Résumé : This document presents a survey of the marine-related activities in France, i.e. those of the commercial sector (exploitation of minerai and living resources, manufacturing industries, services) and those of the public sector (Navy, State services, education, safety, marine research). A chapter is devoted to the protection of the coastal and marine environment, and the chapter on tourism gives quantitative data on the impacts of the pollution caused by the Erika oil-tanker. Each activity of the commercial sector is described by key-figures (turnover, value added, employmentl. The description of the non-commercial public sector includes data on costs, including personnel costs. In addition to these figures, qualitative information is given on the recent development, present situation and outlook for each activity
Ce document présente un panorama des activités liées à la mer en France, c'est-à-dire du secteur industriel (exploitation des ressources minérales et vivantes, industrie manufacturière, services) et celles du secteur public non marchand (Marine nationale, services de l'État, enseignement, sécurité, recherche marine). Un chapitre est consacré à la protection de l'environnement littoral et marin, et le chapitre sur le tourisme donne des indications quantitatives sur les impacts de la pollution causée par le navire pétrolier Erika. Chaque activité du secteur industriel est décrite par des chiffres-clés (chiffre d'affaires, valeur ajoutée, emploi). Pour le secteur public non marchand, sont fournies des données sur les coûts, notamment les coûts de personnel. Ces indicateurs sont accompagnés d'informations qualitatives sur l'évolution récente , la situation actuelle et les perspectives de chaque activité.

Droits : 2002 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00117/22850/20660.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00117/22850/53085.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00117/22850/

Résumé : This study contributes to inventory programme on emerging pollutants in French waters and to the general reflection which will enable to update the list of relevant substnaces to be included in the new monitoring programmes to come. This work concerns the coastal part of the inventory programme on marine waters and sediments of France and five overseas french departments (OFD). In this goal, passive sampling techniques and direct extraction techniques have been tested through the implementation of in situ systems integrators POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) and the extraction by SBSE bars (Stir bar sorptive extraction) directly in the waters sampled. Finally, analyzes of sediment completed the acquisition of data. Arount 40 stations were sampled for shore waters and sediments were collected from 7 stations in France and 5 stations in the OFD (one station/OFD). In analytical terms, 1054 analyzes were carried out on POCIS membranes and only 64 data exceeded the limit of detection (LD), 12726 analyzes came from SBSE extractions and 304 were above the LD and 1536 analyzes in sediment showed that 237 data were above the limit of quantification (LQ). Finally, 169 different substances were investigated and 68 of them were detected at least once in water or sediment. The lack of replicates for POCIS analyzes and those in the sediment limited the statistical treatment of data. The results were used to determine the level of contamination, the detection frequency (FD), the distribution of substances between France and OFD, the comparison with environmental thresholds (the PNEC) and the origin/use of the substances. In littoral waters, 32 substances were identified and 19 were quantified. In the sediment, 47 substances were quantified. Nine substances were detected in both water and sediment. In France, the 15 substances that were quantified at higher frequencies (> 50 %, one out of 2 sites) were quantified in sediments. These are the congeners of PAHs (11 substances), organic forms of tin (2 substances), diethyl lead and 209 PBDE congener. In the OFD, the 22 substances that were quantified at higher frequencies (> 50 %, one out of 2 sites) were measured in sediments. These are congeners of PAHs (13 substances) , alkylphenols ( 3 molecules: the mono and diethoxyate nonylphenol and the 4-ter butylphenol ), the organic forms of tin (2 substances), products of metabolism insecticide DDT ( 2 products), diethyl lead and the 209 PBDE congener. The study of the highest concentrations distribution of substances between France and OFD shows that the 5 (among 19 molecules) highest concentrations in water and the 6 (among 47 molecules) highest concentrations in sediments are found in OFD. Reference to PNEC indicates that four pesticides in water and 11 different substances in sediments exceed the environmental thresholds. Substances with highest detection frequency are found in the sediment. The distribution of data by use or nature of the substance shows that plasticizers and pesticides predominate in raw water, both in France and overseas departments while PAHs in sediments dominate in France and in OFD.
Cette étude contribue au programme d’inventaire des substances chimiques émergentes dans les eaux françaises et à la réflexion qui doit permettre d’actualiser la liste des substances pertinentes à surveiller de manière régulière dans le cadre des nouveaux programmes de surveillance. Ce travail concerne la partie littorale de l’inventaire, sur les eaux brutes et les sédiments de la métropole et des 5 DOM. Dans ce cadre, des techniques d’échantillonnage passif (EP) et d’extraction directe ont été testées grâce à la mise en place in situ de systèmes intégrateurs POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) et à l’extraction par des barres SBSE (Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction) directement dans les eaux échantillonnées. Enfin des analyses de sédiments ont complété l’acquisition des données. L’eau d’une quarantaine de stations a été échantillonnée et des sédiments ont été prélevés sur 7 stations en métropole et dans 5 stations dans les DOM (une station par DOM). En termes analytiques, 1054 analyses ont été réalisées sur les membranes POCIS et 64 dépassaient la limite de détection (LD), 12726 analyses ont concerné les extractions par SBSE pour 304 résultats situés au dessus de la LD et 1536 analyses effectuées dans le sédiment ont donné 237 valeurs supérieures à la limite de quantification (LQ). Au bilan 169 substances différentes ont été recherchées et 68 d’entre elles ont été détectées au moins une fois dans l’eau brute ou le sédiment. L’absence de réplicats pour les analyses POCIS et celles dans le sédiment a limité le traitement statistique des données. Les résultats ont permis de déterminer le niveau de contamination, la fréquence de détection (FD), la distribution métropole/DOM des substances, la comparaison avec les seuils environnementaux (PNEC) et l’origine des substances. Dans l’eau 32 substances ont été identifiées et 19 ont été quantifiées. Dans le sédiment 47 substances sont quantifiées .Neuf substances sont détectées à la fois dans l’eau et le sédiment. En métropole, les 15 substances quantifiées aux plus hautes fréquences (> 50%, soit un site sur 2) sont quantifiées dans les sédiments. Ce sont les congénères de la famille des HAP (11 substances), des formes organiques de l’étain (2 substances), le plomb diéthyle et le congénère 209 des PBDE. Dans les DOM, les 22 substances quantifiées aux plus hautes fréquences (> 50%, soit un site sur 2) sont mesurées dans les sédiments. Ce sont des congénères de la famille des HAP dans (13 substances), des alkylphénols (3 substances : nonylphénols mono et diéthoxylés et 4-ter butylphénol), des formes organiques de l’étain (2 substances), des produits de métabolisation de l’insecticide DDT (2 produits), du plomb diéthyle et du congénère 209 des PBDE. L’étude de la répartition des plus fortes concentrations entre la métropole et les DOM montre que les 5 (sur 19) concentrations les plus élevées mesurées dans l’eau et les 6 (sur 47) plus fortes concentrations mesurées dans les sédiments sont trouvées dans les DOM. Les substances mesurées aux fortes fréquences sont observées dans le sédiment. La référence à la PNEC indique le dépassement de la norme pour 4 pesticides dans l’eau brute et 11 substances diverses dans les sédiments. L’exploitation des données par usage ou nature des substances montre que les plastifiants et les pesticides sont majoritaires dans les eaux brutes, à la fois en métropole et dans les DOM alors que ce sont les HAP qui dominent dans les sédiments, en métropole et dans les DOM.

Droits : 2014 ONEMA, Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00259/36994/35483.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00259/36994/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : Modern geochronology has moved beyond the acquisition of dates: the goal is to understand the significance of these numbers for the geodynamic evolution of Earth at all scales. The coupling of the laser-ablation microprobe (LAM) to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICPMS, multicollector (MC)-ICPMS) has revolutionised geochronology and geochemistry over the last 10 years. These systems enable the rapid and precise in situ analysis of trace-element patterns and isotopic systems, while adding information related to microstructural context and major-element composition. The integration of these multiple sources of data is crucial in constraining the origin of the sample and the processes leading to its formation, so that we can understand the meaning of a date in terms of geological events. LAM-ICPMS measurement of U-Pb ages and trace-element patterns in zircon, coupled with LAM-MC-ICPMS analysis of Hf isotopes in the same grains, gives new insights into the processes of magma genesis. Applied to detrital zircons from modern drainages or sedimentary rocks (the TerraneChron approach), it becomes a powerful tool to investigate problems of crustal evolution on scales ranging from single terranes to continents. The in situ analysis (LAM-MC-ICPMS) of Re-Os systematics in single grains of sulfides in mantle-derived peridotites has demonstrated that most mantle rocks contain several generations of Os-bearing sulfides; whole-rock analyses are mixtures reflecting multiple melting and metasomatic events in the lithospheric mantle. These deep-seated events are commonly mirrored in the crust; Os model-age spectra from xenolith suites show age 'peaks' that correspond to the ages of thermal/tectonic events in the overlying crust, suggesting strong linkages between crust and mantle. Integrated studies of the timing and nature of crustal and mantle events, using these techniques, will be important for understanding the large-scale dynamics of the Earth.
ISSN: 0812-0099

hal-00411328
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411328
DOI : 10.1080/08120090802097450

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : International audience
In spite of several studies on factors affecting nitrogen (N) export in water, the spatiotemporal variability of N export is rarely addressed. This review aims at discussing the different factors involved in N export in water and the intra-annual variability of N occurrences in rivers at a watershed scale. From the analysis of the existing works some recommendations on future research work are proposed regarding (i) other N forms than nitrate being systematically considered for routine analysis or experimental studies (at least Kjheldal nitrogen), (ii) hydrologists and biogeochemists working together to better understanding of N dynamics according to water pathways, especially during “situations at risk,” (iii) water quality monitoring being reinforced both spatially and temporally, especially thanks to high frequency instrumentation, and (iv) accurate data on watersheds needed to give better explanations of N variations. We argue that a better understanding of spatiotemporal variability could greatly enhance the remediation of N export impacts, which is crucial to anticipate the impacts of global changes
ISSN: 1064-3389

hal-01195736
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195736
DOI : 10.1080/10643389.2015.1010432

Résumé : The goal of this study was to provide economic data to align Ifremer's research programme with the global socio-economic context, which is the crux of this work. Although the economies of the French Overseas Departments and Territories are poorly understood in mainland France, a brief macroeconomic analysis shows that they have the following main features: steady, but unbalanced growth, as indicated by high unemployment rates and low trade indices, and an overdeveloped services sector. This situation can be explained by an economic growth regime specific to the French overseas regions. It is based on, for the most part, public subsidies, a voluntary strategy promoted by the public authorities to raise the standards of living in the overseas regions.
L'objet de cette étude est de fournir des éléments économiques qui permettent de mettre en parallèle la démarche de programmation de recherche de l'IFREMER et le contexte socio-économique d'ensemble dans lequel cette recherche s'insère. Si l'économie des DOM-TOM reste méconnue en métropole, une analyse macroéconomique rapide montre bien quelles en sont les caractéristiques principales : une croissance soutenue mais très déséquilibrée comme l'attestent un taux de chômage élevé et un taux de couverture des importations dérisoire, l'existence d'un secteur tertiaire qualifié parfois d'"hypertrophié"... Cette situation s'explique par un mode de croissance spécifique à l'outre-mer français. Il repose pour une large part sur l'intervention financière publique, qui elle-même découle de la volonté exprimée par les pouvoirs publics de promouvoir un rattrapage rapide des niveaux de vie ultramarins. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1991/rapport-4094.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4094/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : International audience
Within the framework of the international field campaign COPS (Convective and Orographically induced Precipitation Study), a large suite of state-of-the-art meteorological instrumentation was operated, partially combined for the first time. This includes networks of in situ and remote-sensing systems such as the Global Positioning System as well as a synergy of multi-wavelength passive and active remote-sensing instruments such as advanced radar and lidar systems. The COPS field phase was performed from 01 June to 31 August 2007 in a low-mountain area in southwestern Germany/eastern France covering the Vosges mountains, the Rhine valley and the Black Forest mountains. The collected dataset covers the entire evolution of convective precipitation events in complex terrain from their initiation, to their development and mature phase until their decay. Eighteen Intensive Observations Periods with 37 operation days and eight additional Special Observations Periods were performed, providing a comprehensive dataset covering different forcing conditions. In this article, an overview of the COPS scientific strategy, the field phase, and its first accomplishments is given. Highlights of the campaign are illustrated with several measurement examples. It is demonstrated that COPS research provides new insight into key processes leading to convection initiation and to the modification of precipitation by orography, in the improvement of quantitative precipitation forecasting by the assimilation of new observations, and in the performance of ensembles of convection-permitting models in complex terrain.
ISSN: 0035-9009

hal-00565513
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00565513
DOI : 10.1002/qj.752

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
High Pressure - Low Temperature (HP-LT) rocks testify for burying and exhumation of crustal material in subduction zones. The question of their exhumation is nevertheless still unclear. The Aegean domain offers several HP-LT belts. Especially, the Attic-Cycladic Blueschist unit (ACBU) is an example of a HP-LT unit exhumed in a convergent and then in a divergent context. It actually appears in metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) formed in the back-arc of the subduction. The syn-convergence "message" is however difficult to read because of the post-convergence structural and thermal overprint that accompanied the formation of the MCCs. Particularly, the geometry, the timing and the amount of the syn-orogenic exhumation remain unclear. We investigate theses questions with metamorphic petrology (Andros and Ios islands) and phengite population, single grain and in situ 40Ar-39Ar geochronology (Andros, Tinos, Syros and Ios islands). Based on these new constraints and a synthesis of published data, we are able to refine the geometry, the timing and the modes of the exhumation of the ACBU. Data from the whole Cyclades exhibit little differences in the age and P-T conditions at the successive stages of syn-orogenic exhumation. The peak of pressure (500±50 °C-18±1 kbar) has been reached at 50-55 Ma. The onset of the exhumation occurred at 40-45 Ma in blueschist facies conditions, between a basal thrust and a summital detachment. The following decompression was accompanied by cooling until 30-35 Ma (400±50 °C-8±1 kbar). At that time, the boundary conditions switched to extension. The change in boundary conditions is recorded by slowing of the exhumation and isobare heating. The conditions of post-orogenic exhumation differ from an island to another. The onset of post-orogenic exhumation is dated around 30 Ma in the northern Cyclades and 25 Ma in the southern Cyclades. It is related to top-to-the-North deformation in all the studied domain. The end of ductile deformation below the detachments is also diachronous (21 Ma in the North and 18 Ma in the South). Finally, we propose a model for the final steps of the exhumation related to the intrusion of granitic bodies around 14 Ma.
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
San Francisco, United States

insu-00860510
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00860510
BIBCODE : 2010AGUFM.T23C2301L

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD American Geophysical Union
Résumé : International audience
We recover the Holocene earthquake history of seven seismogenic normal faults in the Fucino system, central Italy. We collected 800 samples from the well-preserved limestone scarps of the faults and modeled their 36Cl concentrations to derive their seismic exhumation history. We found that > 30 large earthquakes broke the faults in synchrony over the last 12 ka. The seven faults released strain at the same periods of time, 12-9 ka, 5-3 ka, and 1.5-1 ka. On all faults, the strain accumulation and release occurred in 3-6 ka supercycles, each included a 3-5 ka phase of slow (≤ 0.5-2 mm/yr) strain accumulation in relative quiescence, followed by a cluster of three to four large earthquakes or earthquake sequences that released most of the strain in < 1-2 ka. The large earthquakes repeated every 0.5 ± 0.3 ka during the paroxysmal phases and every 4.3 ± 0.9 ka between those phases. Earthquakes on the northern faults produced twice larger surface slips (~ 2 m) and had larger magnitudes (Mw 6.2-6.7) than those on the southern faults. On most faults, the relative strain level was found to control the amount of slip and the time of occurrence of the next large earthquake. Faults entered a phase of clustered activity once they had reached a specific relative strain threshold. The Tre Monti fault is identified as the most prone to break over the next century. Our data document earthquake synchrony and clustering at a broader space and time scale than has been reported to date.
ISSN: 0148-0227

hal-00903460
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00903460
DOI : 10.1002/jgrb.50299

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Public Library of Science
Résumé : International audience
The cyp19a1 gene that encodes aromatase, the only enzyme permitting conversion of C19 aromatizable androgens into estrogens, is present as a single copy in the genome of most vertebrate species, except in teleosts in which it has been duplicated. This study aimed at investigating the brain expression of a cyp19a1 gene expressed in both gonad and brain of Japanese eel, a basal teleost. By means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we show that cyp19a1 is expressed only in radial glial cells of the brain and in pituitary cells. Treatments with salmon pituitary homogenates (female) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (male), known to turn on steroid production in immature eels, strongly stimulated cyp19a1 messenger and protein expression in radial glial cells and pituitary cells. Using double staining studies, we also showed that aromatase-expressing radial glial cells exhibit proliferative activity in both the brain and the pituitary. Altogether, these data indicate that brain and pituitary expression of Japanese eel cyp19a1 exhibits characteristics similar to those reported for the brain specific cyp19a1b gene in teleosts having duplicated cyp19a1 genes. This supports the hypothesis that, despite the fact that eels also underwent the teleost specific genome duplication, they have a single cyp19a1 expressed in both brain and gonad. Such data also suggest that the intriguing features of brain aromatase expression in teleost fishes were not gained after the whole genome duplication and may reflect properties of the cyp19a1 gene of ancestral Actinopterygians.
ISSN: 1932-6203

hal-00877375
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877375
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877375/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00877375/file/Expressionsur Aromatase-accepted.pdf
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0044750

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
In the South Tien Shan range (Kyrgyzstan), the Late Paleozoic geodynamic evolution remains debated especially to the west of the Talas-Fergana fault (TFF) fault where suture-related high-pressure (HP) rocks are scarce. We provide new petrological and geochronological data on garnet amphibolites from the Chatkal range, to the west of the TFF, northwest of the South Tien Shan suture. These rocks are retrogressed eclogites. We used a micro-mapping approach combined with forward modeling and empirical thermobarometry to decipher the P–T path of these amphibolitized eclogites. The metamorphic peak conditions culminated at 490 ± 50 °C and 18.5 ± 2 kbar and were followed by higher temperature retrogression (∼560 °C at 11–7 kbar). In order to constrain the age of the HP stage, we dated allanite crystals texturally coeval to the HP mineral assemblage. Allanite grains dated in situ with a U–Pb LA-ICPMS methodology yield an age of 301 ± 15 Ma. Compared with previously published data for the east of the TFF, these P–T constraints allow improving the understanding of the Late Paleozoic geodynamic evolution of the South Tien Shan. To the east of TFF, the Turkestan Ocean closed around 320 Ma with the collision of the Tarim Craton with the Kazakh microcontinent. To the west of TFF, the Turkestan Ocean closed around 300 Ma, when the Alai block collided with the Kazakh microcontinent. This later collision involved nappe-stacking and intense subvertical folding in the western South Tien Shan. This complex folding explains the S-shape of the suture to the west of the TFF that cannot be observed in the eastern part. These new data allow us to propose a distinct tectonic evolution of the two sides of the TFF, which suggests that this fault was a major transform fault before being a strike-slip intra-continental fault.
ISSN: 0264-3707

hal-01347171
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01347171
DOI : 10.1016/j.jog.2015.06.005

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Symbiosis is a widespread phenomenon in the biosphere. In marine benthic environments breakdown of symbiosis is responsible for coral bleaching and dramatically affects coral reef ecosystems functioning [1]. In the water column, planktonic organisms are key component of pelagic ecosystems and a number of species form mutualistic association with microalgae forming a photosymbiosis [2]. Here we intended to investigate the genetic basis of photosymbiosis, through a transcriptomic approach on marine plankton organisms. We focused more specifically on associations occurring between radiolarian host (protist, zooplankton) and dinoflagellates symbiont (protist, phytoplankton) living inside the host cell. It has recently been highlighted that these holobionts are widespread in oligotrophic open oceans and there are also evidences of their fundamental implication in biogeochemical carbon, silica and strontium cycles [3, 4, 5, 6]. RNA-seq technologies allow obtaining an unprecedented amount of data for unicellular organisms isolated from the environment [7]. The study of such non-model holobionts datasets requires de novo assembly, which implies considerable computational resources and the potential production of chimeric sequences [8, 9].We therefore developed an original strategy aiming at accelerating and improving de novo assembly for holobiont datasets. We chose SIMKA [10] a fast kmer-based method initially developed to estimate the similarity between numerous metagenomic datasets, and which has been recently adapted to extract their common sequences. As our symbionts are identified, we used SIMKA to compare our holobionts transcriptomes to publicly available dinoflagellates transcriptomes [11] generating two datasets, one composed of reads from the symbionts and another with reads from the host (for which no reference data are currently available). Independent assemblies were then performed in parallel, accelerating the study process, and minimizing the proportion of resulting chimeric sequences. Our strategy produced a unique and comprehensive genomic dataset for Radiolaria [12, 13], and offers a pragmatic, large scale, comparison strategy to assemble and study holobionts [9]. Our new sequences obtained from holobionts study will be used for phylogenomics investigation, as reference for environmental metagenomic studies and ultimately to understand and characterize the molecular basis of symbiotic relationships in the plankton.Bibliografic references :[1] Simon K. Davy, Denis Allemand, and Virginia M. Weis. “Cell Biology of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis”. In: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 76.2 (June 1, 2012), pp. 229–261. issn: 1092-2172, 1098- 5557. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.05014-11.[2] Janouškovec, J. et al. “Major transitions in dinoflagellate evolution unveiled by phylotranscriptomics”. in: PNAS 201614842 (2016). doi:10.1073/pnas.1614842114[3] Tristan Biard et al. “In situ imaging reveals the biomass of giant protists in the global ocean”. In: Nature advance online publication (Apr. 20, 2016). issn: 0028-0836. doi: 10.1038/nature17652.[4] Lionel Guidi et al. “Plankton networks driving carbon export in the olig- otrophic ocean”. In: Nature 532.7600 (Apr. 28, 2016), pp. 465–470. issn: 0028-0836. doi: 10.1038/nature16942.[5] Diane K. Stoecker et al. “Acquired phototrophy in aquatic protists”. In: Aquatic Microbial Ecology 57.3 (Nov. 24, 2009), pp. 279–310. doi: 10.3354/ame01340.[6] Johan Decelle et al. “An original mode of symbiosis in open ocean plankton”. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.44 (Oct. 30, 2012), pp. 18000–18005. issn: 0027-8424, 1091-6490. doi: 10. 1073/pnas.1212303109.[7] Sergio Balzano et al. “Transcriptome analyses to investigate symbiotic relationships between marine protists”. In: Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (Mar. 17, 2015). issn: 1664-302X. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00098.[8] Li, B. et al. “Evaluation of de novo transcriptome assemblies from RNA-Seq data”. In: Genome Biology 15, 553 (2014).[9] Sangwan, N., Xia, F. & Gilbert, J. A. “Recovering complete and draft population genomes from metagenome datasets”. In: Microbiome 4, 8 (2016).[10] Gaëtan Benoit et al. “Multiple comparative metagenomics using mul- tiset k -mer counting”. In: PeerJ Computer Science 2 (Nov. 14, 2016). doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.94.[11] Patrick J. Keeling et al. “The Marine Microbial Eukaryote Transcriptome Sequencing Project (MMETSP): Illuminating the Functional Diversity of Eukaryotic Life in the Oceans through Transcriptome Sequencing”. In: PLOS Biol 12.6 (June 2014), e1001889. issn: 1545-7885. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001889.[12] Burki, F. et al. “Evolution of Rhizaria: new insights from phylogenomic analysis of uncultured protists”. In BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 377 (2010).
International Conference on Holobionts
Paris, France

hal-01575069
https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01575069

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : International audience
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a major diagnostic tool in lung diseases, including viral respiratory infections. We aimed to better define the situations where viral tests should be performed on BAL fluid (BALF). We retrospectively studied all cases where viral tests [immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, viral culture, and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] were performed on BALF during a period of 1 year (2008) in our institution. We compared the characteristics of patients with virus-positive versus virus-negative BALF. Of the 636 BALF samples sent to the microbiology laboratory, 232 underwent viral tests. Of these, 70 (30 %) were positive and identified 85 viruses: herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 (n = 27), cytomegalovirus (CMV, n = 23), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, n = 18), human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 (n = 12), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, n = 3), rhinovirus (n = 1), and adenovirus (n = 1). The variables associated with positive viral tests on univariate analysis were immunosuppression [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), corticosteroids >10 mg/day for ≥3 weeks, or other immunosuppressive therapy], ground-glass attenuations on computed tomography (CT) scanning, late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and durations of (i) hospital stay, (ii) intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and (iii) mechanical ventilation before BAL (p < 0.01 for each comparison). On multivariate analysis, only immunosuppression [odds ratio (OR) 6.4, 95 % confidence interval (CI) [2.8-14.3], p < 0.0001] and ground-glass attenuations (OR 3.7, 95 % CI [1.8-7.7], p = 0.0004) remained associated with virus-positive BAL. None of the viral tests performed on BALF for the initial assessment of diffuse infiltrative lung disease (n = 15) was positive. PCR improved the diagnostic yield of viral tests on BALF by 50 %. Testing for viruses on BALF should be mostly restricted to immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory diseases and/or patients with unexplained ground-glass attenuations on CT scanning.
ISSN: 0934-9723

hal-00873158
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00873158
DOI : 10.1007/s10096-012-1791-7
PUBMED : 23238685

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
This paper focuses on the study of the behaviour of a singular classifier system, the Adapted Pittsburgh Classifier System (A.P.C.S), on environments containing aliasing situations. Maze type environments are often used in reinforcement learning literature to assess the performances of learning methods when facing problems containing non Markovian situations. Those situations are often encountered when performing reinforcement learning on aliased data samples issued from meteorological simulations.
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence

hal-00520611
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00520611

Résumé : With resolution 3 067 (XXVIII), November 16th, 1973, the UN General Assembly decided the organization of a 3rd Conference on marine legislation which first session, "organization and proceedings", was held in New York City from December 3rd to December 14th, 1973 and whose second session, "in-depth questions", will be held in Caracas for 10 weeks between June 20th and August 29th, 1974. In reality, the decision dates back to a resolution 2 750 C (XXV), November 17th, 1970, and stems from a number of consultations carried out by the Secretary-General demonstrating that "the idea of a general-interest conference on marine legislation was largely supported". Why did it appear necessary to totally review marine legislation, 15 years after the Geneva Conferences of 1958 and 1960? This is what we will try to explain in analysing the causes of such an evolution and drawing its general tendencies, before focusing on the current situation at the opening of the conference and the future perspectives.
Par une résolution 3067 (XXVIII) du 16 Novembre 1973, l'Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies décidait la convocation d'une 3ème Conférence sur le droit de la mer dont la première session d'organisation et de procédure a eu lieu à New York du 3 au 14 Décembre 1973 et dont la deuxième session, "aux fins de traiter des questions de fond", se tiendra à Caracas pendant 10 semaines du 20 Juin au 29 Août 1974. En réalité, la décision de principe remonte B une résolution 2750 C (XXV) du 17 Décembre 1970, et résulte de consultations entreprises par le Secrétaire Général indiquant que "l'idée de convoquer une Conférence de portée générale sur le droit de la mer recueillait un large appui". Pourquoi est-il apparu nécessaire de procéder à une révision totale du droit de la mer, 15 ans après les Conférences de Genève de 1958 et 1960 ? C'est ce que nous allons essayer d'expliquer en analysant les causes d'une telle évolution et en dégageant les tendances qui se manifestent avant d'examiner la situation telle quel le se présente à l'ouverture de la Conférence et les perspectives d'avenir. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1974/rapport-4794.PDF
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4794/

Résumé : This document presents a survey of the marine-related activities in France, i.e. those of the commercial sector (exploitation of mineral and living resources, manufacturing industries, services) and those of the public sector (Navy, State services, education, safety, marine research). A chapter is devoted to the protection of the coastal and marine environment, and the chapter on tourism gives quantitative data on the impacts of the pollution caused by the Erika oil-tanker. Each activity of the commercial sector is described by key-figures (turnover, value added, employment). The description of the non-commercial public sector includes data on costs, including personnel costs. In addition to these figures, qualitative information is given on the recent development, present situation and outlook for each activity.
Ce document présente un panorama des activités liées à Ia mer en France, c'est-a-dire du secteur industriel (exploitation des ressources minérales et vivantes, industrie manufacturière, services) et celles du secteur public non marchand (Marine nationale, services de I'Etat, enseignement, sécurité, recherche marine). Un chapitre est consacre a Ia protection de l'environnement littoral et marin, et le chapitre sur le tourisme donne des indications quantitatives sur les impacts de Ia pollution causée par le navire pétrolier Erika. Chaque activité du secteur industriel est décrite par des chiffres-clés (chiffre d'affaires, valeur ajoutée, emploi). Pour le secteur public non marchand, sont fournies des donnees sur les coûts, notamment les coûts de personnel. Ces indicateurs sont accompagnes d'informations qualitatives sur l'évolution récente, Ia situation actuelle et les perspectives de chaque activité.

Droits : 2002 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00117/22852/20661.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00117/22852/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Mylonite bodies are exhumed extensions at depth of shallow structural level brittle faults. They are characterised by intense strain localisation involving large volumes of middle to lower continental crust. The analysis of shear zone geometry and microstructures is a useful tool to decipher deformation kinematics, though finite strain estimation is still relatively qualitative. Timing of the deformation has also been the focus of numerous studies using the complete spectrum of geochronometers. However, only rare examples provide geochronological data that can be unambiguously interpreted and cooling, recrystallisation and neocrystallisation are difficult to tell from each other. Thus, time-scales over which major mylonite zones develop and remain active under ductile conditions as well as their strain rate often remain poorly documented. We investigated two sections across the South-Armorican Shear Zone (SASZ), a crustal-scale pluri-km thick dextral shear zone active during a single tectonic event of late-Variscan age and associated with syntectonic granite emplacement.. Finite strain profiles on these cross-sections, quantified from average Quartz grain-size in 34 samples, show a strong deformation partitioning towards the center of the SASZ, with a decrease, for each section, from 150µm in slightly deformed zones to less than 7-5 µm in the core of the ultramylonite. Furthermore, toward the core of the SASZ, development of a penetrative shear band network progressively eliminates lenses of less deformed rocks and results in homogenisation of the Quartz grain sizes. In parallel, we performed in-situ UV-laser Ar/Ar dating on the fabric-forming white micas. White micas population can be decomposed into inherited muscovites carried by the folation and newly-formed, syn-tectonic substituted phengites located along the shear bands yielding 2 age groups for each sample. Along the profiles, the difference between these two ages evolves from 10-15 Ma in weakly deformed domains to zero toward the SASZ core. In addition, mylonite-forming phengites yielded the same age irrespectively of their position on the section or of the rock strain.. On the regional point of view, this study brings deformation-ages for the late-orogenic evolution of the South Armorican domain. Strain accumulated along the SASZ in a time-span extending to 300-298 Ma, i.e. contemporaneously with the activity of nearby major extensional shear zones. These results support a new model of crustal-scale shear zone activity, where the whole body of the shear zone is active throughout its history (defined as the largest age difference through the section), i.e. the actively deforming zone does not get progressively narrower. The strain distribution nevertheless evolves with time, with an increasingly large fraction partitioned in the ultramylonitic core.
EGU General Assembly
Vienne, Austria

insu-00839320
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00839320
BIBCODE : 2010EGUGA..12.9881A

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Gold mineralisation in the Yatela Main gold mine is hosted in a saprolitic residuum situated above Birimian supracrustal rocks, and at depth. The supracrustal rocks comprise metamorphosed calcitic and dolomitic marbles that were intruded by diorite (2106 ± 10 Ma, 207Pb/206Pb), and sandstone-siltstone-shale sequences (youngest detrital zircon population dated at 2139 ± 6 Ma). In-situ gold-sulphide mineralisation is associated with hydrothermal activity synchronous to emplacement of the diorite and forms a sub-economic resource; however, the overlying saprolitic residuum hosts economic gold mineralisation in friable lateritized palaeosols and aeolian sands (loess).Samples of saprolitic residuum were studied to investigate the morphology and composition of gold grains as a proxy for distance from source (and possible exploration vector) because the deposit hosts both angular and detrital gold suggesting both proximal and distal sources. U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircons also indicated a proximal and distal source, with the age spectra giving Archaean (2.83–3.28 Ga), and Palaeoproterozoic (1.95–2.20 Ga) to Neoproterozoic (1.1–1.8 Ga) zircons in the Yatela depocentre. The 1.1–1.8 Ga age spectrum restricts the maximum age for the first deposition of the sedimentary units in the Neoproterozoic, or during early deposition in the Taoudeni Basin. Models for formation of the residuum include distal and proximal sources for detritus into the depocentre, however, it is more likely that material was sourced locally and included recycled material. The creation of a deep laterite weathering profile and supergene enrichment of the residuum probably took place during the mid-Cretaceous-early Tertiary.
ISSN: 0899-5362

hal-01277679
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01277679
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.07.017

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : Satellite and in situ chlorophyll concentration data collected as part of VALidation HYperspectral of a BIOgeochemical model (ValHyBio), a PNTS-sponsored project dedicated to satellite ocean-colour imaging of the Southwest Pacific, are analyzed to describe chlorophyll variability in the Coral Sea, a vast oligotrophic region characterized by a deep chlorophyll maximum and blue waters of high transparency. Average chlorophyll concentrations estimated from MODIS-Aqua are very low (<0.2 mg m-3) except in the vicinity of main islands and coral reefs, where enrichment may occur due to upwelling or internal waves that bring nutrients to the euphotic zone from the deep part of the water column. During the summer season, blooms of cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium) develop in the surface waters and may form large slicks. The nitrogen fixed by these slicks is a potential source of new nitrogen later assimilated by picoplankton and the marine food chain. Coastal areas exhibit higher chlorophyll concentrations because of nutrient input from the land, as observed in 2008 around New Caledonia. In lagoon areas, the sea colour is influenced by turbidity and bathymetry, and the MODIS OC3 algorithm is inadequate, with a systematic overestimation of chlorophyll concentration in the New Caledonia lagoon. Improved bio-optical algorithms are needed for those turbid and shallow waters, to allow not only a better description of chlorophyll variability, but also evaluation of chlorophyll simulations by recently developed biogeochemical models.
of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, 18E
CAIRNS, Australia

hal-00746470
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00746470
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00746470/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
In this paper we study how to detect anomalies in a distributed manner by using wireless sensor networks (WSN). We focus on a medical context, where existing works generally provide large environments to monitor patients using sensors as simple transducers. Those devices forward sensed health parameters to a main base station. This station collects received data and may perform some computations. In this paper, we perform some distributed tasks on the sensors. We propose a distributed algorithm which allows to raise alarms under some initial rules to alert efficiently medical staff in case of critical situations without needles warnings.
10th IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, WOWMOM 2009.
KOS, Greece

hal-00519589
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00519589

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : 1 p.
For groundwater issues (potential leakages in waste repository, aquifer management ...), the development of modeling techniques is far ahead of the actual knowledge of aquifers. This raises two fundamental issues: 1) which and how much data are necessary to make predictions accurate enough for aquifer management issues; 2) which models remain relevant to describe the heterogeneity and complexity of geological systems. The French observatory H+ was created in 2002 with the twofold motivation of acquiring a large database for validating models of heterogeneous aquifers, and of surveying groundwater quality evolution in the context of environmental changes. H+ is a network of 4 sites (Ploemeur, Brittany, France; HES Poitiers, France; Cadarache, France; Campos, Mallorca, Spain) with different geological, climatic, and economic contexts. All of them are characterized by a highly heterogeneous structure (fractured crystalline basement for Ploemeur, karstified and fractured limestone for Poitiers, Cadarache and Mallorca), which is far to be taken into account by basic models. Ploemeur is exploited as a tap-water plant for a medium-size coastal city (15,000 inhabitants) for 20 years. Each site is developed for long term investigation and monitoring. They involves a dense network of boreholes, detailed geological and geophysical surveys, periodic campaigns and/or permanent measurements of groundwater flow, water chemistry, geophysical signals (including ground motions), climatic parameter, etc. Several large-scale flow experiments are scheduled per year to investigate the aquifer structure with combined geophysical, hydrogeological, and geochemical instruments. All this information is recorded in a database that has been developed to improve the sustainability and quality of data, and to be used as a collaborative tool for both site researchers and modelers. This project lasts now for 5 years. It is a short time to collect the amount of information necessary to apprehend the complexity of aquifers; but it is already enough to obtain a few important scientific results about the very nature of the flow heterogeneity, the origin and residence time of water elements, the kinetic of geochemical processes, etc. We have also developed new methods to investigate aquifers (in-situ flow measurements, flow experiment designs, groundwater dating, versatile in-situ probes, etc.). This experience aiming at building up long term knowledge appears extremely useful to address critical issues related to groundwater aquifers: the structure and occurrence of productive aquifer in crystalline basement, the assessment of aquifer protection area in the context of highly heterogeneous flow, the biochemical reactivity processes, the long term evolution of both water quantity and quality in the context of significant environmental changes, for instance.
AGU, Fall Meeting 2008
San Francisco, United States

insu-00375980
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00375980