Extrait de : Le Tour du Monde. Voyage d'exploration dans l'intérieur des Guyanes (Page 409)
Résumé : Dessin
Siècle(s) traité(s) : 19
Droits : Domaine public
Permalien : http://www.manioc.org/images/PAP112800077i1
PAP112800077i1

Résumé : Arbol de hasta 18 m de alto. Hojas pecioladas, subcoriáceas, oblongo elípticas a lanceoladas, agudamente acuminadas, pinnado nervadas de hasta 13 cm de longitud. Inflorescencias estaminadas de 3 a 20 flores; las pistiladas usualmente de una sola flor; flores pequeñas, amarillo cremosas. Fruto piriforme o subgloboso (nuez) de hasta 5 cm, colgante, rojizo o amarillento, con dos valvas; semilla con arilo escarlata.
Arbre pouvant atteindre 18 m de haut. Feuilles pétiolées, presque coriaces, oblongo-elliptiques à lancéolées, terminées en pointe très fine, pennatinnervées pouvant atteindre 13 cm de long. Inflorescences staminées de 3 à 20 fleurs; celles qui sont pourvues d’un pistil ont habituellement une seule fleur; fleurs petites, jaunes-crèmes. Fruit piriforme ou presque arrondi pouvant atteindre 5 cm, tombant, rougeâtre ou jaunâtre, bivalve; graine avec arille écarlate.
Tree dioecious 6-18 m high with a dense crown and aromatic wood.  Leaves simple, alternate, oblong-elliptic, acutely acuminate, pinnately veined, dark green shiny above, paler beneath, 5-15 cm x 2-7 cm; male inflorescences usually 1-10 flowered cyme, fragrant, pale yellow, female inflorescences a 1-3 flowered cyme, but usually 1-flowered, pale yellow; fruit a fleshy, smooth, yellow, sub-globose, drupe, 3-6 cm long with a circumferential, longitudinal ridge; seed brown, ovoid 1.5-4.5cm long covered with a lacinate, red aril.
Nativa de Asia tropical, cultivada en los trópicos del resto del mundo.
Originaire d’;Asie tropicale, cultivée dans les tropiques du reste du monde.
Native to tropical Asia, cultivated in tropical regions around the world.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant239

Éditeur(s) : HAL CCSD
Résumé : International audience
STUDY QUESTION: Do freezing and in vitro culture procedures enhance the expression of proteins involved in apoptotic or autophagic pathways in murine pre-pubertal testicular tissue? SUMMARY ANSWER: IVM strongly modified apoptosis- and autophagy-related relative protein levels in mice testicular tissue whereas the impact of cryopreservation procedures was minimal at the end of the culture. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: In vitro spermatogenesis remains a challenging technical issue as it imposes to find a very close balance between survival and death of germ cell natural precursors (i.e. gonocytes and spermatogonia), which will eventually undergo a complete spermatogenesis close to in vivo conditions. The establishment of efficient culture conditions coupled with suitable cryopreservation procedures (e.g. controlled slow freezing [CSF] and solid surface vitrification [SSV]) of pre-pubertal testicular tissue is a crucial step in the fields of fertility preservation and restoration to improve the spermatic yield obtained in vitro. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Here, we study cryopreservation procedures (i.e. CSF or SSV) and the impact of culture media compositions. A first set of 66 mouse pre-pubertal testes were directly cultured during 30, 36, 38 and 60 days (D) from 2.5 to 6.5-day-old CD-1 mice to evaluate the impact of time-aspect of culture and to endorse the reverse phase protein microarrays (RPPM) technique as an adapted experimental tool for the field of in vitro spermatogenesis. Ninety others fresh, slow-frozen and vitrified pre-pubertal testes were cultured during 30 days for the principal study to evaluate the impact of cryopreservation procedures before and after culture. Thirty-four testes dissected from 2.5, 6.5, 36.5, 40.5, 42.5 and 62.5 days postpartum (dpp) mice, corresponding to the time frames of spermatogenesis orchestrated in vitro, were used as in vivo controls. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: After in vitro culture, testicular tissue samples originated from 2.5 or 6.5-day-old CD-1 male mice were analyzed using RPPM. This targeted proteomic technique allowed us to assess the expression level of 29 apoptosis- and autophagy-related factors by normalizing blank-corrected signal values. In addition, morphological analyses (e.g. HES, PAS, TRA98 and CREM) and DNA fragmentation in intra-tubular cells (i.e. terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling; TUNEL) were assessed for the distinct experimental conditions tested as well as for in vivo control mouse testes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: A validation of the RPPM procedure in the field of in vitro spermatogenesis was completed with assay and array robustness before a principal study concerning the evaluation of the impact of in vitro culture and cryopreservation procedures. The proportion of elongated spermatids and the total cell number per seminiferous tubule tended to be very different between the in vivo and in vitro conditions (P < 0.05), suggesting the presence of a beneficial regulation on the first spermatogenesis wave by intrinsic apoptosis (Caspase₉) and autophagy (Atg5) factors (P < 0.0003 and r2 = 0.74). Concerning the impact of culture media compositions, a basic medium (BM) composed of αMEM plus 10% KnockOut™ serum replacement and gentamicin supplemented with retinol (Rol) and vitamin E (Vit. E) was selected as the best culture medium for fresh 6.5 dpp tissue cultured during 30D with 27.7 ± 8.10% of seminiferous tubules containing elongated spermatids. Concerning the impact of cryopreservation procedures, SSV did not have any impact on the morphological parameters evaluated after culture in comparison to fresh tissue (FT) controls. The proportion of tubules with elongated spermatids on testicular explants cultured with BMRol+Vit. E was not different between SSV (6.6 ± 1.6%) and CSF (5.3 ± 1.9%); however, round spermatids were observed more frequently for SSV (19 ± 6.2%) than CSF (3.3 ± 1.9%, P = 0.0317). Even if the proportion of TUNEL-positive cells for BMRol+Vit. E was higher at D30 after SSV (4.12 ± 0.26%) than CSF (1.86 ± 0.12%, P = 0.0022) and FT (2.69 ± 0.33%, P = 0.0108), the DNA damages observed at the end of the culture (i.e. D30) were similar to respective 6.5 dpp controls. In addition, the relative protein level expression ratio of an apoptotic factor, the phosphorylated FADD on Fas, was reduced by 64-fold in vitrified testes cultured with BMRol+Vit. E. Furthermore, we found in this study that the StemPro®-34 SFM culture medium supplemented with growth factors (e.g. EGF, bFGF, GDNF and LIF) prevented the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells in favor of a significant proliferation with a better architectural pattern than in vivo 6.5 dpp controls with an increase of seminiferous tubules area for FT (P = 0.0357) and CSF (P = 0.0317). LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: Despite our promising results, the evaluation of apoptotic- and autophagic-related proteins was studied for a limited amount of proteins and on global testicular tissue. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The data presented herein will help to improve apoptotic and autophagic understanding during the first spermatogenic wave. Moreover, our findings illustrate for the first time that, using finely-tuned experimental conditions, a testicular in vitro culture combined with proteomic technologies may significantly facilitate the study of cryopreservation procedures and in vitro culture evaluations. This study may also contribute to improve work on testicular tissues from pre-pubertal and adolescent cancer survivors. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study was supported by a Ph.D. grant from the Rouen Normandie Université and a financial support from 'la Ligue nationale contre le cancer' (both awarded to L.D.), funding from Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Agence de la Biomédecine, and co-supported by European Union and Région Normandie. Europe gets involved in Normandie with European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Molecular Human Reproduction

hal-01647081
https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01647081
DOI : 10.1093/molehr/gax054
PUBMED : 29040674

Résumé : Hierba o arbusto densamente ramificado. Hojas con pecíolo delgado, solitarias o en pares, ovadas u ovado-lanceoladas, ápice acuminado. Dos flores o más en cada nudo, rara vez una; cáliz truncado o con lóbulos diminutos; corola blanco-verdosa o blanco amarillenta. Fruto rojo, de 1.5 a 3 cm de diámetro, elipsoide-lanceolado o lanceolado, con ápice agudo. Semillas cremosas a amarillentas. Especie muy elastica con una gran cantidad de cultivares que poseen una gran diversidad de forma en sus frutos.
Herbe ou arbuste à ramifications denses. Feuilles avec pétiole fin, solitaires ou par paires, ovalées ou ovalées-lancéolées, acuminées. Deux fleurs ou plus sur chaque noeud, rarement une; calice tronqué ou à très petits lobes; corolle blanche-verdâtre ou blanche-jaunâtre. Fruit rouge, de 1,5 à 3 cm de diamètre, ellipsoïde-lancéolé ou lancéolé, acuminé. Graines de couleur crème à jaunâtre. Espèce très élastique par une grande quantité de cultivars possédant une grande variété de formes de fruits.
Annual shrub densely branching.  Leaf with thin petiole, either single or in pairs, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with acuminate tip; flowers solitary or two or moreper node, 5-petals, whitish-green or whitish-yellow; fruit 1.5- 3.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoid-lanceolate or lanceolate with acute tip, crinkled, red, green, yellow or orange; seeds cream or yellowish.
Originaria de América tropical. Cultivada en zonas tropicales y templadas.
Originaire d';Amérique tropicale. Cultivée dans les zones tropicales et tempérées.
Tropical America.  Cultivated in regions with tropical and moderate climates.

http://www.tramil.net/fototeca/plant90

Résumé : After a period of rapid development of the sites (an increase in both reared surface area and production), tropical shrimp aquaculture is currently being faced with critical problems due to economical and ecological constraints. In many countries with favourable conditions for shrimp aquaculture such as indonesia or Vietnam, sites are often badly selected and/or over-exploited. This conducts to sorne extent to decreases or collapses in the production due to the difficulty in predicting the maximum production capacity of the sites. Furthermore, it appears that production sustainability depends on many factors among which socio-economy and ecolo gy are of prime importance. The STD3 project titled « Assessment of tropical shrimp aquaculture impact on the environment in tropical countries using hydrobiology, ecology and remote sensing as helping tools for diagnosis )) was initiated in 1994, with the aim to study the sustainability of marine shrimp aquaculture in tropical areas, main! y Indonesia and Vietnam, through the following tasks: (i) improve site selection and study the impact of aquaculture on marine environments presenting a variable sensitivity to organic sewage, (ii) analyse the socio-economical aspects and profitability of the aquaculture industry and of common resources (iii) use remote sensing and geographical data bases for diagnosis and monitoring of site degradation (iv) reinforce the capacity of Asian scientists through training. Severa! aquaculture sites have been investigated in the Lampung region (South Sumatra, Indonesia), the Mekong delta (Vietnam) and on the West coast of New-Caledonia, providing a large range of typical ecosystems encountered in Asia and in the Pacifie, from coralline sites to coastal plains with mangrove and deltaic areas. The study concerned the spatial structure and seasonal influence of these ecosystems, the temporal variation during the course of the project (3 years) and the relation between the ecological structure and farm productions. Remote sensing provides a synoptic vision over large land expanses. Severa! scenes were processed for landuse mapping using conventional classification techniques. Concerning water quality assessment, a general relation for the Java sea was found between image and field data in terms of total suspended matter. Applying this relation to a new site in Sumatra has provided an initial approach to water type and, together with land use mapping, a preliminary assessment of the suitability of the area to shrimp aquaculture development. Socio-economic research has been focused on the identification ofneeds for collective action, including public policy, in the perspective of shrimp farming sustainability. The main concern is in the regulation of shrimp farming intensification and extensification at the scale of coastal ecosystemic entities in a common property resource management perspective. The common considered here is coastal water quality. Comparing the local development profiles and the institutional grounds for the design and implementation of collective management rules shows that variables such as land tenure system, farm owner socio-economic profile, social homogeneity or heterogeneity of the farmers are key factors to analyse the potential for sustainability. The defmition of water quality and the possible means to ensure its collective management are discussed. The main conclusion is that the economie incentives to farming development are strong but there is no significant difference among traditional, semi-intensive and intensive systems in terms of economie efficiency or wealth distribution. The description of the functioning of the different kinds of ecosystems make it possible to give an advice concerning the positioning of the activity inside the ecosystem, and furthermore to have a reference state in order to determine the impact of the activity on the coastal environnement. This impact can be summarized as an increase in the concentration of total suspended matt€?r, of particulate organic matter and of sulfate reducing bacterias. This organic ma~.er is either issued from rearing activities or from telluric origine, due to mangrove eradication when building the ponds. An evaluation of the relationship existing between productivity and characteristics of each ecosystem bas been conducted by correlating ecological indicators data (concentration of total suspended matter, particulate organic matter, chlorophyll, percentage of pheopigments in total pigments and cyanobacteria and sulfatereducing bacteria in water and sediments) with the average production of the farms. This comparison lead to the compilation of a scale of observed production integrating the range of these environmental parameters with shrimp production levels, bound to facilitate the positioning of shrimp farming in relation with the confmement leve! of each ecosystem. Lastly, ali geographie data originated from the various compartments of the study have been geo-referenced and loaded into a geographical information system. This allows to display any query made on spatial variables and their related statistical data, including the ir variations over the last few years and to reveal patterns and phenomena otherwise not obvious.
Le programme mis en oeuvre par la DRV (Paris, CREMA-L'Houmeau, DELIAO Brest, COP Tahiti, GIE/RA Nouvelle Calédonie), dans le cadre d'un projet européen STD3 «(Sciences et Technique au Service du Développement», en collaboration avec l'Université de Montpellier II, l'Ecole Nationale d'Agronomie de Rennes, l'ITC (Hollande), l'Institut Océanographique de Nha Trang (Vietnam), le BADC de Jepara et le BPPT de Jakarta (Indonésie), avait pour but la mise au point de méthodes permettant d'améliorer la sélection des sites ainsi que le suivi du développement et de l'impact de l'aquaculture des crevettes Péneides en milieu tropical pour éviter la surexploitation. Quatre axes de recherche ont été défmis : a) identifier la nature et quantifier les rejets de déchets issus de ce type d'aquaculture, b) définir les caractéristiques écologiques des écosystèmes susceptibles d'accueillir l'activité aquacole et suivre leur évolution sous l'influence des rejets, c) déterminer l'influence de la gestion des fermes et des ressources (aspects économiques) sur les performances de productivité, d) déterminer la capacité de la télédétection comme outil de diagnostic d'impact à l'échelle de la région, e) mener un programme de formation d'étudiants et jeunes chercheurs Vietnamiens et Indonésiens.

Droits : 1998 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00132/24357/22357.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00132/24357/

Éditeur(s) : Man and Coastal Areas – Towards a sustainable Aquaculture, May 2000
Résumé : Fish culture (seabass, turbot...) on the French metropolitan coast, and shrimp culture in the overseas territories (essentially New Caledonia and Tahiti) are subject to a regular development through land based farms. Three thematic of research on aquaculture ponds are carried out in CREMA-L’Houmeau, in collaboration with producers. The aim of the first one is to determine the optimal rearing conditions (stocking density, water renewal rate, input of oxygen, rate of feeding...) which allow to minimise the quantity of wastes for a similar final biomass. The second part aims to reduce the nutrient loading in the effluent, through open-air treatments: sedimentation ponds, foam fractionation, mass production of phytoplankton, and rearing of molluscs on the produced phytoplankton. The third part concerns research aiming to model the “ production - treatment - valorisation ” relationships.

Droits : 2000 Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00016/12728/9650.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00016/12728/

Éditeur(s) : ISTPM
Résumé : L'industrie française des algues rouges qui occupe en 1983 le 2e rang mondial, extrait des polysaccharides appelés carraghénanes de certaines espèces d'algues telles que Chondrus crispus, Gigartina stellata, G. skotsbergi, Eucheuma cottonii, E. spinosum, Iridea sp. La principale propriété de ces carraghénanes est de réagir avec les composants du lait pour donner du gel à fine structure, d'ou leur utilisation dans tous les dérivés actuels du lait (pâtisserie, flans, crèmes, glaces, fromages, laits chocolatés, sauces). Cette industrie a besoin de 7 500 t d'algues sèches ; le littoral métropolitain en fournit à peine 900 t. Le reste, soit plus de 6 000 t provient de l'étranger (Extreme-Orient, Afrique de l'Est, Amérique du Sud, Amérique du Nord). Eucheuma spinosum est importé, non sans problèmes, des Philippines. Un programme d'étude a été réalisé de 1978 à 1982 afin d'exploiter éventuellement les peuplements naturels des Antilles et d'expérimenter divers types de culture.
Science et Pêche (0036-8350) (ISTPM), 1984-09 , Vol. 348 , P. 1-9

Droits : Ifremer
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/1984/publication-7039.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00000/7039/

Résumé : Ce travail est la première mise en application du savoir-faire acquis par le CREMA-L'Houmeau sur la stimulation de bloom phytoplanctonique par fertilisation organo-minérale, effectuée dans un bassin de production de crevette impériale de 8000 m2. (...)

Droits : 1989 Ifremer, CNRS
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00020/13116/10125.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00020/13116/

Résumé : L'industrie française des algues rouges qui occupe en 1978 le deuxième rang mondial extrait de certaines espèces d'algues telles que Chondrus orispus, Gigartina stellata, Eucheuma cottonii, Eucheuma spinosum, des polyssaccharides appelés carraghénanes. La principale propriété de ces carraghénanes est de réagir avec les composants du lait pour donner des gels à fine structure, d'où leur utilisation dans la fabrication de tous les dérivés actuels du lait (pâtisseries, flans, crèmes, glaces, fromages, laits chocolatés, sauces). Cette industrie traite actuellement 7 000 tonnes d'algues sèches Le littoral métropolitain en fournit 2 000. Le reste, soit 5 000 tonnes provient d'Extrême-Orient, d'Afrique ou d'Amérique du Sud. Mais, les pays fournisseurs ont de plus en plus tendance à freiner ces exportations de façon à favoriser la création d'usines de transformation sur leur propre territoire. Les usines françaises éprouvent donc de plus en plus de difficultés pour obtenir la matière première indispensable à leur fonctionnement et à leur expansion, surtout en ce qui concerne les carraghénophytes de haute qualité. L'I.S.T.P.M. s'efforce de les aider dans ce domaine : - il étudie les possibilités de culture d'algues qui pourraient augmenter le potentiel disponible soit en France comme les travaux actuels sur la culture en bassin de l'algue rouge Chondrus crispus, soit à l'étranger comme les travaux sur la culture en mer de l'algue rouge Eucheuma spinosum à Djibouti, dont les résultats ont été spectaculaires ; - il recherche sur nos côtes d'autres espèces d'algues qui contiendraient des carraghénanes où des populations de carraghénophytes encore inexploités.

Droits : info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00018/12926/9888.pdf
http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00018/12926/