souhaitée par les uns et les autres ? Est-elle seulement souhaitable ? Le patrimoine culturel festif peut-il sous-tendre une vraie activité touristique, tout en demeurant le garant d’une certaine stabilité sociale ? La prudence ne voudrait-elle pas qu’il faille plutôt craindre la menace qui pèse sur les biens culturels devenus trop rapidement des produits touristiques ?En réalité, les relations sont complexes entre une culture mise en fête et le développement du secteur touristique. Faut-il pour autant les considérer comme un « pari de l’inutile » (Lazzarotti, 2011) ?Le tourisme doit continuer à se penser comme un secteur économique indispensable au développement local, dans une perspective de durabilité. C’est d’ailleurs à ce titre que le volet social du développement durable trouve sa place au cœur même de notre réflexion, tant il constitue une composante majeure de ce que devrait être un produit touristique attractif et adapté aux substrats locaux. C’est ainsi que cette thèse explore et approfondit la problématique de la mise en relation entre un secteur touristique à pérenniser, et le riche patrimoine culturel festif dont disposent la Martinique, la Guadeloupe et la Guyane. Ce travail de recherche poussent encore un peu plus loin la réflexion autour du développement de pratiques touristiques renouvelées et durables.
Enhancement of cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, is justified as a vector of differentiation, in a context where the only tourist Fordist model no longer recipe. Heritage in which man instead of subjective, cultural and emotional referents and even symbols, would be regarded as a resource, a vector distinction territories, as it is provider of authenticity. Thus, when a role marker of identity , heritage can be mobilized by the actors involved in local development that have the desire to stand out and highlight their most specific resources for economic development purposes . festive cultural resources, like the Caribbean and Guyanese carnivals and Tour round skiffs from Martinique, in addition to showing a link between a local identity, traditions and place , give the clarity and transparency territories they invest . Local festivals are indeed of vector spatial forms of territoriality that give rooting see shapes and place attachment. This is also the "collective crystallization" (Jeudy, 2008) that plays around these festive heritage demonstrations, which helps give them substance and a significant market value. A no doubt, they have the ability to establish Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guyana as part of the award, the attractiveness and competitiveness. However, this is unrealistic enough to believe that the enhancement of cultural heritage festive departments surveyed could significantly participate in sit sustainability of tourism? Indeed, the organization of the party, especially when it has a dimension of identity pushed to its limits, can lead to the decline of localized on society itself. Based on this assumption, the encounter between tourists and local populations may be compromised, even though these cultural events have many assets to satisfy even a tourist public in search of authenticity and fun holiday. This meeting it is desired by each other? Is it just desirable? The festive cultural heritage may underlie it a real tourist activity, while remaining a guarantor of social stability? Prudence does not she want that rather we should fear the threat to cultural property became too quickly tourism products? Actually, relationships are complex between a culture festival setting and development of the tourism sector. Should we all be regarded as a "bet the useless" (Lazzarotti, 2011)? Tourism must continue to think as an essential local economic development sector, with a view to sustainability. It is also for this reason that the social pillar of sustainable development finds its place at the heart of our thinking, as it is a major component of what should be an attractive tourism product adapted to local substrates. Thus this thesis explores and deepens the problem of linking between tourism to sustain, and the rich cultural heritage festive available Martinique, Guadeloupe and Guyana. This research push a little further reflection on the development of tourism practices renewed and sustained.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0703

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Background: During the last decade, French Guiana has been affected by major dengue fever outbreaks. Although this arbovirus has been a focus of many awareness campaigns, very little information is available about beliefs, attitudes and behaviors regarding vector-borne diseases among the population of French Guiana. During the first outbreak of the chikungunya virus, a quantitative survey was conducted among high school students to study experiences, practices and perceptions related to mosquito-borne diseases and to identify socio-demographic, cognitive and environmental factors that could be associated with the engagement in protective behaviors. Methodology/Principal Findings: A cross-sectional survey was administered in May 2014, with a total of 1462 students interviewed. Classrooms were randomly selected using a two-stage selection procedure with cluster samples. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) associated with a hierarchical cluster analysis and with an ordinal logistic regression was performed. Chikungunya was less understood and perceived as a more dreadful disease than dengue fever. The analysis identified three groups of individual protection levels against mosquito-borne diseases: “low” (30%), “moderate” (42%) and “high” (28%)”. Protective health behaviors were found to be performed more frequently among students who were female, had a parent with a higher educational status, lived in an individual house, and had a better understanding of the disease. Conclusions/Significance: This study allowed us to estimate the level of protective practices against vector-borne diseases among students after the emergence of a new arbovirus. These results revealed that the adoption of protective behaviors is a multi-factorial process that depends on both sociocultural and cognitive factors. These findings may help public health authorities to strengthen communication and outreach strategies, thereby increasing the adoption of protective health behaviors, particularly in high-risk populations. © 2016 Fritzell et al.
ISSN: 1935-2727

hal-01467556
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01467556
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005081
PUBMED : 27802275

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : L’article présente comment les enjeux et les relations socioéconomiques qui sous-tendent la construction des discours sur le développement touristique influencent les pratiques matérielles dans le processus d’appropriation des territoires. Il soutient que les jeux de pouvoir, les valeurs et les croyances constituent un ensemble de relations fabriquant les discours des différents groupes et classes dans un territoire touristique. Ces discours modèlent, à travers des pratiques matérielles, l’espace touristique. Il démontre que l’enchevêtrement de ces relations complexe dans l’étude de cas réalisé sur l’Île-à-Vache. En fait, le « confort existentiel » que recherche le touriste y joue un rôle essentiel. Il influence le discours hégémonique des acteurs dominants et dicte les décisions d’aménagement des destinations touristiques. Dans le cadre de la production et de la mise en tourisme de l’Île-à-Vache, il permet d’expliquer le mécanisme des d’accumulation capitalistique par dépossession dans le processus de développement géographique inégal.
The article shows how the socio-economic relations that underlie the construction of discourse on tourism development influence the material practices in the space appropriation process. It argues that the power, values, and beliefs are a set of discourses of different groups and classes in a tourist area. These discourses shape, through material practices, the tourism space. It illustrate the entanglement of these complex relationships through the case study conducted on Île-à-Vache. In fact, the "existential comfort" that the tourist research plays a vital role. It influences the hegemonic discourse of the dominant players and dictate management decisions of the tourist destinations. As part of the production and the development of tourism Île-à-Vache, it helps to explain the mechanism of capital accumulation by dispossession in the uneven geographical development process.
Haïti
Île-à-Vache

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.8810
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/8810

Résumé : Échec scolaire, délinquance, violence, exclusion, sont les fléaux de notre société moderne.À la Martinique dans les années 1950 un certain nombre de dispositifs furent mis en place pour tenter d’enrayer sinon de réduire l’ampleur du phénomène. Une maison de l’enfance et des dispositifs sanitaires et sociaux sont mis en place. Aujourd’hui face aux élèves en difficulté il existe également des structures diverses qui sont les classes spécialisées, les classes d’adaptation, les structures psycho-pédagogiques diverses. Et dans les deux cas sous couvert d’aide à l’enfance d’accompagnement et d’aides multiples des populations d’enfants ont vécu et vivent la marginalisation, l’exclusion car la différence affichée par la prise en charge de ces enfants constitue une représentation négative à leur encontre.Au cœur de notre problématique il y a la conviction que les choses peuvent changer. Il ne s’agit pas de prendre les acteurs sociaux pour des démiurges, de faire comme si ils pouvaient métamorphoser le monde à volonté, mais de bien comprendre ce qui se joue dans les interactions entre acteurs. Car il existe des forces dynamiques en présence dans les interactions d’enseignement, d’éducation, et d’assistance, ce sont les représentations.L’individu est habité par son capital culturel, il le porte en lui incorporé, inscrit dans son être biologique, dans son cerveau et son système nerveux, dans son être biologique, dans l’ensemble du corps pour un certain nombre de schèmes de perceptions et d’action, le capital culturel est l’une des variétés la moins détachable de son propriétaire. Chacun détient un capital culturel en même temps qu’il est ce capital, il lui doit sa singularité, son identité et tout ce qui lui permet d’entrer en relation avec le monde, et avec les autres.Par un retour réflexif, l’individu peut prendre conscience de son capital culturel, de ses représentations, d’une partie de son habitus, L’image qui résulte de cette prise de conscience enrichit l’ensemble des représentations, donc le capital culturel lui-même. L’image du capital culturel dont on dispose participe de l’image de soi et donc d’un processus complexe de valorisation ou de dévalorisation de soi.L’image de soi, de ce qu’on sait de ce qu’on sait faire se heurte de toute façon à l’image que nous revoient les autres, chacun apprend dès l’enfance à être jugé par sa famille puis par ses enseignants et les autres élèves. Chacun se sent jugé sur ce qu’il fait, et indirectement sur ce qu’il est ou paraît être, sur ce qu’il sait ou paraît savoir. Nul être ne peut se protéger complètement des jugements d’autrui, mais il peut essayer de les infléchir à son avantage, en particulier lorsque les jugements favorables lui vaudraient l’amour, et la reconnaissance des autres.Tel est l’enjeu fondamental de la relation éducative qui permettrait à l’élève dit en difficulté de majorer son ambition par une plus haute estime de lui même, et d’entrer ainsi dans une pédagogie de la réussite.Hier, certains élèves étaient condamnés par un système à quitter l’institution scolaire très tôt. Le regard du maître, les représentations qu’il avait des enfants pauvres ne leur permettait pas d’aller au-delà de l’école primaire et très vite ils intégraient le monde du travail. Aujourd’hui malgré une scolarité obligatoire jusqu’à seize ans les représentations que l’on a d’un élève peuvent avoir également des incidences sur son destin scolaire et l’amener à l’exclusion. C’est ce que nous allons tenter d’expliquer grâce à une expérimentation menée sur le terrain avec les différents acteurs du champ éducatif et les outils mis à leur disposition.Regard, représentations, réussite, échec sont les différents axes d’une problématique sur le jugement prédéterminé de l’enseignant et ses conséquences sur le destin de certains individus. La mission essentielle d'un enseignant étant de tout mettre en œuvre pour faire réussir tous ses élèves.
School failure, delinquency, violence, exclusion, are the scourge of modern society.In 1950s Martinique a number of devices were put in place to try and stop or at least reduce the magnitude of the phenomenon. Juvenile institutions, health and social systems were put in place. Nowadays additional options are available such as specialized classes and other special educational structures. These systems unfortunately have resulted in the further marginalization and exclusion of entire generations of children, putting them under a negative light, against the core principal of the very programs that were meant to help them. At the heart of the problem is the belief that things can change. Our goal is not to portray social actors as if they could change the world at will, but rather to try and understand the interaction between the different actors. There are dynamics at play within the educational interactions and available support systems, which lead to certain representations of some of the students. The individual is inhabited by its cultural back-ground or layer. It is part of the biological being, brain and nervous system, part of his or her entire body, interfering with a number of perception patterns and actions. The cultural layer of any individual is actually the least detachable of all layers. The individual gets his or her sense of uniqueness, identity and everything that allows him or her to interact with the world and others from this cultural layer.When getting into further analysis we notice that the individual can become aware of his or her cultural heritage, of his or her representations or habits. The self-image that results from this awareness makes for a richer representation of the cultural layer which can trigger either high or low self-esteem. Our idea of our image usually clashes with the image received from others. Each and every one of us has in some way or the other been judged by his or her respective family, by teachers or other students in the classroom. Everyone feels judged because of his or her own actions, his or her appearance, or what he or she appears to know. Nobody can fully protect him or her-self from judgements passed from third parties, and in some circumstances one might attempt to use these judgements to their advantages, especially when they could lead to more empathy or acknowledgement from a third party.This is the fundamental issue of the educational relationship that would, by allowing struggling students to increase their ambitions by the way of higher self-esteem, allow for better success.In the past, some students were condemned by the system and led to leave the school system early. The way the teacher would perceive the student and poorer children in general did not allow the said student to go beyond elementary school and he or she would very soon join the workforce. Nowadays, despite mandatory education through age sixteen, the representation we have of each student can still affect academic performance and lead to exclusion. This is what we will attempt to explain through an experiment conducted with the different actors in the education field and the tools at their disposal.Perception, performance, success, failure are the different axes of a problem that leads to the predetermined judgment of teachers and the consequences of said perception on the fate of some of the students, keeping in mind that an educator’s main task is to do everything in their power to pass all students.

http://www.theses.fr/2015AGUY0850/document