Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD University of Uludag
Résumé : International audience
We tested whether the silicone swim caps (SC) worn by young swimmers in a tropical climate negatively influence aerobic performance. Nine trained pre-adolescents [11.8 (± 0.8) years] swam randomized 800-m trials (water: 32.9°C, outdoors: shade, 29.2 ± 0.2 °C, 74 ± 0.3 % rh) with a SC or a nude head (NH). Performance times and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously. Rectal temperature (T rec) was measured before and after trials. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed. Stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were measured every 50-m. The SC trial was significantly longer than NH (799 ± 16 and 781 ± 16 seconds, respectively). Mean delta T rec was significantly greater in SC (0.2 ± 0.1°C vs.-0.1 ± 0.1°C in SC vs. NH), mean SI was significantly different in SC versus NH (1.83 ± 0.07 vs 1.73 ± 0.06); but RPE and mean HR, SF and SL showed no change. We conclude that a silicone swim cap worn in tropical environment significantly decreased 800-m crawl performance without affecting HR or RPE. Silicone swim caps worn by young swimmers in a tropical environment may also have negative effects on training capacity.
ISSN: 1303-2968

hal-01137570
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01137570
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01137570/document
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01137570/file/Hue%2C%20Galy%20-%202012%20-%20The%20effect%20of%20a%20silicone%20swim%20cap%20on%20swimming%20performance%20in%20tropical%20conditions%20in%20pre-adolescents.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Imprimeur de l'Empereur Imprimeur de l'Empereur ( Cap-Haitien )
Haiti--North Department--Cap-Haitien

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00013097/00001

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : Beach sediment cementation (beachrock formation) is a sedimentary process that can transform significant sections of beaches into rock outcrops. This contribution reports the results of two questionnaire surveys (one focusing on foreign tourists and the other on local people) carried out in coastal resorts of the island of Lesbos (Greece), on the perceptions of beach users regarding the impacts of beachrocks on their recreational activities. The survey focusing on foreign tourists showed that the majority of the interviewees took notice of the formations and commented negatively on them. Although most of the interviewees did not consider beachrocks a significant safety risk, a considerable proportion of the sample stated that beachrocks influenced their beach ratings that they would prefer beachrock-free beaches and would be willing to contribute financially to preventative and protective measures. In contrast, the results of the survey focusing on local people, who are more familiar with the phenomenon, showed a high perception of beachrock-related risks and limited beachrock tolerance. In addition to the safety risks that the irregular, slippery, beachrock surfaces may pose to beach users, beachrocks may also degrade beach aesthetics. promote beach sediment erosion and decrease the beach carrying capacity. As beachrocks are a common attribute of tropical, subtropical and low-temperate beaches that are typically associated with major tourist destinations, and are likely to spread under global warming conditions, they may be considered as a significant threat to the coastal tourist industry. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Tourism Management (0261-5177) (Elsevier), 2009-08 , Vol. 30 , N. 4 , P. 544-552

Droits : 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6625.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.09.007
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6625/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The impact of basal core promoter (BCP) and precore (PC) mutants of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) on liver disease severity remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to screen BCP and PC mutations in 252 HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive carriers in France and to assess relationships between these mutations and severe fibrosis. METHODS: Direct sequencing of the precore/core gene was used to detect A1762T/G1764A and G1757A mutations in the BCP and G1896A and G1899A mutations in the PC region. RESULTS: The prevalences of A1762T/G1764A, G1757A, G1896A, and G1899A mutations were 34.1%, 38.7%, 54.9%, and 29.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. The independent predictors of severe fibrosis (>/=F3 Metavir) were older age (P < 0.001), male gender (P = 0.012), elevated alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), and the double A1762T/G1764A mutant with no other mutations (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the association of the G1899A mutation with the double A1762T/G1764A mutant significantly counteracted the deleterious effect of the sole double A1762T/G1764A mutant (odds ratio [OR] = 0.28 vs. OR = 3.55, respectively, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with the A1762T/G1764A mutation have a higher risk of severe fibrosis. The G1899A mutation is a protective factor against severe fibrosis that counteracted the deleterious effect of the A1762T/G1764A mutation. Finally, host phenotypic and HBV genotypic markers independently predict fibrosis severity.
Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology

hal-01477209
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01477209
DOI : 10.1111/jgh.13338
PUBMED : 26992056

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Acquiring information is indisputably energy-consuming and conversely, the availability of information permits greater efficiency. Strangely, the scientific community long remained reluctant to establish a physical equivalence between the abstract notion of information and sensible thermodynamics. However, certain physicists such as Szilard and Brillouin proposed: (i) to give to information the status of a genuine thermodynamic entity (k B T ln2 joules/bit) and (ii) to link the capacity of storing information inferred from correlated systems, to that of indefinitely increasing organization. This positive feedback coupled to the self-templating molecular potential could provide a universal basis for the spontaneous rise of highly organized structures, typified by the emergence of life from a prebiotic chemical soup. Once established, this mechanism ensures the longevity and robustness of life envisioned as a general system, by allowing it to accumulate and optimize microstate-reducing recipes, thereby giving rise to strong nonlinearity, decisional capacity and multistability. Mechanisms possibly involved in priming this cycle are proposed.
ISSN: 0169-6149

inserm-00826658
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00826658
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00826658/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00826658/file/OLEB-2013.pdf
DOI : 10.1007/s11084-013-9329-2

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11267

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
We present a new 3-D GPS velocity solution for 182 sites for the region encompassing the Western Alps, Pyrenees, and southern France. The velocity field is based on a Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solution, to which we apply a common-mode filter, defined by the 26 longest time series, in order to correct for network-wide biases (reference frame, unmodeled large-scale processes, etc.). We show that processing parameters, such as troposphere delay modeling, can lead to systematic velocity variations of 0.1–0.5 mm yr−1 affecting both accuracy and precision, especially for short (< 5 years) time series. A velocity convergence analysis shows that minimum time-series lengths of  ∼  3 and  ∼  5.5 years are required to reach a velocity stability of 0.5 mm yr−1 in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. On average, horizontal residual velocities show a stability of  ∼  0.2 mm yr−1 in the Western Alps, Pyrenees, and southern France. The only significant horizontal strain rate signal is in the western Pyrenees with up to 4  ×  10−9 yr−1 NNE–SSW extension, whereas no significant strain rates are detected in the Western Alps (< 1  ×  10−9 yr−1). In contrast, we identify significant uplift rates up to 2 mm yr−1 in the Western Alps but not in the Pyrenees (0.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1). A correlation between site elevations and fast uplift rates in the northern part of the Western Alps, in the region of the Würmian ice cap, suggests that part of this uplift is induced by postglacial rebound. The very slow uplift rates in the southern Western Alps and in the Pyrenees could be accounted for by erosion-induced rebound.
ISSN: 1869-9529

hal-01395116
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01395116
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01395116/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01395116/file/nguyen2016.pdf
DOI : 10.5194/se-7-1349-2016

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : The Thalassa, a ship of the Institute of Fishing, carried out two trawling campaigns off the coasts of Rio de Oro, Mauritania and Senegal. The first one took place in November and December 1962; it extended from Cape Juby to Tamxat (17°20'N). The second, directed more towards the south, reached the Fosse de Cayar Submarine Canyon, near Cape Verde; it occurred in March and April 1968. These operations represent in total 100 trawl passes between latitudes 15° and 28°N and depths of 10 to 800 metres. These two campaigns' overall data are introduced incidentally. The data recorded here are exclusively about the twenty species of sparidae harvested. They concern the geographic and bathymetric distribution, frequency and numbers, size and sex. There emerge certain comments on the animal life, biology and fishing. In some cases, it seemed worthwhile to emphasise the morphological differences that make it possible to distinguish among them species at times very closely related.
La « Thalassa », navire de l'Institut des Pêches, a effectué deux campagnes de chalutage au large des côtes du Rio de Oro, de la Mauritanie et du Sénégal. La première a eu lieu en novembre et décembre 1962; elle s'est étendue du cap Juby à Tamxat (17°20'N). La seconde, plus orientée vers le sud, a atteint la fosse de Cayar, à proximité du cap Vert; elle s'est déroulée en mars et avril 1968. Ces opérations représentent au total cent traicts de chalut qui se répartissent entre les latitudes 15° et 28°N et les profondeurs de 10 à 800 m. Les données d'ensemble de ces deux campagnes sont présentées par ailleurs. Celles consignées ici concernent exclusivement les vingt espèces de sparidés récoltées. Elles ont trait à la répartition géographique et bathymétrique, la fréquence et l'abondance, la taille et le sexe. Il s'en dégage certaines remarques sur la faunistique, la biologie et la pêche. Dans certains cas il a paru intéressant de souligner les différences morphologiques qui permettent de distinguer, entre elles, des espèces parfois très voisines.(OCR non controlé)
Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes (0035-2276) (ISTPM), 1969-03 , Vol. 33 , N. 1 , P. 97-116

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1969/publication-3156.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3156/

Résumé : Answering a need of the Office of Regional Marine Affairs of Brittany, the "fisheries" laboratory of the Ifremer in Lorient provides synthesis elements about the status of the stocks of the main species exploited in the Bay of Biscay, Celtic Sea and Western Ireland in 1983. It provides information about the fishing capacity according to the different jobs done and compares two fleets from South-Brittany: Lorient and Concarneau. This report will have to be completed by the laboratories of Roscoff for activities in North-Brittany and of la Rochelle for activities in the Bay of Biscay.
Suite à la demande de la Direction Régionale des Affaires Maritimes de Bretagne, le laboratoire "Pêche" de l'Ifremer à Lorient donne des éléments de synthèse sur l'état des stocks des principales espèces exploitées dans le golfe de Gascogne, la mer Celtique et Ouest-Irlande en 1983. Il informe sur la capacité de pêche en fonction des différents métiers exercés et fait une comparaison entre deux flottilles de sud-Bretagne : Lorient et Concarneau. Ce rapport devra être complété par les contributions des laboratoires de Roscoff pour les activités de Nord-Bretagne, et de la Rochelle pour les activités dans le golfe de Gascogne.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1984/rapport-3635.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/3635/

Éditeur(s) : Imprimeur de l'Empereur Imprimeur de l'Empereur ( Cap-Haitien )
Haiti--North Department--Cap-Haitien

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00013097/00001

Éditeur(s) : Wiley-blackwell Publishing, Inc
Résumé : We present the results from processing and interpreting five lines from the 1992 Erable multichannel seismic reflection experiment extending from the southeastern margin of Flemish Cap into the northern Newfoundland Basin. These profiles reveal significant along strike variations in the rifting styles experienced by Flemish Cap. In the southwest, a 100-km-wide transition zone is identified between thinned continental crust and thin oceanic crust. Similar to the conjugate Galicia Bank and Iberian margins, this transition zone contains a section of deep basement adjacent to a series of shallower ridges and is interpreted as exhumed serpentinized mantle. Along strike towards the northeast, this transition zone pinches out completely within 100 km and is replaced by thin oceanic crust directly adjacent to thinned continental crust. By interpreting nearby seismic profiles and profiles on the conjugate margins using the same classification criteria, we construct regional maps of the distribution of crustal domains on both sides of the North Atlantic. These maps reveal significant variations in rifting style on the conjugate margins and along strike of each margin and also highlight the role of ancient transfer zones in compartmentalizing these rifting variations into four distinct regions. We propose that the limited localization of shallow topographically high serpentinized peridotite ridges on the Newfoundland-Iberia and Flemish Cap-Galicia Bank conjugate margins, was directly related to an increase in the rate of extension following the separation of Flemish Cap and Galicia Bank which exhumed deeper, less serpentinized mantle.
Geophysical Journal International (0956-540X) (Wiley-blackwell Publishing, Inc), 2010-03 , Vol. 180 , N. 3 , P. 976-U4

Droits : 2010 RAS
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00001/11202/7876.pdf
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04477.x
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00001/11202/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : During the course of their life cycle organisms are exposed to natural environment variations capable of inducing physiological, morphological and behaviour changes, thus a phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a genotype to generate a new phenotype following exogeneous or endogeneous stress. Here, we investigated the phenotypic plasticity of the non-calcifying symbiotic cnidarian Anemonia viridis at multiple levels of structural complexity, in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, we determined the mechanisms behind the phenotypic plasticity under expected future climate change (i.e. ocean acidification and ocean warming). Our results show physiological changes in the inorganic carbon use of the sea anemone A. viridis exposed to high pCO2 during a long-term stress in natura or a short-term stress in controlled conditions. We then observed an equivalent decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity, a key enzyme of cnidarian carbon concentrating mechanisms. Also, we demonstrated that an increase in seawater temperature modified the response observed during a high pCO2 scenario. In vitro, we established a viable primary cell culture from regenerating tentacles of A. viridis. We determined the gastrodermal tissue origin of the cultivated cells and validated the use of this new tool to the in vitro study of stress response at the cellular level. The set-up of this powerful in vitro tool will open a multitude of perspectives for the study of cellular responses to exogeneous stress (as global change perturbations) and to endogeneous stress (as the symbiosis constraints experienced by symbiotic cnidarians)
Durant leur cycle de vie, les organismes sont exposés à des variations environnementales capables d'induire des changements physiologiques, morphologiques et comportementaux, résultant d’une plasticité phénotypique. La plasticité phénotypique est la capacité d'un génotype à générer un nouveau phénotype suite à un stress. Ici, nous avons étudié la plasticité phénotypique d’un Cnidaire symbiotique et non-calcifiant, l’anémone de mer Anemonia viridis, à de multiples niveaux de complexité structurale, in vivo et in vitro. In vivo, nous avons identifié les mécanismes sous-jacents de la plasticité phénotypique potentiellement induits par les futurs changements climatiques (acidification et réchauffement des océans). Nos résultats montrent des modifications dans l'utilisation du carbone inorganique par A. viridis exposée à une forte pCO2 lors d’un stress chronique in natura ou lors d’un stress court en conditions contrôlées. Nous avons ainsi observé une diminution des activités anhydrase carbonique, une enzyme clé des mécanismes de concentration du carbone chez les Cnidaires. Nous avons aussi démontré que l'augmentation concomittante de la température modifie la réponse observée lors d'une élévation seule de la pCO2. In vitro, nous avons établi une culture de cellules primaires viables issue de tentacules d’A. viridis en régénération. Nous avons déterminé l'origine gastrodermale des cellules cultivées et validé l'utilisation de ce nouvel outil pour l'étude de la réponse au stress au niveau cellulaire. Ce nouvel outil ouvre une multitude de perspectives pour l'étude des réponses cellulaires aux stress exogènes (changement climatique) et endogènes (contraintes dues à la symbiose)
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01674220

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
NNT : 2016AZUR4136
tel-01674220
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01674220
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01674220/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01674220/file/2016AZUR4136.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Imprimeur de l'Empereur Imprimeur de l'Empereur ( Cap-Haitien )
Haiti--North Department--Cap-Haitien

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00013097/00001

Éditeur(s) : P. Roux P. Roux ( Cap-Henry )
Résumé : Title from PDF caption (LLMC Digital, viewed on July 8, 2011)
"Donné en notre palais du Cap-Henry, le 15 janvier 1813 ... par le Roi, Henry."
Haïti

739918652
ocn739918652
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00021608/00001

Éditeur(s) : Gauthier-Villars
Résumé : Five particle traps were deployed at depths of 4 400 to 4 900 rn at two stations on the Demerara abyssal plain and one station on the Cape Verde abyssal plain (tropical Atlantic). At the same time, an intensive sampling of superficial sediments was carried out using a 0,25 m2 box corer. The total particle flux varied from 372 to 87,7 mg dry weightfm2/day. The average concentration of organic carbon was 40 mg/g of material collected. ln the surface sediment this was only 4 mg/g. A direct relationship existed between the intensity of the flux of organic matter and the richness of the organic matter of the deposited sediment. According to our calculations, more than 90% of the organic matter arriving at the bottom is consumed by the abyssal benthos and only 1% is lost to permanent sediment deposits. For 100 calories consumed by the benthos, 99 are utilized by the infauna and flora, 0, 7 by the holothurian egafauna and 0,3 by near-bottom fisches. The biochemical composition of the particles is characterized at ali stations by a predominance of "humic" material in the total organic matter (more than 55%). The part of the molecules unaltered form living material varied from on station to another: for the most oceanic station the protein dominated, composing 20% of the total energy. At the station onder the influence of the continent the lipid fraction grew and was almost equal to that of the protein. ln this case, the carbohydrate fraction was very weak (7% of the organic matter). Finally the preference of the animais which feed on the particles is principally for the most energetic (lipid) and the most easily hydrolysable (labile protein) molecules: the other molecules, such as the humic matter, are less preferred, although they still contribute to about half of the energy consumed by the abyssal benthic animais.
Cinq pièges à particules ont été déployés à des profondeurs comprises entre 4400 et 4 900 rn sur deux stations dans la plaine abyssale de Demerara et une station dans la plaine abyssale du Cap Vert (Atlantique tropical). Dans le même temps, un échantillonnage intensif du sédiment superficiel a été réalisé à l'aide d'un carottier de 0,25 m2 d'ouverture. Le flux particulaire total mesuré varie de 372 mg de matière sèche/m2/jour à 87,7 mg/m2/g de matériel récolté. Dans les sédiments superficiels, elle n'est plus que d'environ 4 mg/g. Il existe une relation directe entre l'intensité du flux organique et la richesse en composés organiques du sédiment. D'après nos estimations, plus de 90% du matériel organique arrivant sur le fond sont consommés par les organismes benthiques abyssaux et seulement 1% est perdu dans la sédimentation permanente. Pour 100 calories consommées par le benthos, 99 le sont par la petite faune et la flore vivant dans le sédiment, 0, 7 calories sont utilisées par les holothuries (mégafaune) et 0,3 calories par les poissons. La composition biochimique des particules se caractérise, à toutes les stations, par la prédominance des composés organiques transformées néobiogéniques ( « humus ») dans la matière organique totale (plus de 55%). La part des molécules de la matière vivante varie d'une station à l'autre: à la station la plus océanique, les protéines dominent et composent 200/o de l'énergie totale des apports. Dans la station plus soumise aux influences continentales, la concentration en lipides augmente et peut égaler celle des protéines. Dans ce cas, le taux de glucides des particules est très faible (7% des apports organiques). Enfin, les préférences nutritionnelles des animaux qui s'alimentent sur ces particules se portent principalement sur les molécules les plus énergétiques (lipides) et les plus facilement hydrolysables (protéines labiles) : les autres molécules, comme les composés néobiogéniques sont moins recherchés bien qu'ils contribuent pour moitié à l'énergie consommée par les animaux benthiques abyssaux
Oceanologica Acta (0399-1784) (Gauthier-Villars), 1985 , Vol. 8 , N. 3 , P. 293-301

Droits : Gauthier-Villars
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00112/22318/19991.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00112/22318/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : Unveiling the genetic basis of local adaptation to environmental variation is a major goal in molecular ecology. In rugged landscapes characterized by environmental mosaics, living populations and communities can experience steep ecological gradients over very short geographical distances. In lowland tropical forests, interspecific divergence in edaphic specialization (for seasonally flooded bottomlands and seasonally dry terra firme soils) has been proven by ecological studies on adaptive traits. Some species are nevertheless capable of covering the entire span of the gradient; intraspecific variation for adaptation to contrasting conditions may explain the distribution of such ecological generalists. We investigated whether local divergence happens at small spatial scales in two stands of Eperua falcata (Fabaceae), a widespread tree species of the Guiana Shield. We investigated Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) and sequence divergence as well as spatial genetic structure (SGS) at four genes putatively involved in stress response and three genes with unknown function. Significant genetic differentiation was observed among sub-populations within stands, and eight SNP loci showed patterns compatible with disruptive selection. SGS analysis showed genetic turnover along the gradients at three loci, and at least one haplotype was found to be in repulsion with one habitat. Taken together, these results suggest genetic differentiation at small spatial scale in spite of gene flow. We hypothesize that heterogeneous environments may cause molecular divergence, possibly associated to local adaptation in E. falcata.
ISSN: 1010-061X

hal-01032412
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032412
DOI : 10.1111/jeb.12069

Éditeur(s) : INRA : Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation Caribbean Food Crops Society (CFCS)
Extrait de : 52e congrès annuel de la Société caribéenne des plantes alimentaires / 52nd annual meeting of the Caribbean food crops society (CFCS), du 10 au 16 juillet 2016. INRA, CFCS
Description : Farmers are very inventive, but their innovations often remain confined to their farm, or to small local networks. And the interest they might have for farmers other than their inventors is seldom analyzed. Tracking on-farm innovations aims at finding technical or organizational innovations designed by farmers, to characterize their agronomic, economic and environmental performance and analyze the conditions in which this performance is expressed. The talk presents the various stages of this tracking approach, applied to innovative cropping systems, basing on a variety of recent works, in France, Argentine, Burkina Faso and China: (1) Defining what we are looking for; (2) Identifying innovative systems; (3) Describing and characterizing innovative systems; (4) Assessing innovative systems; (5) Specifying the conditions for the success of innovative systems. The results of the tracking are aimed not only at the farmers, but at their advisors and researchers too: (i) Innovative and effective cropping systems, which can be a source of inspiration for farmers; (ii) Confirmation of the interest of a principle for reasoning cropping systems; (iii) Innovative practices, analyzed within a systemic framework, which can serve as bricks for the design of new systems; (iv) Questions to be looked into more thoroughly by experimentation. Compared to traditional approaches in agronomy, tracking innovative cropping systems provides a double break: break with a top-down approach, where agricultural R & D is regarded as the only source of innovation: by mobilizing the innovative capacities of farmers, tracking increases our collective capacity to invent new practices or new cropping systems, by using not only technical and scientific knowledge, but also the empirical knowledge, that is so rich in agriculture. And break with the primacy given to experimentation, as a source for the production of knowledge and the assessment of innovations. Les agriculteurs sont très inventifs, mais leurs innovations demeurent souvent confinées à leur ferme, ou à de petits réseaux locaux. Et l'intérêt qu'elles pourraient avoir pour des agriculteurs autres que leurs inventeurs est rarement analysé. Le cheminement des innovations à la ferme vise à trouver les innovations techniques ou organisationnelles conçues par des agriculteurs, pour caractériser leur agronomique, économique et la performance environnementale et pour analyser les conditions en lesquelles ces résultats sont exprimés. L'entretien présente les diverses étapes de cette approche de cheminement, appliquées aux systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs, basant sur un grand choix de travaux récents, les Frances, l'Argentin, au Burkina Faso et en Chine : (1) définissant ce que nous recherchons ; (2) identification des systèmes innovateurs ; (3) description et caractérisation des systèmes innovateurs ; (4) l'évaluation des systèmes innovateurs ; (5) spécification des conditions pour le succès des systèmes innovateurs. Les résultats du cheminement sont visés non seulement les agriculteurs, mais leurs conseillers et chercheurs trop : (i) systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs et efficaces, qui peuvent être une source d'inspiration pour des agriculteurs ; (ii) confirmation d'intérêt d'un principe pour les systèmes d'emblavage de motif ; (iii) pratiques innovatrices, analysées dans un cadre systémique, qui peut servir de briques à la conception de nouveaux systèmes ; (iv) questions à regarder dans plus complètement par expérimentation. Comparé aux approches traditionnelles en agronomie, le cheminement des systèmes d'emblavage innovateurs fournit une double coupure : cassez avec une approche hiérarchisée, où la R&D agricole est considérée comme la seule source d'innovation : en mobilisant les capacités innovatrices d'agriculteurs, le cheminement augmente notre capacité collective d'inventer de nouvelles pratiques ou nouveaux systèmes d'emblavage, à l'aide non seulement de technique et de la connaissance scientifique, mais également la connaissance empirique, qui est si riche en agriculture. Et coupure avec la primauté donnée à l'expérimentation, comme source pour la production de la connaissance et de l'évaluation des innovations.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V16242
V16242

Éditeur(s) : Imprimeur de l'Empereur Imprimeur de l'Empereur ( Cap-Haitien )
Haiti--North Department--Cap-Haitien

Droits : All rights reserved by the source institution.
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00013097/00001

Éditeur(s) : Direction Générale des Travaux Publics Direction Générale des Travaux Publics ( Haiti )
Résumé : This collection of over 5,000 black and white photographs held by the National Archives of Haiti dates from 1918 to 1945. It contains images of public buildings before and after restoration, public works, monuments, and the visits of U.S. Presidents and other officials.
Haiti

Droits : All rights reserved by the National Archives of Haiti.
11243

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD University of Uludag
Résumé : International audience
We tested whether the silicone swim caps (SC) worn by young swimmers in a tropical climate negatively influence aerobic performance. Nine trained pre-adolescents [11.8 (± 0.8) years] swam randomized 800-m trials (water: 32.9°C, outdoors: shade, 29.2 ± 0.2 °C, 74 ± 0.3 % rh) with a SC or a nude head (NH). Performance times and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously. Rectal temperature (T rec) was measured before and after trials. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed. Stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) were measured every 50-m. The SC trial was significantly longer than NH (799 ± 16 and 781 ± 16 seconds, respectively). Mean delta T rec was significantly greater in SC (0.2 ± 0.1°C vs.-0.1 ± 0.1°C in SC vs. NH), mean SI was significantly different in SC versus NH (1.83 ± 0.07 vs 1.73 ± 0.06); but RPE and mean HR, SF and SL showed no change. We conclude that a silicone swim cap worn in tropical environment significantly decreased 800-m crawl performance without affecting HR or RPE. Silicone swim caps worn by young swimmers in a tropical environment may also have negative effects on training capacity.
ISSN: 1303-2968

hal-01143533
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01143533