Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Humans are exposed to a large number of contaminants, many of which may have similar health effects. This paper presents a framework for identifying pollutants to be included in a cumulative risk assessment approach. To account for the possibility of simultaneous exposure to chemicals with common toxic modes of action, the first step of the traditional risk assessment process, i.e. hazard identification, is structured in three sub-steps: (1a) Identification of pollutants people are exposed to, (1b) identification of effects and mechanisms of action of these pollutants, (1c) grouping of pollutants according to similarity of their mechanism of action and health effects. Based on this exposure-based grouping we can derive "multi-pollutant" toxicity reference values, in the "dose-response assessment" step. The approach proposed in this work is original in that it is based on real exposures instead of a limited number of pollutants from a unique chemical family, as traditionally performed. This framework is illustrated by the case study of semi-volatile organic compounds in French dwellings, providing insights into practical considerations regarding the accuracy of the available toxicological information. This case study illustrates the value of the exposure-based approach as opposed to the traditional cumulative framework, in which chemicals with similar health effects were not always included in the same chemical class.
ISSN: 0013-9351

hal-00982315
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00982315
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00982315/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00982315/file/An_exposure-based_framework_for_grouping_pollutants_accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.envres.2014.01.007

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Properly assessing the extent and magnitude of fault ruptures associated with large earthquakes is critical for understanding fault behavior and associated hazard. Submarine faults can trigger tsunamis, whose characteristics are defined by the geometry of seafloor displacement, studied primarily through indirect observations (e.g., seismic event parameters, seismic profiles, shipboard bathymetry, coring) rather than direct ones. Using deep-sea vehicles, we identify for the first time a marker of coseismic slip on a submarine fault plane along the Roseau Fault (Lesser Antilles), and measure its vertical displacement of ∼0.9 m in situ. We also map recent fissuring and faulting of sediments on the hangingwall, along ∼3 km of rupture in close proximity to the fault's base, and document the reactivation of erosion and sedimentation within and downslope of the scarp. These deformation structures were caused by the 2004 M w 6.3 Les Saintes earthquake, which triggered a subsequent tsunami. Their characterization informs estimates of earthquake recurrence on this fault and provides new constraints on the geometry of fault rupture, which is both shorter and displays locally larger coseismic displacements than available model predictions that lack field constraints. This methodology of detailed field observations coupled with near-bottom geophysical surveying can be readily applied to numerous submarine fault systems, and should prove useful in evaluating seismic and tsunamigenic hazard in all geodynamic contexts.
ISSN: 0012-821X

insu-01557932
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01557932
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01557932/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01557932/file/EPSL-2006-escartin.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.024

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Cyanobacteria and their toxins are known as a health hazard in recreative and distributed waters. Monitoring data from 2004 to 2011 were collected at regional scale to characterize exposition parameters to microcystins in Brittany (Western France). The data show that cyanobacteria populations are experiencing a composition shift leading to a longer duration of cell densities higher than WHO alert levels 2 and 3. Microcystins however appear to be more frequently detected with subacute concentrations in low cell density samples than in high cell density samples or during bloom episodes. Positive relations are described between microcystin concentrations, detection frequencies and cyanobacteria biovolumes, allowing for a novel definition of alert levels and decision framework following WHO recommendations
ISSN: 1438-4639

hal-01255825
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01255825
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01255825/document
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01255825/file/Improving%20microcystin%20monitoring%20relevance%20in%20recreative%20waters%20A%20regional%20case-study%20%28Brittany%2C%20Western%20France%2C%20Europe%29.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.12.004

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Les îles de la Caraïbe orientale sont particulièrement exposées aux éruptions volcaniques. L’ensemble des Petites Antilles comprend en effet une vingtaine de volcans actifs, aux styles éruptifs parmi les plus dangereux et destructeurs. La définition de facteurs de vulnérabilité autorise des comparaisons et un classement des îles en fonction de leur niveau d’exposition. Cette approche permet d’attirer l’attention sur la nécessité d’une gestion proactive des risques volcaniques en contexte insulaire.
The Eastern Caribbean islands are particularly exposed to volcanic eruptions. The Lesser Antilles arc indeed includes a score of active volcanoes, whose eruptive styles are among the most dangerous and destructive. The definition of vulnerability factors leads to some comparisons and a classification of the islands according to their level of exposure. This approach draws the attention to the imperative need for a proactive management of the volcanic risks in this insular context.
Caraïbes

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.316
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/316

Résumé : Sea fish farms with production of more than 20 tons per year in France must obtain two operating licences: (i) one for Sea Farming (AECM), with the aim of ensuring that the granted site and use of the maritime public domain for exploitation will respect all restrictions of general interest; (ii) one for regulating Facilities Classified for the Protection of the Environment (ICPE). Although the first one requires a relatively simple licence request file, the second one demands a very complete file, which includes, beyond the notice of exploitation information, a complete impact study, as well as a hazards study and a health and safety notice. In this context, petitioners in Corsica (adjustment of status or new exploitation) are faced with the same difficulties, which highlighted the need for a methodological guide adapted to each region's specific situation, assembling in particular the necessary baseline data (legal, zootechnical, geographical, climatic, socio-economic, ecological...) as well as recognised methods for evaluating the potential effects of the farm on the environment. Development of this guide was supported by ADEC and supervised by a steering committee composed of representatives from the administrations concerned, fish farmers and scientific bodies. The significant aspects dealt with the effects of fish farming on Posidonie herbarium, a protected species very present in Corsica and with coordinating the two AECM and ICPE procedures. For each part of the ICPE file, the guide introduces the technical or scientific context and, depending upon the case, the state of the art, sources of available data, acquisition and methods of acquiring measurements and of assessing the potential effects, as well as practical editing recommendations. Finally, the guide is made complete by a model schedule of conditions designed to help petitioners to have a specialist research department incorporate all or part of the file. This guide primarily concerns first-time marine facilities for exploitation in Corsica, conceived of as in the open sea rather than in confined spaces. Nonetheless, any fish farmer or future fish farmer needing to process a request for an exploitation licence may find it useful.
Les piscicultures marines de plus de 20 t/an de production sont soumises en France à l'obtention de deux autorisations d'exploiter : (i) celle au titre des Cultures Marines (AECM), visant à s'assurer que le site concédé et l'usage du domaine public maritime pour l'exploitation permettent de respecter l'ensemble des contraintes d'intérêt général ; (ii) celle au titre de la réglementation des Installations Classées pour la Protection de l'Environnement (ICPE). Si la première nécessite un dossier de demande d'autorisation relativement simple, la seconde requiert un dossier très complet, qui comprend, outre une notice de renseignements sur l'exploitation, une étude d'impact complète, ainsi qu'une étude des dangers et une notice d'hygiène et de sécurité. Dans ce contexte, les demandeurs en Corse (régularisation ou exploitation nouvelle) sont confrontés aux mêmes difficultés, ce qui a mis en évidence le besoin d'un guide méthodologique adapté aux spécificités régionales, rassemblant en particulier les données de base nécessaires (juridiques, zootechniques, géographiques, climatiques, socio-économiques, écologiques...) ainsi que les méthodes reconnues de l'évaluation des effets potentiels de la ferme sur l'environnement. L'élaboration de ce guide a été soutenue par l'ADEC et suivie par un comité de pilotage composé de représentants des administrations concernées, des pisciculteurs et d'organismes scientifiques. Les aspects importants ont porté sur les effets de la pisciculture sur l'herbier de Posidonie, espèce protégée très présente en Corse et sur la coordination entre les deux procédures AECM et ICPE. Pour chaque partie du dossier ICPE, le guide présente le contexte technique ou scientifique et selon le cas, l'état de l'art, les sources de données disponibles, les méthodes d'acquisition des mesures et d'évaluation des effets potentiels, ainsi que des recommandations pratiques de rédaction. Enfin, le guide est complété par un cahier des charges type destiné à aider les demandeurs à confier à un bureau d'étude spécialisé la réalisation de tout ou partie de la constitution du dossier. Ce guide concerne prioritairement les installations marines de nouvelles exploitations en Corse, envisagées en mer ouverte plutôt que dans des espaces confinés. Néanmoins tout pisciculteur ou futur pisciculteur devant instruire une demande d'autorisation d'exploiter peut y trouver intérêt.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2004/rapport-2188.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/2188/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
Probabilistic seismic hazard analyses (PSHA) are commonly based on frequency magnitude statistics from 50-100 yearlong earthquake catalogs, assuming that these statistics are representative of the longer-term frequency of large earthquakes. We test an alternative PSHA approach in continental western Canada, including adjacent areas of northwestern U. S. A., using regional strain rates derived from 179 Global Positioning System (GPS) horizontal velocities. GPS strain rates are converted to earthquake statistics, seismic moment rates, and ground shaking probabilities in seismic source zones using a logic-tree method for uncertainty propagation. Median GPS-based moment rates and shaking estimates agree well with those derived from earthquake catalogs in only two zones (Puget Sound and mid-Vancouver Island). In most other zones, median GPS-based moment rates are 6-150 times larger than those derived from earthquake catalogs (shaking estimates 2-5 times larger), although the GPS-based and catalog estimates commonly agree within their 67% uncertainties. This discrepancy may represent an under-sampling of long-term moment rates and shaking by earthquake catalogs in some zones; however a systematic under-sampling is unlikely over our entire study area. Although not demonstrated with a high confidence level, long-term regional aseismic deformation may account for a significant part of the GPS/catalog discrepancy and, in some areas, represent as much as 90% of the total deformation budget. In order to integrate GPS strain rates in PSHA models, seismic versus aseismic partitioning of long-term deformation needs to be quantified and understood in terms of the underlying mechanical processes.
ISSN: 0148-0227

hal-00689004
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00689004
DOI : 10.1029/2011JB008213

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
From 15 to 17 June 2011, a dedicated workshop was held on the subject of in vitro models for mammalian spermatogenesis and their applications in toxicological hazard and risk assessment. The workshop was sponsored by the Dutch ASAT initiative (Assuring Safety without Animal Testing), which aims at promoting innovative approaches toward toxicological hazard and risk assessment on the basis of human and in vitro data, and replacement of animal studies. Participants addressed the state of the art regarding human and animal evidence for compound mediated testicular toxicity, reviewed existing alternative assay models, and brainstormed about future approaches, specifically considering tissue engineering. The workshop recognized the specific complexity of testicular function exemplified by dedicated cell types with distinct functionalities, as well as different cell compartments in terms of microenvironment and extracellular matrix components. This complexity hampers quick results in the realm of alternative models. Nevertheless, progress has been achieved in recent years, and innovative approaches in tissue engineering may open new avenues for mimicking testicular function in vitro. Although feasible, significant investment is deemed essential to be able to bring new ideas into practice in the laboratory. For the advancement of in vitro testicular toxicity testing, one of the most sensitive end points in regulatory reproductive toxicity testing, such an investment is highly desirable.
ISSN: 0890-6238

hal-00876979
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876979
DOI : 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.04.004
PUBMED : 23612449

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The purpose of this work is to specify the deformation offshore East of Taiwan by characterizing major active faults in particular at the level of the Ryukyu forearc. The major problem associated with the study of this region is that earthquakes are located outside the permanent networks. Consequently, this led to some unprecise earthquake locations limiting tectonic and statistical analyses, and therefore the correct estimation of the seismic hazard. This work is included in the project ANR ACTS (Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazard in Taiwan). To achieve this goal, we worked on three different timescales for which a different localization method has been proposed to obtain a clear image of seismic deformation and highlight major faults offhore East of Taiwan. First, at the scale of the century (from the analysis of a seismicity catalogue with homogeneous magnitude), the instrumental historical earthquakes (1897-2007) show that the Ryukyu margin was affected by 6 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7 with 4 of them for which the responsible fault is unknown. We propose a method of relative location to relocate the historic events from the time difference of P and S arrival times (Ts-Tp) at each station. The location is obtained by searching for "analogue" earthquakes in the recent instrumental catalogue (1991-2008) for which Ts-Tp at each station is close. This method has been applied to the largest (in terms of magnitude) earthquake ever recorded in Taiwan, the earthquake of June 5, 1920 (M7.7 +/- 0.2). A rupture along the interplate of the Ryukyu subduction with a possible nucleation at the downdip limit of a splay-fault is certainly responsible of this earthquake. Then, at the scale of the decade, the improvement of the method of absolute location based on MAXimum of Intersection of EDT (MAXI, EDT: Equal Differential Time) allows to better extract the erroneous arrival times and prevents the "trade-off" between depth and origin time, and between depth and epicentral position when the azimuthal coverage is low (gap Azimuthal > 180degre). Synthetic tests show the effectiveness of MAXI (using P-wave only) to determine the parameters x, y and z even when the azimuthal gap is important. In the latter case, the quality of the results is dependent on the velocity model to represent the 3D structure of the Earth. We propose an approach involving the use of a 3D a priori P-wave velocity model to locate earthquakes which are lateral and remote to the seismic network. An application to the case of Taiwan and Ecuador validates this approach. Finally, at the level of a few months, the marine geophysical campaign RATS (Ryukyu Arc: Tectonics and Seismology) was conducted in two stages. A passive seismology experiment from July to October, 2008 (RATS1) has been conducted over the forearc of the Ryukyus and then active seismic experiment (refraction and reflection) was conducted in May 2009 in a NNE - SSW line through the Ryukyu margin. These two combined experiments allow improving our knowledge about the crustal structure of the margin. At the level of the forearc, the basement of the forearc is characterized by vertical backstop and a very deformed basis certainly associated with a significant out of sequence deformation. In depth, the downgoing plate is certainly affected by a tear that controls the seismicity in the region of transition between the subduction and collision.
Le but de ce travail est de préciser la déformation en mer à l'est de Taïwan et de notamment caractériser les failles actives majeures en particulier au niveau de l'avant-arc des Ryukyus. Le problème majeur associé à l'étude de cette région est que les séismes sont localisés en dehors des réseaux permanents et que cela conduit à des localisations peu précises limitant les analyses statistiques, tectoniques et donc l'estimation correcte de l'aléa sismique. Ce travail est inclus dans le projet ANR ACTS (Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazard in Taiwan). Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous travaillons à trois échelles de temps différentes pour lesquelles une méthode de localisation différente a été proposée pour obtenir une image précise de la déformation sismique et mettre en évidence les failles majeures en mer à l'est de Taïwan. D'abord, à l'échelle du siècle (à partir de l'analyse d'un catalogue de sismicité homogène en magnitude), les séismes historiques instrumentaux (1897-2007) montrent que la marge des Ryukyus a été affectée par 6 séismes de magnitude supérieure à 7 dont 4 pour lesquels la faille responsable n'est pas connue. Nous proposons une méthode de localisation relative qui permet de relocaliser les évènements historiques à partir des différences de temps d'arrivées P et S (Ts-Tp) à chaque station. La localisation est obtenue en recherchant les séismes analogues dans le catalogue instrumental récent (1991-2008) pour lesquels Ts-Tp à chaque station est proche. Cette méthode a été appliquée au plus gros séisme (en terme de magnitude) jamais enregistré à Taïwan, le séisme du 5 juin 1920 (M7.7 $pm$ 0.2). Ce séisme a certainement pour origine une rupture sur l'interplaque sismogène de la subduction des Ryukyus avec une possible nucléation à la base d'une faille hors-séquence. Ensuite, à l'échelle de la dizaine d'années, l'amélioration de la méthode de localisation absolue du MAXimum d'Intersection EDT (MAXI, EDT: Equal Differential Time) permet de mieux extraire les temps d'arrivées erronés et empêche les "trade-off" entre profondeur et temps d'origine et, entre profondeur et position épicentrale lorsque la couverture azimutale est faible (gap azimutal > 180°). Des tests synthétiques montrent l'efficacité de MAXI (en utilisant les ondes P uniquement) à déterminer les paramètres x, y et z même lorsque le gap azimutal est important. Dans ce dernier cas, la qualité des résultats reste dépendant du modèle de vitesse à représenter la structure 3D de la Terre. Nous proposons une démarche associant l'utilisation d'un modèle de vitesse des ondes P 3D a priori avec la méthode MAXI pour localiser les séismes qui sont latéraux et éloignés du réseau. Une application au cas de Taïwan et en Équateur valide cette approche. Enfin, à l'échelle de quelques mois, la campagne de géophysique marine RATS (Ryukyu Arc: Tectonics and Seismology) a été menée en deux temps. Une expérience de sismologie passive de juillet à octobre 2008 (RATS1) a été menée au-dessus de l'avant-arc des Ryukyus puis une expérience de sismique active (réfraction et réflexion) a été menée en mai 2009 sur une ligne NNE-SSW à travers la marge des Ryukyus. Ces deux expériences combinées permettent d'améliorer notre connaissance de la structure crustale de la marge. Au niveau de l'avant-arc, le socle de l'avant-arc est caractérisé par une extrémité formant un butoir vertical et une base très déformée certainement associée à une importante déformation hors-séquence. En profondeur, la plaque plongeante est certainement affectée par une déchirure qui contrôle la sismicité dans cette région de transition entre la subduction et la collision.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660737

tel-00660737
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660737
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660737/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660737/file/Thesis_small.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Background: In French Guiana, a recent study has shown that a major part of the histoplasmosis incidence temporal fluctuations could be explained by climatic factors and thus postulated that disseminated histoplasmosis cases could be in a large proportion due to new infections. The description of the seasonal pattern of histoplasmosis could potentially help to test this new hypothesis. Patients and methods: A study using prospective data from the French Hospital Database for HIV was conducted in order to determine seasonal variations of the incidence of first cases of disseminated histoplasmosis in HIV persons in Cayenne, French Guiana. Single failure Cox proportional hazards models were used. Results: After adjusting for CD4 counts and antiretroviral treatment, the incidence of disseminated histoplasmosis was significantly higher during the Short Wet Season-Long Dry Season than during the Short Dry Season-Long Wet Season (Adjusted Hazard ratio 1.7 (1.1-2.5), P= 0.01). Conclusion: This result gives both valuable epidemiologic information to clinicians and a supplementary argument in favour of the hypothesis that an important proportion of cases were due to recent exposure. Therefore, the use of a primary prophylaxis must be discussed in French Guiana.
J AIDS Clinic Res

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/OpenAccess
inserm-00915009
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00915009
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00915009/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00915009/file/2012_Hanf_-_Disseminated_Histoplasmosis_seasonal_incidence_variations_a_supplementary_argument_for_recent_infection.pdf
DOI : 10.4172/2155-6113.1000175

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Africa faces a number of unique environmental challenges. Unfortunately, it lacks the infrastructure needed to support the comprehensive environmental studies that could provide the scientific basis to inform environmental policies. There are a number of known sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other hazardous chemicals in Africa. However, a coordinated approach to identify and monitor these contaminants and to develop strategies for public health interventions has not yet been made. OBJECTIVES: This commentary summarizes the scientific evidence presented by experts at the First African Endocrine Disruptors meeting. We describe a "call to action" to utilize the available scientific knowledge to address the impact of EDCs on human and wildlife health in Africa. DISCUSSION: We identify existing knowledge gaps about exposures to EDCs in Africa and describe how well-designed research strategies are needed to address these gaps. A lack of resources for research and a lag in policy implementation slows down intervention strategies and poses a challenge to advancing future health in Africa. CONCLUSION: To address the many challenges posed by EDCs, we argue that Africans should take the lead in prioritization and evaluation of environmental hazards, including EDCs. We recommend the institution of education and training programs for chemical users, adoption of the precautionary principle, establishment of biomonitoring programs, and funding of community-based epidemiology and wildlife research programs led and funded by African institutes and private companies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1774.
Environmental Health Perspectives

hal-01616487
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01616487
DOI : 10.1289/EHP1774
PUBMED : 28935616

Résumé : Cette thèse explore les relations entre histoire et archéologie sous-marine pour étudier le risque de perte en mer aux Petites Antilles à travers l' exemple de la Guadeloupe. Le phénomène du naufrage est envisagé comme un prisme pour aborder les aspects maritimes de l'histoire de la Guadeloupe à l' époque de la marine à voile, entre la fin du XVIIe siècle et la première moitié du XIXe siècle. L' étude repose sur un dépouillement exhaustif de la correspondance administrative et des sondages ciblés dans les archives de la Marine et de quelques-uns des principaux ports du royaume de France liés aux Antilles (Nantes, Bordeaux, Le Havre, Marseille). Le naufrage est défini à travers une étude quantitative des pertes en mer : nombre, fréquence, localisation, répartition chronologique. Cette perspective conduit à qualifier le phénomène de sériel mais marginal en comparaison avec la fréquentation maritime, ce qui n' ôte pas de son intérêt en tant que clé de lecture d'une colonie française d' Amérique et de son économie et de sa société si part iculières , entre cultures d'exportation et esclavage. Environ 550 naufrages son répertoriés en archives entre la fin du XVIIe siècle et le début du XIXe siècle, ce qui représente moins de 1 % de la fréquentation maritime de la colonie. Il s' agit d'un phénomène essentiellement côtier et portuaire lié à la survenue d'événements climatiques exceptionnels (coups de vent et ouragans). Mais, ponctuellement, d'autres causes sont mises en évidence. L'objectif est de dresser une typologie des pertes en mer s'intéressant aussi bien aux différents types de navires perdus qu'à leur fonction , leur cargaison et leur équipage. La question de la perception des risques de pertes (conditions de navigation, dangers d'échouage, aléas climatiques) est envisagée pour analyser les relations entre risques et les moyens mis en oeuvre pour en réduire l'impact. Les différentes pistes allant des premières missions à caractère hydrographique au XVIIIe siècle, aux premiers aménagements portuaires au XIXe siècle, sont étudiées pour voir si elles répondent aux risques de pertes en mer. L'étude des documents d'archives trouve une application dans l'évaluation du potentiel archéologique sous-marin de la Guadeloupe. Celui-ci est évalué à une fourchette entre 50 et 120 sites d'épaves. La lecture critique des sources propose par ailleurs des hypothèses d'identification de 5 sites sur les 15 sites d' épaves anciennes connus, permettant ainsi une vision différente de la question des risques maritimes.
This Ph D explores relationships between history and underwater archaeology in order to study the martime risks in West Indies through the example of Guadeloupe. Shipwreck phenomenon is presented as a prism to analyze maritime aspect of Guadeloupe history during the time of sailing, from the end of 17th to first half of 19th century. The study is based on a archivaI analysis of administrative correspondence and surveys in marine archives and French kingdom main ports linked with West Indies. Shipwreck is defined through an quantitative study of losses : quantity, frequency, localization, chronological spread. This point of view permits to qualify the this phenomenon as serial but low regarding to the maritime activity, This fact is not a lack in order to use this event as a reading key of an American French colony, its economy and society. About 550 shipwrecks have been recorded from the end of 17th to first half of 19th century, thi represents less than 1% of maritime activity of the colony .. This phenomenon is mainly a coastal and a port event, linked with climatic hazard as hurricanes, but the study focused also on others causes . The objective is to set up a losses' typology dealing with ships types, functions, cargos, and crews. The perception of losses risks (seafaring conditions, wrecks dangers and climatic hazards) is presented in order to analyze relationships between risks and means in order to prevent them or reduce their consequences. Different projects from first hydrographical missions during 18th century to first ports building projects at the beginning of 19th century have been studied in order to establish if they answer the losses risks.

http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0607

Éditeur(s) : Université des Antilles Études caribéennes
Résumé : Natural hazards do have impacts on development. Of heavy consequences on both the human life and the economic development these impacts are critical in most of the Caribbean islands in general and specifically in Haiti. Thus, there is an urgent need to implement strategies aiming at reducing risk for lessening losses. By implementing well designed risk management strategies vulnerability can be reduced, and as a consequence, investment and employment can be protected. Even so preparedness to sustainable development is at the global Agenda, with regards to the specific case of Haiti, we assume that, at present, the country is not at all involved in such a long run strategy. Government attention is focused on immediate urgencies to be solved. By questioning the particular case of tourism, we show the positive impact of risk management strategies on growth using a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA).
Les catastrophes naturelles ont sans conteste des impacts sur le développement. Ces derniers, qui occasionnent de lourdes conséquences à la fois sur la vie humaine et le développement économique, sont préjudiciables dans la plupart des îles des Caraïbes et plus particulièrement en Haïti. Ainsi, il devient urgent de mettre en œuvre des stratégies visant à réduire les risques afin de minimiser les pertes occasionnées. En établissant des stratégies de gestion des risques bien conçues, la vulnérabilité des pays peut être réduite, et, par conséquent, l'investissement et l'emploi protégés. Même si le développement durable est à l'ordre du jour à l’échelle mondiale, il semble que ce ne soit pas le cas d'Haïti à l’heure actuelle, le pays n'étant pas du tout impliqué dans une telle stratégie à long terme. L'action du gouvernement se focalise sur la résolution des urgences immédiates. En s'interrogeant sur le cas particulier du tourisme, nous montrons, en utilisant une analyse coûts-avantages, l'impact positif des stratégies de gestion des risques sur la croissance.
Haïti

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
urn:doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.4559
http://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/4559

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The volume comprises some of the contributions presented during the 10th edition of the Alpine Meeting "CorseAlp 2011". It has been held in Saint Florent (Corsica) between 10th and 16th of April 2011 under the auspices of Societé Geologique de France, Società Geologica Italiana and the INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia) and with the collaboration of colleagues of Université de Corse (M.-M. Spella, M. and J. Ferrandini and L. Ciancaleoni) and the support of the city council of S. Florent. The meeting was framed in the series of "Alpine Workshops" e.g., Siegesmund et al. (2008), Handy and Rosenberg (2011), which are held every two years to develop interdisciplinary research on Alpine-type orogens. It hosted a variety of topical sessions from regional geology to process-oriented field and laboratory studies and gave the opportunity to collect multidisciplinary and multiscale approaches to geodynamic studies including continental rifting and ocean opening, oceanic and continental subduction, late- to post orogenic extension, exhumation of deep seated rocks, back-arc opening and microcontinent rotation, interfering orogenic-scale tectonics and surface processes, tectonics and seismic hazard within the Alpine chain and Mediterranean realms.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00795580
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00795580

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The ∼55 km-long Firouzkuh fault is located in the Central Alborz Mountains of Iran. It is a left-lateral fault, which dips to the south, and possesses a small dip-slip component of motion that we interpret to result from extension. The ratio of horizontal to vertical displacement across the fault, calculated from the cumulative displacement of landscape features, is 7.6. We provide constraints on the timing of the last earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault from two trenches (T1 and T2) across the fault zone, excavated in 2004, and located east of Firouzkuh city. The trenches expose faulted sedimentary deposits. Two optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from sediments in the lower part of trench T1 date from the late Pleistocene (15.9 ± 0.9 ka and 27.1 ± 1.7 ka). The younger of the two dated units in T1 is displaced vertically across the fault by 2.2–4.4 m, from which we estimate a strike-slip displacement of 18.2–33.4 m, and hence a average horizontal slip-rate of 1.1–2.2 mm/yr. The sediments exposed in T1 do not yield constraints on the most recent earthquake history. In trench T2, however, human skeletal remains of a middle aged male, which yield a radiocarbon age of 1159 ± 28 BP (corresponding to a mean calendar age of 791 AD), were found within a faulted alluvial layer at a depth of 60–70 cm from the surface. The existence of these medieval human places shows that a surface-rupturing earthquake occurred at some time after 1159 ± 28 BP. The amount of slip in each earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault is difficult to estimate, but assuming the entire ∼55 km fault length ruptures in each event, they will have had a maximum magnitude of 7.1. At our estimated late Quaternary slip-rate of ∼1.1–2.2 mm/yr magnitude 7.1 earthquakes, involving ∼1.2 m average displacement, would be expected to occur every ∼1100–540 years. As the last earthquake on the Firouzkuh fault may be up to ∼700 years in age we suggest that the Firouzkuh fault is a major hazard for earthquakes in the near future.
ISSN: 0743-9547

hal-01122835
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01122835
DOI : 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.12.018

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The sandy coasts of Languedoc-Roussillon are a zone vulnerable to erosion and flooding. These hazards are generally associated with a combination of natural factors such as waves, wind, rising sea levels and the importance of sediment supply, and are therefore worsened during storms. For the management of such risks, a better knowledge of the hydrodynamic phenomena occuring from the surf zone through to the coastal scale is essential. This need led to the development of a numerical modelling platform consisting of the 3D ocean circulation model Symphonie, usually dedicated to regional and coastal scales, which was modified to include the wave forcing, modeled by the WaveWatch III or Swan models. Using this platform the entire littoral and coastal regions can be accurately represented. The model was tested in several academic cases. Measurements on the barred beach of Sète during the winter of 2008-2009 served to refine the model, which is able to successfully reproduce the characteristics of the currents in coastal areas, drifts or rip currents over more complex bathymetries and also the vertical profiles of currents. To validate the model on the inner-shelf, we compared the simulations with measurements taken during a winter storm in 2004 around the mouth of the Têt river, as well as during storms in 2007 and 2008 in the Gulf of Aigues-Mortes. Currents are generally well reproduced. However, the scope of wave action seems limited to a depth of 30m. The characteristics of our model allow a good reproduction of the currents at all scales and the 3D nature of the model permits a more precise calculation of the shear stress and bottom current responsible, respectively, for the suspension and advection of sediments.
Le littoral sableux du Languedoc-Roussillon est un système vulnérable aux risques d'érosion et de submersion. Ces aléas sont liés à la conjonction des facteurs naturels que sont les vagues, vent, élévation du niveau de la mer et apports sédimentaires et sont donc aggravés en période de tempête. En vue d'une gestion des risques, une meilleure connaissance des phénomènes hydrodynamiques de l'échelle littorale à l'échelle côtière est essentielle. Ce travail a conduit à la réalisation d'une plateforme de modélisation numérique composée du modèle de circulation océanique 3D Symphonie, traditionnellement dédié aux échelles régionales et côtières, qui a été modifié pour inclure le forçage par les vagues, modélisées par les modèles Wavewatch III ou Swan, et ainsi étendre sa validité au littoral. Le modèle a été testé sur des cas académiques littoraux. Des mesures sur la plage à double barres de Sète pendant l'hiver 2008-2009, ont également servi à parfaire le modèle qui reproduit ainsi avec succès les caractéristiques des courants en zone littorale : la dérive, les courants sagittaux sur des bathymétries plus complexes et les profils verticaux des courants. Pour valider le modèle à des échelles plus côtières, nous avons confronté ses résultats à des mesures réalisées pendant une tempête hivernale en 2004 aux alentours de l'embouchure de la Têt, mais également sur des tempêtes de 2007 et 2008 dans le Golfe d'Aigues-Mortes. Les courants sont globalement bien reproduits. Les zones d'action des vagues semblent limitées aux zones de profondeur inférieure à 30 m. Notre modèle autorise une reproduction correcte des courants à toutes les échelles et sa nature 3D permet un calcul plus précis de la tension de cisaillement de fond et du courant près du fond, responsables respectivement de la mise en suspension et de l'advection des sédiments.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680405

tel-00680405
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680405
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680405v2/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680405/file/2011_MICHAUD.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD BioMed Central
Résumé : International audience
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality have been observed in different European countries and the US until the end of the 1990s, with changes over time in the magnitude of these inequalities and contrasted situations between countries. The aim of this study is to estimate relative and absolute educational differences in cancer mortality in France between 1999 and 2007, and to compare these inequalities with those reported during the 1990s. METHODS: Data from a representative sample including 1% of the French population were analysed. Educational differences among people aged 30--74 were quantified with hazard ratios and relative indices of inequality (RII) computed using Cox regression models as well as mortality rate difference and population attributable fraction. RESULTS: In the period 1999--2007, large relative inequalities were found among men for total cancer and smoking and/or alcohol related cancers mortality (lung, head and neck, oesophagus). Among women, educational differences were reported for total cancer, head and neck and uterus cancer mortality. No association was found between education and breast cancer mortality. Slight educational differences in colorectal cancer mortality were observed in men and women. For most frequent cancers, no change was observed in the magnitude of relative inequalities in mortality between the 1990s and the 2000s, although the RII for lung cancer increased both in men and women. Among women, a large increase in absolute inequalities in mortality was observed for all cancers combined, lung, head and neck and colorectal cancer. In contrast, among men, absolute inequalities in mortality decreased for all smoking and/or alcohol related cancers. CONCLUSION: Although social inequalities in cancer mortality are still high among men, an encouraging trend is observed. Among women though, the situation regarding social inequalities is less favourable, mainly due to a health improvement limited to higher educated women. These inequalities may be expected to further increase in future years.
ISSN: 1471-2458

inserm-00868759
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00868759
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00868759/document
http://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00868759/file/1471-2458-13-823.pdf
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2458-13-823

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Earthquake, volcanic eruption, cyclone, flood, tsunami, the Caribbean are particularly vulnerable to many natural hazards. Citizen Education to hazard mitigation is much more important in French West Indies than in Paris. With national, curriculum, evaluation and textbooks, how science education in French West Indies manage the challenge to take account this particularity of our territories? Based on this example and others, the aim of this communication is to present a science education theoretical background focus on contexts studies. During science teaching, learning effects due to different context like social, cultural or language could be described as contextual effects. But others micro-didactic effects of contexts could also be identified as linked with specificity of natural environment. These effects manifest a strain between a goal of teaching or learning and its implementation, when this stain is due in the educational process in different contexts involved.To ensure the quality of education, reference and quantify the effects of educational context seems to be necessary. it should be interested in the process leading to the emergence of these contexts. We propose a simplified model of these processes initially described as meetings of mechanisms operating within a network of transposition of designs. Then we question these processes by degree or forms of contextualization (low to high) and crossed these two approaches, giving an initial typology of contextualisation process. It then emerges the idea that these processes are constrained by resistances. We retain the following three: epistemological, social and educational. As these constraints are expressed in different ways according to disciplines, the data suggest the existence of disciplinary contextualization profiles. All these three approaches (network implementation, degree of contextualization, disciplinary profiles) are three tools for analyzing contextual phenomena which remain to test the robustness and operational character for the training analysis context.
Biennial Conference of Caribbean Academy of Sciences
Barbados, Barbados

hal-01539482
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01539482

Résumé : La thèse est consacrée à la recherche des catastrophes marines (tsunamis, ondes de tempête) dans les Antilles françaises, en utilisant des modèles analytiques et numériques de mécanique des fluides. L'accent est mis sur le développement de modèles de mouvement de glissements de terrain et des vagues causées par ces glissements. Le modèle le plus simple du glissement de terrain «solide block» est utilisé pour évaluer les caractéristiques des flux pyroclastiques du volcan Soufrière-Hills (Montserrat). Un modèle plus complexe de modélisation de glissement de terrain (modèle de Savage-Hutter) a été étudié analytiquement, donnant ainsi une nouvelle famille de solutions exactes décrivant le mouvement de l'écoulement par gravité non linéaire dans une vallée ou dans un canyon sous-marin. Le modèle comprend des ondes simples (Riemann waves),le cas d'un barrage qui cède (dam-break problem), des solutions auto-similaires dans la M-fonne et « chapeaux paraboliques ». Grâce à la théorie linéaire de l'eau peu profonde nous avons étudié le processus de génération de tsunamis par des glissements de terrain de volume variable, se déplaçant à une vitesse variable dans un bassin de profondeur variable. Dans le cas d'un fond marin particulier (cas sans "réflexion"), les phénomènes de résonnance ont été étudiés dans un bassin à profondeur variable. Nous avons utilisé des méthodes numériques pour la résolution non-linéaire des équations des eaux peu profondes afin d'analyser des catastrophes marines réelles (les ondes de tempête causées par le cyclone Lili en 2002, le tsunami volcanique de 2003 à Montserrat) et probables (un tsunami prés des côtes de la Martinique). Des données sur les catastrophes
The dissertation is devoted to research in the field of marine natural hazards (tsunamis, storm surges) in the French West Indies, using analytical and numerical models of fluid mechanics. Emphasis is placed on the development of models of landslide motion and generated tsunami waves. The simple "solid block" model is used to evaluate the characteristics of pyroclastic flow Soufriere Hills volcano (Montserrat). The "fluid model" of a landslide (so called Savage-Hutter model) is studied analytically; within this model a new family of exact solutions that describe the motion of nonlinear gravity flow in a valley or underwater canyon is found: nonlinear Riemann wave, dan break problem, self-similar solutions (M - wave and parabolic cap). In the framework of the linear shallow water theory the process of generation of tsunami waves by landslides of variable volume moving with variable velocity above the basin of variable depth is studied. For the specific bottom profile ("reflectionless" one) the resonant phenomena is investigated in the basin of variable depth. Numerical methods are used to analyze marine hazards: historical (storm surges, caused by Cyclone LILI in 2002; volcanic tsunami 2003 on Montserrat) and possible events (possible tsunami of the coast of Martinique). Various data on marine natural disasters are obtained during field surveys (volcanic tsunami in 2003, stonn surges caused by Hurricane Dean in 2007). Designed catalogs of tsunamis and storm surges are created based on results of numerical modeling and field studies; some statistical analysis is perfomed

http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0435/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Dietary exposure to pesticide residues may present a risk to public health, especially for sensitive populations such as pregnant women. To characterize this risk, this study assessed chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues based on the French ELFE cohort. A self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) about the last three months of pregnancy filled in by pregnant women in 2011 was used in combination with occurrence data from French Total Diet Studies completed by the results of national monitoring programs on pesticide residues in food. The dietary intake of pesticides (μg/kg of body weight/day) was estimated for 14,099 pregnant women with a complete FFQ, for 317 substances under two occurrence scenarios to handle left-censored data: a lower-bound scenario (LB), where undetected results were set to zero, and an upper-bound scenario (UB), where undetected results were set to the detection limit if the substance was expected to be found in food and zero if it was not. The risk was assessed for 284 substances with a toxicological reference value (TRV) and a good coverage level of the diet potentially contributing to pesticide intake. The cumulative risk was also assessed for seven effects on nervous and thyroid systems using the hazard index and the Cumulative Assessment Groups defined by EFSA. Substances with the highest exposure levels under the LB scenario were, in decreasing order, imazalil, piperonyl butoxide, chlorpropham, thiabendazole, iprodione and propargite. Under the LB scenario, only for lindane did women have a statistically significant probability of exceeding the TRV (2.4%). Under the UB scenario, risk could not be excluded for nine other substances. A better management of left-censored data and more sensitive analyses of the main food contributors might help to refine the UB exposure and risk assessments. A statistically significant cumulative risk was found for neurochemical effects related to high intake levels of three organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos-methyl and dimethoate) mainly detected in fruits and cereals
ISSN: 0160-4120

hal-01319892
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01319892
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.007
PUBMED : 27187793

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : The Lesser Antilles is an area of high volcanic and earthquake activity, characterized by a 1000 km convergence zone resulting from the Atlantic plate subduction under the Caribbean plate with a slow convergent motion (2 cm/year). With five years of available data, the CDSA data base presents a more homogeneous vision of Lesser Antilles arc seismicity and allows detecting low seismic activity zones, in the north near the Virgin Islands, and in the south between St-Lucia and Grenada. The accuracy improvements of location is used to better study the relationship between tectonic structures and seismicity, to better define the subduction slab geometry, and to analyse the spatial variations of the Gutenberg-Richter law b-value. Concerning the 21 november 2004 Les Saintes earthquake, EMS98 intensities in Les Saintes islands were evaluated from an individual request and hypocenter relocalisations of the Les Saintes earthquake and the biggest aftershock of 14 february 2005 were made using a method of master/slave in order to contrain the seismic source of the mainchock. As seismic hazard assessment depends from strong ground motion generated by earthquakes, the last part of this work concerns modeling accelerometric records of the Les Saintes earthquakes, combining a composite source model with an empirical Green Function technique. In our study, we used Les Saintes aftershocks as Empirical Green Function.
L'arc des Petites Antilles situé sur la bordure nord-est de la plaque Caraïbe, résulte d'un phénomène de subduction, les plaques américaines plongeant sous celle de la Caraïbe avec une vitesse de 2 cm/an. Les Antilles Françaises représentent la région française où le risque sismique est le plus important. Ce travail dont l'objectif est d'améliorer la connaissance de l'aléa sismique dans les Antilles Françaises, repose sur les données du Réseau Accélérométrique Permanent (RAP) et sur celles du « Centre de Données des Antilles Françaises ». L'analyse de ces données permet de mieux contraindre la sismicité de l'arc. Deux zones de très faible sismicité sont mises en évidence : au nord près des Iles Vierges et au sud entre Sainte-Lucie et Grenade. D'autres points sont aussi résolus : imagerie de la subduction le long de l'arc, relations entre la sismicité superficielle et la tectonique active, variations de la pente (b-value) de la loi de Gutenberg-Richter. Le séisme majeur du 21 novembre 2004 Mw=6.3 est au cœur des deux derniers chapitres. Plusieurs aspects y sont présentés : macrosismicité avec l'évaluation d'intensités EMS98 obtenues du dépouillement de formulaires individuels recueillis pour les Iles des Saintes, et relocalisation par la méthode de maître/esclave du choc principal et de sa plus forte réplique du 14 février 2005, de façon à mieux contraindre l'imagerie de la source du choc principal, étape primordiale pour la dernière partie portant sur la modélisation des signaux du choc principal des Saintes. Nous tentons dans cette dernière partie de modéliser les enregistrements de mouvements forts avec une approche semi-empirique en se basant sur un modèle stochastique large-bande et proposons l'utilisation de plusieurs Fonctions de Green Empiriques (FGE) sélectionnées parmi les répliques du séisme des Saintes.
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409021

tel-00409021
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409021
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409021/document
https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409021/file/these_BengoubouMendy_2008.pdf