Éditeur(s) : London : Richard Phillips
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Archives territoriales de Guyane
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/GAD12003
GAD12003

Éditeur(s) : London : Whittaker
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Collectivité territoriale de Martinique. Bibliothèque Schoelcher
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/SCH13129
SCH13129

Éditeur(s) : Londres : John Stockolale
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 18
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Archives départementales de Guadeloupe
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/ADG17064
ADG17064

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : National audience
New experimental data on electrical and anelastic properties of oceanic rocks at high pressures and temperatures are compared with the field data of seismic and electrical anomalies observed at oceanic spreading centers. The laboratory results of electrical conductivity and internal friction on gabbro and peridotites permit to estimate a degree of partial melting and maximum temperature in axial magma chambers (12-15% of melting at 1155-1165°C) and at the upper boundary of a source zone at the depth of 40-90 km (less than 5% of melting in the absence of pyroxene crystals and up to 11-14% in the pyroxene reach rocks at 1360-1370°C) at mid-oceanic ridges.
ISSN: 0934-6554

hal-01322920
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01322920

Éditeur(s) : Paris : Chez Mallet-Bachelier, Imp. Libraire
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Archives départementales de Guadeloupe
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/ADG17076
ADG17076

Éditeur(s) : [S.l.] : Murray
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 15
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Université des Antilles. Service commun de la documentation
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/HASH117f75b891912290c62713
HASH117f75b891912290c62713

Éditeur(s) : La Habana : impr. de Spencer y cía
Résumé : Littérature

Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Institut des Hautes Études de l'Amérique latine, Bibliothèque Pierre-Monbeig
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/IHE14003
IHE14003

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
ISSN: 0168-583X

hal-01685803
https://hal.univ-antilles.fr/hal-01685803
DOI : 10.1016/0168-583X(93)90750-Z

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Coastal aquifers often display seawater intrusion resulting in the formation of a salty water wedge progressing inland. This study investigates the mass transfers in the mixing zone at the freshwater-seawater interface where the water is out of equilibrium with the rock-forming carbonates. Investigations were conducted in two boreholes, separated by 5 m, at the Ses Sitjoles test site (Mallorca Island, Spain) where repeated electrical conductivity logs of the formation and the saturating fluid, as well as regular pore-water sampling and permanent downhole multi-parameter monitoring of the water were performed over a period of 9 a. In the mixing zone, the significant acidification, the calcite saturation index profile and the Ca concentration profile cannot be explained by conservative mixing nor by dissolution-precipitation reactions only. Conversely, the analysis of organic C content and of the distinctly different time-resolved pH profiles measured in the two boreholes suggests the development of perennial biomass that triggers calcite dissolution. Moreover, the presence of biomass seems to be correlated with the permeability and vertical connectivity at the meter-scale. It is speculated that the mechanism could be self-activated because the microbiological activity induces calcite dissolution and tends to increase porosity and permeability that favors biomass development.
ISSN: 0883-2927

hal-00937665
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00937665
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.09.011

Date de création : 1870-01-01

Éditeur(s) : London : Bell & Daldy
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Collectivité territoriale de Guyane. Bibliothèque Alexandre-Franconie
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/FRA11002
FRA11002

Résumé : In an effort to implement new fishing activities for the small scale fisheries of Reunion Island, a prospecting cruise targeting deep demersal fish (200 to 600 m) was set up on the west coast of Reunion Island in 2000. This project was carried out by the Regional Fishery Committee and the French Institute for the Exploration of the Sea (Ifremer). Large commercial stocks were identified, and numerous professional or recreational fishermen started employing electric winches to exploit these deep resources. However, the deep demersal species are a fragile resource due mainly to low growth rates and late sexual maturation. Due to the rapid increase in fishing pressure, Ifremer was asked to set up a new study and two scientific campaigns were carried out in 2011 (68 fishing trips being conducted with 559 dropline operations). The first cruise was conducted at the same sites, using the same types of fishing gear and methods used in 2000. A marked drop of greater than 90% was observed in the catches of commercial species, together with a decrease of most fish sizes, attesting the overexploitation of these stocks. Only, catches of the small non-commercial shark (Squalus megalops) remained important (50% in number and weight of total catches). The second cruise extended the prospection area to all waters surrounding Reunion Island . The overexploitation was confirmed in the west of Reunion Island, and in to a lesser degree in the north. Yields were better along the east and the south coasts. Concurrently, the efficiency of 2 hook sizes was compared : small hooks caught significantly more fish but of significantly smaller body sizes, resulting in comparable total weight of fish. We conclude that medium size hooks (i.e. type 7/0) have a significant selectivity on the fish size without loss in the global catch yield. Various types of baits were also tested with the flesh of small local pelagic fish species (Selar crumenophtalmus and Decapterus macarellus) appearing to be the most efficient. This study provides helpful indicators for the management of demersal fish stocks in Reunion island, which have been poorly surveyed and poorly regulated until now. However, the total fishing effort, especially from recreational fishermen, remains the most important factor to be quantified.
Dans la perspective de diversifier la Petite Pêche réunionnaise, une campagne de prospection des stocks de poissons démersaux profonds (200 à 600 m) avait été réalisée en 2000 par le Comité Régional des Pêches Maritimes (CRPM) et l'Institut Français de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer) dans l'ouest de l'île de La Réunion. Elle a montré l'existence de stocks commercialement intéressants et de nombreux pêcheurs, professionnels et plaisanciers se sont équipés en moulinets électriques pour exploiter ces ressources profondes. Cependant les poissons démersaux profonds représentent une ressource fragile du fait, notamment, de leur croissance lente et de leur maturité sexuelle tardive. Aussi, face à cette augmentation rapide de la pression de pêche, Ifremer a été sollicité pour mener une nouvelle étude ; et deux nouvelles campagnes expérimentales ont été réalisées en 2011 (68 marées ayant permis la réalisation de 559 filages). La première campagne a repris les mêmes sites de pêche, le même matériel et la même méthodologie qu’en 2000. Elle montre que les rendements en espèces commerciales ont diminué de façon très nette (plus de 90%) ainsi que la taille de certaines espèces, indicateurs caractéristiques d'une surexploitation des stocks. Seules les captures de requins zépines (Squalus megalops,) non commercialisées à La Réunion, restent comparables à celles de 2000 avec la moitié des captures totales. La 2e campagne a étendu la prospection à tout le tour de l'île. La surpêche (baisse des rendements et des tailles de poisson) est confirmée dans l'ouest et à un moindre degré sur la côte nord. Les rendements sont meilleurs dans l'est et le sud. Parallèlement, 2 tailles d'hameçons ont été comparées : les petits hameçons capturent un nombre significativement plus élevé de poissons par filage, mais de tailles plus petites, ce qui se traduit par un poids global comparable. Les hameçons de taille moyenne (type 7/0) ont donc une sélectivité significative sur la taille des poissons capturés sans nuire au rendement global. Des comparaisons ont aussi porté sur les types d'appât : Les laizes de petits pélagiques locaux (pêche-cavale et bancloche) se révèlent les plus efficaces et les plus sélectives vis-à-vis des espèces commerciales. Cette étude fournit des indicateurs utiles à la gestion des stocks démersaux jusqu'ici peu étudiés et peu encadrés. Mais la grande inconnue reste l'effort de pêche total sur cette ressource et notamment celui des pêcheurs plaisanciers.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00098/20902/18837.pdf
DOI:10.13155/20902
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00098/20902/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
ODP (Ocean Drilling Program)/IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) Site 1256 is located on the Cocos Plate in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean, in a 15 Ma old oceanic lithosphere formed at the EPR during a period of superfast spreading (>200 mm/yr). ODP/IODP Hole 1256D reached for the first time the contact between sheeted dikes and underlying gabbros. It consequently offers a unique opportunity to study in situ, in present-day oceanic crust, the root zone of the sheeted dike complex. This root zone is a thin, 100 m thick boundary layer between the magmatic system (i.e., the axial melt lens, similar to 1100 degrees C), and the overlying high temperature hydrothermal system (<= 450 degrees C). The understanding of interactions within this boundary layer is critical to that of crustal processes along mid-ocean ridges.;This work focuses on the petrophysical characterization of the root zone of the sheeted dike complex in order to further constrain the hydrothermal circulation system in the vicinity of the axial melt lens, as recorded in non-granoblastic dikes, granoblastic dikes, and varitextured gabbros. The petrophysical properties were determined from sample measurements in the laboratory and were compared to in situ downhole geophysical probing. The porosity structure is bipolar, depending on lithology, resulting in a layered system. Non-granoblastic dikes are generally altered in the greenschist fades (similar to>250 degrees C) with relatively high and interconnected (cementation index m similar to 1.72, electrical tortuosity tau similar to 28.3) porosity (1.5%). In contrast, gabbros are retrogressively metamorphosed in the amphibolite (similar to>450 degrees C) and greenschist facies, with lower porosity (1.3%) that involves numerous fissures and cracks, resulting in a more connected medium (m similar to 1.58, tau similar to 11.8) than non-granoblastic dikes. These cracks are more abundant but also tend to close with increasing depth as indicated in downhole geophysical data. Porosity and alteration, as viewed from surface electrical conductivity, appear to be directly correlated.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-00544556
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00544556
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2010.07.013

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
Energy is a critical enabler. In tropical countries, access to modern electricity is vital to reducing poverty and improving health, increasing productivity and promoting economic growth. However, the International Energy Agency reported in 2015 more than 1.2 billion people still did not have access to electricity in 2013, around 80% of them live in developing and tropical countries. Then, the same agency report also in 2016 around 6.5 million premature deaths each year can be attributed to air pollution. Therefore, it is time to support appropriate renewable energy developments, particularly the river hydrokinetic developments seems to be a better solution in tropics because of large and powerful rivers in these areas.In French Guiana, 35% of the inland populations are still not connected to the electrical grid (Région Guyane, 2012). This could be ascribed to the fact that extending grid wires hundreds of kilometers through difficult terrain and thick jungles just to serve a small remote village is economically unviable initiative (Ajan et al., 2003; Anyi et al., 2010). As an alternative, French Guiana and most of the tropical countries resort to diesel-powered generators which requires significant imports of expensive fuel, difficult to bring into remote areas (Région Guyane, 2012).This works proposes guidelines to estimate river hydrokinetic fluxes in the vicinity of remote communities in tropics. The method is applied to identify and characterise potential sites along an important reach of the Maroni river in French Guiana. First, a novel method to carry out river terrain elevation model is presented and some results about the Maroni river are reported. It begins from how to conduct ADCP survey, which corrections on them should be made and ends up by interpolating bathymetry over curvilinear profiles which handle the flow lines. That approach involves how mutli-source data (sparse ADCP-cross profiles, incomplete LiDAR tiles and hydroligic data) are merged and combined to estimate local cross section shape, maximum water depth and carry out cross profile in ungauged sites.This is followed by a deep characterisation about time-evolution of hydrokinetic fluxes field in the areas of interest by implementation of a full 2D hydrodynamic model (TELEMAC2D) over an important reach of the Maroni river. To optimise computational cost, river sections outside the areas of interest are modelled as a porous media where only the flows variables up and down stream must fulfil the field data.
CAS
Deshaies, Guadeloupe

hal-01514240
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01514240

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This paper aims to present an overview on the influence of rheological heterogeneity and mechanical anisotropy on the deformation of continents. After briefly recapping the concept of rheological stratification of the lithosphere, we discuss two specific issues: (1) as supported by a growing body of geophysical and geological observations, crust=mantle mechanical coupling is usually efficient, especially beneath major transcurrent faults which probably crosscut the lithosphere and root within the sublithospheric mantle; and (2) in most geodynamic environments, mechanical properties of the mantle govern the tectonic behaviour of the lithosphere. Lateral rheological heterogeneity of the continental lithosphere may result from various sources, with variations in geothermal gradient being the principal one. The oldest domains of continents, the cratonic nuclei, are characterized by a relatively cold, thick, and consequently stiff lithosphere. On the other hand, rifting may also modify the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Depending on the relative stretching of the crust and upper mantle, a stiff or a weak heterogeneity may develop. Observations from rift domains suggest that rifting usually results in a larger thinning of the lithospheric mantle than of the crust, and therefore tends to generate a weak heterogeneity. Numerical models show that during continental collision, the presence of both stiff and weak rheological heterogeneities significantly influences the large-scale deformation of the continental lithosphere. They especially favour the development of lithospheric-scale strike-slip faults, which allow strain to be transferred between the heterogeneities. An heterogeneous strain partition occurs: cratons largely escape deformation, and strain tends to localize within or at the boundary of the rift basins provided compressional deformation starts before the thermal heterogeneity induced by rifting are compensated. Seismic and electrical conductivity anisotropies consistently point towards the existence of a coherent fabric in the lithospheric mantle beneath continental domains. Analysis of naturally deformed peridotites, experimental deformations and numerical simulations suggest that this fabric is developed during orogenic events and subsequently frozen in the lithospheric mantle. Because the mechanical properties of single-crystal olivine are anisotropic, i.e. dependent on the orientation of the applied forces relative to the dominant slip systems, a pervasive fabric frozen in the mantle may induce a significant mechanical anisotropy of the whole lithospheric mantle. It is suggested that this mechanical anisotropy is the source of the so-called tectonic inheritance, i.e. the systematic reactivation of ancient tectonic directions; it may especially explain preferential rift propagation and continental break-up along pre-existing orogenic belts. Thus, the deformation of continents during orogenic events results from a trade-off between tectonic forces applied at plate boundaries, plate geometry, and the intrinsic properties (rheological heterogeneity and mechanical anisotropy) of the continental plates.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01389719
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389719
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389719/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389719/file/vauchez_etal_rheology_1998_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00137-1

Éditeur(s) : London : J. Wright
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 18
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Collectivité territoriale de Martinique. Bibliothèque Schoelcher
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/SCH13194
SCH13194

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
The main goal of the monitoring stage of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is to obtain an accurate estimation of the subsurface CO2 accumulation and to detect any possible leakage. Laboratory experiments are necessary to investigate the small scale processes governing the CO2–brine–rock interaction. They also provide a means to calibrate the results coming from field scale geophysical methods. In this work we set up an experimental system which is able to perform Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) measurements on centimeter-scale rock samples at various P–T conditions. We present the results of two new experiments related to CO2 monitoring, performed on a cylindrical (4 × 8 cm) Fontainebleau rock sample. In the first one, we have quantified the CO2 saturation at different volume fractions, representing zones from a deep saline aquifer with varying degrees of saturation. In the second one, we have monitored and quantified the effect of CO2 dissolution in the brine at a pressure of 40 bar during eight days, emulating the invasion of CO2 into a shallow aquifer. Results highlight the importance of accounting for the contribution of surface conductivity in highly CO2-saturated regions, even in clay-free rocks, and also for brine conductivity variation due to CO2 dissolution. Ignoring any of these effects will end up in a CO2 saturation underestimation. We present a modified CO2 saturation equation to account for these two influences.
ISSN: 0926-9851

hal-01356323
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01356323
DOI : 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.03.039

Éditeur(s) : London : J. Johnson, St. Paul's Church Yard & J. Edwards
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 18
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Collectivité territoriale de Martinique. Bibliothèque Schoelcher
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/SCH13242
SCH13242

Résumé : Since 2000, the exploitation of the deep demersal fish (200-700 m) with the use of electric winches has been increasing in Reunion island ; and this has needed a new appraisal of yields (CPUE) and individual fish sizes, as indicators of the state of the fish stocks. A first survey has been carried out at the first half of 2011, in order to set up the comparison with a previous survey in 2000 on the West coast of Reunion island. Drops of yields and sizes could be pointed out, attesting the overexploitation of the commercial species (Fleury et al 2011). This present report displays the results of a second campaign, carried out in the second half of 2011 all around the island. 32 fishing trips have been conducted which have permitted 251 fishing operations. The overexploitation (i.e. decreasing of yields and fish sizes) has been confirmed in the West of the island, and in a lower stage in the North. Yields are better in the East and the South. As much as in the first survey, the small non commercial sharks (Squalus megalops) could be countered for half of the catches. At the same time, 2 hook sizes have been tested and the small hooks have displayed a better efficiency in number of catches but not in global weight. Various types of bait have been tested and meat of small local pelagic fish (Selar crumenophtalmus and Decapterus macarellus) have appeared to be the most efficient. This report provides helpful indicators for the management of fish stocks which have been poorly surveyed and poorly regulated till now.
Depuis 2000, la pêche aux poissons démersaux profonds (200-700 m) à l'aide de virelignes électriques s'est développée à La Réunion ; et le besoin se faisait sentir d'une évaluation des rendements (CPUE) et des tailles individuelles de capture, indicateurs halieutiques classiques des états de stocks. Une première campagne a été réalisée au 1er semestre 2011 pour établir la comparaison avec une campagne de prospection réalisée en 2000 dans l'ouest de La Réunion. Elle a mis en évidence des baisses marquées des rendements et des tailles de capture, signes d’une surexploitation des espèces commerciales (Fleury et al 2011). Ce rapport présente les résultats d'une 2e campagne de prospection étendue à tout le tour de l'île. 32 marées ont été réalisées permettant la mise à l'eau de 251 filages. La surpêche (baisse des rendements et des tailles de poisson) est confirmée dans l'ouest et à un moindre degré sur la côte nord. Les rendements sont meilleurs dans l'est et le sud. Comme dans la première campagne, les requins zépines (Squalus megalops), non commercialisés à La Réunion, représentent la moitié des captures. Parallèlement, 2 tailles d'hameçons ont été comparées et les petits hameçons ont donné une augmentation du nombre de captures, mais pas du poids global. Des comparaisons ont aussi porté sur les types d'appât et les laizes de petits pélagiques locaux (pêche-cavale et bancloche) se sont révèlées les plus efficaces. Ce rapport fournit des indicateurs utiles à la gestion de stocks jusqu'ici peu suivis, et peu encadrés.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00089/20048/18049.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00089/20048/

Résumé : In the aim of diversification for small fisheries, a survey has been conducted in 2000 by the Regional Fisheries Committee and the French Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (Ifremer) between 200 and 600 m deep, in the West of Reunion Island. Potential commercial fish stocks have been found out. Numerous professional and recreational fishermen have bought equipment in order to exploit this resource (electric winches). But deep demersal fish is a fragile resource due mainly to low growth and late sexual maturation. Face to this increasing pressure upon a fragile resource, a new survey has been carried out by Ifremer in 2011, with use of the same fishing sites, material and method than in 2000. Results displayed in this report are compared to those of 2000. It turned out that yields of commercial species have decreased in an alarming way (over 90%) together with the fish sizes, data which exhibit a stock overfishing. The only catches of the non commercial species (small squale "Zépine" Squalus megalops) appear comparable to 2000. This survey has now to be confirmed all around Reunion Island.
Dans la perspective de diversifier la petite pêche réunionnaise, une campagne de prospection a été réalisée en 2000 par le Comité Régional des Pêches Maritimes (CRPM) et l'Institut Français de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer) sur des fonds de 200 à 600 m, dans l'ouest de l'île de La Réunion. Elle a montré l'existence de stocks commercialement intéressants. De nombreux pêcheurs, professionnels et plaisanciers se sont équipés en moulinets électriques pour exploiter ces ressources. Cependant les poissons démersaux profonds représentent une ressource fragile du fait, notamment, de leur croissance lente et de leur reproduction tardive. Face à cette augmentation de la pression de pêche sur une ressource fragile, une nouvelle campagne expérimentale a été menée en 2011 par l'Ifremer, en utilisant les mêmes sites de pêche, le même matériel et la même méthodologie qu’en 2000. Les résultats présentés dans ce rapport sont comparés avec ceux de la campagne de 2000. Il s’avère que les rendements en espèces commerciales ont diminué de façon très nette (plus de 90%) ainsi que la taille des poissons capturés, données caractéristiques d'une surexploitation des stocks. Seules les captures de requins zépines (Squalus megalops) non commercialisées à La Réunion restent comparables à celles de 2000. Il convient maintenant de valider ces résultats tout autour de l'île de La Réunion.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16100/13643.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00050/16100/

Éditeur(s) : London : T. Fisher Unwin
Extrait de : The south American series
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Provenance : Archives territoriales de Guyane
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/patrimon/GAD12011
GAD12011