Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé :  
Pollination ecology and reproductive success of Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) were studied in two natural populations in Québec, Canada. Individual A. triphyllum plants can be of three types: male, female or bisexual. In both populations studied, the presence of bisexual inflorescences was not negligible (13%), where 'female' and 'male' bisexual plants were categorised according to the relative number of stamens and ovaries. 'Male bisexual' plants produce only pollen and 'female bisexual' plants produce only fruit. Hence, A. triphyllum is a true dioecious plant, as each plant only reproduces through either the male or the female function. 'Female bisexual' plants were equivalent to female plants in terms of visitation rate by insects, fructification rate and production of berries and seeds. Neither agamospermy in female plants nor self-pollination in 'female bisexual' plants was found, thus A. triphyllum relies on insects for cross-pollination. Despite the long flowering cycle, a low visitation rate was documented: only 20-40% of inflorescences were visited, according to gender, by a mean of 1.5 insects. In this study, Mycetophilidae represented the most generically diversified and abundant family, as well as the most efficient insect pollinator, especially the genera Docosia and Mycetophila.
ISSN: 1435-8603

hal-01032127
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032127
DOI : 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00192.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Graphomotor control constitutes a condition to the mastery of literacy and more widely to successful school apprenticeship. The Guadeloupian context is marked by significant rates of early school leaving and illiteracy. In such context, our research is concerned with two questions: “Does graphomotor training can help since kindergarten to strengthen graphomotor performances and the progression of literacy?” and “Which methodological approach can help to characterize the impact of graphomotor training?” By using online acquisition devices, we have tried to characterize the graphomotor skills for 132 pupils. These 3 to 5 years old children were submitted to 3 methods of graphomotor training. One of the methods that suppose family involvement, includes activities inspired by kid’s early scribbles. We considered the statistical analysis of the blind feedbacks of the teachers, of the features provided by the visuo-spatial processing of handwritten productions and of features provided by the sigma-lognormal modeling of the pupils’ movements. The results of this multimodal study show an increase in graphomotor control and in interest for drawing and handwriting tasks. The implication of these preliminary results on the pedagogical and co-educative choices is discussed.
Yves Mazabraud, Thomas Forissier, Alain Pietrus, Olivier Gros, Claire Anjou. CARIBBEAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 20 th GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND BIENNAL MEETING: Planning and Abstracts book. Nov 2016, Dehaies, Guadeloupe. 2016.
Deshaies, Guadeloupe

hal-01516420
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01516420

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : 07075 - Actes en ligne à l'adresse : http://www.congresintaref.org/index.php?cont_id=8&lang=fr
International audience
L'objectif de l'étude présentée ici est d'étudier quel peut être l'effet d'un bilinguisme familial sur le développement des acquisitions scolaires. Si certains travaux en psycholinguistique tendent à en révéler le rôle plutôt positif, la représentation commune qui prévaut dans le contexte particuliers des DOM français est plutôt défavorable. Un suivi longitudinal d'un échantillon d'élèves martiniquais de la GSM au CP a permis successivement d'évaluer les compétences langagières des élèves dans leurs deux langues et d'en déterminer l'effet sur leurs compétences en lecture. L'analyse des données tend à confirmer qu'en contexte martiniquais, le développement d'un bon niveau de maîtrise équilibré dans les deux langues facilite l'acquisition de la lecture, tant au niveau du décodage que de la compréhension.
Actes du congrès AREF 2007 (CD)
Strasbourg, France

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
halshs-00205048
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00205048
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00205048/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00205048/file/07075.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Humans are exposed to a large number of contaminants, many of which may have similar health effects. This paper presents a framework for identifying pollutants to be included in a cumulative risk assessment approach. To account for the possibility of simultaneous exposure to chemicals with common toxic modes of action, the first step of the traditional risk assessment process, i.e. hazard identification, is structured in three sub-steps: (1a) Identification of pollutants people are exposed to, (1b) identification of effects and mechanisms of action of these pollutants, (1c) grouping of pollutants according to similarity of their mechanism of action and health effects. Based on this exposure-based grouping we can derive "multi-pollutant" toxicity reference values, in the "dose-response assessment" step. The approach proposed in this work is original in that it is based on real exposures instead of a limited number of pollutants from a unique chemical family, as traditionally performed. This framework is illustrated by the case study of semi-volatile organic compounds in French dwellings, providing insights into practical considerations regarding the accuracy of the available toxicological information. This case study illustrates the value of the exposure-based approach as opposed to the traditional cumulative framework, in which chemicals with similar health effects were not always included in the same chemical class.
ISSN: 0013-9351

hal-00982315
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00982315
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00982315/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00982315/file/An_exposure-based_framework_for_grouping_pollutants_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2014.01.007

Résumé : The current legal regime governing marine farms reflects what French shellfish culture used to be: an artisanal, traditional and family activity. Even if this profession is of social importance, it has never really been taken into account in coastal management decisions. This is the reason why, if aquaculture must expand, the whole related legal regime has to be adapted to the new needs of a profession which is still trying to find itself. New links will develop with the responsible authorities. Conflicts of a new type will rise between the different coastal and marine space users. A rethinking of the standard public property regulations seems necessary.
Le régime juridique actuel des élevages marins est le reflet de ce qu'a été la conchyliculture en France : une activité artisanale, traditionnelle et familiale. Socialement importante, cette profession n'a cependant pas pesé lourd dans les choix d'aménagement du littoral. C'est pourquoi, si l'aquaculture doit prendre désormais de l'extension, c'est l'ensemble du régime juridique qui lui est applicable qu'il convient d'adapter aux besoins nouveaux d'une profession qui se cherche. Des rapports nouveaux vont naître avec 1'Administration de tutelle. Des conflits d'un type particulier risquent de surgir entre les divers usagers de l'espace marin et littoral. Un réaménagement des règles classiques de la domanialité publique semble inévitable. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1983/rapport-4804.PDF
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4804/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Physiological Society
Résumé : International audience
Zidi-Yahiaoui N, Callebaut I, Genetet S, Le Van Kim C, Cartron JP, Colin Y, Ripoche P, Mouro-Chanteloup I. Functional analysis of human RhCG: comparison with E. coli ammonium transporter reveals similarities in the pore and differences in the vestibule. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 297: C537–C547, 2009. First published June 24, 2009; doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00137.2009.—Rh glycoproteins are members of the ammonium transporter (Amt)/methylamine permease (Mep)/Rh family facilitating movement of NH3 across plasma membranes. Homology models constructed on the basis of the experimental structures of Escherichia coli AmtB and Nitrosomonas europaea Rh50 indicated a channel structure for human RhA (RhAG), RhB (RhBG), and RhC (RhCG) glycoproteins in which external and internal vestibules are linked by a pore containing two strictly conserved histidines. The pore entry is constricted by two highly conserved phenylalanines, “twin-Phe.” In this study, RhCG function was investigated by stopped-flow spectrofluorometry measuring kinetic pH variations in HEK293E cells in the presence of an ammonium gradient. The apparent unitary NH3 permeability of RhCG was determined and was found to be close to that of AmtB. With a site-directed mutagenesis approach, critical residues involved in Rh NH3 channel activity were highlighted. In the external vestibule, the importance of both the charge and the conformation of the conserved aspartic acid was shown. In contrast to AmtB, individual mutations of each phenylalanine of the twin-Phe impaired the function while the removal of both resulted in recovery of the transport activity. The impact of the mutations suggests that, although having a common function and a similar channel structure, bacterial AmtB and human Rh vary in several aspects of the NH3 transport mechanisms.
ISSN: 0363-6143

hal-00417492
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00417492
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00137.2009.

Éditeur(s) : Elsevier Sci Ltd
Résumé : Many questions remain unanswered regarding RNAi-based mechanisms and dsRNA-induced antiviral immune responses in penaeid shrimp. In this study, we report the characterization in the white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei of RNAi pathway associated proteins Lv-Ago 1 and Lv-Ago 2, two members of the Argonaute family of proteins, as well as Lv-sid 1, the first shrimp homologue of Sid-1, a membrane channel-forming protein implicated in the cellular import of dsRNA. To decipher their functional implication in RNAi-related phenomena, we monitored their relative expression following stimulation by specific and non-specific RNA duplexes of diverse length. The findings show that the length of small RNA duplexes plays a critical role in the activation of both RNAi-related and innate antiviral responses. They also suggest that these two mechanisms of antiviral response may activate the same pathway, requiring Lv-Sid 1 and Lv-Ago 2 induction. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Developmental And Comparative Immunology (0145-305X) (Elsevier Sci Ltd), 2010-11 , Vol. 34 , N. 11 , P. 1209-1218

Droits : 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00015/12652/9587.pdf
DOI:10.1016/j.dci.2010.06.017
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00015/12652/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
We sought transversotrematid trematodes from French Polynesian fishes by examining 304 individual scaled fishes of 53 species from seven families known to harbour the family elsewhere. A single species was found at two locations in the Tuamotus Archipelago on two species of Chaetodontidae (Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon ephippium) and one species of Lutjanidae (Lutjanus gibbus). The species closely resembles Transversotrema borboleta Hunter & Cribb, 2012 from chaetodontids and lutjanids of the northern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) but differs from it consistently in 8 base positions of ITS2 rDNA. This level of variation exceeds that between some clearly morphologically distinct pairs of species of Transversotrema and the form from French Polynesia is thus interpreted as a distinct, though cryptic, species and named Transversotrema polynesiae n. sp. The new species forms part of a complex of species, here characterised as the T. borboleta complex, associated with chaetodontids and lutjanids in the tropical Indo-West Pacific. Most of the putative species within this complex are yet to be described. Comparison of identical numbers of matched samples of fishes from French Polynesia, Heron Island (southern GBR) and Lizard Island (northern GBR) revealed 1, 4 and 10 species of Transversotrema respectively suggesting that the French Polynesian fauna is depauperate for this family. In addition to those species apparently missing from suitable hosts in French Polynesia, several species from further west infect fishes (especially Nemipteridae) that are themselves absent from French Polynesia. This dramatic east–west decline in richness contrasts strongly with what is known for monogeneans, which appear to maintain their richness over the same scale, and is more precipitate than is known for other groups of trematodes. The decline might be explained in part by the absence of the as yet unknown first intermediate hosts in French Polynesia. However, we predict that it is explained by other life cycle traits. We hypothesise that the characters of large short-lived cercariae, short-lived miracidia, the absence in the life-cycle of second intermediate hosts that are capable of transporting the species, and definitive and first intermediate hosts that have limited vagility combine to give marine Transversotrematidae limited dispersal capacity and a propensity for localised speciation.
ISSN: 1383-5769

hal-01333467
https://hal-univ-perp.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01333467
DOI : 10.1016/j.parint.2013.11.009

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Linnean Society of London
Résumé : International audience
The circumscription of Salicaceae has recently been enlarged to include a majority of the species formerly placed in the polyphyletic tropical family Flacourtiaceae. Several studies have reported a peculiar and infrequently formed multilayered structure of tension wood in four of the tropical genera. Tension wood is a tissue produced by trees to restore their vertical orientation, and most studies have focused on trees developing tension wood by means of cellulose-rich, gelatinous fibres, as is known in Populus L. and Salix L. (Salicaceae s.s.). This study aims to determine if the multilayered structure of tension wood is an anatomical characteristic common in other Salicaceae, and if so, how its distribution correlates to phylogenetic relationships. Therefore, we studied the tension wood of 14 genera of Salicaceae as well as two genera of Achariaceae, one genus of Goupiaceae, and one genus of Lacistemataceae, families closely related to Salicaceae or formerly placed in Flacourtiaceae. Opposite wood and tension wood were compared with light microscopy and 3D Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy. The results indicate that a multilayered structure of tension wood is common in the family except in Salix, Populus, and one of their closest relatives, Idesia polycarpa Maxim. We suggest that tension wood may be a useful anatomical character in understanding phylogenetic relationships in Salicaceae. Further investigation is still needed on the tension wood of several other putatively close relatives of Salix and Populus, in particular Bennettiodendron Merr., Macrohasseltia L.O.Williams and Itoa Hemsl.
ISSN: 0024-4074

hal-01392845
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392845
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392845/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01392845/file/GhislainEtAl2016_MultylayerTWSalicaceae_Bot_Jsur the_Lin_Soc_HALssfig.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/boj.12471

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : 06072 - 89 p.
Projet retenu dans l'appel à projet en 2003. ACI Ecole et Sciences cognitives (Ministère délégué à la recherche et aux nouvelles technologies)
Ce projet vise en particulier à répondre à trois questions : Le niveau de langage en français des enfants créolophones est-il quantitativement et qualitativement différent des enfants de métropole ? Existe t-il une corrélation entre les compétences langagières dans l'une et l'autre langue ? Leur niveau en deux langues exerce t-il un impact sur leurs acquisitions scolaires?
Avant de présenter la méthodologie de l'étude, une revue de questions et d'études en matière de bilinguisme est proposée selon deux champs disciplinaires : psycholinguistique et sociologie de l'éducation.
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00218159

halshs-00218159
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00218159
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00218159/document
https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00218159/file/06072.pdf

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les « printemps » arabo-africains se suivent et ne se ressemblent pas, aux  « printemps » doux et pacifiques succèdent des « printemps » chauds et sanguinaires. Un « printemps » en chasse un autre, mais le bilan est mitigé, l’avenir encore incertain et les acquis réversibles. Indéniablement, ils n’ont pas encore dit leur dernier mot. De nouvelles raisons de préoccupations voient le jour, de nature différente ; elles ont pour nom : instabilité, intolérance, chaos, paralysie de l’État et ses institutions, menace qui plane sur le droit des femmes, des minorités de tous ordres, sur la liberté de conscience et le droit à la différence. Mais aussi de nouvelles raisons d’espérer des lendemains meilleurs.L'Afrique n’en est pas à un « printemps » près, mais les retombées sont toujours restées en deçà des attentes. La mise en place laborieuse d'un système panafricain des droits de l’homme et des peuples fut saluée, à juste titre, comme un évènement majeur et un « printemps » avant  la  lettre.L'article retrace toutes les étapes et péripéties de cette mise en place, le contexte, les tenants  et  les aboutissants de l'élaboration de la Charte africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples qui en constitue le substratum. Il met en exergue ses spécificités, ses originalités, les mécanismes prévus et les organes érigés (Commission et Cour Africaine des Droits de l'Homme et des Peuples) pour assurer l'application et la promotion des  droits de l'homme et des peuples. À beaucoup d’égards, la Charte innove courageusement et originalement par  rapport à ses illustres devancières.Dans son intitulé d'abord : il s'agit d'une Charte et non d’une Déclaration. Ensuite, les droits de l’homme sont couplés aux droits des peuples et hissés au même niveau d'importance et d'impérativité, sinon plus. Enfin, la Charte ne reconnait pas seulement des droits mais elle édicte des devoirs (envers la famille, la communauté, l'État, l'Afrique, l’environnement, etc.) et fait de l'accomplissement de ceux-ci une condition de la jouissance de ceux-là. Deux décennies de recul et seulement 12 affaires traitées (sur seulement 24 qui lui sont parvenus), on peut dire que cette dernière est loin d'avoir atteint sa vitesse de croisière et mérité tant d'espoir placé en elle. De là à jeter le bébé avec l'eau du  bain, occulter tous les bienfaits d'un système qui est loin d'avoir démérité, il n'y a qu'un pas que ne franchirons guère.
The Arab-African springs follow one after the other but are not alike, soft and peaceful springs are succeeded by hot and bloodthirsty springs. One spring expels another one, but the situation s balance sheet is mixed, the future is still uncertain and the experiences are reversible. Undeniably, they didn't say their last word. New reasons of preoccupation are born, made of different nature : they are named : instability, intolerance, chaos, paralysis of the state and its institutions, threat to the women rights, minorities of all kinds, the conscience freedom and the rights to difference ; but also new reasons to hope for a better tomorrow. Africa is not at its last "spring" but the rewards remained always below expectations.The laborious Implementation of a Pan-African system of human rights and peoples was hailed, deservedly, as a major event and a "spring" far ahead of its time. The article in attached outlines all the steps and vicissitudes of this implementation rerelease the context, the end and results of the elaboration of human and people’s rights African charter which constitutes the substratum. It highlights its specificities, its originalities, the planed mechanisms and high instruments (Commission and the African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights) to ensure the application and the promotion of human and people’s rights.In many respects, the Charter innovates bravely and originally compared to its illustrious predecessors.At first in its title: it is matter of a charter and not a declaration. Then, human rights are closely connected to the people’s rights and hoisted at the same level of importance and imperativeness or more. Finally, the Charter does not only recognizes rights but it promulgates duties (to family, community, the state, Africa, the environment, etc.) and makes of the fulfillment of these a condition of enjoyment of those. Two decades backout, and only 12 cases treated (from only 24 have reached) later, in front of the Court, we can say that it is far from having reached its cruising speed and deserved so much hope placed in it.From there to throw the baby out with the bath water, hide all the benefits of a system which is far from being unworthy, there is only one step which shall exceed hardly.
Afrique

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6735
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6735

Éditeur(s) : Public Library Science
Résumé : Like hydrothermal vents along oceanic ridges, cold seeps are patchy and isolated ecosystems along continental margins, extending from bathyal to abyssal depths. The Atlantic Equatorial Belt (AEB), from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of Guinea, was one focus of the Census of Marine Life ChEss (Chemosynthetic Ecosystems) program to study biogeography of seep and vent fauna. We present a review and analysis of collections from five seep regions along the AEB: the Gulf of Mexico where extensive faunal sampling has been conducted from 400 to 3300m, the Barbados accretionary prism, the Blake ridge diapir, and in the Eastern Atlantic from the Congo and Gabon margins and the recently explored Nigeria margin. Of the 72 taxa identified at the species level, a total of 9 species or species complexes are identified as amphi-Atlantic. Similarity analyses based on both Bray Curtis and Hellinger distances among 9 faunal collections, and principal component analysis based on presence/absence of megafauna species at these sites, suggest that within the AEB seep megafauna community structure is influenced primarily by depth rather than by geographic distance. Depth segregation is observed between 1000 and 2000m, with the middle slope sites either grouped with those deeper than 2000m or with the shallower sites. The highest level of community similarity was found between the seeps of the Florida escarpment and Congo margin. In the western Atlantic, the highest degree of similarity is observed between the shallowest sites of the Barbados prism and of the Louisiana slope. The high number of amphi-atlantic cold-seep species that do not cluster according to biogeographic regions, and the importance of depth in structuring AEB cold-seep communities are the major conclusions of this study. The hydrothermal vent sites along the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) did not appear as "stepping stones" for dispersal of the AEB seep fauna, however, the south MAR and off axis regions should be further explored to more fully test this hypothesis.
Plos One (1932-6203) (Public Library Science), 2010-08 , Vol. 5 , N. 8 , P. 1-11

Droits : © 2010 Olu et al.
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00011/12207/8975.pdf
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0011967
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00011/12207/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Chemical Society
Résumé : International audience
Cyanobacterial toxins and pesticides regularly impact freshwaters. Microcystin-LR is one of the most toxic and common cyanobacterial toxins whereas glyphosate is the active ingredient of a widely use herbicide. As filter feeders, freshwater mussels are particularly exposed. Like many native bivalve species, Unio pictorum suffers from a continuous decline in Europe. In order to get a deeper insight of its response to contaminants, U. pictorum was exposed to either 10 μg L(-1) of microcystin-LR or 10 μg L(-1) of glyphosate or a mixture of both. Proteins of the digestive glands were extracted and analyzed by DIGE. Gel analysis revealed 103 spots with statistical variations, and the response seems to be less toward glyphosate than to microcystin-LR. Specific spots have variations only when exposed to the mixture, showing that there is an interaction of both contaminants in the responses triggered. The proteins of 30 spots have been identified. They belong mostly to the cytoskeleton family, but proteins of the oxidative pathway, detoxification, and energetic metabolism were affected either by glyphosate or microcystin-LR or by the mixture. These results demonstrate the importance to study contaminants at low concentrations representative of those found in the field and that multicontaminations can lead to different response pathways.
ISSN: 1535-3893

hal-00877711
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877711
DOI : 10.1021/pr4006316
PUBMED : 23972258

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
PurposeMarine mangrove sediments in the Manche-à-Eau lagoon (Guadeloupe, Caribbean Sea) harbor locally extensive, white microbial mats. These mats cover the surface of reduced sediments near the roots of red mangrove trees, Rhizophora mangle, and are mainly composed of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the Beggiatoaceae family, with some filamentous cyanobacteria. The goal of this study was to investigate the possible influence of sediment characteristics on the presence of these microbial mats.Materials and methodsFour push cores were collected in April 2013, two from zones with microbial mats and two from zones without mats. Sediment characteristics (grain-size distribution, mineralogy, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents, atomic TOC/TN ratios, and organic matter (OM) δ13C values) were compared for all four cores.Results and discussionSignificant differences were observed between sediments below microbial mats and those without mats. Sediments with microbial mats contained greater amounts of clay, and higher TOC, TN, and TOC/TN ratios, with lower total carbonate content and δ13C values. The higher clay content most likely results from lower fluid flow velocity near to mangrove roots, while higher TOC/TN ratios and lower δ13C values indicate higher inputs of OM from mangrove trees. These results are consistent with the fact that microbial mats were observed near the roots of mangrove trees, which trap OM from terrestrial vegetation and fine sediments.ConclusionsThe grain-size distribution of sediment particles, the total carbonate content, and the δ13C values are the main parameters discriminating between zones with microbial mats and those without mats. Variations in total carbonate content, which is mainly of biogenic origin, result from conditions that are more favorable for benthic organisms in zones without microbial mats. Variations of the TOC/TN ratios are controlled by the presence of a non-negligible amount of inorganic nitrogen bound to surface clay mineral particles and/or by microbial processes.
ISSN: 1439-0108

hal-01545903
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545903
DOI : 10.1007/s11368-016-1555-6

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Banana has been a main agricultural product in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique) since the 1960s. This crop requires the intensive use of pesticides to prevent attacks by insect pests. Chlorinated pesticides, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), chlordecone and dieldrin, were used until the beginning of the 1990s, resulting in a generalized diffuse contamination of the soil and water in the areas of banana production, hence the need to develop solutions for cleanup of the polluted sites. The aims of this work were (i) to assess lindane degradation in soil slurry microcosms treated with lindane at 10 mg/L and (ii) to detect the catabolic genes involved in the HCH degradation pathway. The soil slurry microcosm system showed a 40 % lindane degradation efficiency at the end of a 30-day experiment. Lower lindane removal was also detected in the abiotic controls, probably caused by pesticide adsorption to soil particles. Indeed, the lindane concentration decreased from 6000 to 1330 ng/mL and from 800 to 340 ng/mL for the biotic and abiotic soils, respectively. Nevertheless, some of the genes involved in the HCH degradation pathway were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from crude deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from the Guadeloupe agricultural soil, suggesting that HCH degradation is probably mediated by bacteria closely related to the family Sphingomonadaceae.
ISSN: 0944-1344

hal-01545905
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545905
DOI : 10.1007/s11356-015-5875-7

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD John Libbey Eurotext
Résumé : International audience
Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer affecting men in most Western countries. Certain risk factors have been identified (age, family history, ethnic origin), but the aetiology of this cancer remains largely unknown. However, a role for environmental factors is strongly suspected. Questions have been raised concerning the role of the chemical substances generated by human activities in the occurrence of this disease. Diverse studies have consistently demonstrated a higher risk of prostate cancer in agricultural populations than in the general population. The hypothesis that this higher risk is linked to the use of pesticides has been tested in a number of studies, mostly in North America and Europe. However, to date, with a few possible exceptions, it has been impossible to demonstrate a significant association between exposure to pesticides or a chemical family of pesticides and prostate cancer. In the face of these uncertainties, rigorous studies are required, with objective measurements of exposure, taking into account confounding factors and individual risk factors, making it possible to assess gene-environment interactions.
ISSN: 0007-4551

inserm-00504733
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00504733
DOI : 10.1684/bdc.2008.0812
PUBMED : 19258224

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Oxford University Press (OUP)
Résumé : In habitat mosaics, plant populations face environmental heterogeneity over short geographical distances. Such steep environmental gradients can induce ecological divergence. Lowland rainforests of the Guiana Shield are characterized by sharp, short-distance environmental variations related to topography and soil characteristics (from waterlogged bottomlands on hydromorphic soils to well-drained terra firme on ferralitic soils). Continuous plant populations distributed along such gradients are an interesting system to study intrapopulation divergence at highly local scales. This study tested (1) whether conspecific populations growing in different habitats diverge at functional traits, and (2) whether they diverge in the same way as congeneric species having different habitat preferences. Phenotypic differentiation was studied within continuous populations occupying different habitats for two congeneric, sympatric, and ecologically divergent tree species (Eperua falcata and E. grandiflora, Fabaceae). Over 3000 seeds collected from three habitats were germinated and grown in a common garden experiment, and 23 morphological, biomass, resource allocation and physiological traits were measured. In both species, seedling populations native of different habitats displayed phenotypic divergence for several traits (including seedling growth, biomass allocation, leaf chemistry, photosynthesis and carbon isotope composition). This may occur through heritable genetic variation or other maternally inherited effects. For a sub-set of traits, the intraspecific divergence associated with environmental variation coincided with interspecific divergence. The results indicate that mother trees from different habitats transmit divergent trait values to their progeny, and suggest that local environmental variation selects for different trait optima even at a very local spatial scale. Traits for which differentiation within species follows the same pattern as differentiation between species indicate that the same ecological processes underlie intra- and interspecific variation.
ISSN: 0305-7364

hal-01032430
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032430
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mct176

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Because many biological processes related to the dynamics of infectious diseases are caused by complex interactions between the environment, the host(s) and the agent(s), the necessity to address the methodological implications of this inherent complexity has recently emerged in epidemiology. Most epidemiologists now acknowledge that most human infectious diseases are likely to have complex dynamics. However, this knowledge still percolates with difficulty in their statistical "modus operandi". Indeed, for the study of complex systems, the traditional first-line statistical toolbox of epidemiologists (mainly built around the Generalized Linear Model family), despite its undeniable practicality and robustness, has structural limitations deprecating its usefulness. Three major sources of complexity neglected or not taken into account by this first-line statistical toolbox and having deep statistical implications are the multi-level organization of data, the non-linear relationships between variables and the complex interactions between variables. Three promising candidates to incorporate along with traditional tools for a new first-line statistical toolbox more suitable to apprehend these sources of complexity are the generalized linear mixed models, the generalized additive models, and the structural equation models. The aforementioned methodologies have the advantage to be generalizations of GLM models and are relatively easy to implement. Their assimilation and implementation would thus be greatly facilitated for epidemiologists. More globally, this text underlines that an improved use of other methods as such described here compared to traditional ones has to be performed to better understand the complexity challenging epidemiologists every day. This is particularly true in the field of infectious diseases for which major public health challenges will have to be addressed in the coming decades.
ISSN: 1567-1348

inserm-00872354
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00872354/file/main_document.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.006

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
Sea cows (manatees, dugongs) are the only living marine mammals to feed solely on aquatic plants. Unlike whales or dolphins (Cetacea), the earliest evolutionary history of sirenians is poorly documented, and limited to a few fossils including skulls and skeletons of two genera composing the stem family of Prorastomidae (Prorastomus and Pezosiren). Surprisingly, these fossils come from the Eocene of Jamaica, while stem Hyracoidea and Proboscidea - the putative sister-groups to Sirenia - are recorded in Africa as early as the Late Paleocene. So far, the historical biogeography of early Sirenia has remained obscure given this paradox between phylogeny and fossil record. Here we use X-ray microtomography to investigate a newly discovered sirenian petrosal from the Eocene of Tunisia. This fossil represents the oldest occurrence of sirenians in Africa. The morphology of this petrosal is more primitive than the Jamaican prorastomids' one, which emphasizes the basal position of this new African taxon within the Sirenia clade. This discovery testifies to the great antiquity of Sirenia in Africa, and therefore supports their African origin. While isotopic analyses previously suggested sirenians had adapted directly to the marine environment, new paleoenvironmental evidence suggests that basal-most sea cows were likely restricted to fresh waters.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-00807308
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00807308
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0054307

Résumé : Traditionally fished by line and conical fishing basket by Venezuelan ships, the red snapper resource off the coast of French Guyana (fish belonging to the Lutjanidae family) has been experiencing intensive fishing since 1984-85 due to the boom in classic fishing techniques and the development of trawl fishing. The study evaluates the situation of this resource's potential: biology, sampling data, bio-statistics (size and sex), size-weight relationship of the three species, specific composition of the catches, describes fishing devices and prospecting, pinpoints fishing spots, gives a distribution of the Venezuelan and Martinique fishing effort.
Traditionnellement exploitée à la ligne à main et à la nasse par les navires vénézuéliens, la ressource en vivaneaux au large de la Guyane française (poissons appartenant à la famille des Lutjanidae) subit depuis 1984-85 une exploitation intense par l'accroissement des techniques de pêche classiques et le développement d'une pêcherie au chalut. L'étude fait le point sur les potentialités de cette ressource : biologie, données de l'échantillonnage, bio-statistique (taille et sexes), relation taille-poids des 3 espèces, composition spécifique des captures, décrit les engins de pêche et prospection, localise les lieux de pêche, donne une répartition de l'effort de pêche vénézuélien et chalutier martiniquais.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1986/rapport-2646.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2646/