Éditeur(s) : CRILLASH : Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires en Lettres, Langues, Arts et Sciences Humaines Observatoire des Amériques - UQAM Université Libanaise
Extrait de : "Monde arabe et Amérique latine : confluence des dynamiques sociétales" : colloque international, les 3 et 4 mai 2018. Université des Antilles
Description : Mounir ELHAJJOUJI, Professeur de Langue et Communication, parle du capitalisme comme un système économique qui pille le monde. Ce système crée un partage totalement inéquitable car un faible pourcentage de gens riches détient la moitié de ce que possèdent les gens pauvres des cinq continents. Il s'agit d'une concentration de richesse sans précédent dans toute l'histoire. Qui pis est, pour augmenter leur richesse, les capitalistes n'hésitent pas à saccager le milieu écologique et environnemental, ce qui risque d'avoir des conséquences désastreuses pour toute l'humanité. Le professeur traite de tous ces sujets dans sa communication.

Droits : CC-BY-NC-ND - Attribution - Pas d'utilisation commerciale - Pas de modification
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V18167
V18167

Éditeur(s) : Paris : Imp. Geny-gros
Extrait de : La femme dans les colonies françaises : études sur les moeurs au point de vue myologique et social (Entre première partie et châpitre 1)
Résumé : "Trois femmes sous un globe représentant probablement trois continents ou trois peuples, mention ""Les trois races"""

Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/images/SCH132790017i1
SCH132790017i1

Résumé : The slides were taken on collecting trips sponsored by the William L. Bryant Foundation, where books, music and art indigenous to the regions were gathered. They are organized by geographical location.
Colombus Lighthouse in Port-au-Prince. This tower was built during an exposition made to mark the bicentenary of the city of Port-au-Prince in 1949. Colombus is the person who discovered the American continents.
Haiti -- Caribbean region
Haiti
Haiti
Haiti

Droits : All rights to images are held by the respective holding institution. This image is posted publicly for non-profit educational uses, excluding printed publication. For permission to reproduce images and/or for copyright information contact Special Collections & University Archives, University of Central Florida Libraries, Orlando, FL 32816 phone (407) 823-2576, email: speccoll@mail.ucf.edu
CFM1972_01a
Sheet 54:7
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/CA01200232/00001

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Springer Verlag
Résumé : We aimed to enhance understanding of the molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by building a new global dataset targeting previously unstudied geographical areas. In total, we sampled 96 plant species from 25 sites that encompassed all continents except Antarctica. AMF in plant roots were detected by sequencing the nuclear SSU rRNA gene fragment using either cloning followed by Sanger sequencing or 454-sequencing. A total of 204 AMF phylogroups (virtual taxa, VT) were recorded, increasing the described number of Glomeromycota VT from 308 to 341 globally. Novel VT were detected from 21 sites; three novel but nevertheless widespread VT (Glomus spp. MO-G52, MO-G53, MO-G57) were recorded from six continents. The largest increases in regional VT number were recorded in previously little-studied Oceania and in the boreal and polar climatic zones - this study providing the first molecular data from the latter. Ordination revealed differences in AM fungal communities between different continents and climatic zones, suggesting that both biogeographic history and environmental conditions underlie the global variation of those communities. Our results show that a considerable proportion of Glomeromycota diversity has been recorded in many regions, though further large increases in richness can be expected in remaining unstudied areas.
ISSN: 0940-6360

hal-01190520
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190520
DOI : 10.1007/s00572-013-0482-2
PRODINRA : 206968

Résumé : Arbol de hasta 30 m, corteza fisurada con látex blanco lechoso. Hojas oblanceoladas, ápice comúnmente agudo, base aguda o atenuada, ferruginosas, finamente reticuladas. Flores en pequeños fascículos axilares, muy perfumadas, actinomorfas. Fruto elipsoide, ovoide o subgloboso de hasta 20 cm, áspero, escamoso, café; pulpa roja; semillas 1 a 2, grandes, negras y lustrosas.
Arbre pouvant atteindre 30 m, écorce fissurée avec latex blanc laiteux. Feuilles oblancéolées, pointe habituellement aiguë, base aiguë ou atténuée, ferrugineuses, finement réticulées. Fleurs en petits fascicules axillaires, très parfumées, actinomorphes. Fruit ellipsoïdal, ovoïde ou subarrondi pouvant atteindre 20 cm, âpre, écailleux, couleur café; pulpe rouge; 1 à 2 graines, grandes, noires et brillantes.
Tree, up to 30 m high, bark fissured, with milky white latex.  Leaves, simple, alternate, blades oblanceolate, 10-60 x 4.5-5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; inflorescence in clusters at defoliated nodes or cauliflorus; flowers white with corolla 9-10 mm long; fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or subglobose 8-20 cm long, brown, rough; seeds solitary, broadly obovate, deep brown to black and shiny.
Nativa de México y Centroamérica, cultivada en otras regiones tropicales del continente americano.
Originaire du Mexique et d’;Amérique Centrale, cultivée dans d’;autres régions tropicales du continent américain.
Native to Mexico and Ce

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant260

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : SUBSURF
International audience
Similarity of form between subaerial and submarine landscapes affected by erosion could suggest similarities in the process of erosion, such as by runoff and sedimentary flows, respectively. On the other hand, if aspects of form vary, its characteristics may be used to identify the environmental origin of erosion. Towards these goals, this contribution addresses the morphology of submarine volcanoes (seamounts) with widely differing histories of erosion. One set from the Pacific Ocean never exposed above sea level includes Cretaceous-age seamounts near Hawai'i (including Apu'upu'u Seamount), two seamounts of < 3 Ma in age near a mid-ocean ridge and the 11-4 Ma Jasper Seamount. These seamounts are all isolated from continents and hence from any erosion associated with mass wasting of unstable terrigenous deposits. In such isolated submarine environments, surfaces erode slowly from in situ weathering, mass wasting and scouring by sedimentary flows initiated by slope failure in pelagic or bedrock materials. The Pacific seamounts are compared with Valencia Seamount in the western Mediterranean, exposed subaerially for 100-400 k.y. during the Messinian Salinity Crisis before 5 Ma. Multibeam and deeply towed sidescan sonar data of Valencia Seamount reveal features typical of subaerial erosion of volcanic islands, such as canyons and relatively uneroded sectors (planezes) between them. Using a simple topographical reconstruction, the apparent erosion depth typically reaches 100 m within canyons and up to 180 m in places. Whereas the younger Pacific seamounts do not show these erosional features, the much older Cretaceous seamounts do have channels, which in one example suggests up to 200 m of incision. Both Valencia and Apu'upu'u seamounts have channel longitudinal profiles that are steep and typically linear to concave upwards. The erosion depth of Apu'upu'u Seamount is significant, despite the seamount's persistent submarine environment, because of its greater age, steeper flanks and greater contributing areas to channels compared with Valencia Seamount. These results illustrate that the channel morphology resulting from submarine erosion can become similar to that produced by subaerial erosion given sufficient time.
ISSN: 0950-091X

hal-00411425
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411425
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00355.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
This paper aims to present an overview on the influence of rheological heterogeneity and mechanical anisotropy on the deformation of continents. After briefly recapping the concept of rheological stratification of the lithosphere, we discuss two specific issues: (1) as supported by a growing body of geophysical and geological observations, crust=mantle mechanical coupling is usually efficient, especially beneath major transcurrent faults which probably crosscut the lithosphere and root within the sublithospheric mantle; and (2) in most geodynamic environments, mechanical properties of the mantle govern the tectonic behaviour of the lithosphere. Lateral rheological heterogeneity of the continental lithosphere may result from various sources, with variations in geothermal gradient being the principal one. The oldest domains of continents, the cratonic nuclei, are characterized by a relatively cold, thick, and consequently stiff lithosphere. On the other hand, rifting may also modify the thermal structure of the lithosphere. Depending on the relative stretching of the crust and upper mantle, a stiff or a weak heterogeneity may develop. Observations from rift domains suggest that rifting usually results in a larger thinning of the lithospheric mantle than of the crust, and therefore tends to generate a weak heterogeneity. Numerical models show that during continental collision, the presence of both stiff and weak rheological heterogeneities significantly influences the large-scale deformation of the continental lithosphere. They especially favour the development of lithospheric-scale strike-slip faults, which allow strain to be transferred between the heterogeneities. An heterogeneous strain partition occurs: cratons largely escape deformation, and strain tends to localize within or at the boundary of the rift basins provided compressional deformation starts before the thermal heterogeneity induced by rifting are compensated. Seismic and electrical conductivity anisotropies consistently point towards the existence of a coherent fabric in the lithospheric mantle beneath continental domains. Analysis of naturally deformed peridotites, experimental deformations and numerical simulations suggest that this fabric is developed during orogenic events and subsequently frozen in the lithospheric mantle. Because the mechanical properties of single-crystal olivine are anisotropic, i.e. dependent on the orientation of the applied forces relative to the dominant slip systems, a pervasive fabric frozen in the mantle may induce a significant mechanical anisotropy of the whole lithospheric mantle. It is suggested that this mechanical anisotropy is the source of the so-called tectonic inheritance, i.e. the systematic reactivation of ancient tectonic directions; it may especially explain preferential rift propagation and continental break-up along pre-existing orogenic belts. Thus, the deformation of continents during orogenic events results from a trade-off between tectonic forces applied at plate boundaries, plate geometry, and the intrinsic properties (rheological heterogeneity and mechanical anisotropy) of the continental plates.
ISSN: 0040-1951

hal-01389719
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389719
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389719/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389719/file/vauchez_etal_rheology_1998_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00137-1

Résumé : Planta trepadora, glabra con zarcillos; ramas articuladas. Hojas alternas, simples, oblongas a aovadas, de hasta 15 cm, densamente pilosas a glabras, con el margen ligeramente dentado. Cimas pedunculadas, amarillas, muy ramificadas; flores pequeñas, verdes o amarillo-verdosas. Baya ovoide o globosa, purpúrea a negra, de 8 a 10 mm, con una sola semilla.
Plante grimpante, glabre avec vrilles; branches articulées. Feuilles alternes, simples, oblongues à ovées, pouvant atteindre 15 cm, fortement pileuses à glabres, au bord légèrement denté. Cimes pédonculées, jaunes, très ramifiées; fleurs petites, vertes ou jaune-verdâtre. Baie ovoïde ou arrondie, pourpre à noire, de 8 à 10 mm, avec une seule graine.
Climbing plant up to 20 m or more, glabrous with tendril; stem cylindrical often with hanging roots, branches articulate.  Leaves alternate, simple, oblong to ovate, 5-15 cm x 7.5 cm, hairy to smooth, with slightly dentate edge. Inflorescence a cyme two-three times branched; flowers light yellow; fruits a berry, purple-black, 8-10 mm long, with a single seed.
Regiones tropicales del continente americano.
Régions tropicales du continent américain.
Tropical regions of the American continent.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant126

Résumé : Arbusto o árbol de hasta 20 m. Hojas oblongas a anchamente aovadas, de 3 a 15 cm, agudas a acuminadas, aserradas, estrellado-tomentosas, marcadamente asimétricas. Flores amarillentas, fragantes, en cimas axilares pequeñas, con 5 pétalos de 3 mm. Fruto leñoso, globoso u oval, de 2 a 4 cm, con tubérculos duros.
Arbuste ou arbre pouvant atteindre 20 m. Feuilles oblongues à largement ovées, de 3 à 15 cm, aiguës à acuminées, dentées, en forme d&rsquo;étoile, tomenteuses, très asymétriques. Fleurs jaunâtres, odorantes, sur de petites tiges axillaires, avec 5 pétales de 3 mm. Fruit ligneux, arrondi ou ovale, de 2 à 4 cm, avec tubercules fermes.
Tree deciduous up to 16 m tall with spreading branches. Leaves alternate 20 cm x 7 cm, lanceolate to ovate, unequal at the base, margins crenate-dentate, hairy from sub-glabrous to tomentose; inflorescence axillary in panicles, flowers 3 mm with five yellow-green petals, fragrant; fruit black, woody, warty, sub-globose 1-2 cm in diameter with the faint smell of molasses, seeds numerous.
Regiones tropicales del continente americano.
Régions tropicales du continent américain.
Tropical and sub-tropicalregions of the American continent.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant179

Résumé : En América se han realizado muchas introducciones de diferentes especies, casi todas ellas son usadas indistintamente en la medicina popular. Además, existe dificultad en su identificación taxonómica, hasta por factores de hibridación, por ello no se presenta una descripción detallada. Eucalyptus spp. son árboles de hasta 40 m de altura. Tallo erecto, corteza lisa, escamosa. Hojas simples, alternas y aromáticas.
En Amérique de nombreusesespèces ont été introduites, presque toutes utilisées indistinctement dans la médecine populaire. Leur identification taxinomique est difficile, d&rsquo;autant qu&rsquo;il existe des facteurs d&rsquo;hybridation; c&rsquo;est pourquoi nous ne présenterons pas de description détaillée. Eucalyptus spp. sont des arbres dont la hauteur peut atteindre 40 m. Tronc droit, écorce lisse et squameuse. Feuilles simples, alternes et aromatiques.
Trees, up to 40 m high.  Stem erect; bark smooth, scaly.  Leaves simple, alternate, aromatic. Many species were introduced into North and South America and almost all of them are used in traditional medicine.  Furthermore, hybridization has occurred between the different species which makes identification difficult.  Therefore, no detailed description is provided for a species.
Originarios de Australia, son cultivados en las regiones tropicales del continente americano.
Originaires d&rsquo;Australie, cultivés dans les régions tropicales du continent américain.
Native to Australia, cultivated in the Americas, primar

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant171

Résumé : Shouldn't Earth, the human planet, be called the algae planet? First appearing 3.5 billion years ago, algae have always been objective allies of life and humans. Brought about by algae, oxygen and the ozone layer allowed plant and animal life to develop in oceans and on continents. They offer spawning grounds and feeding grounds for marine fauna....
La Terre, dite planète des hommes, n'est-elle pas en réalité celle des algues? Présentes il y a 3,5 milliards d'années, elles ont toujours été les alliées objectives de la vie et des hommes. Nous leur devons l'oxygène et la couche d'ozone qui ont permis la vie végétale et animale en mer et sur les continents. Elles servent de frayères et de nourriceries à la faune marine. Les algues ont toujours été offertes à l'homme pour sa nourriture et les besoins les plus divers. Algues brunes, vertes, rouges fournissent les substances, alginates, carraghénanes, agars, que l'industrie adapte à des usages innombrables entrant de plus en plus dans la vie moderne, qu'il s'agisse de matériaux courants (textiles, papiers, films, peintures), de toutes sortes d'aliments pour l'homme ou les animaux d'élevage, de médicaments, de produits de beauté,... La transformation des algues est parmi les secteurs les plus performants et les plus innovants de l'industrie moderne. L'avenir est prometteur pour les antibiotiques, antivirus et anticoagulants qu'elles contiennent. / Mais, les peuplements naturels ne suffisent plus à satisfaire cette demande. Il a fallu recourir à la culture des algues. Plus de 530 000 hectares y sont consacrés, 900 000 algoculteurs y travaillent dans 200 000 entreprises familiales, 250 usines conditionnent les produits. L'algoculture est la branche la plus forte de l'aquaculture. Cet ouvrage fait l'inventaire des méthodes utilisées dans le monde, surtout en Extrême-Orient, au moment où l'on passe de la culture toute simple à celle gérée par ordinateur, en un temps où il apparaît de plus en plus que l'algoculture pourrait être une des sources de cette énergie propre dont l'humanité aura immanquablement besoin. Cette synthèse s'adresse non seulement aux scientifiques qui y trouveront un point des connaissances màis à tous ceux, algoculteurs, industriels, aménageurs, écologistes, qui tireront le meilleur parti de cette somme d'expériences. Qui s'intéresse aux algues y trouve un livre de base. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1992/rapport-4402.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/4402/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : This paper presents a collection of wood species with important uses in musical instruments, in reference to historical and geographical cultural specificities, with ranges of viscoelastic vibrational properties by species. Data combine our experimental characterizations and extensive literature review, gathered in a specific relational database. An overview of vibrational properties' distribution on c.400 species is introduced. Two case studies of wood choices for a given function in different epochs or regions are presented: woods for European historical bows, and woods for idiophone bodies in different continents. Trends are contrasted: very different properties associated to historical changes in the first case; some common features over different regions in the second one.
Proceedings of the International Conference of COST Action IE0601 Wood Science for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage
Braga, Portugal

hal-00808403
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00808403
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00808403/document
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00808403/file/Vibrational_properties_tropical_wood_Bremaud_al.pdf

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley-Blackwell
Résumé : International audience
The frequently observed parallelism between rifts and the pre­ existing orogenic fabric of continents suggests that the inherited tectonic fabric of the lithosphere influences the rupture of continents. We propose that the existence of a pervasive fabric in the lithospheric mantle induces an anisotropie strength in the lithosphere, that guides the propagation of continental rifts. Subcrustal mantle mechanical anisotropy is supported by (i) the anisotropie strength of olivine, (ii) an ubiquitous tectonic fabric in exposed mantle rocks, and (iii) measurements of seismic and electrical anisotropy. During major episodes of continent Rifting parallel to orogenic belts Ocean-opening through rifting and continent break-up is frequently related to the occurrence ofhotspots. There is, howevcr, a discrepancy between hot­ spots acting as pin point sources of heat and the linear extent of rifts over thou­ sands ofkilometres. Moreover rifts tend to parallel pre-existing orogenic fab­
ISSN: 0954-4879

hal-01389721
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389721
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389721/document
http://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-01389721/file/Vauchez_TerraNova1997_hal.pdf
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1997.tb00003.x

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Wiley
Résumé : [b]1.[/b] Plant functional traits, in particular specific leaf area (SLA), wood density and seed mass, are often good predictors of individual tree growth rates within communities. Individuals and species with high SLA, low wood density and small seeds tend to have faster growth rates.[br/][br/][b]2.[/b] If community-level relationships between traits and growth have general predictive value, then similar relationships should also be observed in analyses that integrate across taxa, biogeographic regions and environments. Such global consistency would imply that traits could serve as valuable proxies for the complex suite of factors that determine growth rate, and, therefore, could underpin a new generation of robust dynamic vegetation models. Alternatively, growth rates may depend more strongly on the local environment or growth–trait relationships may vary along environmental gradients.[br/][br/][b]3.[/b] We tested these alternative hypotheses using data on 27 352 juvenile trees, representing 278 species from 27 sites on all forested continents, and extensive functional trait data, 38% of which were obtained at the same sites at which growth was assessed. Data on potential evapotranspiration (PET), which summarizes the joint ecological effects of temperature and precipitation, were obtained from a global data base.[br/][br/][b]4.[/b] We estimated size-standardized relative height growth rates (SGR) for all species, then related them to functional traits and PET using mixed-effect models for the fastest growing species and for all species together.[br/][br/][b]5.[/b] Both the mean and 95th percentile SGR were more strongly associated with functional traits than with PET. PET was unrelated to SGR at the global scale. SGR increased with increasing SLA and decreased with increasing wood density and seed mass, but these traits explained only 3.1% of the variation in SGR. SGR–trait relationships were consistently weak across families and biogeographic zones, and over a range of tree statures. Thus, the most widely studied functional traits in plant ecology were poor predictors of tree growth over large scales.[br/][br/][b]6.[/b] Synthesis. We conclude that these functional traits alone may be unsuitable for predicting growth of trees over broad scales. Determining the functional traits that predict vital rates under specific environmental conditions may generate more insight than a monolithic global relationship can offer.
ISSN: 0022-0477

hal-01204226
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204226
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2745.12401
PRODINRA : 307144

Résumé : Le genre Crassostrea regroupe de nombreuses espèces dont la répartition mondiale s'étend sur une grande partie des régions côtières des basses et moyennes latitudes. La classification des différentes espèces décrites à partir des critères morphologiques et de répartition géographique est aujourd'hui remise en cause dans de nombreux cas par les nouvelles études utilisent les techniques récentes de biologie moléculaire. C'est en particulier grâce à l'apport des séquences génomiques variables, qu'il a été possible de déterminer différentes espèces présentes sur les côtes africaines et américaines (Lapègue & al.). La présence de l'espèce C. gasar, d'abord décrite en Afrique, a ainsi été montré en Amérique. La répartition de cette espèce sur les deux continents laisse supposer que les barrières géographiques on induit une limitation des flux géniques et donc permis une divergence génétique des populations. Pour confirmer cette hypothèse une étude génétique des populations sur 3 populations de chaque continent a donc été réalisée. Elle s'est basée sur le marqueur nucléaire ITS2, séquence non transcrite et variable du génome nucléaire. Il a donc été possible, grâce aux techniques de RFLP (restriction fragments length polymorphisme) de démontrer une forte différenciation génétique entre les deux continents. Cependant le séquençage montre une divergence nucléotidique faible (3%). Ceci laisse supposer qu'il n'y a pas de flux génique entre les deux continents, et que les populations ont divergé récemment. De plus, le polymorphisme intracontinental observé uniquement en Afrique nous laisse supposer les populations américaines seraient originaires d'Afrique. La mise au point du séquençage et la lecture de deux séquences pour des individus de chaque continent a de plus permis de sélectionner de nouvelles enzymes de restriction utilisable en RFLP pour poursuivre l'étude du polymorphisme entre les populations.

Droits : 2001 Univ. La Rochelle, Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00033/14407/11700.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00033/14407/

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD IOP Publishing
Résumé : During November 2011 a EURAMET key comparison of absolute gravimeters was organized in the Underground Laboratory for Geodynamics in Walferdange, Luxemburg. The comparison assembled 22 participants coming from 16 countries and four different continents. The comparison was divided into two parts: a key comparison that included six National Metrology Institutes or Designated Institutes, and a pilot study including all participants. The global result given by the pilot study confirms that all instruments are absolutely coherent with each other. The results obtained in the key comparison confirm a good agreement between the NMI instruments. Finally, a link to ICAG-2009 shows also that the NMI gravimeters are stable in time. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
ISSN: 0026-1394

hal-00795586
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00795586
DOI : 10.1088/0026-1394/49/1A/07014

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Taylor & Francis
Résumé : Modern geochronology has moved beyond the acquisition of dates: the goal is to understand the significance of these numbers for the geodynamic evolution of Earth at all scales. The coupling of the laser-ablation microprobe (LAM) to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICPMS, multicollector (MC)-ICPMS) has revolutionised geochronology and geochemistry over the last 10 years. These systems enable the rapid and precise in situ analysis of trace-element patterns and isotopic systems, while adding information related to microstructural context and major-element composition. The integration of these multiple sources of data is crucial in constraining the origin of the sample and the processes leading to its formation, so that we can understand the meaning of a date in terms of geological events. LAM-ICPMS measurement of U-Pb ages and trace-element patterns in zircon, coupled with LAM-MC-ICPMS analysis of Hf isotopes in the same grains, gives new insights into the processes of magma genesis. Applied to detrital zircons from modern drainages or sedimentary rocks (the TerraneChron approach), it becomes a powerful tool to investigate problems of crustal evolution on scales ranging from single terranes to continents. The in situ analysis (LAM-MC-ICPMS) of Re-Os systematics in single grains of sulfides in mantle-derived peridotites has demonstrated that most mantle rocks contain several generations of Os-bearing sulfides; whole-rock analyses are mixtures reflecting multiple melting and metasomatic events in the lithospheric mantle. These deep-seated events are commonly mirrored in the crust; Os model-age spectra from xenolith suites show age 'peaks' that correspond to the ages of thermal/tectonic events in the overlying crust, suggesting strong linkages between crust and mantle. Integrated studies of the timing and nature of crustal and mantle events, using these techniques, will be important for understanding the large-scale dynamics of the Earth.
ISSN: 0812-0099

hal-00411328
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00411328
DOI : 10.1080/08120090802097450

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Elsevier
Résumé : International audience
Seismic anisotropy originating within the continental crust is used to determine kinematic flow lines within active mountain belts and is widely attributed to regionally aligned mica. However, naturally deformed micaceous rocks commonly show composite (e.g. S-C) fabrics. It is necessary therefore to understand how both varying mica content and differing intensities of multiple foliations impact on seismic interpretations in terms of deformation fields. An outcrop analogue for granitic mid-crustal deformed zones is used here to calibrate the seismic response against both parameters. Seismic responses are modelled using crystallographic preferred orientations for polymineralic, micaceous granitic gneisses, measured using Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction. The sample results are generalised by modelling the effects of variations in modal composition and the relative importance of deformation fabrics of variable orientation, so-called rock and fabric recipes. The maximum P- and S-anisotropy are calculated at 16.6% and 23.9% for single-foliation gneisses but for mixed (i.e. S-C) foliation gneisses these values reduce to 5.8% and 7.5% respectively. Furthermore, mixtures of multiple foliations generate significant variations in the geometry of the seismic anisotropy. This effect, coupled with the geographical orientation of fabrics in nature. can generate substantial variations in the orientation and magnitude of seismic anisotropy (especially for shear waves) as measured for the continental crust using existing receiver function and teleseismic near-vertical incidence methods. Thus, maps of seismic anisotropy varying with depth in deforming continents need not imply necessarily depth-varying deformation kinematics and tectonic decoupling.
ISSN: 0012-821X

hal-00445247
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00445247
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.09.035

Résumé : La dengue constitue actuellement l'arbovirose la plus répandue sur la planète avec 40% de la population mondiale exposée, soit environ 2,5 milliards de personnes. La maladie est endémique dans tous les continents excepté l'Europe même si les premiers cas de transmission autochtone ont été observés en France métropolitaine et en Croatie en 2010. L'augmentation régulière de son incidence fait actuellement de la dengue un problème de santé publique majeur dans les pays tropicaux et une menace pour d'autres pays du monde. En raison de son mode de transmission, la dengue constitue une maladie étroitement liée à l'environnement. L'urbanisation constitue un facteur important dans l'émergence ou la réémergence d'épidémies de dengue dans les pays tropicaux. Cette étude menée a pour objet d'analyser les liens existant entre le domaine de la santé (situation sanitaire et épidémiologique de la dengue) et de celui de l'environnement (évolution de l'urbanisation) en Guadeloupe continentale entre 2000 et 2008.Pour ce faire, les cas suspects et confirmés de dengue ont été recueillis. L'incidence pour ces deux types de cas a été calculée puis représentée à deux échelles administratives différentes: communes et sections. Les facteurs environnementaux comprenant les variables physiques et socio-démographiques ont été pris en compte pour la définition, l'identification et l'analyse de l'évolution des contextes d'habitation durant la période étudiée. Deux méthodes ont été utilisées: la classification «Raster» consistant en une analyse régulière basée sur des mailles de taille identique et la classification « Vecteur» s'appuyant sur les limites administratives des sections. Ces classifications ont permis de décrire la répartition des différents contextes d'habitation sur le territoire de la Guadeloupe et d'obtenir des indicateurs qui ont été analysés en relation avec les données sanitaires. Il a été mis en évidence que la situation épidémiologique de la dengue dans le département s'est significativement aggravée au cours de la période étudiée. Des épidémies majeures sont apparues en 2001, 2005/2006 et 2007. Le nord Basse-Terre, la région Pointoise ainsi que le sud-est de la Grande-Terre, de la ville du Gosier à Saint-François le long de la côte, sont les régions les plus concernées par l'augmentation d'incidence de la maladie. Concernant les contextes d'habitation, huit contextes distincts ont été identifiés: touristique, naturel, intermédiaire, agricole, résidentiel, rural, périurbain et urbain. Le contexte intermédiaire correspond à des régions de transition entre les autres contextes d'habitation. La différence entre les contextes agricoles et ruraux réside dans la prédominance de surface agricole pour le premier alors que le contexte rural est caractérisé par les espaces cultivés habités. L'évolution surfacique de ces contextes au cours du temps a été analysée en relation avec les incidences. Les résultats montrent que les contextes d'habitation sont statistiquement.associés à l'incidence de la dengue en Guadeloupe. En particulier, les contextes touristiques, résidentiels et ruraux possèdent une association positive élevée avec l'incidence de la dengue.
At present, dengue fever has become the arbovirose the most wide-spread worldwide with 40 % ofthe exposed population, 2,5 billion people. The disease is endemie in all the continents excepted Europe even though the fust cases ofautochthonoustransmissionwere observedinmetropolitanFranceandCroatiain2010.Because oftherecentincrease of its incidence, dengue fever is now a major public health problem in the tropical countries and a threat for the other countries in the worldwide. Due to its mode oftransmission, the disease is closely linked to the environment. Urbanization is an important factor ofthe emergence or the re-emergence of dengue in the tropical countries. This study aims to analyze the links between health and environment domains, which correspond to the epidemiological situation of the dengue and the evolution ofthe urbanization in Guadeloupe.Information about suspect and confirmed cases of dengue were collected. The incidence of suspect and confirmed cases has been estimated, then represented at two different administrative boundaries: communes and sections. Environmental factors including the physical and socio-demographic variables were taken into account to the definition, the identification and the analyze ofevolution of the housing patterns during the studied period. Two methods were used: Il Raster" consisting of a regular analysis based on squares units and "Vector" based on the administrative limits of sections. These classifications allowed to describe the distribution ofthe different housing patterns ofGuadeloupe and to estimate indicators for the analyzing of sanitary data. The results highlight a worsening ofepidemiological situation ofthe dengue over the time in the department. Major outbreaks occurred in 2001,2005/2006 and 2007. The north Basse-Terre, the Pointe-à-Pitre urban area as weIl as the whole coast (frOID the city of Gosier to Saint-François) ofthe southeast ofGrande-Terre were the most affected regions by the increase ofincidence of dengue. Concerning the housing classes, eight different patterns were identified: tourist, natural, intermediate, agricultural, residential, rural, suburban and urban. The intermediate class corresponds to buffer regions between the other patterns. The difference between the agricultural and rural contexts lies in the predominance ofagricultural surface for the first one while the rural context is characterized by the inhabited farmland. The evolution over time of spatial extend ofthese patterns was described in relation with incidence. Results showed that the housing patterns are statically associated with the incidence ofdengue in Guadeloupe. In particular, the touristic, residential and rural patterns have a high positive association with dengue incidence.

http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0565/document

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD Seoul National University
Résumé : http://www.episodes.org/backissues/302/abstract2.htm
International audience
The Trans-North China Belt (TNCB) is a Paleoproterozoic collisional orogen (ca. 1.9-1.8 Ga) responsible for the amalgamation of the North China Craton. Detail field works in Lüliangshan, Hengshan, Wutaishan and Fuping massifs where the belt is well exposed, allow us to draw new tectonic map and crustal-scale cross sections. The available petrologic, radiometric, geochronologic data are integrated in a geodynamic evolution scheme for this orogen. The Low Grade Mafic Unit (LGMU) is interpreted as an ophiolitic nappe rooted in a suture zone located in the western part of the Lüliangshan. This ophiolitic nappe overthrusts to the SE upon the Orthogneiss-Volcanites Unit (OVU) that consists of a bimodal volcanicsedimentary series metamorphosed under amphibolite facies conditions intruded by calcalkaline orthogneiss. The OVU is a composite Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic magmatic arc developed during two stages (ca. 2500 and 2100 Ma) upon a continental basement corresponding to the western extension of the Neoarchean Fuping massif. The OVU overthrusts to the SE the Fuping massif along the Longquanguan shear zone. This stack of nappe, coeval with an amphibolite facies metamorphism, is dated at ca 1880 Ma. Subsequently, the metamorphic series experienced a widespread migmatization at 1850 Ma and was intruded by post-orogenic plutons dated at 1800 Ma. The weakly to unmetamorphosed Hutuo Supergroup unconformably overlies the metamorphosed and ductilely deformed units (OVU and LGMU), but it is also involved in a second tectonic phase developed in subsurface conditions. These structural features lead us to question the ca 2090 Ma age attributed to the Hutuo supergroup. Moreover, in the Fuping massif, several structural and magmatic lines of evidence argue for an earlier orogenic event at ca 2100 Ma that we relate to an older west-directed subduction below the Fuping Block. The Taihangshan Fault might be the location of a possible suture zone between the Fuping Block and an eastern one. A geodynamic model, at variance with previous ones, is proposed to account for the formation of the TNCB. In this scheme, three Archean continents, namely from West to East, the Ordos, Fuping and Eastern Blocks are separated by the Lüliang and Taihang Oceans. The closure of the Taihang Ocean at ca 2100 Ma by westward subduction below the Fuping Block accounts for the arc magmatism and the 2100 Ma orogeny. The second collision at 1900-1880 Ma between the Fuping and Ordos blocks is responsible for the main structural, metamorphic and magmatic features of the Trans-North China Belt.
ISSN: 0705-3797

insu-00152972
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00152972
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00152972/document
https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00152972/file/Episodes_TNCB_Faure_et_al.pdf