Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: Heterogeneous patterns of malaria transmission are thought to be driven by factors including host genetics, distance to mosquito breeding sites, housing construction, and socio-behavioural characteristics. Evaluation of local transmission epidemiology to characterize malaria risk is essential for planning malaria control and elimination programmes. The use of geographical information systems (GIS) techniques has been a major asset to this approach. To assess time and space distribution of malaria disease in Bandiagara, Mali, within a transmission season, data were used from an ongoing malaria incidence study that enrolled 300 participants aged under six years old ". Methods: Children's households were georeferenced using a handheld global position system. Clinical malaria was defined as a positive blood slide for Plasmodium falciparum asexual stages associated with at least one of the following signs: headache, body aches, fever, chills and weakness. Daily rainfall was measured at the local weather station. Landscape features of Bandiagara were obtained from satellite images and field survey. QGIS™ software was used to map malaria cases, affected and non-affected children, and the number of malaria episodes per child in each block of Bandiagara. Clusters of high or low risk were identified under SaTScan W software according to a Bernoulli model. Results: From June 2009 to May 2010, 296 clinical malaria cases were recorded. Though clearly temporally related to the rains, Plasmodium falciparum occurrence persisted late in the dry season. Two " hot spots " of malaria transmission also found, notably along the Yamé River, characterized by higher than expected numbers of malaria cases, and high numbers of clinical episodes per child. Conversely, the northeastern sector of the town had fewer cases despite its proximity to a large body of standing water which was mosquito habitat. Conclusion: These results confirm the existence of a marked spatial heterogeneity of malaria transmission in Bandiagara, providing support for implementation of targeted interventions. Background Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, with an estimated 3.3 billion people at risk of malaria [1]. The incidence of malaria worldwide is estimated to be 216 million cases per year, with 81% of these cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria kills approximately 655,000 people per year; 91% of deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa [1], mostly in children under five years of age. In Mali, West Africa, malaria represents 36.5% of consultation motives in health center, it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality children of less than five years of age and the first reason of anaemia in pregnant women [2]. Malaria transmission is seasonal. Malaria parasite transmission and clinical disease are characterized by important microgeographic variation, often between adjacent villages, households or families [3-8]. This local heterogeneity is driven by a variety of factors including human genetics [9,10], distance to potential breeding sites [11,12], housing construction
ISSN: 1475-2875

hal-01307672
https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01307672
https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01307672/document
https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01307672/file/1475-2875-12-82.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1476-072X-2-5

Éditeur(s) : CRILLASH : Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences Humaines
Extrait de : "Repérage et prise en charge des difficultés d'apprentissage des langues" : journée d'étude, le 8 mars 2012. CRILLASH
Description : M. Caliari nous présente sa thématique autour du repérage et de la prise en charge des difficultés d'apprentissage du langage. Il met l'accent d'une part sur les troubles de l'apprentissage : dysfonctionnement, dyspraxie ; d'autre part sur les troubles déficitaires de l'attention : dyslexie, dysphasie et dysorthographie. Quelles sont les causes de ces pathologies chez l'enfant ? Comment déceler ces troubles ? Comment établir le profil cognitif de l'enfant ?
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V12201
V12201

Éditeur(s) : DPLSH : Département Pluridisciplinaire de Lettres, Langues et Sciences humaines CRILLASH : Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences Humaines G.R.R.E.A. 17/18 : Groupe de Recherches sur les Représentations Européennes de l'Afrique aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles Mémorial ACTe
Extrait de : "Les représentations du Noir dans la littérature, l'histoire et les arts européens et américains des XVIIIe, XIXe et début du XXe siècle" : colloque pluridisciplinaire, du 27 février au 2 mars 2013. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Description : Dans les années 1740, on assiste déjà à un changement profond dans la façon dont les Européens comprendront désormais les Africains. Alors qu'un grand nombre de penseurs restent peu intéressés par l'Afrique et les Africains, l'ambiguïté et l'ambivalence généralement réservées au soi-disant Nègre s'effacent graduellement devant une nouvelle série d'observations, plus compréhensives et spéculatives, sur l'origine et la cause de leur noirceur. Mais parmi les textes qui traitent de l'Africain, "l'Histoire naturelle" de Buffon dévoilera ce qui deviendra la représentation la plus déterminante du Noir en France au XVIIIe siècle. Cette communication examinera le contexte à la fois scientifique, intellectuel et géographique des écrits de Buffon sur l'Africain.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 18
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V13039
V13039

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The coastal intrusion of brine threatens populations. This is particularly prejudicial in carbonate environments. We have studied the Miocene coral reef of S-E Majorca for better understanding the relation between geological structure and intrusion. For that purpose, we have used multi-scalar and multi-disciplinary methods. The measurements in 25 boreholes over the whole coral platform have allowed defining the stratigraphic structure and some elements of the regional tectonic. The reef progrades in the NE-SW direction, starting from the Aquitanian to terminates at the Messinian. The Messinian Salinity Crisis involves a disappearance of the Mediterranean corals and results in a Terminal Carbonate Complex which overlays a great part of the previously living corals of Majorca. At the experimental site scale, the study of the mineral composition, the texture, and the diagenesis have allowed characterization of the carbonate sequence heterogeneity. Layers of mineralization accompanied by dolomitization and low porosity correspond to postdepositional eustatic levels. The causes for the existence and the orientation of fractures are studied. The permeability to porosity relation is approached. The porosity structure is studied by comparison between primary and secondary porosity. This study contributes to the knowledge of the world best documented site for the evolution of carbonate reef reservoirs, with applications for brine intrusion and for hydrocarbon extraction.
Les intrusions d'eau salée en zone côtière constituent une menace pour la population. Celles-ci sont particulièrement dommageables en contexte carbonaté. Nous avons étudié le récif corallien Miocène du sud-est de Majorque afin de comprendre la relation entre structure géologique et intrusion. Pour cela nous avons utilisé des méthodes multi-scalaires et multi-disciplinaires. Les mesures dans 25 forages sur l'ensemble de la plateforme corallienne ont permis de préciser la structure stratigraphique et certains éléments de la tectonique régionale. Le récif prograde dans la direction NE-SO, en partant de l'Aquitanien pour aboutir au Messinien. La Crise de Salinité Messinienne entraîne une disparition des coraux méditerranéens et se traduit par un Complexe Carbonaté Terminal qui s'étend sur une grande partie des coraux autrefois vivants de Majorque. A l'échelle du site expérimental, l'étude de la composition minérale, de la texture et de la diagenèse ont permis de caractériser l'hétérogénéité de la séquence carbonatée. Des couches de minéralisation accompagnées de dolomitisation et de faible porosité correspondent à différents niveaux eustatiques post-dépositionnels. Les causes de l'existence et de l'orientation des fractures sont étudiées. La relation de perméabilité à porosité est précisée. La structure de porosité est étudiée par comparaison entre la porosité primaire et la porosité secondaire. Cette étude contribue à la connaissance du site le mieux documenté au monde pour l'évolution des réservoirs carbonatés récifaux, avec applications pour les intrusions d'eau salée et l'extraction des hydrocarbures.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440019

tel-00440019
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440019
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440019/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440019/file/thesemariasube.pdf

Éditeur(s) : EDP Sciences
Résumé : A population of the invasive slipper limpet (Crepidula fornicata) has been spreading in the Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel (Western English Channel) for 40 years. Sidescan sonar, underwater video and quantitative sampling were conducted in 1996 and 2004 to document the widening geographic spread of the species over the bay. The limpet population grew by 50% during this period, to reach a fresh biomass of about 150 000 t. This local study analyses causes and effects of the spread and provides a typical example of the limpet spreading process. This population increase has significant effects on the environment in the most densely colonized area (modification to the sediment and biodiversity), leading to the emergence of a new benthic community. Anthropic dredging activities are among the causative factors of the spread but are also adversely affected by the invasion.
Depuis 40 ans, la population de crépidules (Crepidula fornicata) prolifère en baie du Mont Saint-Michel (Manche Ouest). Deux études réalisées en 1996 et 2004 ont permis de cartographier et d'estimer le stock de la population grâce à des moyens similaires : sonar à balayage latéral, vidéo sous-marine et prélèvements quantitatifs à la benne. Durant cet intervalle de temps, la biomasse a augmenté de 50 % pour atteindre 150 000 t dans la baie en 2004. Cette étude comparative a permis d'analyser les causes et les effets d'une telle prolifération et d'en montrer le processus général. Dans les secteurs fortement colonisés, les effets sur l'environnement sont particulièrement néfastes (modification du sédiment et de la biodiversité) et aboutissent à une nouvelle communauté benthique. Les activités de pêche aux engins traînants (dragues et chaluts) sont à la fois les principales responsables et les victimes de cette prolifération.
Aquatic Living Resources (0990-7440) (EDP Sciences), 2009 , Vol. 22 , N. 1 , P. 11-19

Droits : 2009 EDP Sciences
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2009/publication-6351.pdf
DOI:10.1051/alr/2009004
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/6351/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
To better understand the microstructural evolution of a "serpentinized" mantle rock and the influence of various hydrous phases on the seismic properties of the mantle wedge, we have conducted the detailed microstructural analyses of a sample of tremolite-chlorite-antigorite schist collected from the Moses Rock dike (central part of the Colorado Plateau). We performed differential effective media (DEM) modelling to study the effect of three hydrous phases forming two-phase aggregates with olivine, considering the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of each phase and the shape ratio of the hydrous phases. We have demonstrated that in a partially serpentinized peridotite, the olivine CPO characteristic of [100](010) dislocation glide is still preserved, and the high-temperature asthenospheric flow is preserved with a foliation normal to that of antigorite schist. The transformation of olivine into antigorite occurs predominantly (~ 75%) by the relationship (100)ol || (001)atg with [001]ol || [010]atg, with the (010)ol || (001)atg and [001]ol || [010]atg relationship observed in areas of weak antigorite CPO. Chlorite results from the phase transformation of olivine in a relatively static environment, as shown by the correlation between the olivine-chlorite CPOs with (100)ol || (100)ch, (010)ol || (001)ch and (001)ol || (010)ch. The fluid percolation that caused the localized metasomatism and partial hydration of the mantle occurred possibly along trans-lithospheric shear zones. The presence of chlorite induces the most important drop on the P-wave velocities and may help to explain some local low velocities in the fore-arc mantle wedges, but is unlikely to be of global importance due to its very high Vp/Vs ratio ~ 1.9. On the other hand, antigorite is the only phase that causes important modification on the propagation directions of P and S-waves, and the only phase to explain the polarization of the fastest shear waves parallel to the subduction trench.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00858061
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00858061
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.03.022

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Smoking is well-known to impair pharmacokinetics, through inducing expression of drug metabolizing enzymes. In the present study, we demonstrated that cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) also alters activity and expression of hepatic drug transporters, which are now recognized as major actors of hepatobiliary elimination of drugs. CSC thus directly inhibited activities of sinusoidal transporters such as OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1 and NTCP as well as those of canalicular transporters like P-glycoprotein, MRP2, BCRP and MATE1, in hepatic transporters-overexpressing cells. CSC similarly counteracted constitutive OATP, NTCP and OCT1 activities in human highly-differentiated hepatic HepaRG cells. In parallel, CSC induced expression of BCRP at both mRNA and protein level in HepaRG cells, whereas it concomitantly repressed mRNA expression of various transporters, including OATP1B1, OATP2B1, OAT2, NTCP, OCT1 and BSEP, and enhanced that of MRP4. Such changes in transporter gene expression were found to be highly correlated to those caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, a reference activator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway, and were counteracted, for some of them, by siRNA-mediated AhR silencing. This suggests that CSC alters hepatic drug transporter levels via activation of the AhR cascade. Importantly, drug transporter expression regulations as well as some transporter activity inhibitions occurred for a range of CSC concentrations similar to those required for inducing drug metabolizing enzymes and may therefore be hypothesized to be relevant for smokers. Taken together, these data established human hepatic transporters as targets of cigarette smoke, which could contribute to known alteration of pharmacokinetics and some liver adverse effects caused by smoking. © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Toxicology

hal-01367143
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01367143
DOI : 10.1016/j.tox.2016.07.011
PUBMED : 27450509

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest that exposure to organophosphate insecticides (OP) during pregnancy impairs neurodevelopment in children. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated associations between biomarkers of prenatal and postnatal OP exposure and cognitive function of 6-year-olds in a French longitudinal birth cohort. METHODS: In 2002-2006, the PELAGIE mother-child cohort enrolled pregnant women from Brittany. For a random subcohort, we measured nonspecific dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAP) of OP in one maternal urine sample, collected before 19 weeks' gestation, and in one urine sample collected from their 6-year-old children. Six subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-4th edition (WISC-IV) was administered at 6 years to evaluate cognitive function (n=231). Linear regression models controlling for factors including maternal intelligence and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment score were used. RESULTS: WISC-IV scores were not significantly associated with prenatal or childhood total DAP metabolites. WISC verbal comprehension score was significantly higher in association with the highest maternal urinary concentrations of diethylphosphate metabolites (DE) (5.5; 95% CI: 0.8, 10.3 for extgreater 13.2 nmol/L versus extlessLOQ), while WISC working memory score was significantly lower in association with the highest urinary concentrations of DE metabolites at age 6 years (-3.6; 95% CI: -7.8, -0.6 for extgreater 11.1 nmol/L versus extlessLOD). CONCLUSION: This study found no evidence that prenatal OP exposure adversely affected cognitive function in 6-year-olds, perhaps because of the higher population's socioeconomic status than in previous studies though other causal and non-causal explanations are also possible. The negative association between WISC score and concurrent DE urinary concentrations requires replication by longitudinal studies investigating childhood OP exposure
Environmental Health Perspectives

hal-01207282
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01207282
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.1409472
PUBMED : 26394442

Éditeur(s) : IRD : Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Extrait de : "Projet CARIBSAT, système caribéen d'information environnementale" : conférence, le 21 mars 2013. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Description : Antoine Cheula, ingénieur d'études à l'IRD, nous parle du projet d'observation ayant abouti à une cartographie d'occupation des sols des Petites Antilles. Les couvertures d'occupation des sols établies par les agences universitaires ou spatiales mondiales sont difficilement exploitables, à cause de leurs échelles d'études et de leurs nomenclatures inadaptées aux réalités insulaires et à leurs modes d'occupation. L'échelle intermédiaire de la station SEAS est donc idéale pour une vision régionale. L'intervenant présente les données techniques de la station et ses résultats en taux de couverture et de précision. Enfin, il évoque la diffusion de ces résultats sur l'application cartographique en ligne Caribsat.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V13083
V13083

Éditeur(s) : CRPLC : Centre de Recherche sur les Pouvoirs Locaux dans la Caraïbe
Extrait de : Les jeudis de l'Université. Université des Antilles et de la Guyane
Description : Blaise Tchikaya reconnaît d'abord le fait que L'union africaine comme angle d'approche limite quelque peu le sujet de sa communication. Il présente rapidement l'Afrique ainsi que ses forces vives économiques, en portant une attention particulière aux conflits et crises qui la traverse. Il sera d'abord question dans son intervention des causes ou raisons d'être des crises en Afrique. Dans un second temps seront abordées les questions relatives à l'apport de L'union africaine.
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 21
Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V14053
V14053

Résumé : The New-Caledonian shrimp industry is based on the controlled reproduction of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris, a species which was introduced in the 80s. The major difficulty to which the industry has been faced for 10 years is the occurrence of the “Syndrome 93”, which corresponds to mortality phases when the temperature falls down in April-May-June. This mortality is associated to the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio penaecida. An experiment of genetic selection based on the criterion ofsurvival to Syndrome 93 has been conducted at the Laboratory of Aquaculture of New Caledonia. The 3rd selected generation had demonstrated very encouraging results (survival rates improved by around 20% in experimental infections with V. penaeicida). These results have not been confirmed at the 4th generation and no difference in terms of physiology and immunology appears between the selected population and the non-selected control population. The potential causes of these results are examined and proposals for protocol improvements are given.
La filière crevette de Nouvelle-Calédonie reposesur la maîtrise de la reproduction contrôlée de la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris, espèce introduite dans les années 1980. La difficulté majeure que rencontre la filière depuis une dizaine d’années est la récurrence du « Syndrome 93 », qui s’exprime sous forme d’épisodes de mortalités lors des baisses de température aux intersaisons. Ces mortalités sont associées à la bactérie pathogène Vibrio penaeicida Une expérience de sélection sur un critère de survie à des épisodes de Syndrome 93 a été menée au Laboratoire Aquacole de Calédonie. La 3èmegénération sélectionnée avait montré des résultats très encourageants (survies améliorées de l’ordre de 20% lors d’infections expérimentales à V. penaeicida). Ces résultats ne sont pas confirmés en 4ème génération et aucune différence en termes physio-et immunologique n’apparaît entre la population sélectionnée et la population témoin non sélectionnée. Les causes potentielles de ces résultats sont examinées et des propositions d’amélioration de protocoles sont avancées.

Droits : 2004 Université de la Rochelle, Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31527/29943.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00204/31527/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
Background: End-Stage renal disease (ESRD) causes considerable morbidity and mortality, and significantly alterspatients’ quality of life. There are very few published data on this problem in the French Overseas territories. Thedevelopment of a registry on end stage renal disease in French Guiana in 2011 allowed to describe the magnitudeof this problem in the region for the first time.Methods: Using data from the French Renal Epidemiology and Information Network registry (R.E.I.N). Descriptivestatistics on quantitative and qualitative variables in the registry were performed on prevalent cases and incidentcases in 2011, 2012 and 2013.Results: French Guiana has one of the highest ESRD prevalence and incidence in France. The two main causes ofESRD were hypertensive and diabetic nephropathies. The French Guianese population had a different demographicprofile (younger, more women, more migrants) than in mainland France. Most patients had at least one comorbidity,predominantly (95.3%) hypertension. In French Guiana dialysis was initiated in emergency for 71.3% of patients versus33% in France (p < 0.001).Conclusion: These first results give important public health information: i) End stage renal disease has a very highprevalence relative to mainland France ii) Patients have a different demographic profile and enter care late in thecourse of their renal disease. These data are closer to what is observed in the Caribbean or in Latin America than inMainland France.
ISSN: 1471-2369

inserm-01567222
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01567222
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01567222/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01567222/file/2017%2C%20Rochemont%20-%20End%20stage%20renal%20disease.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/s12882-017-0614-6

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
To investigate the contribution of whole-body post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) in sudden unexpected death in infants and children.METHODS:Forty-seven cases of sudden unexpected death in children investigated with radiographic skeletal survey, whole-body PMCT and autopsy were enrolled. For imaging interpretation, non-specific post-mortem modifications and abnormal findings related to the presumed cause of death were considered separately. All findings were correlated with autopsy findings.RESULTS:There were 31 boys and 16 girls. Of these, 44 children (93.6 %) were younger than 2 years. The cause of death was found at autopsy in 18 cases (38.3 %), with 4 confirmed as child abuse, 12 as infectious diseases, 1 as metabolic disease and 1 as bowel volvulus. PMCT results were in accordance with autopsy in all but three of these 18 cases. Death remains unexplained in 29 cases (61.7 %) and was correlated with no abnormal findings on PMCT in 27 cases. Major discrepancies between PMCT and autopsy findings concerned pulmonary analysis.CONCLUSIONS:Whole-body PMCT may detect relevant findings that can help to explain sudden unexpected death and is essential for detecting non-accidental injuries. We found broad concordance between autopsy and PMCT, except in a few cases of pneumonia. It is a non-invasive technique acceptable to relatives.KEY POINTS:• Whole-body post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) is an effective non-invasive method. • Whole-body PMCT is essential for detecting child abuse in unexpected death. • There is concordance on cause of death between PMCT and autopsy. • Whole-body PMCT could improve autopsy through dissection and sampling guidance. • PMCT shows findings that may be relevant when parents reject autopsy.
ISSN: 0938-7994

inserm-01576306
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01576306
DOI : 10.1007/s00330-012-2738-1
PUBMED : 23242003

Résumé : Recruitment of the tropical shrimp farfantepeneus subtilis is declining, as well as the stock. Fishing pressure does not seem to be the cause of this situation. Changes in various environmental factors are observed. This work brings some statistical links between these environmental changes and the decrease of the recruitment.
Le recrutement du stock de crevette farfantepeneus subtilis est en déclin, ainsi que le stock. La pression de pêche n’en serait pas la cause. En parallèle, des changements au sein de diverses composantes de l’écosystème sont observés. Ce travail met en évidence l’existence possible de relations entre les changements environnementaux observés et la baisse du recrutement.

Droits : 2014 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00249/36051/34596.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00249/36051/

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : La petite île antillaise de Saint-Martin (90 km²) a vu sa population pratiquement tripler ces deux dernières décennies, passant de 25 000 à 70 000 insulaires environ. Les migrations intra-caribéennes sont la cause essentielle du sensible accroissement démographique de cette île mi-française, mi-hollandaise au niveau de vie comparable à celui de l’Europe occidentale, mais située dans une aire géographique moins privilégiée. L’article tend à interroger le lien de causalité entre l’afflux massif de populations allochtones et la partition de l’île, ce dernier facteur paraissant déterminant pour la compréhension du phénomène migratoire vers Saint-Martin. L’île serait rendue plus encore attractive par l’existence de cette frontière qui, d’une part, favorise un dynamisme économique particulier et, d’autre part, rend le contrôle des flux migratoires plus difficile en raison du différentiel législatif entre ses deux parties.
The small Caribbean island of St. Martin (90 km ²) saw its population nearly tripled in the last two decades, from 25 000 to about 70 000 islanders. The intra-Caribbean migrations are the main cause of significant population growth of the mid-French, mid-Dutch island where standard of living is comparable to that of Western Europe but located in a geographical area less privileged. The article tends to question the causal link between the massive influx of immigrants populations and the partition of the island, the latter factor appearing crucial for understanding the phenomenon of migration to Saint-Martin. The island would be made more attractive by the existence of this border which, on the one hand, promotes a particular economic dynamism and, on the other hand, gives the control of migration flows more difficult because of the legislative differential between its two parties.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.962
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/962

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure that provides an interactive platform for organelles and cellular components. It also serves as track for membranes and vesicles that move via myosin. The actin cytoskeleton of Symbiodinium is a well-organized reticular structure suggestive of multiple membrane interactions, very likely including those of the chloroplast. The Symbiodinium chloroplast membrane network is, in turn, a highly organized structure, suggestive of being under the control of an organizing network. We visualized the chloroplast membranes of cultured Symbiodinium sp. under various light conditions and observed changes dependent on illumination intensity. Since we suspected interaction between these two organelles, and we knew that the Symbiodinium actin cytoskeleton collapses upon treatment with either latrunculin B, an actin microfilament-disrupting agent, or butanedione monoxime, a myosin function inhibitor, we tested the Symbiodinium sp. oxygen evolution in their presence. Upon latrunculin B addition, the oxygen production decreased compared to non-treated cells; however, this was not observed after a 24 h latrunculin treatment. On the contrary, butanedione monoxime treatment caused a non-recoverable dysfunction of the chloroplast causing a severe loss in oxygen production even after long-term exposure. Using electron microscopy, we observed an alteration of the Symbiodinium sp. chloroplast distribution after latrunculin B treatment, with respect to untreated cells. Furthermore, a thorough disorganization of the chloroplast grana was observed after butanedione monoxime treatment. These data suggest that an actomyosin system would be important for chloroplast organization and distribution, and critical for normal photosynthetic function of Symbiodinium sp.
ISSN: 0166-8595

hal-01546164
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01546164
DOI : 10.1007/s11120-015-0142-9

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier
Résumé : The family Kareniaceae is mostly known in France for recurrent blooms of Karenia mikimotoi in the Atlantic, English Channel, and Mediterranean Sea and for the unusual green discoloration in the saltwater lagoon of Diana (Corsica) caused by Karlodinium corsicum in April 1994. In terms of diversity, this taxonomic group was long overlooked owing to the difficult identification of these small unarmored dinoflagellates. In this study, thanks to the molecular characterization performed on single cells from field samples and cultures, twelve taxonomic units were assigned to the known genera Karenia, Karlodinium and Takayama, whereas one could not be affiliated to any described genus. The molecular phylogeny inferred from the D1–D2 region of the LSU rDNA showed that five of them formed a sister taxon of a known species, and could not be identified at species-level, on the basis of molecular analysis only. Among these latter taxa, one Karlodinium which was successfully cultured was investigated by studying the external morphological features (using two procedures for cells fixation), ultrastructure, pigment composition, and haemolytic activity. The results of our analyses corroborate the genetic results in favour of the erection of Karlodinium gentienii sp. nov., which possesses an internal complex system of trichocysts connected to external micro-processes particularly abundant in the epicone, and a peculiar pigment composition. In addition, preliminary assays showed a haemolytic activity.
Harmful Algae (1568-9883) (Elsevier), 2014-12 , Vol. 40 , P. 75-91

Droits : 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00225/33611/32310.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.006
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00225/33611/

Éditeur(s) : University of Miami
Résumé : Insular fisheries statistics are often insufficient to allow a good management of halieutics resources. The reasons of this insufficiency, in large part, is due to inadequate methods for recording catch data and analyzing fishing effort. This presentation proposes the use of a software pro gram (<< S.P.1. ») which helps to elaborate statistics from sampling, making easier the work of personnel who are charged with producing encoded informations on insular fisheries
Les statistiques des pêches insulaires sont souvent insuffisantes pour permettre une bonne gestion des ressources halieutiques. Les causes de cette insuffisance qui porte essentiellement sur les données de prise et d'effort de pêche, sont analysées dans cette étude. Des propositions sont faites pour surmonter les difficultés rencontrées. Un logiciel '« S.P.1. ») d'aide à l'élaboration de statistiques par échantillonnage est proposé pour faciliter la tâche des personnels chargés de produire en routine des informations chiffrées sur les pêches insulaires
Proceedings - Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, University of Miami (0072-9019) (University of Miami), 1998 , Vol. 50 , P. 1065-1074

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00113/22410/20107.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00113/22410/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : International audience
To analyze the characteristics and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) according to the time interval between IE first symptoms and diagnosis.
Among the IE cases of a French population-based epidemiological survey, patients having early-diagnosed IE (diagnosis of IE within 1 month of first symptoms) were compared with those having late-diagnosed IE (diagnosis of IE more than 1 month after first symptoms).
Among the 486 definite-IE, 124 (25%) had late-diagnosed IE whereas others had early-diagnosed IE. Early-diagnosed IE were independently associated with female gender (OR = 1.8; 95% CI [1.0-3.0]), prosthetic valve (OR= 2.6; 95% CI [1.4-5.0]) and staphylococci as causative pathogen (OR = 3.7; 95% CI [2.2-6.2]). Cardiac surgery theoretical indication rates were not different between early and late-diagnosed IE (56.3% vs 58.9%), whereas valve surgery performance was lower in early-diagnosed IE (41% vs 53%; p = .03). In-hospital mortality rates were higher in early-diagnosed IE than in late-diagnosed IE (25.1% vs 16.1%; p < .001).
The time interval between IE first symptoms and diagnosis is closely related to the IE clinical presentation, patient characteristics and causative microorganism. Better prognosis reported in late-diagnosed IE may be related to a higher rate of valvular surgery. KEY MESSAGES Infective endocarditis, which time interval between first symptoms and diagnosis was less than one month, were mainly due to Staphylococcus aureus in France. Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis were associated with septic shock, transient ischemic attack or stroke and higher mortality rates than infective endocarditis due to other bacteria or infective endocarditis, which time interval between first symptoms and diagnosis was more than one month. Infective endocarditis, which time interval between first symptoms and diagnosis was more than one month, were accounting for one quarter of all infective endocarditis in our study and were associated with vertebral osteomyelitis and a higher rate of cardiac surgery performed for hemodynamic indication than other infective endocarditis.
ISSN: 0785-3890

hal-01509563
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01509563
PUBMED : 27607562

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Yellow leaf disease is a recent, important and widely spread disease of sugarcane (6), causing severe yield losses on susceptible cultivars. The disease is caused by Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCLRV) of the genus Polerovirus in the family Luteoviridae. This virus is transmitted from plant to plant only by aphids in a persistent, circulative and non replicative manner. The epidemic of the SCYLV was little studied and there is a need for information on the spatial spread of the disease and on the role of the aphid in the disease spread. SCYLV was first identified in Guadeloupe in 1996 and Melanaphis sacchari has been the only SCYLV vector found in sugarcane fields. Even if the infection rate is relatively low (0% to 21%), disease may increase and cause damage to sugarcane in Guadeloupe. Even though disease free tissue cultured plants are used for sanitary control in Guadeloupe, understanding SCYLV spread by its vector may help determine additional management strategies against the virus.
IEW
New York, United States

hal-00684226
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00684226